What year do the events described in the historical source refer to?
“When this warrior and voivode, Prince Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky, obeyed the tsar and came to Moscow, the son Alexei was born to the boyar Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky. And less than two months after his birth, Prince Mikhail became a godfather, and the wife of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Shuisky, Princess Marya, daughter of Malyuta Skuratov, became the godfather. And on the advice of the nodal traitors, she conceived a malicious intent ... And after the merry feast, Princess Marya offered a cup of drink to her godfather and congratulated her godson.
And in that bowl - a fierce drink is prepared, a drink of death.
- 1591
- 1610
- 1646
- 1730
Task 2
What is the name of the document, an excerpt from which is presented below?
"St. 1. People are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social differences can only be based on common good. Art. 2. The goal of every political union is to secure the natural and inalienable rights of man. These are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.”
- Table of ranks
- habeas corpus act
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- Cathedral code
Task 3
In what year was the document, an excerpt from which is presented below, compiled?
“... we must have care for the integrity of our entire state, which for the sake of it we have decided to do this charter, so that this is always in the will-governing sovereign, to whom she wants, he will determine the inheritance, and to a certain one, seeing what indecency, he will cancel again ... For the sake of this, we command that all our faithful subjects approved this charter of ours on such a basis that anyone who is opposed to this, or otherwise interprets it, he ... will be subject to the death penalty and the church oath.
- 1584
- 1605
- 1682
- 1722
Answer:
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | 3 | 4 |
1 point for each correct answer.
A total of 3 points for the tasks.
In tasks 4-6, select several correct answers from the suggested ones.
Enter your answers in the table.
Task 4
Which of the concepts, phenomena appeared in Russian society in the 18th century?
- recruit
- tax
- penny
- Assembly
- collegium
- reiter
Task 5
Which of the historical figures was a participant in the war that led to the creation of the Republic of the United Provinces?
- Gilbert de Lafayette
- William of Orange
- Georges Danton
- Guillaume Kal
- Fernando Alba
- James Watt
Task 6
Which of the battles took place during the Russian-Turkish wars?
- battle near the village of Lesnoy
- capture of the fortress of Izmail
- battle of Klushino
- Battle of Larga
- battle of Rymnik
- Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf
Answer:
| 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 145 | 25 | 245 |
2 points for a completely correct answer for each task; 1 point for an answer with one mistake (one of the correct answers is not indicated or one incorrect answer is given along with the indicated correct answers).
Total for tasks 6 points.
Task 7
Here is a list of events that took place in three cities. Indicate the names of these cities and correlate the corresponding events with them. Enter all the information in the table.
- adoption of the Council Code
- death of Paul I
- the beginning of the work of the Legislative Commission under Catherine II
- the final defeat of the troops of I. Bolotnikov
- construction of the Admiralty
- foundation of metallurgical manufactories by A. Vinius
Answer:
Total for the task 9 points.
Task 8
What, from a historical point of view, unites the elements listed in the series? Give the most accurate answer.
8.1. C. Montesquieu, D. Diderot, J. D'Alembert, F. Voltaire.
8.2. Makariev Monastery, Irbit, Astrakhan, Svensky Monastery.
Answer:
8.1. French enlighteners.
8.2. Centers of fair trade in Russia in the 17th–18th centuries.
Total for the task 4 points.
Task 9
Give a brief justification for the series (what unites the listed elements from a historical point of view) and indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis.
9.1. E.R. Dashkova, B.I. Morozov, A.G. Orlov, G.A. Potemkin.
9.2. Semenovsky, Preobrazhensky, Pavlogradsky, Izmailovsky.
Answer:
9.1. Statesmen of the era of Catherine II; extra element - B.I. Morozov.
9.2. Names of guards regiments in Russia; the extra element is Pavlogradsky.
2 points for each correct answer.
Total for the task 4 points.
Task 10
Arrange the following events in chronological order.
A) the first convocation of the Estates General in France
B) adoption of the Charter on cuts and purchases
B) Peace of Westphalia
D) the establishment of the patriarchate in Russia
D) Norman conquest of England
E) Grand Embassy to Europe
Answer:
4 points - completely correct sequence. 2 points - a sequence with one error (i.e., the correct sequence is restored by rearranging any two characters). 0 points - more than one error was made.
Total for the task 4 points.
Task 12
Establish a correspondence between the events of domestic and foreign history that occurred in the same century. Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
| BUT | B | IN | G | D |
| 4 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
4 points - completely correct match.
2 points - one mistake was made.
0 points - more than one error was made.
Total for the task 4 points.
Task 13
Determine the missing names in the text, names, dates, indicated by serial numbers. If necessary, with serial numbers, explanations are given about the nature of the required insertion. Enter the necessary inserts under the corresponding numbers in the table.
In the era of Peter I, new textbooks appeared, the most famous of them - "Arithmetic" (1 - author's surname), according to which they studied almost the entire XVIII century. Instead of the Church Slavonic, a civil type was introduced, similar to the modern one, and (2 - name) numbers. In 1702 the first printed newspaper began to be published. (3 - name), which reported on events abroad, on the construction of new enterprises. In 1700, the tsar ordered that the beginning of the year should not be 1 (4 - month), and on January 1 and at the same time introduced the reckoning from the Nativity of Christ, and not from (5 - biblical story event).
Under Peter I, the creation of the first museum in Russia began - (6 - name), which marked the beginning of the formation of historical and natural-science collections. Of great importance for the development of science in Russia was the creation of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, opened in (7 - year).
Unique in its architectural appearance is St. Petersburg, which became the capital of the state in (8) year. The city was not only the favorite brainchild of the king, but also a symbol of his reign, an expression of the era of transformation. Peter I invited the famous Italian architect (9 - surname) who built the Tsar's Summer Palace in the new capital, building
twelve colleges and (10 - name) the cathedral.
Answer:
1 point for each correct insert.
