Light star illuminates the night sky,
Miracles galaxies of flickering light.
Light stars illuminates our days,
in which we were somewhere in the shadows:
This is the birth and death of the poet,
This is the pain of sunset and the joy of dawn,
These are full phrases and those who are unanswered,
These are the performances of loners or a blow,
these are our lives in which the maintenance of
Beautiful, blue planet!

Star, Paddyu in Palm,
So I will remember you
When the soul will raise the world,
And I pray in silence ....
How roads Mig me, the one that
You did not care about the words ...
Upgrade
Silence will answer you ...
But if I, and in the heat of the battle,
Forget the name I am yours
Say your prayer,
I will remember her ...

"Star", "Star", answer, "Star" -
My call sign "chamomile" fields ...
"Star", come back to me "Star" -
My soul in longing and pain.

For a lane of a nonya you
On you the protection of the municipality.
"Star", "Star", live away,
And then we will give the reptile!

On call sign answer, where are you?
We are still waiting here, at least words ...
Be careful there, "Star",
Return back "Star" without a fight.

Well, finally, I hear you -
An open text you on the air!
Very bad, know, things ...
"Star...

Stars like holes in a black blanket,
Stars shine and tear darkness.
Stars so close to God and know
What fate he prepares someone.
Stars are silent in peacefully dormant chairs,
Stars look at the planets, worlds.
Seeing our spears in our hands
Do not understand why we are so evil.
We are not given to comprehend being.
We enjoy garbage, litter,
And we are ruled by cruelty and revenge ...
So in the century we are from the century wolf
Grave Duma, gave birth
Stars look at people, we are on the stars;
But there is no salvation, neither ...

The star of midnight shines over the earth,
Giving the light of hopes of villages, cities.
I loved to watch always like a bitter
This midnight star rises.

More than half behind the back remains:
Flashing of events and loss of Chered.
Only invariably in the sky of midnight brightened
Star Covenate, Magic Star.

So now she shines in the darkness of Heaven,
Bump slightly touching the pond mirror,
And again in the soul of my hope awakens
Star cherished, midnight star.

stars
look at all places
Stars long, live for a long time
they have their own life, their fate
Stars fly, do not expect anyone
you will not believe
You too star
Own planned, his orbit
Great beauty in you
Only you need one
So that it would manifest
need as in childhood
Splits in whirlwind
in whirlwind white quickly - fast
and scream strongly frantically
and feel beautiful
unthinkable

Star of love My burn!
Gorge and never Gasny.
You lit to me in the night
Way through troubles and misfortunes
You melt kindness
Hearts frozen from pain, ...

My Love Star, alas,
Yesterday fell a stone in the sea.

And again I stand in the night
Around change in darkness and sizzle
And I scream the star: "Gor!
Your light as I never need. "

And the star of love shines
From the depths of cold abyss
And gives the ray of gold
Hope.

Star in the sky
Star on Earth
Touch your lips
You can feel only in a dream!
The warmth of your body
It comes from the heart,
Perhamble
You warm and mine!
Stars are not aging
Love and love ...
They do not know how
Favorite you will again and again!
I whisper your eyes ...
How well with you ...
You will give me lips ...
Happiness, thoughts and warmth !!!
I trust the sky, stars ...
I will say that you are a star
You will glow brighter
I will glow and I !!!

Lepton Era

When the energy of particles and photons dropped from 100 MeV to 1 MeV, there were many leptons in the substance. The temperature was high enough to ensure the intensive occurrence of electrons, positrons and neutrinos. Barione (protons and neutrons), who survived the hadron era, became more compared to lepton and photons to meet much less often.

The lepton era begins with the collapse of the last hadrons - peonies - to muons and muon neutrinos, and ends after a few seconds at a temperature of 1010K, when photon energy decreased to 1 MeV and the materialization of electrons and positrons ceased. During this stage, the independent existence of electronic and muon neutrino, which we call "relict" begins. The entire space of the universe was filled with a huge number of relice electronic and muon neutrinos. The neutrine sea occurs.

