How to pour a T-shaped foundation. Monolithic strip T-shaped foundation

Before, how to make a strip foundation with your own hands for a home, it is necessary to determine the operating conditions. Then it is enough to choose the type, design, dig trenches, pour concrete into the formwork or perform brickwork. At the last stage, the structure partially immersed in the ground should be protected from heaving forces, soil moisture, and groundwater.

Selecting the type of strip foundation

The main task of an individual developer is rational planning of the construction budget. Due to the variety of LF strip foundations, the principle from cheap to more expensive option is usually used. At the same time, a service life of 70–100 years, maintainability, and ease of use must be ensured. Thus, it is enough to consider all existing LFs and choose the option that suits you:

monolithic belt - the width of the belt is greater than the height, there is no depth, suitable exclusively for log houses, outbuildings, half-timbered buildings, frame cottages on stable soils with low groundwater level
non-buried LF - allows you to build a panel, frame, panel, log house on sandy loam, loam only on flat areas, the height of the tape is greater than the width, floors on the ground can be used
shallow-depth MZLF tape - the volume of excavation work increases, there are no restrictions on wall and roofing materials (suitable for brick walls), trenches have a depth of 0.3 - 1 m depending on the soil
T-shaped strip foundation - the strip is widened in the lower part by a slab, but the structure still cannot be built on slopes, swamps, or at a high groundwater level
buried LF - there are no restrictions, this is the only option for a project with an underground floor; with a high groundwater level, a set of measures will be required to collect and drain soil moisture

The load-bearing capacity of almost all strip foundations has a 2-3 fold reserve with a strip width of 40 cm or more. The problem usually lies in heaving forces or is hidden in the soils themselves. On fresh embankments (former landfills, technogenic zones), the tape will have to be widened (T-shaped modification of the LF) or the bulk layers will have to pass through (MZLF 1 m deep or a deep belt 2 - 2.5 m).

If, according to the results of geological surveys, the structure needs to be buried below 3 m, it is worth reconsidering the choice in favor of a floating slab or a pile foundation with a monolithic hanging grillage of lattice or slab type. Since the budget will be approximately the same, labor costs are 50–70% higher.

Design selection

Depending on the prices of building materials and the skills of the individual developer, the strip foundation can be poured into formwork or laid out of brick. In the first case, it is advisable to lay the concrete mixture in one step.

For a deep-laying belt, this is not easy to do, even when ordering several mixers, since filling the formwork is tedious in 60 cm layers and compacting each layer with a deep vibrator. For MZLF such problems usually do not arise; the volumes here are 4–5 times smaller.

In the second option, you can do without special equipment; the strength of the masonry does not depend on the timing of its production. The solution can be mixed into the building spot yourself.

Brick LF is more resistant to swelling of individual areas:

the structure consists of small-format beams
each has two degrees of freedom without rigid pinching
when individual areas are loaded, the forces are redistributed
after the heaving soil thaws, the foundation returns to its original state

The main disadvantage is the complex waterproofing, and the much shorter lifespan of bricks compared to concrete. The calculation of the width of the foundation based on its bearing capacity is the same for all types of LF. For a monolithic tape, the cross-section of the reinforcement is additionally calculated, and a reinforcement diagram is drawn up taking into account the requirements of the joint venture:

The main measures to eliminate heaving forces are:

In addition, it is necessary to protect the underground structure from moisture with volumetric, lining, and coating waterproofing.

To transfer a drawing of a building to a building site while maintaining the scale, you will need a level or a plane builder (can be replaced with a hydraulic level with a laser level), a 12 m cord, cast-offs of two pegs with a crossbar 60 - 80 cm long between them. Before the full-scale removal of the axes of the dwelling, it is necessary to clarify its location in the building area, depending on external communications (power pole, septic tank, water supply wells, sewerage), parking for a car, and boundaries of the site.

The façade closest to the roadway must be at least 5 m from the center of the road. For minimal shading of the neighboring territory, it is enough to retreat 3 m from the fence:

the first wall is laid parallel to the road
the ends of the building extend from it at right angles, which are found using the triangle method
with legs 4 m, 3 m, hypotenuse 5 m, the triangle is guaranteed to have an angle of 90 degrees

The axles are secured in place with cords/strings only after checking the diagonals (they must completely match in size), aligning the cast-offs to a single horizontal level (use a laser or hydraulic level, a plane builder).

To carry out excavation work, it is necessary to take into account the recommendations of specialists and SP standards:

After this, you can begin preparing the base for the foundation tape.

Preparing the base

It is especially important to manufacture a foundation cushion for shallow-depth MZLF belts. Sand (20 cm) laid on geotextiles, compacted in layers, and crushed stone (20 cm) will reduce the forces of frost heaving. Any of these materials can be used separately:

The bottom layer of geotextile prevents silting and mixing of non-metallic material with the soil. On a sand bed, rolled waterproofing material (TechnoNIKOL, Bikrost) is not subject to mechanical stress, allowing you to reduce the construction budget. If the top layer of the cushion is crushed stone, it is necessary to fill in a 5 cm concrete base, which will protect the hydroglass insulation from punctures by sharp stones.

The drains are laid in the lower trench, the bottom of which has a 4–7 degree slope, on top of a 10 cm layer of crushed stone over geotextile. Typically, smooth, corrugated pipes with point and slot perforations are used. They are wrapped with two layers of Dornit by default by the manufacturers.

Drains are laid between wells (vertical pipe with a plugged bottom) and are interrupted in them. This is necessary for normal cleaning from ground level with compressed air or steam. On the sides and on top, the drainage contour is filled with crushed stone and covered with geotextiles. The top filling of the drains and the foundation pad must match.

Self-concreting the foundation strip

The standard technology of monolithic strip foundation does not cause difficulties for individual developers. After preparing the base, all that remains is to mount the formwork panels, place the reinforcement inside, lay and compact the concrete mixture. Depending on the season and weather conditions, it must be cared for in the first three days.

Calculation of parameters

At this stage, you will need V.S. Sazhin’s reference book or SP 22.13330 standards with tables of snow + wind loads and calculated soil resistances. Next, the width of the tape is determined, sufficient for the load-bearing capacity of the prefabricated loads of the home. To do this, the value of the calculated resistance of sandy loam, clay, sand, loam on which the foundation will be built is taken from the tables.

The combined load is obtained by adding the wind and snow loads, the weight of all power structures, furniture, and residents. This figure is divided by the previous one, then by the length of the perimeter of the tape. The obtained result is adjusted according to the thickness of the wall so that timber, brickwork, or logs do not hang more than 10 cm from it. For light buildings, reinforcement of a periodic section of 8 - 14 mm with clamps made of a smooth rod of 6 - 8 mm is used.

Installation of formwork, reinforcement

The main characteristics of the strip foundation depend on the quality of work at this stage. Formwork uses rigid structural materials that can be reused. Most often, boards are made from edged boards (minimum 4 cm thick), multilayer plywood, or oriented strand board.

The shields are fixed vertically with jibs to the edges of the trenches, into the ground, and are tightened with jumpers and pins. It is necessary to leave ventilation ducts in the basement part (1/400 of the total area of the above-ground part), and underground openings for the input of engineering systems.