A total of 10 points for the task.
Task 14
Review the diagram and complete the tasks.
14.1. The fortress, marked on the diagram with the number _____, was taken by Russian troops in 1696.
14.2. With the unsuccessful assault by the Russian army of the fortress, indicated on the diagram by the number ______, the Northern War began.
14.3. The city, indicated on the map by the number ____, was founded in 1703.
14.4. The leader of the uprising, the area of which is indicated on the diagram, was ____________________.
14.5. The territories indicated by hatching on the diagram were annexed to Russia under the terms of the ______________________ peace treaty.
Answer:
2 points for each correct answer.
A total of 10 points for the task.
Task 15
Identify the historical figures to whom the following fragments of the text are dedicated. Match them with the corresponding fragments and associated images. Fill in the table: in the second column of the table write down the name of the figure, in the third column of the table write down the number of the corresponding fragment of text.
Fragments of texts
1) “There were not very many monks, no more than twelve people ... When the cells were built and fenced with a fence, not very large, they put a gatekeeper at the gate, but he himself built three or four cells with his own hands. And in all the other monastic affairs that the brethren needed, he participated: sometimes he carried firewood on his shoulders from the forest and, breaking it and chopping it, cutting it into logs, carried it around the cells. Around the church there were many logs and stumps everywhere, but here various people sowed seeds and grew garden greens. But let us return again to the abandoned story about the feat of the monk ... how, without the laziness of the brethren, he served as a bought slave: he chopped firewood for everyone, as was said, and crushed grain, and grinded it with millstones, and baked bread, and cooked food, and the rest I prepared the food needed by the brethren; shoes and clothes he cut and sewed; and from the source that was there, he drew water in two buckets and carried it uphill on his shoulders and set it for each cell.
2) “Here I am entrusting my throne in Kiev to my eldest son and your brother Izyaslav; obey him as you obeyed me; let him be yours instead of me; and I give Svyatoslav Chernigov, and Vsevolod Pereyaslavl, and Vyacheslav Smolensk. And so he divided the cities between them, bequeathing them not to cross the boundaries of the destinies of other brothers and not to expel them, and he said to Izyaslav: “If anyone wants to offend his brother, you help the one who is offended.” And so he instructed his sons to live in love.
3) “The law of God ... teaches us to devote the seventh day to him; why on this day we were glorified by the triumph of the Christian faith, and on which we were honored to receive the sacred world anointing and the Royal wedding on our Ancestral Throne, we consider it our duty ... to confirm throughout our Empire about the exact and indispensable fulfillment of this law, commanding everyone to observe in order to no one, under any circumstances, dared to force the peasants to work on Sundays, especially since for rural products the six days remaining in the week, according to an equal number of them, are generally shared, both for the peasants themselves and for their work in favor of the next landowners, with good management, they will be sufficient to satisfy all economic needs.
4) “From the Great Don Army to the city of Kharkov to Colonel Gritsk and all the petty bourgeois petitions. This year, in the 179th year of October, on the 15th day, by decree of the great sovereign and according to his letter, the great sovereign, we, the great army of the Don, went out from the Don Donets to him, the great sovereign, to serve, because the sky, the great sovereign, the princes did not become even from them, the traitors of the boyars, and we, the great army of the Don, stood for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos and for Evo, the great sovereign and for all the mob. And you, ataman hammer, Colonel Gritsko, with all the city people and townspeople, would become with us, the great army of the Don, for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos and for Evo, the great sovereign, and for all the mob, so that we all from them, traitors boyars, do not perish in the end.
5) “He went on a campaign, taking with him many warriors: Varangians, Chuds, Slavs, I measure, all, Krivichi, and came to Smolensk with Krivichi, and took power in the city, and planted his husband in it. From there he went down, and took Lyubech, and also planted his husbands. And they came to the mountains of Kiev, and he learned that Askold and Dir reign here. He hid some of the soldiers in the boats, and left the others behind, and he himself proceeded, carrying the baby Igor. And he swam to the Ugorskaya mountain, hiding his soldiers, and sent to Askold and Dir, telling them that “we are merchants, we are going to the Greeks from him and Prince Igor. Come to us, to your relatives." When Askold and Dir arrived, everyone else jumped out of the boats, and he said to Askold and Dir: “You are not princes and not of a princely family, but I am of a princely family,” and showed Igor: “And this is the son of Rurik.” And they killed Askold and Dir ... "
Answer:
1 point for each correct answer item.
A total of 10 points for the task.
Task 16
Before you is a fragment of a historical source. Read it and complete the tasks below.
“At the same time, the impious Lithuanian king rose to the Orthodox Christian faith (1) and raised up great wrath and malice. He came to the limits of the Moscow state under the city of Smolensk and ruined many cities and villages, destroyed churches and monasteries. The pious people living in the city of Smolensk decided rather to die in martyrdom than to evade Lutheranism, and many died of hunger and accepted a violent death. (…)
And that follower of the Antichrist, who called himself Tsar Demetrius, on the sly advice of the damned Lithuanian army, began to destroy many areas with omnivorous fire and create great violence to the reigning city. But people ... did not understand the hostile slyness of the royal, they wanted to accept the prince (2) tsar to the Muscovite state. And for the sake of its simplicity and because of the imperfection of the mind of the god-chosen king (3) deposed from the throne, and excommunicated from the kingdom, and forcibly clothed in the monastic rank, and sent to the king near Smolensk, and the Polish and Lithuanian hetman with his army was let into the reigning city of Moscow.
16.1. Write in what year the siege of Smolensk began.
16.2. Write the name of the settlement where the headquarters of "Tsar Demetrius" was located.
16.3. Write in what year they overthrew "God's chosen king."
16.4. Name the names of the participants in the events indicated in the text by serial numbers.
16.6. What is “Lutheranism” about which the author of the text writes, and is he using this term appropriately?
16.8. On the basis of the text, indicate three reasons that "people wanted to accept the Polish prince as king and overthrew the god-chosen king."