Photon era or era of radiation

The era of radiation came to a change of lepton era, as soon as the temperature of the universe dropped to 1010K, and the energy of Gamma photons reached 1 MeV, there was only annihilation of electrons and positrons. New electron-positron couples could not arise due to materialization, because the photons did not have enough energy. But the annihilation of electrons and positrons continued on until the radiation pressure completely separated the substance from antimatter. Since the hadron and lepton era, the universe was filled with photons. By the end of the lepton era, photons were two billion times more than protons and electrons. The most important component of the universe after the lepton era becomes photons, and not only in quantity, but also by energy.

In order to compare the role of particles and photons in the universe, the amount of energy density was introduced. This is the amount of energy in 1 cm3, more precisely, the average amount (based on the background, that the substance in the universe is uniformly distributed). If you fold together the energy h? All photons present in 1 cm3, then we obtain the ER radiation energy density. The sum of the energy of the rest of all particles in 1 cm3 is the average energy of the EM substance in the universe.

Due to the extension of the universe, the density of the energy of photons and particles has decreased. With an increase in the distance in the Universe twice, the volume increased eight times. In other words, the density of particles and photons dropped eight times. But photons in the process of expansion behave differently than particles. While resting energy during the expansion of the universe does not change, the photon energy decreases when expanding. Photons reduce their oscillation frequency, as if "tired" over time. As a result, photon energy density (ER) falls faster than particle energy density (EM). The predominance in the universe photonic composite over composite particles (referred to the density of energy) during the era of radiation decreased until it disappeared completely. By this time, both composite came to balance, that is, (Er \u003d Em). Ere down era of radiation and with this period "Big Explosion". So the universe was looking at about 300,000 years old. Distances at that time were a thousand times shorter than at present.

Star Era

After the "big explosion" there was a continuous era of substances, the era of the predominance of particles. We call her star era. It continues from the end of the "Big Explosion" (approximately 300,000 years) to the present day. Compared to the "Big Explosion" period, its development seems to be slow. This is due to low density and temperature. Thus, the evolution of the universe can be compared with the fireworks, which ended. Last minute sparks, ashes and smoke. We stand on the cooled ash, peer into aging stars and remember the beauty and glitter of the universe. An explosion supernova or a giant galaxy explosion is insignificant phenomena in comparison with a large explosion.

In the fashion industry, changes occur constantly and rapidly. Millions of girls come to the podium, but only units are able to become a fashion designer muse and impress a whimsical public. We look at whom from the new generation it has already managed and who we have to admire the covers of the gloss in the near future.

Chris Mcake

Her full name is Christina, she is only 17 years old and she is our compatriot from Omsk. It is quite by chance, as it often happens, the girl noticed the mistress of the fashion house Macchat Prada and immediately offered her a contract for three years. Now the expressive face of Chris does not come off with the covers of fashion magazines, including Vogue.

@Kris_grikaite / Instagram.com.
@Kris_grikaite / Instagram.com.

Diana Silversa

So far, Diana is still a little-known model. But with such appearance, the girl clearly will not stay for a long time in the shade. She has all the data to become the queen of the podium and open the most iconic shows. We hope it will choose a podium, not a camera - they say, Diana is seriously interested in photography.

@dianasilvers / instagram.com

Advoa Aboa

According to the leading agencies of the world, ADVA is the most promising model of the decade. At the moment, by the number of proposals, she has already byte sisters Hadid and even Kayy Gerber. What is not surprising: the shaved head and stroke of freckles in combination with the unisex figure are ideal for the demonstration of extravagant, futuristic and minimalistic images that are now at the peak of popularity.

@Adwoaaboah / Instagram.com.

Ashley Gram.

You, of course, are already familiar with this charming pony. Ashley is the complete opposite of their overall colleagues on the workshop. But this does not prevent her from actively involved in the most fashionable shows, create a line of underwear and even write memoirs about the career of the Plus-size model. Her age is approaching the pension on the standards of model business, but criticism is confident - this is not the limit of its capabilities and only the beginning of a grand career.

@TheashleyGraham / Instagram.com.