Reinforcement occurs according to the following scheme:

longitudinal rods (2 rows minimum for a width of 16 cm or more)
90 degree bend in corners, wall junctions
overlap 60 cm when extending
staggered order of joints in adjacent rows

Rods and clamps are immersed in concrete by at least 2–4 cm to provide a protective layer. Polymer cups, stands, and concrete pads are installed under the bottom row. The belts are fastened together with rectangular clamps.

Preparation and laying of concrete

The recommended mixture proportions for obtaining grades B25, B15 are 30/15 l or 42/25 l (crushed stone/sand), respectively, for a bucket of cement. For the footing, grade B7.5 is sufficient (61/41 liters of crushed stone, sand, respectively). When mixing manually, the characteristics of concrete are reduced by 20 - 30%.

The best option is to lay and vibrate the entire volume in one day. If the interval of 2 hours is exceeded, the concrete that has begun to harden is destroyed when the fresh portion is compacted with a vibrator. Filling is done in layers 60 cm deep along the ring. If it is unrealistic to fill the entire volume, partitions are installed inside the formwork. They cannot be tilted or moved after laying concrete. It is prohibited to cut reinforcement in these areas.

The time it takes for concrete to gain strength depends on the outside temperature. At + 5, +10, +20, +30 degrees, stripping can be done on days 29, 15, 8, 4, respectively. In the first three days, concrete requires care:

Used formwork is usually used in roofing and rafter systems. It is better to waterproof slightly damp concrete, so stripping can be done a day earlier, being careful.

Do-it-yourself LF brickwork technology

Marking, excavation work, bottom waterproofing, drainage are completely similar to the previous case. Instead of formwork, an individual developer lowers bricks into the trench, stacking them in periodic stacks. After that, all that remains is to prepare a reinforcement or wire mesh with a cell size of 3 x 3 cm or 5 x 5 cm, and mix the solution (the volume must be calculated to produce within an hour). The main nuances of brickwork are:

the height of the corners for tensioning the cord - must correspond to the frequency of reinforcement, otherwise they will remain unconnected (usually 3 - 5 rows)
dressing - classic (poke/spoon vertically + displacement of seams in adjacent rows by ¼ - ½ the length of the stone)
seams - 1 - 2 cm, in reinforced rows they are thicker, filled completely in the underground part, partially in the basement part if plastering is planned

The vertical of the corners and the horizontal of the rows are controlled in each row. Experts recommend wetting the brick before laying to increase the correction time in the rows. Adding liquid soap (2 - 3 drops of Fairy per 100 liters of batch) will increase the plasticity of the solution without an expensive Superplasticizer, reducing the strength of the masonry.

Waterproofing

The main requirement for the protective layer of waterproofing is its continuity. The untreated area will become a source of corrosion of the reinforcement inside the tape, allowing the concrete to become saturated with moisture, which, when frozen, will lead to the formation of cracks in the structure of the structure. The following foundation waterproofing technologies exist:

The first two options are usually used in combination, providing a 50-80 year service life of structures. Penetron has an unlimited resource, since even a piece of foundation broken off after processing will retain water-repellent properties until complete destruction.

Regardless of the depth of the tape, it is recommended to insulate the foundation to solve several problems:

If you use the measures in a complex, the MZLF is guaranteed to last 80 - 120 years; non-buried foundations will increase the service life to 70 years.

The above selection, calculation, and construction scheme allows you to independently produce a strip foundation with a minimum construction budget. At the same time, a high service life and maintainability of individual structural fragments are maintained. The quality of additional measures to protect concrete structures from moisture and heaving forces depends on the comfort of use.

When constructing a building, it is important to wisely select the types of main load-bearing structures. This will reduce the labor intensity of the work, financial costs and construction time of the facility. One of the types of construction that makes it possible to simplify the process of building a building is a shallow strip foundation. When constructing it, you need to take into account a large number of nuances, but if you follow the technology and choose wisely, you can save a lot.

Application area

This type of tape has a fairly limited area of use. Do not bury foundations deep if:

Construction of a shallow foundation at a high groundwater level

it is planned to construct a building from light materials (wood, aerated concrete);
the site has a high level of groundwater;
The characteristics of the foundation soil are quite good, the soil has high strength characteristics.

When building a frame house or a house made of aerated concrete, installing a shallow strip foundation is the best option. It will reduce the volume of excavation work and increase the speed of construction. It is possible to make such a structure without taking additional measures to remove water from the site if the groundwater is located at a distance of 1 meter or more from the surface of the earth. For a recessed belt, this value is much higher (50 cm more than the laying of the sole).

A shallow strip foundation is suitable for conditionally non-heaving soils and non-heaving soils, which include:

rocks;
coarse-clastic foundations (including those with dusty filling);
coarse and medium gravelly sands;
clay soils of hard consistency with natural moisture.

You can determine the composition of the soil on the site yourself by digging holes or by hand drilling. GOST “Soils. Classification".

Foundation types

Shallow foundation has two classifications. The first depends on the manufacturing method:

It is better to make a shallow strip foundation using monolithic technology, since in this case you will not have to worry about ensuring the joint work of the strip. When building a prefabricated structure for a house made of aerated concrete, it will be necessary to additionally provide a monolithic belt along the edges, so monolithic work cannot be avoided in any case.

Depending on the type of section, there are:

Rectangular foundations have a lower load-bearing capacity, which is why they are more often used for the construction of frame houses. To build a house from heavier aerated concrete, it would be correct to choose a T-shaped section.

This type differs from the rectangular one by the presence of a widened base, which can significantly increase its load-bearing capacity even at a shallow depth. The shallow foundation in this case consists of a strip located horizontally (pillow) and a vertical part.

Foundation depth

In order to correctly design a support for a building, it is necessary to select the depth of the foundation. For this type of tape, almost throughout the entire country it will be higher than the soil freezing depth, which increases the risk of damage to the structure by frost heaving forces.

Frost heaving is a phenomenon when water in the soil freezes and increases in volume. In this case, the foundation strip is deformed and subjected to additional loads. Cracks are starting to appear in the structure. That is why it was said above that a shallow foundation is mainly used for non-heaving soils.

Table of estimated foundation depth

The laying depth is determined depending on freezing, which is calculated according to SN “Foundations and Foundations” or found from tables. Minimum depth:

when freezing to a depth of less than 2m - 50cm;
when freezing less than 3m - 75cm;
when freezing more than 3 m - 100 cm.

It is also important to consider the location of groundwater. If the water is located closer than 2 meters from the expected level of the base, and the soils on the site are clayey, loamy, sandy loam, fine or silty sand, it would be correct to choose a buried foundation with a drainage system.

Regulatory documents also require that the foundation depth for a house made of aerated concrete be chosen to be at least ½ of the freezing depth for clays and loams with deep water.

This is caused by the increased heaving of this type of soil.

Protection methods

Before you build a shallow strip foundation with your own hands, you need to familiarize yourself with the technology of protecting it from negative external influences. Frost heaving is caused by two factors:

To avoid this phenomenon, take measures to protect against these negative influences:

Insulation of aerated concrete house tape along the entire height of the building. Made using extruded polystyrene foam. Using this particular material correctly; using polystyrene foam or mineral wool is highly not recommended.
Additional insulation of the foundation thanks to the warm blind area of the house. It can be made from concrete or asphalt concrete by placing a heat-insulating layer under the material. Extruded polystyrene foam or expanded clay gravel is used as insulation. The thickness of polystyrene for most regions will be 100-150 mm, the thickness of the expanded clay layer is assumed to be around 30-50 cm.
Vertical waterproofing. The layer is provided under the insulation. Made from bitumen roll materials or mastic.
Drainage of water from the foundation. This will require a storm drain (from rainwater) and drainage (from underground moisture). Drainage pipes are laid 30-50 cm below the base of the tape and at a distance of no more than 1 m.
Sand preparation device 30-50 cm thick. Coarse or medium sand is a non-heaving material. Replacing part of the soil with it allows you to increase the reliability of the foundation.