Answer:
| 16.1. Write in what year the siege of Smolensk began. | 1609 (1 point). |
| 16.2. Write the name of the settlement where the headquarters of "Tsar Demetrius" was located. | Tushino (1 point). |
| 16.3. Write in what year they overthrew "God's chosen king." | 1610 (1 point). |
| 16.4. Name the names of the participants in the events indicated in the text by serial numbers. | 1
‒ Sigismund III; 2
‒ Vladislav; 3 ‒ Vasily Shuisky. 1 point for each name mentioned. Only 3 points. |
| 16.5. Why does the author of the text call the Polish king "impious"? | "Unholy", that is, offending something sacred, vicious, sinful, the author of the text calls the Polish king because he "rose up on the Orthodox Christian faith" and "raised up great rage and malice." 2 points
|
| 16.6. What is “Lutheranism” about which the author of the text writes, and is he using this term appropriately? | Lutheranism is one of the oldest movements in Protestantism, which got its name from the name of the founder Martin Luther - 2 points. The answer can be given in other formulations. Only 4 points. |
| 16.7. Why does the author call "Tsar Demetrius" a follower of the Antichrist? | The author of the text calls "Tsar Demetrius" a follower of the Antichrist, because he considers him a fake, self-proclaimed king (like the Antichrist, who pretends to be the Messiah, but in reality has an evil essence) 2 points. The answer can be given in other formulations. |
| 16.8. On the basis of the text, indicate three reasons that "people wanted to accept the Polish prince as king and overthrew the god-chosen king." |
Only 3 points. The answer can be given in other formulations. |
Total for the task 17 points.
Maximum for work 85 points.
The failure of the first campaign near Azov (1695) did not discourage Peter I. Well, it didn’t work out to play near Azov. Do not say anything, strong city. But you can take. You can take.
Peter arrived in Moscow with a ready plan for a new campaign. Messengers rode to the allies, to Vienna and Warsaw, with the message that an even larger army would go under Azov next year. The tsar asked the Austrian emperor to select and send efficient engineers to Moscow.
But the main thing is that it is necessary to block access to Azov for the Turkish naval squadron. And for this you need a fleet - dozens of ships. The royal company began to doubt, shook their heads, even Lefort whistled incredulously. It would be nice, of course, to move the fleet to Azov, but where can we get it? Buying in Holland - no treasury is enough, but building it yourself - how long will it take? Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich built only one ship in eight years. Yes, and Mr. skipper has no more than two ships a year.
Peter abruptly cut short the objections. It seems they don't understand him. He doesn't care about what happened before. He needs a fleet, a rowing flotilla - galleys, galleasses, hard labor, fireships. And another fifteen hundred plows and boats for transporting shells and food. By next spring. Everything.
The conversations ended, - and the axes rattled, the saws began to sing. Shipyards were built in the forest areas closest to the Don: in Voronezh, Kozlov, Dobry and Sokolsk. A galley was urgently ordered from Holland - for a sample. According to her drawing, the Preobrazhenians and Semyonovites laid down 30 ships. Arkhangelsk carpenters and shipbuilders gathered willy-nilly or not from foreign ships were brought to help them. Another 26,000 workers harvested wood for them. In the dense forests of Voronezh, there was a smell of bitter smoke from fires, the frosty silence was split by the booming sounds of felling; snow-covered pines fell into the snow, disappearing into clouds of sparkling white dust. Many forests were brought to the root - twenty miles or more.
At the end of February, Peter left for Voronezh. Lefort stayed in Moscow - he caught a cold while walking on butter. The personal presence of the king was indeed necessary: thousands of peasants did not come to work, they fled from ship service; the soldiers sent to Boronezh were so foolish that Peter himself had to yell at the captains so that they would look more strictly for their subordinates. And then the weather got silly: it rained until the middle of March, and then suddenly such frosts struck that for four days it was impossible to leave the house. Nevertheless, the tsar managed, before April, to build with his own hands the easiest galley Principium on the move.
Things, however, piled on, and now the already ill Lefort was ordered to go to Voronezh without delay. I had to drag myself through snowstorms and blizzards in a carriage with a stove, with a whole staff of doctors. The coughing Genevan cheered up: "I will instruct myself in every circle of medicines, and the frosts will not get me." However, on the road, the doctors themselves had to be treated. “On Efremov,” Lefort reported to the tsar, “the doctors got together, began to drink, everyone began to praise his wine; after that, a dispute arose between them about medicines, and they came to swords, and three of them were wounded.
The idea with the Voronezh fleet was not easy for skipper Peter. “We,” he wrote to Moscow, “by the order of God to our great-grandfather Adam, we eat our bread in the sweat of our brow.” Doctors cut each other, contractors steal, peasants leave carts with timber... A new, terrible misfortune: the workers set fire to the forests around the shipyards where plows are built, and a great destruction is being done to the plow business, and the naval military campaign is stopped. And the captains in Voronezh shout and complain that there is no coal in the forges: “That’s why our business has stopped!” And Peter manages to do everything - either with an ax in his hand he gives an example of work, then he calculates the material sent, then he reconciles those who have fought, then he corrects the negligent with a club ... And he eats his bread, watered with sweat, in a small house of two chambers with a passage and a porch. The glorious skipper does not forget about Ivashka Khmelnitsky - fortunately, Lefort brought from Moscow a fair supply of Muskatelen wine and good beer.
And the matter, thank God, is not standing still, it is moving.
On April 1, the army, treasury and supplies began to be loaded onto galleys and plows. Holy Week passed in this lesson. Peter congratulated the entire company that remained in Moscow at once, in one letter to Vinius - "not for laziness, but for the sake of the great for the sake of shortcomings." Foreign engineers from Vienna, however, were late.