Mika Arganaraz

This crispy girl from Argentina on the big podium also brought the designers Prada. She conquers his immediacy and openness, crazy energy and charm. In combination with bright appearance, Mika becomes a real treasure for the fashion world.

@Micarganaraz / Instagram.com.

Iman Hamam

And another charming curly with an exotic appearance half of the Egyptian, half of the morocco. Young Imaan has already participated in numerous prestigious shows and photo shoots, last year it has become one of the angels of Victoria's Secret. New Naomi Campbell - this is how to call her critics.

@imaanhammam / instagram.com.

Stela Luchia

The appearance of the girl fully corresponds to her name - far and inaccessible, but very bright star. The unearthly appearance of Stela attracted the attention of Givenchy designers at first, and then conquered the podiums of the whole world. By 18 years old, the list of fashionable victories of this fragile blonde is impressive, and he will have a continuation, no doubt.

@Stellualuciadeopito / Instagram.com.

Vittoria Nehetti

On the all-line of this 18-year-old Italian beauty - contracts with Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and Chanel and a number of other cult brands. With his bright appearance, the girl pleases designers from 14 years old, so the experience of Vittoria is enough to get into the ranks of super-models.

@VitToceretti / Instagram.com.

Kaya Gerber

With such a star mother, the fate of the girl was predetermined from the diapers - many will say. And there will be wrong! Model exterior, congenital grace and grace, enviable perseverance and rare performance - these features a step by step help the young and fragile kaye step by step to conquer the model world. Today, she is a favorite muse Karl Lagerfeld, the creator of his own line of clothing ... We look forward to new achievements!

@Kaiagerber / Instagram.com.

On Monday about an unprecedented phenomenon - for the first time fixed by scientists Ligo and Virgo gravitational waves from the confluence of two neutron stars. This event is already called the beginning of a new era in astrophysics, but why is it so important?

We talked to S. Alane Jay Vainstein-professor of physics and the head of the Astrophysical Data Analysis Group From Labo Laboratoryin the California Institute of Technology. He told why what happened had such a meaning, and how can the existing understanding of the universe.

Everyone says that the "unprecedented" phenomenon occurred. What is its significance?

For the first time, our scientific team and LIGO detectors were selected gravitational waves In September 2015, when a collision of two black holes. This confirmed the meaningful hypothesis theory of relativity Einstein, provided us with new opportunities for the study of black holes, made it possible to witness the most powerful phenomenon since the time of the Big Bang and, to some extent, made it possible to hear the vibrations of the very space-time. Since then, we have recorded some more similar phenomena.

But on August 17, 2017, we saw something else. It was the fusion of two ultra-compact shums - not black holes, but neutron stars. They consist of pure nuclear material, so this is a very exotic and interesting topic for physicists and astronomers. But the main thing is that, unlike black holes, they emit light - in large quantities.

Gravitational waves
Gravitational waves predicted Common theory of relativity- These are changes in the gravitational field that apply to the principle of the wave. They can be described as "ripples space-time."
For the first time they were discovered in 2015 by the detectors of the LIGO Observatory. In 2017, American physicists Weiss, Thorn and Barish Received the Nobel Prize for the experimental detection of gravitational waves from the fusion of two black holes.
The term "gravitational wave" introduced Poincare in 1905.

We first witnessed such a large-scale astronomical phenomenon, which was the source and gravitational waves and light. We observed the light in all its numerous manifestations: not only visible radiation, but also ultraviolet, infrared, x-ray and gamma radiation, radio waves.

So we were able to "see" and "hear" this extraordinary phenomenon is the most in many ways. The resulting confirmed the relationship between the merger of double neutron stars and gamma bursts (GRB), determined the likely location of the synthesis of heavy elements in the universe, allowed us for the first time to measure the speed and polarization of gravitational waves. Thanks to gravitational waves, the event has become the beginning of the era mULTI-MESSENGER ASTRONOMY .