Carrying out all these measures will reduce the likelihood of damage to the structure of an aerated concrete house due to frost heaving in the winter.

Manufacturing technology

It is not much different from performing work on a buried belt. The installation of a shallow strip foundation is carried out in the following order:

Strip foundation manufacturing technology

The terrain is marked and a trench or pit of the required dimensions is dug.
Sand preparation is being arranged(it was mentioned earlier). When laying, it is necessary to ensure layer-by-layer compaction of the layer (by vibration, pouring or weights).
The formwork is being installed. For the type of foundation under consideration, the most optimal option is foam. After pouring, no additional insulation work will be required. Can be used as formwork boards.
Reinforcement of the structure. For private houses, reinforcement can be performed without preliminary calculations. Reinforcement in a structure is of three types: working longitudinal, structural horizontal, structural vertical. Structural reinforcement plays the role of a connecting link between the working rods. The minimum diameter of the rods is 8 mm. Working reinforcement with a diameter of 12-16mm is laid in two rows: upper and lower. The total cross-section of the working rods of a house made of aerated concrete or wood should be equal to approximately 0.1% of the cross-section of the foundation.
Pouring concrete mixture. Performed in one step. If absolutely necessary, you can do it in layers, but this is not advisable. For foundation work, concrete B15-B25 is used, depending on the load.
Vibrating concrete for compaction.
Strengthening concrete and maintaining it.
Removal of formwork (if necessary).
Foundation waterproofing.
Insulation (if necessary).
Backfilling.
Blind area device.

To make a reliable foundation, you need to carefully consider each stage of the work: correctly select the laying depth, reinforcement, grade of concrete, and carry out all the necessary protection measures.

Shallow strip foundation: diagrams with photos

A shallow foundation protects the house from subsidence. We will tell you how to properly make such a strip foundation with your own hands.

Concreting a T-shaped foundation

Most modern builders concrete a T-shaped foundation in exactly the same way as a hundred years ago: they build formwork for the supporting base (widening), pour in the mortar, and remove the formwork. Then repeat the same steps when pouring the foundation strip itself.

This time-tested algorithm is certainly good for large projects, but may not be the best way to solve the problem in small construction. You are paying a significant amount of money when you order a small amount of concrete, and small projects usually require very little. Simultaneous concreting of the support base and foundation strip allows you to order one standard batch instead of two small batches of mortar.

It should be noted that it is easier to concrete the support base and foundation strip separately. If the base is not level enough, errors can be corrected during the construction of the foundation strip. When concreting at the same time, the formwork must be constructed extremely carefully.

Rice. 1. Cast-offs and cord. The threads stretched between the cast-off boards will help to correctly position the formwork for the T-shaped foundation. First, attach a long thread, then a short one perpendicular to it, using the 3-4-5 triangle rule. Since the tensioned threads are needed only as guides, it is not necessary to place them at a certain height - it is important that they are at the same level in relation to each other.

The formwork is arranged like this. First, a cast-off is installed, between which cords are pulled, determining the position of the supporting sole (Fig. 1). Then the expansion formwork is installed. The tape formwork is mounted on top using metal strips and brackets (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Installation of formwork for concreting a T-shaped foundation

The formwork must be collapsible

When constructing the formwork, we must not forget that it will have to be removed. Poorly designed connections can make formwork dismantling a nightmare.

Here you need to take into account everything: from which side (outer or inner) it is easier to dismantle the boards, and how to join them in the corners, and whether it is worth using long boards or is it better to use short ones and connect them with an overlay.

Concrete foundation pad

Hold the concrete in the formwork

Another difficulty with simultaneous concreting of the support base and foundation strip is the distribution of concrete in the formwork.

When concreting a small foundation, a wheelbarrow may be required to distribute the mortar around the perimeter of the formwork, and an electric vibrator will be very useful for compacting the concrete. It will help get rid of voids and uneven distribution of filler in the solution. However, it should also be taken into account that vibration increases pressure on the formwork, especially at the bottom and in the corners, which can lead to destruction of the forms. Anyone who has been involved in concreting has encountered similar problems first-hand.

However, the main problem of simultaneous concreting- holding the concrete mass at the level of the upper edge of the formwork of the supporting base. You won't be able to curb this lava-like flow by sealing the top opening, because the solution will then tear the entire formwork (including fasteners) off the ground, leaving you with a concrete mess.

Therefore, the key point of simultaneous concreting is careful control of the upper cut of the formwork of the supporting base during laying of the mortar and vibration. Once the concrete starts to overflow, you need to move to another point and let the concrete set before adding an additional layer on top of it.

When you come back, you need to use a vibrator to process both fills together to ensure good adhesion of the individual layers. This must also be done very carefully so that the formwork does not rise.

The shield allows you to place the concrete mass into the formwork without spilling. If there is no assistant, prop up the shield and secure it temporarily.

Clean the formwork before the concrete sets. The formwork can be removed faster if you do not have to break off the hardened concrete to find fasteners. Another way to quickly disassemble formwork is to use short boards in the construction of the form, connecting them with overlays.

Insert the fitting into one of the pipes up to the intended bend.

Pass the rod into the second pipe.

Bend the rod at the desired angle.

The outer corners of the formwork are easier to disassemble. When dismantling the formwork, you should start from one edge and gradually move towards the other. From the side of the internal corners, it is advisable to design the formwork in such a way that disassembly begins from the central section. Then further dismantling can be done in both directions.

To compact the concrete mixture, a vibrator is used, which allows you to get rid of air inclusions and eliminate working seams between the concreting layers. It is better to use periodic immersion of the tool into the concrete instead of constant vibration, which can lead to excessive pressure on the formwork walls and make the concrete consistency too fluid.

Concreting a T-shaped foundation

Most modern builders concrete a T-shaped foundation in exactly the same way as a hundred years ago: they construct formwork for the supporting base (widening),

T-shaped strip foundation

The strip type foundation is quite often used by individual developers for the construction of houses, bathhouses, outbuildings, cottages and other structures. Its prevalence is associated with sufficient strength, reliability, and availability of technology for independent work. Among the varieties of strip foundations, the T-shaped foundation has a special place. It is used for various buildings. It is characterized by increased rigidity due to the fact that it has the shape of the letter “T”. This version of the supporting structure is made recessed or shallow. This is determined by the load on it, as well as the hydrogeological characteristics of the construction site soil.

Types of strip foundations

A strip foundation is a closed structure, which is erected from different materials of your choice: reinforced concrete, prefabricated elements, stone or brick. Its parameters depend on the following factors:

soil on the site;
location of groundwater;
expected load on the base;
climatic features of the region.

Types of strip foundations

The weight of the constructed structure is distributed along the entire perimeter of the supporting structure.

One-story or more buildings are erected on strip foundations from the following materials:

The types of strip foundations according to different classification criteria are presented in the table below.