At the end of April, the noble militia set out on a campaign. A week later, a “sea caravan” with regiments of the new system moved after them. Admiral Lefort entrusted command over him to the captain of the Principium galley Pyotr Alekseev (the tsar himself was hiding under this name). The captains of other ships were read the naval regulations drawn up by the king. It was instructed to go together, "because the common good requires it, and warships, closely moving with each other, can go around the whole Universe." Who does not listen to the signals from the admiral's ship - the death penalty. Whoever goes into battle on his own initiative - the death penalty. Whoever leaves a comrade or a damaged galley in trouble - the death penalty.
Peter flew up to Azov before the main forces. In Cherkassk, he learned from the Cossacks that at the mouth of the Don, on the seashore, two Turkish ships were being unloaded. The Don people tried to board them - it did not work: the sides were too high; they tried to cut through them with axes, but were driven away by rifle and cannon fire. Peter caught fire: you need to attack as soon as possible before they leave. Together with the Cossack boats, the galleys hastily sailed to the lower reaches of the Don.
But while they were sailing, Borey screwed up - he drove water into the sea from the narrow channels into which the mouth of the Don is divided: the Cossack boats passed through the shallows, the galleys did not. Reseeding to the Cossacks, Peter nevertheless got out to sea, but instead of two ships he saw the entire Turkish squadron in front of him - about twenty galleys. Sad and frustrated, he returned to Azov. As soon as he sailed, the news immediately came: the Cossacks could not resist, suddenly attacked the Turks, burned ten ships and captured one. Peter bit his lip. Left for nothing! Early - oh, damn it! .. The fleet immediately moved to the mouth, but the Turks evaded a new battle.
Meanwhile, regiments of noble militia approached Azov. The Turks did not expect a second siege so soon: they barely straightened the sagging rampart and did not even fill last year's trenches under the city and did not rake the embankments. The Russians occupied their abandoned aproshi without hindrance. The Tatar cavalry, which tried to disturb the Russian camp from the side of the steppe, was quickly driven away.
On June 16, a letter on an arrow flew over the city wall with a proposal to surrender. The Turks responded with gunfire. In response, Russian guns spoke. Climbing on one of the batteries, Peter himself threw the first bombs into the city. The enemy batteries fell silent one after another. The Turks, like last time, waited out the cannonade, hiding in dugouts. However, foreign engineers still had not arrived, and the digging was going badly. The regiments grumbled that there would be no good from the mines, only we would kill our own again.
In order to arouse the morale of the troops, at the council of the gentlemen of the generals, it was decided to directly ask the army: in what way does it want to take Azov? As they say, so be it. Streltsy and noble servants replied that it was best to conduct a siege by the great-grandfather custom - to build a rampart on a level with the enemy and fill up the ditch: this is how Saint Prince Vladimir took Kherson. General Gordon found the idea interesting and, inspired, began to improve it: he drew up a project for such a rampart that would exceed the city walls - with passages for the attackers and peals for the batteries.
The whole army turned into diggers. The formidable earthen wall grew higher every day. The Turks, horrified, interfered with the work with one rifle fire. Like last year, Peter did not get out of the front lines. To an alarming letter from his sister, Princess Natalya, who heard rumors that the tsar was approaching the fortress at a distance of a rifle shot, he jokingly replied: “According to your letter, I don’t go close to the balls and bullets, but they go to me. Order them not to go; however, although they go around, only politely for the time being.
On July 11, the long-awaited Austrian engineers arrived. They marveled at the rampart and set about digging. By this time, the Azov batteries had finally calmed down - they had already run out of shells. And the Turkish squadron was white with sails in the sea in full view of the Russian galleys, not daring to enter the mouth of the Don. On July 22, Peter appointed the assault on the city.
However, the sapper art of overseas engineers turned out to be useless. The Cossacks were bored with earthworks. They agreed among themselves to strike at Azov and thereby drag the rest of the army with them. On July 18, Hetman Lizogub and Ataman Minyaev themselves led the brave men to attack. The Cossacks quickly knocked the Turks off the rampart and almost burst into the city, but at the stone castle the Turks stopped their onslaught with rifle fire, shooting chopped coins for lack of lead.
The Cossacks entrenched themselves on the rampart. The Janissaries rushed to the counterattack and began to push the Donets, but then, finally, the soldier and archery regiments of Golovin and Gordon arrived in time. After an hour-long battle, the Turks were beaten off and driven to the very city walls.
There was a short break. Peter announced a general assault, and the Russian regiments hastily pulled up to the rampart, tightly encircling the city. After some time, a Janissary aga in a red caftan came out of the gate. He shouted that the letter on the arrow was without the boyar seal - so the pasha did not believe him, and if it was the same with the seal again, then the pasha would surrender the city. The seal was applied, and negotiations began for surrender.
To celebrate, Peter agreed to the most honorable conditions for the Turks: he left them weapons and even offered to transport them on ships by the Don to the mouth of the Kagalnik. But he was adamant about one thing - to give him the traitor Yakushka Jansen. At first, the Turks were stubborn (the fact was that the Dutchman converted to Islam and became a Janissary), however, after thinking, they decided not to anger the winner - they gave him away.
On the morning of the next day, the Russian regiments lined up in two rows in front of the gates of Azov. The Turks poured out of the gates in a terrible disorder: some rushed to the ships, others ran into the steppe. One aga importantly marched with a banner and a hundred janissaries through a living corridor.
The Russians entered the deserted Azov. The city was a heap of ruins, as if it had been lying in ruins for several centuries. The Cossacks, looking for prey, broke into the dugouts of the remaining inhabitants, but found only household utensils and junk. War trophies amounted to about a hundred guns and mortars - all without shells.
Awards were handed out to the army from the treasury, according to grandfather's custom: for officers - gold medals, cups, fur coats, money, peasant households; soldiers - a gilded penny.