MULTI-MESSENGER ASTRONOMY
At the term mULTI-MESSENGER ASTRONOMY There is still no official analogue in Russian. This astronomy sphere is based on a coordinated observation and interpretation of signals, creating, using various astrophysical processes, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational waves, neutrinos and cosmic rays. So they reveal various information about their sources.
As a rule, sources are ultra-compact pairs of black holes and neutron stars, supernovae, irregular neutron stars, gamma bursts active galactic kernels and relativistic jets.

Now physicists and astronomers have the opportunity to learn a lot about it incredibly multifaceted process, we still continue to explore what happened and recognize something new. But if we talk about the importance of this event in a practical and universal sense, it provides us with information on the origin of the most severe chemical elements, including precious metals in our jewelry.

As a result of the collision, gold, lead and platinum appeared. A person is not too close to the world of science (like me, for example) it sees it similar to the explosion of golden dust, but, of course, everything is much more complicated.

Neutron stars are pure nuclear material, which, in a collision, is thrown into the interstellar space in a huge amount. It is split, and then combines atomic nuclei rich in neutron, which become heavy elements - not only with gold, lead and platinum, but also uranium, plutonium, most of the other most severe elements of the periodic table. They are scattered in their galaxy (which, in the case of GW170817., very far).

Such collisions occur in our Milky Way of about 10-100 thousand years. After them, fragments of heavy elements fall into our solar system and to Earth.

Neutron stars
Neutron Star It is a dense neutron core with a thin shell, which is formed as a result of a supernova explosion. Neutron stars have a powerful magnetic field and high density, but their sizes are 10-20 km. Many neutron stars have a huge speed of rotation - several hundred turnover per second.

The collision is important for a number of reasons. Already suggest that it will be the beginning of a new era for astronomy. Is it really so?

Yes! We will find many more similar phenomena, various star masses in various galactic media. This will allow us to learn a lot about the formation, development and fuss of the most massive stars and strengthen the new understanding of the origin of the most severe chemical elements. The results of these studies will appear in textbooks, so when we are talking about the brilliant future, or even gold, then we really have this in mind.

The collision provided a new opportunity to study gravitational waves and the universe. What are scientists learn from such a find?

We will be able to measure the expansion rate of the universe with constantly improving accuracy. There are many ways to do this, but we have another completely new method. If in all cases we come to the same conclusions, then we will strengthen our understanding of the big explosion. If not, we will know that some data misunderstood, we need the theory better or missed something important.

We will receive increasingly accurate information when studying the fundamental properties of gravitational waves. This will allow us to expose the general theory of Einstein's relativity, modern gravity theory, even more severe tests. We suspect that in the end you will find that it is not entirely true, and it will indicate a deeper and accurate theory.

General Theory of Relativity (OTO)
In 1915. Albert Einstein Published its geometric theory of gravity that has become known under the name of the general theory of relativity. Its main statement was that gravitational and inertial forces have the same nature, from which it should be that the deformation of space-time determines the gravitational effects.
Einstein used the equations of the gravitational field to tie matter and curvature space-timein which she existed - this was the difference between the work from other alternative theories of gravity.
General theory of relativity Predicted effects such as gravitational slowdown in time, gravitational light deviation, gravitational red displacement of light, gravitational radiation, signal delay in the gravitational field, etc. In addition, she predicted the existence of black holes.
To date, OTO remains the most successful theory of gravity.

Something similar to the collision of neutron stars occurs unusually rarely. When will scientists witness something like that again?

Such phenomena can be observed in the Milky Way every 10-100 thousand years. We do not have to wait so long! Our current LIGO detectors are able to observe such collisions in remote galaxies, more than in a million. Now we improve the sensitivity of our detectors in order to be able to fix these phenomena in hundreds of millions of galaxies. So we hope to observe something similar every year.

Gravitational waves from the merger of neutron stars: Golden Era for Astronomy Updated: August 20, 2019 by the author: Anastasia Belskaya

After " Big bang"There was a long-lasting era of substances. We call it star era.It continues from the end of completion. " Big bang" to the present day. Compared to the period " Big bang", Its development seems to be too slow. This is due to low density and temperature.