The main task during construction is to choose an option that is suitable economically and in terms of operational characteristics.

Belt-type foundations have a service life of approximately 70 years (subject to technology), they are quite easy to repair. The scope of application of the various options is as follows:

a non-buried foundation is suitable for the construction of panel, panel, frame structures and log buildings on flat areas with loamy or sandy loam soils, on which floors can be laid;
a shallow foundation with a depth of 0 to 1 m is suitable for the construction of buildings from various materials on non-heaving soils;
the T-shaped base is expanded from below and is used for any buildings on different soils, if the site is not located on slopes or in swampy areas, and the groundwater is deep;
recessed support structures are designed for the construction of buildings with basements on various types of soil, even with high humidity;
a monolith belt is a strip whose width is greater than its height, and it is used only if the soil has good load-bearing characteristics, for the construction of frame or yard structures, log houses.

Among the various types of strip foundations, you can choose the appropriate option for different soils. The main problem is the action of heaving forces. If the estimated burial depth is more than 3 m, then it is recommended to give preference to a pile or slab-based support structure, which will reduce the labor intensity of the work.

Technology for constructing a T-shaped monolithic foundation with your own hands

The technology for constructing a monolithic strip T-shaped foundation is similar to the construction of a strip. The only difference is in the design of the extended lower part. The formwork also has a unique design to prevent the solution from leaking out. To strengthen the base, reinforcement is also carried out.

T-shaped foundation with communications

The advantages of a T-shaped base are:

ease of construction;
sufficient strength;
All work can be carried out without the use of special equipment;
requires lower financial and labor costs compared to buried and slab foundations, as well as shorter construction time;
For construction, concrete is used, which is poured into a reinforcement frame, or ready-made blocks, which speeds up the process.

They build support structures for sheds, fences, and houses from different materials. Due to the reduced thickness of the above-ground part, you can save on concrete. In this case, the area of distribution of the load from the building exceeds more than twice the corresponding parameter of the strip base.

The construction of a strip foundation occurs in 2 ways:

with the installation of formwork in an excavated recess, its width exceeding that of the base;
by pouring directly into a trench dug in the shape of the letter “T”.

Experts do not recommend using the latter option, because the buried part remains without a waterproofing coating, and this reduces the operating time by almost a third (by about 20-40%).

The technology of work involves their implementation in 1 or 2 stages. In the latter case, the construction of the lower part (sole) occurs first, and then the construction of the tape.

The general algorithm of actions when working in stage 1 is as follows:

determine the design of the foundation;
calculate the dimensions of the sole and tape based on the load-bearing characteristics of the construction site soil, as well as depending on the depth of freezing and existing loads;
carry out marking of the building site;
carry out excavation work;
cover the bottom of the trenches with a sand cushion;
install formwork;
carry out reinforcement;
concrete is poured;
a waterproofing coating is applied, and if necessary, insulated, a drainage system is installed.

Calculations of foundation parameters are carried out based on SNiP 2.02.01-83, which regulates the construction of building foundations, and using reference books (for example, V. S. Sazhina). They provide snow and wind loads for the region.

Sole device

Work begins with marking. The sequence of actions is as follows:

they make cast-offs, which are perpendicular beams fixed on racks, with a height exceeding the same parameter of the base;
place them in the corners according to the developed plan;
to mark the outer planes of the walls, cords (ropes) are pulled along the upper beams along the perimeter;
check the equality of the internal diagonals to make a square or rectangle.

Installation of formwork and reinforcement

After marking the territory, excavation work begins:

dig trenches taking into account the width reserve for installation of formwork and soles;
make slopes;
Level the bottom of the excavation;
cover the trench with a sand cushion.

Excavation work should be carried out taking into account the following recommendations:

the width of the trench in the presence of a ground floor or basement should take into account the space for installing the formwork and provide free access for builders: the margin inside is from 0.5 to 0.8 m, and outside - 1.2 m;
to avoid crumbling, at a excavation depth of 1.5 m, the steepness of the slopes is made 1/1, and at 3 m it will be 1/0.67;
around the foundation trench it is necessary to dig a 40x40 recess for the drainage system;
The depth of the recesses must be made taking into account the thickness of the pillow, which ranges from 40 to 60 cm.

When the trenches are ready, then proceed to the installation of formwork and reinforcement:

Every 70 cm, vertical posts are driven into the ground along the lines marked with cast-off cords;
boards are secured to the stakes with self-tapping screws or nails until the full height of the sole is reached;
strengthen the structure with planks, nailing them to the top row;
install vertical reinforcing bars, the height of which is taken with a margin for connection with the overlying tape;
fix horizontal rods using welding or wire;
fill the base with concrete;
compact it with a vibrator or manually;
wait several days for the concrete to partially harden.

Foundation tape on the sole

Reinforcement rods are laid in at least two layers. The overlaps should be approximately 60 cm, and located offset from each other in the vertical and horizontal planes. The cross-section of the rods used, depending on the design load, ranges from 8 to 16 mm. A tying wire with a diameter of 1.2-1.6 mm is suitable for connecting the rods.

Construction of the strip part of the base

After the base has been poured and the concrete has partially hardened, formwork is installed under the upper part. Initially, according to the height of the tape, panels are made from boards or plywood (or other materials). Their length is determined by the ease of handling them when performing work, and their thickness is determined by the level of future load created by the concrete.

Subsequent steps for constructing the foundation are carried out in the following sequence:

install the panels, resting their lower boards on the formwork structure of the lower part and combining them with the help of long beams (at the top and bottom);
with the help of stretched cast-off ropes, as well as a level, the formwork is aligned in the required planes;
boards located opposite each other are connected with horizontal ties;
using inclined struts, fix the formwork from the sides;
a reinforcement frame is laid in several rows inside the assembled structure, and it is connected to the rods of the sole;
moisten the shields with water;
fill the form with concrete in even layers, compacting it every 40-60 cm;
to ensure the solidification process proceeds evenly, the base is covered with roofing material or plastic film;
Periodically, the upper part of the monolith is moistened with water (about a week or two, depending on climatic conditions).

When installing formwork, special attention must be paid to the corners, connecting the panels there securely so that they do not come apart.

Concrete gains more than half its strength in about 7 days. Complete hardening takes about a month, which is determined by temperature and humidity.

Removal of formwork can be done at least 3 days after pouring concrete. When it hardens, it is recommended to protect the base and underground part with a waterproofing coating. For these purposes, mastics, roofing felt and other materials are used. Reliable protection from the destructive effects of water will extend the life of the building being built.

You can install the formwork and reinforcement cage of the entire T-shaped base at once. You will still need to fill it in parts: first the sole, and only then the tape. This is due to the fact that the concrete of the lower part, if it does not harden enough, will be forced out. For the same reason, compaction of poured layers of tape will need to be carried out carefully.

Installation of prefabricated foundation

The construction of a T-shaped strip foundation can be done using reinforced concrete blocks. The technology for their installation is as follows:

dig trenches below the depth of soil freezing in the region;
their bottom is covered with a cushion of sand, which is then compacted;
lay blocks;
connect them together with reinforcement;
the joints are filled with concrete, having previously installed formwork in these places;
The surface of the base is plastered, and after the applied coating has dried, it is waterproofed and insulated.

The first row of the foundation is laid out with wider blocks (or trapezoidal) compared to those located above.