On the same day, having appointed boyar Matvey Stepanovich Pushkin as the governor of Azov, Peter left to look for a convenient harbor for the future fleet. The mouth of the Don with shallows did not suit him. He was lucky: not far from the Don lower reaches, at Cape Taganrog with strong rocky soil, he discovered a wide bay of sufficient depth. He ordered to lay the Trinity fortress here.
Returning to Azov, he drank with gentlemen generals for the fact that, thank God, the Moscow state already has one corner of the Black Sea, and in time it will have the whole sea. Intoxicated, but not losing seriousness, Gordon noticed that it would be difficult to do this. Peter smiled. Nothing. Not suddenly, but little by little.
He was in no hurry to Moscow. The first victory of the Russians over the Turks was to be celebrated as magnificently as possible. The clerk Vinius was instructed to build a triumphal arch on the Stone Bridge across the Moscow River, and the clerk reported that the arch would not be ready until mid-September.
In order not to waste time, Peter went to the Tula factories. Along the way, he learned what impression the Azov victory made in allied Poland. At the meeting of the Sejm, the senators listened to the report sent to them from Moscow and shook their heads: “What a brave and careless person! And what will happen to him in the future? Voivode Matchinsky sneered contemptuously: “Muscovites need to remember the late King Jan, who raised them and made them military men. And if he had not concluded an alliance with them, then to this day they would have paid tribute to the Crimea, and they themselves would have been lying at home. Voivode Pototsky, thoughtfully twirling his mustache, answered him: “It would be better if they were sitting at home, it would not harm us, and when they are polished and blood is sniffed, you will see what will come of them - what, Lord God, do not allow .. .” However, the gentry of the Orthodox faith shouted on the streets of Warsaw and Krakow: “Vivat his grace to the king!” - and the people picked up three times: “Vivat! Neh be sir God blessed!”
In the center is depicted the sovereign sitting on the throne. It is surrounded by allegorical figures of the virtues. Above Peter I is the Russian coat of arms, surrounded by various symbols, in front of the throne are the Turks offering the crowns of foreign states to the Russian Tsar. To the left of the central composition is an image of the bombardment of Azov. On the right is the plan of Azov, under which is a chariot with a gallows, on which the traitor Yakov Jansen is hanged.
On September 30, the victorious army, having passed through Zamoskvorechye, entered the Stone Bridge, decorated with a huge triumphal arch. Above its pediment, among the banners and weapons, sat a double-headed eagle under three crowns. On the vault of the arch in three places one could see the inscription: “I came, I saw, I won.” Soaring Glory held a laurel wreath in one hand, and an olive branch in the other. The inscription under it read: "Worthy is the worker of his reward." The pediment was supported by statues of Hercules and Mars. Under Hercules on a pedestal were depicted a Pasha of Azov in a turban and two chained Turks; under Mars - Tatar Murza with two chained Tatars.
Above both verses. Above pasha:
Oh! Azov we lost
And so they got themselves into trouble.
Above Murza:
Before on the steppes we fought,
Now they were barely fleeing from Moscow.
Near Hercules and Mars towered pyramids entwined with green branches - one "in praise of the brave howls of the sea", the other "in praise of the brave howls of the field." On both sides of the gate canvases were stretched with paintings depicting a naval battle and Neptune, saying: “Behold, I congratulate you on the capture of Azov and submit.”
In front of the army, lounging in a carriage, rode Prince-Papa Nikita Zotov. Lefort followed him on a gilded sleigh drawn by six horses; behind walked the captain of the third company of the Preobrazhensky regiment, Pyotr Alekseev, in a hat with a white feather and a dagger* in his hand.
* Protazan - a spear with a flat and long metal tip, an honorary weapon of an officer.
The organizer of the celebration, Vinius, who was sitting on the arch, greeted Lefort into the trumpet with loud verses:
Admiral General! Marine of all forces head.
He came, matured, defeated the proud enemy.
The greeting was accompanied by gun salvos. Doxology in their honor was heard by other military leaders who passed under the arch.
Soldiers dragged Turkish banners across the ground. The traitor Jansen, dressed in a Turkish dress, was carried on a cart with a platform and a gallows, under which stood two executioners. On the Dutchman's chest hung a board with the inscription: "For Christians, a villain." Behind him were captured Turks in white robes.
The people marveled at the royal entrance, but without joy. Spitting and crossing themselves, the Muscovites looked at the statues of the Hellenic devils, at the drunkard leading the procession ... Most of all they were indignant that the tsar was marching in a German dress and on foot. People crowded along the streets and silently followed the columns of troops with their eyes.
Jansen was executed later, by quartering. According to an eyewitness, “they broke his arms and legs with a wheel and stuck his head on a stake.”
At the end of the XVII century. Turkey showed great aggressiveness towards Russia and sought to seize land on the right bank of the Dnieper. In 1686 Russia joined the alliance of Austria, Poland and Venice against Turkey. Until 1695, hostilities on the Russian-Turkish front developed in the region of the mouth of the Dnieper and in the Crimea.
In 1695, Peter I decided to try to get access to the Sea of Azov by capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov. In addition to access to the sea, the possession of Azov made it possible to protect the southern borders of Russia from the raids of the Crimean Tatars. Peter arrived at Azov as part of a 31,000-strong army and launched two assaults on the fortress. However, both were repulsed.
As was typical for Peter, the defeat did not discourage him, but forced him to soberly assess the reasons for the failure. It became clear to him that the main reason was the absence of a fleet among the Russian troops, while the Turks could freely help the fortress from the sea.
Peter, with his characteristic energy, set about creating the Russian fleet. For this purpose, a shipyard near Voronezh was organized. 25 thousand peasants and artisans during the winter of 1695-96. built 30 large ships and many transport. Peter himself supervised the work and, with an ax in his hands, worked as a carpenter. In addition, by the spring of 1696, a 70,000-strong land army was assembled.