Thus, the evolution of the universe can be compared with the fireworks, which ended. Last minute sparks, ashes and smoke. We stand on the cooled ash, peer into aging stars and remember the beauty and glitter of the universe. An explosion supernova or a giant galaxy explosion is insignificant phenomena in comparison with a large explosion.

The process of the emergence of the first stars is simpler than the process of forming the stars of modern type, due to the chemical purity of the starting material - a mixture of hydrogen-helium. The gas of atomic composition was mixed with a dark mass. He began to shrink, following the action of gravitational forces of condensation of dark matter. The formation of a star depends on the temperature of the medium, the mass of the condensing gas formation and the presence of molecular hydrogen in it, which has the ability to remove heat from condensation, radiating it into the surrounding space. Molecular hydrogen may not arise from atomic atomic collisions, a rather complicated process is seized for its formation. Therefore, at z\u003e 15-20, hydrogen remained mainly in the atomic phase. Upon compression, the gas temperature in condensation increases to 1000 k and more and the proportion of molecular hydrogen increases slightly. At such a temperature, further condensation is impossible. But due to molecular hydrogen, the temperature in the most dense part of the condensation decreases to 200-300 K and the compression continues, overcoming gas pressure. Gradually, ordinary matter is separated from the dark and concentrated in the center. The minimum mass of the gas condensation necessary for the formation of a star, the weight of the jeans is determined by the power dependence on the temperature of the gas, so the first stars had a lot of 500-1000 times greater than the sun. In the modern universe in the formation of stars, the temperature in a dense part of the condensation can be only 10 K, because, firstly, the heat sink functions are more successfully performing the heavy elements and dust particles, secondly, the ambient temperature (relic radiation) is only 2 , 7 K, and not nearly 100 k, as it was at the end of the Dark Epoch. The second criterion for the mass of jeans is pressure (more precisely, the square root of pressure). In the dark era, this parameter was approximately the same as now.

The resulting first stars were not only huge, 4-14 times more than the sun, but also very hot. The sun radiates light with a temperature of 5780 K. In the first stars, the temperature was 100,000-110,000 K, and the emitted energy exceeded the sunny in millions and tens of millions of times. The sun is called a yellow star; The same stars were ultraviolet. They burned and destroyed in just a few million years, but managed to fulfill at least two functions that identify the properties of the subsequent world. As a result of the reactions of the synthesis, some kind of impact of their subsoil "metals" occurred (so astronomers call all elements heavier than hydrogen). Exhausting from them "Star Wind" enriched by metals by the interstellar medium, facilitating the formation of subsequent generations of stars. The main source of metals were the explosions of some stars as supernova. The most massive part of the first stars at the end of his life path, apparently, formed black holes. Powerful ultraviolet radiation of giant stars caused rapidly developing heating and ionization of interstellar and intergalactic gas. It was the second function. Such a process is called reonation, because it was reverse recombination, which ended in 250 million years before, at z \u003d 1200, when atoms were formed and relict radiation was released. Research of distant quasars show that the reonation is practically ended at z \u003d 6-6.5. If these two marks, z \u003d 1200 and z \u003d 6.5, consider the borders of the dark era, then it lasted 900 million years. The period of complete darkness itself, until the appearance of the first stars, lasted shorter, about 250 million years, and theorists believe that in some, certainly exceptional cases, individual stars could appear before, but the probability of this was very low.

With the formation of the first stars, the dark era ended. Gigantic ultraviolet stars entered the protoglactics, formed, mainly dark matter. The sizes of protoglakaction were small, and they were close to one to another, which caused a strong attraction that combined them in the galaxies, too small. The dimensions of the first galaxies were 20-30 light years (only 5 times more than the modern distance to the nearest star, and the diameter of our galaxy is 100,000 light years). It would be interesting to see these giant ultraviolet stars, but, despite their huge brightness, it fails: they are in the region z \u003d 8-12, and the recording of observation of remote objects remains the quasar at z \u003d 6.37. Now, if you think about how to highlight the radiation that occurred at a certain period of time. I allowed oscillating sometimes E. Hubble that the red shift is simply the result of the aging of the light, and not the Doppler effect.