The use of blocks significantly speeds up the construction process, but requires the use of lifting equipment. Due to the presence of a large number of joints, the service life of the foundation is reduced by approximately 3 times compared to monolithic analogues. The standard dimensions of the blocks determine the choice of belt parameters.

The process of constructing a T-shaped strip foundation is shown in the video below.

A T-shaped foundation is a reliable foundation that you can build yourself. The choice of concrete grade is determined by the future load on the base: for the construction of lightweight structures, material marked M100 and M150 is suitable, and for heavier ones - from M200 to M400. Waterproofing the sole and tape will help extend the life of the entire building.

Monolithic strip T-shaped foundation

Among the varieties of strip foundations, the T-shaped foundation has a special place. It is used for various buildings.

Shallow strip foundation

A shallow or non-buried foundation requires careful and detailed consideration. Obviously, such a design is less labor-intensive to implement and economical due to the lower need for materials for construction and lower costs for excavation work. At the same time, to guarantee the reliability of the support, it is necessary to correctly select the type of structure, as well as calculate all the parameters. If these conditions are met, foundations of this type will meet the requirements.

Classification of supports without significant depth

Before you start building supports of this type with your own hands, familiarize yourself with the classification and nuances of each type of foundation.

Support design

There are main types of FMF construction (shallow foundations):

If a columnar support is used for the walls of a light house or outbuilding, the individual supports are combined with strapping or grillage to ensure structural rigidity and more even distribution of the load.

Installation diagram of a non-buried columnar foundation.

Slab supports are made 15-30 cm thick and are the most reliable. They are also suitable for installation on medium-heaving, water-saturated, weak-bearing soils.

Shallow slab foundation.

With a small mass of the structure, it is possible to build a more economical intermittent strip support with your own hands. In other cases, it is recommended to lay the tape under load-bearing or under all walls of the building.

Belt FMZ with a rectangular cross-section.

According to this criterion, FMZ are divided into rigid, capable of withstanding only the impact of compressive forces, and flexible, also resistant to tension. Flexible supports include only structures made of reinforced concrete. Everyone else is tough

Preparation method

According to the production method, a non-buried foundation can be prefabricated (from ready-made blocks) or monolithic (filled).

Section shape

A shallow foundation can have different tape section shapes:

Base with T-shaped section.

When manufacturing a trapezoidal structure, it is important to observe the load distribution angle (the angle between the perpendicular to the base and the inclined edge):

An increase in these values leads to an increase in tensile stresses.

Trapezoidal concrete blocks for prefabricated strip base.

The main stages of manufacturing monolithic non-buried supports

“Do not bury the foundations deep” is not an accurate enough recommendation, although it reflects the basic principle of building a FMZ with your own hands. For the reliability and durability of the support, accuracy and adherence to technology must be ensured at all stages of construction.

We will consider the construction technology of FMZ using the example of the production of strip structures. The production of slab supports includes similar processes, but differs in nuances (calculation of the parameters of the foundation itself and its reinforcing elements).

Preparatory work

Preparation for the construction of the foundation includes digging a trench with your own hands or using equipment according to markings made according to pre-drawn sketches and installing sand or sand-gravel backfill. A non-buried foundation on a sand cushion will be more reliable if the backfill is thoroughly compacted using vibratory ramming. When constructing shallow supports, every opportunity to increase the strength of the structure should be used.

After this, removable or permanent formwork is installed without fail to the entire required height. Building up and layer-by-layer filling of tape, which is sometimes recommended for supports of other types, is not suitable for FMZ - they lead to the formation of seams and a decrease in the overall strength of the support.

Important: To ensure that when pouring the solution or subsequent compaction of concrete, the formwork does not deform and cause a change in the geometry of the base, it is important to securely fasten all elements during installation, paying special attention to the corners where the load will be maximum.

Installation of fittings

The reinforcing frame for FMZ is calculated individually, taking into account the type of soil, type of foundation and operating loads, but there are also general principles by which a shallow foundation is reinforced.

Reinforcement with a diameter of 14 mm or more has sufficient fracture and tear strength.
From the surface of the formwork to the rod and from the lower horizontal plane of the prepared trench to the reinforcement, distances of at least 5-7 cm must be maintained.

A trench with installed reinforcement for a shallow foundation.

The frame consists of two pairs of parallel “threads” of reinforcement with a ring binding that gives strength.
The binding is done with your own hands from wire, preventing it from sagging between the reinforcement bars. It is not advisable to make a rigid ring by welding - in places where the seams are made, the strength of the frame will be lower.
The finished structure must be strong and rigid enough so as not to deform when pouring the solution.

Before filling the formwork with mortar, it is better to carry out control markings in height, for example, by placing level marks on the corners of the tape and stretching a string between them.

It is optimal to fill the prepared channel evenly, supplying the solution alternately to different places, rather than leveling the flow coming from one corner.

Pouring concrete into formwork.

Vibratory compaction after pouring compacts the concrete and expels air from it. If it is not possible to use special equipment, you can achieve concrete shrinkage by uniformly gently tapping the side walls of the formwork with your own hands using a hammer. Usually the result is visible immediately - the solution releases air, its level in the channel decreases slightly.

Waterproofing and water drainage

To ensure the durability of the structure, the shallow foundation is waterproofed with your own hands and ensures that atmospheric water is drained from the structure.

Waterproofing of a structure can be of two types:

coating using bitumen or special mastic,
pasting (roll materials are used).

The coating method is cheaper, but requires compliance with safety precautions due to the need to work with molten hot compounds.

Performing coating waterproofing.

Waterproofing with roll materials.

To protect the shallow foundation from atmospheric waters, a blind area is made along the perimeter of the structure.

Rice. 10. An example of a blind area.

For private houses with 1-2 floors, a blind area 100 mm thick (sand or sand-crushed stone cushion, compacted soil, concrete layer) and 800 mm wide is sufficient. The slope of the blind area is ensured by the method of filling and compacting the cushion materials and is carried out in the direction from the wall of the building.

Non-recessed strip foundation, non-recessed foundation

Application area

This type of tape has a fairly limited area of use. Do not bury foundations deep if:

Construction of a shallow foundation at a high groundwater level

it is planned to construct a building from light materials (wood, aerated concrete);
the site has a high level of groundwater;
The characteristics of the foundation soil are quite good, the soil has high strength characteristics.

A shallow strip foundation is suitable for conditionally non-heaving soils and non-heaving soils, which include:

rocks;
coarse-clastic foundations (including those with dusty filling);
coarse and medium gravelly sands;
clay soils of hard consistency with natural moisture.

You can determine the composition of the soil on the site yourself by digging holes or by hand drilling. GOST “Soils. Classification".

Foundation types

Shallow foundation has two classifications. The first depends on the manufacturing method:

monolithic;
made.

Diagram of a strip reinforced monolithic structure

Scheme of the structure of the prefabricated strip structure

Depending on the type of section, there are:

rectangular;
T-shaped.

Foundation depth

The laying depth is determined depending on freezing, which is calculated according to SN “Foundations and Foundations” or found from tables. Minimum depth:

when freezing to a depth of less than 2m - 50cm;
when freezing less than 3m – 75cm;
when freezing more than 3 m - 100 cm.

Regulatory documents also require that the foundation depth for a house made of aerated concrete be chosen to be at least ½ of the freezing depth for clays and loams with deep water.

This is caused by the increased heaving of this type of soil.