R. Porter. Capture of Azov
In the spring of 1696, the built ships and the army went down the Don to Azov. The infantry besieged the fortress from land, and the fleet, consisting of 2 battleships and 23 rowing galleys, blocked it from the sea.
A Turkish fleet of 23 ships arrived to help the besieged. As a result of the naval battle, two Turkish ships were sunk, and the rest retreated. This was the first victory of the Russian fleet. After that, on July 29, 1696, the garrison of Azov capitulated.
A peace treaty with Turkey was concluded only in 1700 in Constantinople. According to it, Azov and the new fortress of Taganrog built by the Russians went to Russia. In addition, Russia stopped paying tribute to the Crimean Khan. However, this victory was only the beginning of a two-century struggle between Russia and Turkey for dominance in the Black Sea.
The victory near Azov convinced Peter that in order to master the shores of the Black Sea, he needed a strong regular army, navy and allies.
On October 30, 1696, the Boyar Duma accepted Peter's proposal - "There will be sea vessels", and this date serves as the birthday of the Russian navy. It is interesting that many people, even people close to Peter, did not understand the decision to build a fleet. The mentor of Peter I, General Gordon, asked him: “What do you need ships for, sir? You don't have seas." To which Peter replied in his characteristic manner: “If there were ships, I would find the seas!”
In 1395 it was destroyed by Tamerlane. Since 1475 Turkish fortress. As part of Russia since 1739 (finally since 1774).]. The change in the direction of the main blow was due to a number of reasons. The unsuccessful experience of Golitsyn's campaigns predetermined the choice of a more modest goal. The object of the onslaught was now not the center of the khanate, but its eastern flank, the starting point of the Crimean-Turkish aggression towards the Volga region and Moscow. With the capture of Azov, the land connection between the possessions of the Crimean Khanate in the Northern Black Sea region and the North Caucasus was broken. Owning this fortress, the tsar strengthened control not only over the khanate, but also over the Don Cossacks. In addition, Azov opened Russia's access to the Sea of Azov. The relative convenience of communication also played an important role in the choice of the object of the campaign. Unlike the path to Perekop, the path to Azov ran along the rivers (Don, Volga) and through fairly populated areas. This freed the troops from unnecessary carts and long marches across the sultry steppe.
"Azov seat" (1637-1641). The prologue to the Azov campaigns of Peter I was the so-called Azov seat - the defense of the Azov fortress, taken from the Turks in 1637, by the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks. In 1641, the Cossacks withstood the siege, in the summer of 1642, having destroyed the fortifications, they left Azov. Reflected in the military story, created on the Don - "Poetic Tale" (1642).
First Azov campaign (1695). The first Azov campaign began in March 1695. The main blow to Azov was dealt by an army commanded by generals Avton Golovin, Franz Lefort and Patrick Gordon (31 thousand people). In this army, the tsar himself was in the position of commander of the bombardment company. Another less significant grouping, led by Boris Sheremetev, operated in the lower reaches of the Dnieper to divert the troops of the Crimean Khan. Sheremetev captured 4 Turkish fortresses on the Dnieper (Islam-Kermen, Tagan, etc.), destroyed two of them, and left Russian garrisons in the other two. However, the main events unfolded on the Don. In July 1695, all Russian detachments finally gathered under the walls of Azov and on the 8th began shelling the fortress. On one of the batteries, the scorer Pyotr Alekseev himself stuffed grenades and fired around the city for 2 weeks. Thus began the military service of the tsar, about which he reported with a note: "He began to serve as a bombardier from the first Azov campaign." Azov was a strong Turkish fortress, surrounded by stone walls, in front of which an earthen rampart towered. Then followed a moat with a wooden palisade. Upstream of the river there were two stone towers on different banks, between which three iron chains were stretched. They blocked the way along the river. The fortress was defended by a 7,000-strong Turkish garrison. The siege lasted for 3 months, but it was not possible to achieve a complete blockade of the fortress. The lack of a Russian fleet allowed the besieged to receive support from the sea. The delivery of food to the Russian camp along the river was hindered by watchtowers with chains. They were taken by storm. But this was, perhaps, the only success of the first Azov campaign. Both assaults on Azov (August 5 and September 25) ended in failure. Artillery was not able to punch holes in the fortress wall. The stormers acted inconsistently, which allowed the Turks to regroup their forces in time to repulse. In October the siege was lifted and the troops returned to Moscow. The only trophy of the campaign was a captured Turk, who was led through the streets of the capital and shown to the curious.
Second Azov campaign (1696). After the failure of the 1st Azov campaign, the king did not lose heart. Peter discovered remarkable strength to overcome obstacles. Returning from the campaign, he began to prepare for a new campaign. It was supposed to use the fleet. The place of its creation was Voronezh (founded in 1585 as a fortress). The king himself worked here with an ax in his hands. By the spring of 1696, 2 ships, 23 galleys, 4 firewalls, as well as a significant number of plows (1300) were built, on which Peter set out on a new campaign in the spring of 1696. In the 2nd Azov campaign, the number of Russian forces, led by the governor Alexei Shein, was brought to 75 thousand people. To divert the troops of the Crimean Khan, the Sheremetev group was again sent to the lower reaches of the Dnieper. As a result of joint actions of the army and navy, Azov was completely blocked. The attacks of the Crimean troops, who tried to prevent the siege, were repulsed. The onslaught from the sea was also reflected. On June 14, 1696, Cossack planes attacked a Turkish squadron with a 4,000-strong landing force that entered the mouth of the Don. Having lost two ships, the squadron went to sea. Behind her, the Russian squadron entered the sea for the first time. The attempt of the Turks to break through to Azov was unsuccessful, and their ships left the combat area. After the naval victory, the assault Cossack detachments under the command of chieftains Yakov Lizogub and Frol Minaev (2 thousand people) went on the attack. They were driven out of the inner fortifications, but managed to gain a foothold on the rampart, from where a direct shelling of the fortress began. After that, Peter ordered all the troops to prepare for a general assault. However, it did not follow. Deprived of support, the garrison threw out the white flag and surrendered on July 19, 1696. The capture of Azov was Russia's first major victory over the Ottoman Empire.