Protection methods

high humidity;
low temperatures.

To avoid this phenomenon, take measures to protect against these negative influences:

Insulation of aerated concrete house tape along the entire height of the building. Made using extruded polystyrene foam. Using this particular material correctly; using polystyrene foam or mineral wool is highly not recommended.
Additional insulation of the foundation thanks to the warm blind area of the house. It can be made from concrete or asphalt concrete by placing a heat-insulating layer under the material. Extruded polystyrene foam or expanded clay gravel is used as insulation. The thickness of polystyrene for most regions will be 100-150 mm, the thickness of the expanded clay layer is assumed to be around 30-50 cm.
Vertical waterproofing. The layer is provided under the insulation. Made from bitumen roll materials or mastic.
Drainage of water from the foundation. This will require a storm drain (from rainwater) and drainage (from underground moisture). Drainage pipes are laid 30-50 cm below the base of the tape and at a distance of no more than 1 m.
Sand preparation device 30-50 cm thick. Coarse or medium sand is a non-heaving material. Replacing part of the soil with it allows you to increase the reliability of the foundation.

Carrying out all these measures will reduce the likelihood of damage to the structure of an aerated concrete house due to frost heaving in the winter.

Manufacturing technology

It is not much different from performing work on a buried belt. The installation of a shallow strip foundation is carried out in the following order:

The terrain is marked and a trench or pit of the required dimensions is dug.
Sand preparation is being arranged(it was mentioned earlier). When laying, it is necessary to ensure layer-by-layer compaction of the layer (by vibration, pouring or weights).
The formwork is being installed. For the type of foundation under consideration, the most optimal option is foam. After pouring, no additional insulation work will be required. Can be used as formwork boards.
Reinforcement of the structure. For private houses, reinforcement can be performed without preliminary calculations. Reinforcement in a structure is of three types: working longitudinal, structural horizontal, structural vertical. Structural reinforcement plays the role of a connecting link between the working rods. The minimum diameter of the rods is 8 mm. Working reinforcement with a diameter of 12-16mm is laid in two rows: upper and lower. The total cross-section of the working rods of a house made of aerated concrete or wood should be equal to approximately 0.1% of the cross-section of the foundation.
Pouring concrete mixture. Performed in one step. If absolutely necessary, you can do it in layers, but this is not advisable. For foundation work, concrete B15-B25 is used, depending on the load.
Vibrating concrete for compaction.
Strengthening concrete and maintaining it.
Removal of formwork (if necessary).
Foundation waterproofing.
Insulation (if necessary).
Backfilling.
Blind area device.

T-base diagram

soil on the site;
location of groundwater;
expected load on the base;
climatic features of the region.

Types of strip foundations

The weight of the constructed structure is distributed along the entire perimeter of the supporting structure.

One-story or more buildings are erected on strip foundations from the following materials:

cinder block;
wood;
bricks;
foam concrete and others.

The types of strip foundations according to different classification criteria are presented in the table below.

The main task during construction is to choose an option that is suitable economically and in terms of operational characteristics.

Belt-type foundations have a service life of approximately 70 years (subject to technology), they are quite easy to repair. The scope of application of the various options is as follows:

a non-buried foundation is suitable for the construction of panel, panel, frame structures and log buildings on flat areas with loamy or sandy loam soils, on which floors can be laid;
a shallow foundation with a depth of 0 to 1 m is suitable for the construction of buildings from various materials on non-heaving soils;
the T-shaped base is expanded from below and is used for any buildings on different soils, if the site is not located on slopes or in swampy areas, and the groundwater is deep;
recessed support structures are designed for the construction of buildings with basements on various types of soil, even with high humidity;
a monolith belt is a strip whose width is greater than its height, and it is used only if the soil has good load-bearing characteristics, for the construction of frame or yard structures, log houses.

Among the various types of strip foundations, you can choose the appropriate option for different soils. The main problem is the action of heaving forces. If the estimated burial depth is more than 3 m, then it is recommended to give preference to a pile or slab-based support structure, which will reduce the labor intensity of the work.

Technology for constructing a T-shaped monolithic foundation with your own hands

T-shaped foundation with communications

The advantages of a T-shaped base are:

ease of construction;
sufficient strength;
All work can be carried out without the use of special equipment;
requires lower financial and labor costs compared to buried and slab foundations, as well as shorter construction time;
For construction, concrete is used, which is poured into a reinforcement frame, or ready-made blocks, which speeds up the process.

The construction of a strip foundation occurs in 2 ways:

with the installation of formwork in an excavated recess, its width exceeding that of the base;
by pouring directly into a trench dug in the shape of the letter “T”.

Experts do not recommend using the latter option, because the buried part remains without a waterproofing coating, and this reduces the operating time by almost a third (by about 20-40%).

The technology of work involves their implementation in 1 or 2 stages. In the latter case, the construction of the lower part (sole) occurs first, and then the construction of the tape.

The general algorithm of actions when working in stage 1 is as follows:

determine the design of the foundation;
calculate the dimensions of the sole and tape based on the load-bearing characteristics of the construction site soil, as well as depending on the depth of freezing and existing loads;
carry out marking of the building site;
carry out excavation work;
cover the bottom of the trenches with a sand cushion;
install formwork;
carry out reinforcement;
concrete is poured;
a waterproofing coating is applied, and if necessary, insulated, a drainage system is installed.

Calculations of foundation parameters are carried out based on SNiP 2.02.01-83, which regulates the construction of building foundations, and using reference books (for example, V. S. Sazhina). They provide snow and wind loads for the region.

Sole device

Work begins with marking. The sequence of actions is as follows:

they make cast-offs, which are perpendicular beams fixed on racks, with a height exceeding the same parameter of the base;
place them in the corners according to the developed plan;
to mark the outer planes of the walls, cords (ropes) are pulled along the upper beams along the perimeter;
check the equality of the internal diagonals to make a square or rectangle.

Installation of formwork and reinforcement

After marking the territory, excavation work begins:

dig trenches taking into account the width reserve for installation of formwork and soles;
make slopes;
Level the bottom of the excavation;
cover the trench with a sand cushion.

Excavation work should be carried out taking into account the following recommendations:

the width of the trench in the presence of a ground floor or basement should take into account the space for installing the formwork and provide free access for builders: the margin inside is from 0.5 to 0.8 m, and outside - 1.2 m;
to avoid crumbling, at a excavation depth of 1.5 m, the steepness of the slopes is made 1/1, and at 3 m it will be 1/0.67;
around the foundation trench it is necessary to dig a 40x40 recess for the drainage system;
The depth of the recesses must be made taking into account the thickness of the pillow, which ranges from 40 to 60 cm.

When the trenches are ready, then proceed to the installation of formwork and reinforcement:

Every 70 cm, vertical posts are driven into the ground along the lines marked with cast-off cords;
boards are secured to the stakes with self-tapping screws or nails until the full height of the sole is reached;
strengthen the structure with planks, nailing them to the top row;
install vertical reinforcing bars, the height of which is taken with a margin for connection with the overlying tape;
fix horizontal rods using welding or wire;
fill the base with concrete;
compact it with a vibrator or manually;
wait several days for the concrete to partially harden.

Foundation tape on the sole
Reinforcement rods are laid in at least two layers. The overlaps should be approximately 60 cm, and located offset from each other in the vertical and horizontal planes. The cross-section of the rods used, depending on the design load, ranges from 8 to 16 mm. A tying wire with a diameter of 1.2-1.6 mm is suitable for connecting the rods.