In honor of this victory, a medal with the image of Peter was knocked out. The inscription on it read: "Winner with lightning and waters." For successful actions in the 2nd Azov campaign, governor Alexei Shein was the first in Russia to receive the rank of generalissimo. The consequences of the Azov campaigns for the history of Russia were enormous. First, they expanded Peter's foreign policy plans. Access to the Sea of Azov did not solve the problem of Russia's access to the Black Sea, since the way there was reliably covered by Turkish fortresses in the Kerch Strait. To solve this problem, Peter organizes the Great Embassy to European countries. The tsar hoped with their help to oust the Turks from Europe and achieve Russia's access to the Black Sea coast. Secondly, the experience of the Azov campaigns convincingly confirmed the need for further reorganization of the Russian armed forces. The Azov campaigns marked the beginning of the creation of the Russian fleet. From 1699, the recruitment of a new regular army began. Its distinctive feature was the lifelong service of conscripts (in the regiments of a foreign system, soldiers, after a military campaign, as a rule, went home). The mission of the Great Embassy did not justify the hopes of Peter. In Europe in those years, the confrontation between France and Austria escalated, and no one sought a serious fight with Turkey. In 1699, at the Karlovitsky Congress, representatives of the countries of the "Holy League", with the exception of Russia, signed peace with the Ottoman Empire. A year later, Russia also concluded peace with Turkey. According to the Treaty of Constantinople (1700), the Russians received Azov with adjacent lands and stopped the tradition of sending gifts to the Crimean Khan. The collapse of the Black Sea hopes leads to the reorientation of Peter's foreign policy plans to the Baltic coast. Soon the Northern War began there, which became a turning point in the history of Russia.
"From Ancient Russia to the Russian Empire". Shishkin Sergey Petrovich, Ufa.
Success is the ability to endure one defeat after another without losing the will to win.
Winston Churchill
The end of the 17th century was marked by a great war that Turkey waged with the European powers. In 1683, the campaign of Sultan Mehmed IV to Vienna ended in complete defeat, the Austrian and Polish armies began to push the Turks from the lands they occupied, and the following year, Venice joined the anti-Turkish coalition. Russia entered the war in 1686 and at first the situation was not very successful for her. Prince Vasily Golitsyn twice went to fight the Crimea, but both times the army returned back to no avail, weakened by disease, lack of water and fodder, and not having won significant military victories. Peter I, after gaining full power in 1689, decided to change the focus of attention and focused on gaining access to the Sea of Azov. To do this, it was decided to take control of the Turkish fortress of Azov, and lay the path of the troops to it along the Volga and Don, which made it possible to avoid water shortages. In the spring of 1695, an army of thirty thousand under the command of Patrick Gordon, Franz Lefort and Avtonom Golovin set out for Azov. The tsar participated in the campaign incognito, under the name of gunner Peter Alekseev.
The first siege of Azov, summer-autumn 1695. Miniature from the manuscript of P. Krekshin "History of Peter I"
Half a century before, the Russians had already taken Azov - in 1638, the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks, with the material support of the Russian Tsar, besieged the fortress and captured it, after which they held it for several years, turning it into a center of lively trade between Russians, Turks and Iranians. They successfully survived the siege of the former owners of the fortress, but, realizing that the resources were running out and the fortifications were badly damaged, they were forced to leave it - they asked Moscow to take Azov under their protection by sending troops, but the tsar, who had previously vehemently denied to the Turks his involvement in the capture of the fortress, he did not resort to such open help, and Azov had to be left.
Over the past decades, the Turks have done a good job of modernizing the returned fortress: two rings of external fortifications were erected, stone walls were supplemented with a moat and a palisade. If Peter was counting on a quick victory, then this time it was clearly not going to be given to him.
In early June 1695, the Russian army came to Azov and set up a siege ring. The first artillery shelling of the fortress encouraged the besiegers - after a few volleys a fire broke out outside the walls, and the battery, commanded by Peter himself, who personally equipped the grenades and aimed the guns, was able to destroy one of the towers. However, it quickly became clear that the Turks did not panic at all - they quickly put out the fires, and restore the destruction. Reinforcements and supplies brought along the Sea of Azov allowed the defenders of the fortress not to worry about the fact that they would be taken to starvation.
The approach to the fortress along the Don River was blocked by two stone towers (in the documents of that time they appear as "towers"), located a few kilometers from Azov. They stood opposite each other on opposite banks of the river and the thick chains stretched between them prevented ships from sailing along the river, and the guns installed in the towers reliably shot through the surrounding space, preventing the enemy from approaching. Anyone who wanted to besiege Azov would have to supply land, and bypassing the towers far, which, undoubtedly, would greatly delay the carts and lead to inconvenience.
That is why one of the goals that the Russian troops set for themselves was the capture of these towers. Two hundred volunteers went on the assault with the support of the Streltsy Regiment. An attempt to undermine the gates of one of the towers with a powder charge (“petard” in the then military terminology) was unsuccessful, but the attackers managed to get inside, expanding one of the loopholes with crowbars and hammers. As a result of a short but fierce battle, the tower was taken, and its guns were turned against the second tower. The Turks could not withstand the shelling and quickly left the second tower - the river supply route was free. The trophies of Russian soldiers were 32 guns, a large number of prisoners were captured. However, the capture of the towers, alas, was the biggest success of the Russian troops in this campaign - otherwise there was nothing to brag about.
The Turks were by no means limited to passively sitting behind the walls of Azov and correcting the damage caused to them - selected shooters with long-barreled guns fired at all Russians who dared to appear from the trenches in daylight, and groups of the besieged made regular sorties. One of them was carried out on the instructions of the defector Jacob Jansen, a Dutchman in Russian service, who pointed out to the Turks a weak spot in the Russian defense. The result of the raid was the loss of an entire artillery battery - some of the guns were captured and taken away by the Turks, the rest were disabled. Jansen was close to Peter and enjoyed his special location - it is not surprising that after such an insidious betrayal, the king became furious and vowed to take revenge on Judas.
Engraving by Adrian Schkhonebek "The Siege of Azov in 1696"
After a month of siege, seeing that the situation was developing into a stalemate, Peter decided to storm. It was planned to start it by blowing up the wall, but either the digging was done incorrectly, or the mine was laid in it in the wrong place - the wall was almost not damaged, but several dozen people from among those prepared for the attack, including several high-ranking officers, were killed and wounded by shrapnel . The assault bogged down, the total losses of the Russians amounted to more than one and a half thousand people. The second attempt took place almost two months later and went noticeably better - the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments, as well as the Don Cossacks, broke into the fortress. However, the breakthrough was not supported by the rest of the troops, and the Turks managed to push the attackers out of the fortifications. At the military council on September 27, it was decided to curtail the siege - leaving a garrison of three thousand archers in the captured towers, renamed the city of Novosergievsk, Peter returned to Moscow.
Engraving "View of Voronezh and the shipyard in 1702" from Nikolai Ustryalov's book "History of the reign of Peter the Great" - in 1696, when ships of the Azov fleet were being built in Voronezh, the area looked almost the same
Peter realized that the capture of Azov required much better preparation, and first of all, a strong fleet that could ensure the blockade of the fortress from the sea. A large-scale construction of warships was launched and in less than six months a quite serious flotilla was created: about two dozen galleys (the exact number varies from 19 to 23 depending on the source), two frigates (although their participation in the subsequent second Azov campaign has not been confirmed documented - at least one of them, "Apostle Peter", was in the process of being completed during the siege) and a significant number of small watercraft, including four or five firewalls.
The second defect that they intended to correct was the insufficient number of troops. This time it was decided to come under the walls of Azov with a truly mighty army. It was announced that serfs who voluntarily enrolled in the soldiers, at the end of their service life, receive freedom - this contributed to a massive influx of recruits. The land army reached seventy thousand bayonets - twice as many as in the first campaign. Aleksey Shein was appointed to command her, in the first campaign he commanded the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments. The fleet was commanded by Franz Lefort. The tsar again participated incognito, as the captain of the galley "Principum" Pyotr Alekseev.
Ships of the Azov Fleet, engraving from the book of Johann-Georg Korb "Diary of a Journey to the Moscow State"
On May 16, 1696, Azov was besieged again, and a letter was sent to the garrison demanding surrender, which the garrison ignored. The Turks did not expect such a quick return of the seemingly defeated enemy, so during the winter they did not take any measures to restore the fortifications destroyed by artillery fire during the final assault, and did not even bury the trenches dug by the Russian troops. The Russians quickly, without meeting any resistance, took up their old positions and prepared for the second round. On May 27, the fleet entered the Sea of Azov and set up a blockade of the fortress. The Turkish squadron, which came to the rescue of Azov, did not dare to join the battle, seeing how the Russian ships were deployed in combat formation.
Fragment of the diorama by Arseny Chernyshov "The capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by the troops of Peter I in 1696"
The Turks tried, following the example of last year's campaign, to make attacks, but this time the Russians were ready for this, and they had noticeably more forces, so the attacks were not successful. It was also not possible to conduct intense fire on the positions of the besiegers - the supply of gunpowder, lead and cores by sea was not to be expected, and their supply in the fortress itself was rather small.
Engraving by Adrian Schkhonebek "Azov Fleet near Azov"
For a long time and carefully, the besiegers were preparing for the assault - an embankment was erected in front of the walls with positions for artillery and passages for the attackers. The assault itself was scheduled for July 22, but the Cossacks, tired of excavation and longing for valiant fun, arbitrarily launched an attack on the fortress on the seventeenth, and they even managed to break through the line of fortifications and sit in two bastions. Attempts to go further came across heavy fire from the Turks, who, for the sake of such a thing, realizing that the situation was critical, scraped out the last stocks of gunpowder from the warehouses, and instead of bullets they loaded guns with coins chopped into pieces. Seeing that it was pointless to command the Cossacks to retreat, and it was impossible to leave them to the mercy of fate, Peter ordered a general assault. Two days later, after fierce fighting and continuous shelling, the fortress capitulated. With joy, Peter agreed to the most honorable and mild conditions - the Turks were left with all the weapons, except for heavy ones, and even offered ships for evacuation. The only condition on which the tsar adamantly insisted was the extradition of the traitor Jacob Jansen. This is what was done.
The surrender of Azov, in the center of the composition you can see the extradition of the traitor Jacob Jansen by the Turks. Miniature from the manuscript of P. Krekshin "History of Peter I"
The trophies amounted to about a hundred cannons and mortars, there was nothing more valuable either from a military or from any other point of view in the fortress. Yes, and she herself was very badly damaged during the siege and assault, so that to bring her into a state suitable for military use, a lot of effort and money would have to be spent. This, as well as the lack of a harbor in Azov for basing large ships, determined the further fate of the fortress - it was not used, making the city of Taganrog the center of the Russian military presence on Azov, the construction of which began in 1698.
Sketch of the medal "On the capture of Azov"
The Azov campaigns were the first major military and political success of the young tsar. They demonstrated to both his subjects and foreign colleagues the qualities of Peter, which determined his further successes - perseverance, determination and, most importantly, the ability to return and take revenge after failures.
The battleship "Azov", named after Peter's victory. Glorified in the battle of Navarino, awarded the St. George banner. Painting by Christopher Wilhelm Eckersberg “Russian battleship “Azov”, standing on the roads in Helsingor”