Construction of the strip part of the base

Subsequent steps for constructing the foundation are carried out in the following sequence:

install the panels, resting their lower boards on the formwork structure of the lower part and combining them with the help of long beams (at the top and bottom);
with the help of stretched cast-off ropes, as well as a level, the formwork is aligned in the required planes;
boards located opposite each other are connected with horizontal ties;
using inclined struts, fix the formwork from the sides;
a reinforcement frame is laid in several rows inside the assembled structure, and it is connected to the rods of the sole;
moisten the shields with water;
fill the form with concrete in even layers, compacting it every 40-60 cm;
to ensure the solidification process proceeds evenly, the base is covered with roofing material or plastic film;
Periodically, the upper part of the monolith is moistened with water (about a week or two, depending on climatic conditions).

When installing formwork, special attention must be paid to the corners, connecting the panels there securely so that they do not come apart.

Concrete gains more than half its strength in about 7 days. Complete hardening takes about a month, which is determined by temperature and humidity.

You can install the formwork and reinforcement cage of the entire T-shaped base at once. You will still need to fill it in parts: first the sole, and only then the tape. This is due to the fact that the concrete of the lower part, if it does not harden enough, will be forced out. For the same reason, compaction of poured layers of tape will need to be carried out carefully.

Installation of prefabricated foundation

The construction of a T-shaped strip foundation can be done using reinforced concrete blocks. The technology for their installation is as follows:

dig trenches below the depth of soil freezing in the region;
their bottom is covered with a cushion of sand, which is then compacted;
lay blocks;
connect them together with reinforcement;
the joints are filled with concrete, having previously installed formwork in these places;
The surface of the base is plastered, and after the applied coating has dried, it is waterproofed and insulated.

The first row of the foundation is laid out with wider blocks (or trapezoidal) compared to those located above.

The use of blocks significantly speeds up the construction process, but requires the use of lifting equipment. Due to the presence of a large number of joints, the service life of the foundation is reduced by approximately 3 times compared to monolithic analogues. The standard dimensions of the blocks determine the choice of belt parameters.

The process of constructing a T-shaped strip foundation is shown in the video below.

With fairly frequent heavy rainfall, the possibility of floods or rising groundwater, a drainage system must be installed. Its type is determined by the abundance of moisture, as well as its source. To reduce heat loss, the basement or T-shaped base is insulated in various ways.

There is a lot of unknown here; you need to work with the project and soil data. Based on the data presented, the following comments:
1. You should not make walls from solid bricks. He is very heavy. It doesn't make the slightest sense. Everything you save on bricks will be lost on the foundation.

I'm not saving on bricks, I just need a strong, reliable and cold (with high thermal conductivity) wall. My option is much more expensive than foam concrete and ceramics consisting of 70% air. I go for this based on my own considerations. Because I don’t accept aerated concrete in principle. But I have an extremely negative attitude towards warm ceramics. It is acceptable among the locals, but our production is a different story.

2. The designer’s reinforcement is excessive in one place and insufficient in another.

If possible, tell me where exactly?
The designers were given the task of designing a foundation that would contain working longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. That is, such a foundation must not only bear the load from the structure, it must absorb uneven multidirectional soil forces.

3. In the “smart guy” version, the cross-sectional height of the tape for mzlf is small. The tape is not T-shaped, but a regular rectangular one, with foundation pads. You won't do this in one go. You'll have to make the pillows first and then the ribbons. Accordingly, there are questions regarding joint work. It will not be 100% like a monolith.

And in the first option, you can’t fill it all at once.

4. The reinforcement of the cushions used by the “smart guy” to support the cladding as in the picture is incorrect.

This task was not set. This is my idea of insulation, borrowed from the documentation of the manufacturer EPS Penoplex.

5. I would not bury the brick in the ground.
But all this without a project and data on soils is just talk.

The filling of the trench sinuses will be sand. Will a brick not survive in sand?
What is an option to lay foam blocks in the ground and then continue with bricks?

Geomorphologically, the site is located within the slope of the watershed facing the stream. Danube. The relief is undisturbed, moderately flat, with a general slope towards the east (i=0.05). The absolute surface elevation is 237.3 m.

Modern physical and geological processes unfavorable for construction are not observed on the site.
3. Quaternary deluvial sediments (dQ) take part in the geological structure of the study area to a depth of 8.0 m. From the surface, these deposits are covered by a modern soil-vegetation layer (pdQIV) (Appendix 7).
Deluvial deposits are represented by clays. The clay is brown, micaceous, with rare inclusions of carbonates (IGE-2). The exposed thickness of deluvial deposits is 7.5 m.
Soil-vegetative layer of clay composition (IGE-1). Soil thickness 0.5 m.
4. Groundwater was not opened during the period of work (July 2011) to a depth of 8.0 m. According to potential floodability, the territory is classified as non-floodable (Appendix “I” SP 11-105-97, part II).
5. Clay soils lie at the base of the designed building. Up to the explored depth of 8.0 m, 2 geotechnical elements (EGE) were identified.

IGE-1. The soil-vegetative layer has a clayey composition; according to the relative deformation of frost heaving during freezing, the soil is highly heaving. The soil density is recommended to be 1.5 t/m3. The soil thickness is 0.5 m.

IGE-2. The clay is deluvial, highly plastic (flow rate 0.35 units). According to laboratory data, clay does not have subsidence properties. The relative subsidence at a load of 0.3 MPa varies from 0.000 to 0.001 dollars. units (Appendix 3). Clay does not have swelling properties (Table B. 1 of Appendix B SP 11-105-97 (Part III). To obtain standard and design characteristics, archival materials were used. When calculating the deformation modulus, the transition coefficient from the compression deformation modulus to the field modulus was used, equal to 3.7 (arch. No. 3777). The deformation modulus is 14 MPa. According to the relative deformation of frost heaving during freezing, the clay is highly heaving. Rf 102 = 1.16 (clause 6.8.3. SP 50-101-2004). Revealed thickness 7.5 m.

Appendix 2 provides data from laboratory determinations, which took into account survey data from previous years, grouped by element. All characteristics necessary for calculations are given in Table 1 of the text of this conclusion.

6. According to table. 4 SNiP 2.03.11-85, the soils on the site are non-aggressive in relation to concrete of all grades in terms of water resistance (Appendix 4).
7. The corrosive aggressiveness of soil in relation to steel, determined in laboratory conditions, is assessed as average, according to table. 1 GOST 9.602-89 (Appendix 4).
8. Appendix 5 provides an assessment of the biocorrosive aggressiveness of soils to metal structures, in accordance with Appendix “B” GOST 9.602-2005. The criteria for biocorrosive aggressiveness of soil are the presence of visual signs of gleying of the soil and the presence of reduced sulfur compounds in the soil. IGE-2 soils are non-aggressive.
9. The standard freezing depth for clay soils is 1.5 m.

This is the first floor plan. Height - 3.00 m. The second floor has a similar plan to the first, only without partitions. Interfloor reinforced concrete slabs. They rest on the axes AB, BV, VG.

The height difference on the second floor is 1.7 m (axis 2.3). 4.2m (axis 2). The roof is gable. 27 degrees

Rice. 2. Installation of formwork for concreting a T-shaped foundation

The formwork must be collapsible

When constructing the formwork, we must not forget that it will have to be removed. Poorly designed connections can make formwork dismantling a nightmare.
Here you need to take into account everything: from which side (outer or inner) it is easier to dismantle the boards, and how to join them in the corners, and whether it is worth using long boards or is it better to use short ones and connect them with an overlay.

Concrete foundation pad

Hold the concrete in the formwork

Another difficulty with simultaneous concreting of the support base and foundation strip is the distribution of concrete in the formwork.

The shield allows you to place the concrete mass into the formwork without spilling. If there is no assistant, prop up the shield and secure it temporarily.

Insert the fitting into one of the pipes up to the intended bend.

Pass the rod into the second pipe.

Bend the rod at the desired angle.

One of the effective types of foundations suitable for any structure is a T-shaped strip foundation. This base is rigid because it has a T-shaped profile. If there is no water in the nearby soil layers, the T-strip foundation does not need to be deepened too much. If the structure is massive, for example, a stone house, then the T-shaped strip foundation must be deepened to the extent of soil freezing. Our company has extensive experience in constructing such foundations throughout the Leningrad region, and quality control of work at each stage allows us to guarantee the quality and exact timing of construction. To calculate the cost of the foundation, you can call us and get advice from an engineer on all issues of interest.

Price for a T-shaped strip foundation, rub.

6x6	130,000 rub.	RUB 162,000	RUB 216,000	180,000 rub.	RUB 218,000	RUB 288,000
6x7	RUB 148,000	RUB 179,000	RUR 237,000	RUB 198,000	RUR 237,000	RUB 317,000
7x7	RUB 158,000	RUB 189,000	RUB 252,000	210,000 rub.	RUB 252,000	RUB 336,000
6x8	RUB 162,000	RUB 195,000	RUB 259,000	RUB 216,000	RUB 259,000	RUB 345,000
7x8	RUB 171,000	RUB 205,000	RUR 273,000	RUB 228,000	RUR 274,000	RUB 365,000
8x8	180,000 rub.	RUB 216,000	RUB 288,000	240,000 rub.	RUB 286,000	RUR 384,000
8x9	RUB 194,000	RUB 235,000	310,000 rub.	RUB 258,000	RUR 309,000	RUB 413,000
9x9	RUB 203,000	RUB 245,000	RUR 324,000	270,000 rub.	RUR 324,000	RUB 432,000
10x10	RUR 225,000	270,000 rub.	360,000 rub.	300,000 rub.	RUB 355,000	480,000 rub.
10x12	RUB 252,000	RUR 302,000	400,000 rub.	RUB 336,000	300,000 rub.	RUB 538,000
12x12	270,000 rub.	RUR 324,000	RUB 432,000	360,000 rub.	RUB 432,000	RUB 576,000
Provided that the site has electricity, water and living conditions for the crew. The calculation of the foundation was made taking into account one lintel. Included in the price: Layout and marking of the area for the foundation Excavation work, foundation pit, trenches Installation of a sand cushion under the foundation Installation of formwork from boards Knitting reinforcement Pouring concrete The cost of the foundation includes materials with delivery to your site (within a radius of 25 km from the Ring Road) We also carry out additional work on installing drainage systems, waterproofing and insulating the foundation, making wells for water supply, installing septic tanks and treatment plants. **You can find out a more accurate cost of a strip foundation for a wooden house by calling us.

T-strip foundations can be constructed for houses, fences, and sheds. The main advantage is the opportunity to save on materials, because the thickness of the above-ground part is less.

To avoid mistakes, it is better to entrust the T-shaped strip foundation to qualified builders. In our company you can find qualified assistance from a team of builders and the necessary high-quality foundation materials.

One of the effective types of foundations suitable for any building is T-shaped strip foundation cost. This base is rigid because it has a T-shaped profile. If there is no water in the nearby soil layers, the T-strip foundation does not need to be deepened too much. If the structure is massive, for example, a stone house, then the T-shaped strip foundation must be deepened to the extent of soil freezing. Our company has extensive experience in constructing such foundations throughout the Leningrad region, and quality control of work at each stage allows us to guarantee the quality and exact timing of construction. To calculate the cost of the foundation, you can call us and get advice from an engineer on all issues of interest.

Price for a T-shaped strip foundation, prices in rubles

tape, m*m	width height 300mm/600mm	width height 300mm/900mm	width height 300mm/1200mm	width height 400mm/1500mm	width height 400mm/1800mm
6x6	67,000 rub.	91,000 rub.	120,000 rub.	RUB 195,000	RUB 224,000
6x8	74,000 rub.	108,000 rub.	RUB 141,000	RUR 247,000	RUR 275,000
8x8	80,000 rub.	RUB 119,000	RUB 161,000	270,000 rub.	330,000 rub.
8x10	90,000 rub.	RUB 127,000	RUB 171,000	RUB 293,000	RUB 371,000
10x10	100,000 rub.	RUB 143,000	200,000 rub.	RUR 322,000	RUB 390,000
10x12	RUB 121,000	RUB 195,000	270,000 rub.	RUB 375,000	450,000 rub.
12x12	RUB 133,000	RUB 181,000	RUR 303,000	408,000 rub.	RUB 507,000
Provided that the site has electricity, water and living conditions for the crew. Included in the price:* Layout and marking of the area for the foundation Excavation work, foundation pit, trenches Installation of a sand cushion under the foundation Installation of formwork from boards Knitting reinforcement Pouring concrete The cost of the foundation includes materials with delivery to your facility (within a radius of the city) We also carry out additional work on installing drainage systems, waterproofing and insulating the foundation, making wells for water supply, installing septic tanks and treatment plants. **You can find out a more accurate cost of a turnkey strip foundation by calling us.

T-shaped strip foundation

A T-shaped strip foundation is laid almost similarly to a regular strip. The only peculiarity is the construction of a kind of formwork so that the concrete mixture does not leak out. It is important to achieve a perfectly even angle between the main foundation and the plane of the superstructure. The foundation structure is strengthened with reinforcement.
T-strip foundations can be constructed for houses, fences, and sheds. The main advantage is the opportunity to save on materials, because the thickness of the above-ground part is less.
To avoid mistakes, it is better to entrust the T-shaped strip foundation to qualified builders. In our company you can find qualified assistance from a team of builders and the necessary high-quality foundation materials.

Selecting the type of strip foundation

Design selection

Preparing the base

Self-concreting the foundation strip

Calculation of parameters

Installation of formwork, reinforcement

Preparation and laying of concrete

Do-it-yourself LF brickwork technology

Waterproofing

Application area

Foundation types

Foundation depth

Protection methods

Manufacturing technology

Concreting a T-shaped foundation

The formwork must be collapsible

Hold the concrete in the formwork

T-shaped strip foundation

Types of strip foundations

Technology for constructing a T-shaped monolithic foundation with your own hands

Installation of prefabricated foundation

Shallow strip foundation

Classification of supports without significant depth

The main stages of manufacturing monolithic non-buried supports

Application area

Foundation types

Foundation depth

Protection methods

Manufacturing technology

Technology for constructing a T-shaped monolithic foundation with your own hands

Sole device

Construction of the strip part of the base

Installation of prefabricated foundation

The formwork must be collapsible

Hold the concrete in the formwork

Price for a T-shaped strip foundation, prices in rubles

T-shaped strip foundation

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