The need for inspection of "land" in the home network occurs if you just moved to new house or apartment and not sure that protection works. There are special meters that allow, however the cost of their large. At home, make sure that the operating wire of the PE can be quite simple and without additional meters. Next, we will tell you the readers of the site, how to check the grounding in a private house or the apartment with your own hands.
Technique check
So, to find out if there is a grounding in the house to start, you need to turn off the electricity on the introductory shield and disassemble one of the outlets. After that, you must visually see if the yellow-green wire is connected to the corresponding terminal on the outlet, as shown in the photo below:
If only two veins are connected to the terminals, for example, with blue and brown insulation (zero and phase, according to), then you have no grounding in the house or apartment. And one more point - if there is a jumper between zero and ground terminal, it means that you have done it in the room, which is extremely dangerous.
So, let's say that all three conductor are in screw clamps, and you want to check the grounding of grounding in the outlet. First, we recommend checking the efficiency of the ground contour by multimeter. It is done very simple:
- Turn on the electricity on the shield.
- Switch the tester to the voltage measurement mode.
- Measure the voltage between the phase and zero.
- Perform a similar measurement between the phase and the "land".
If in the latter case the multimeter will show the voltage, slightly different from the first measurement, it means that the grounding in a private house or apartment is present. No figures appeared on the scoreboard? The grounding contour is missing or does not work. About, we told in the relevant article!
If you do not have a tester at hand, you can check the quality of the grounding of the ground using the test light assembled from the primary means. So, you can follow the following scheme (1 - cartridge, 2 - wires, 3 - terminats):
Using an indicator screwdriver, you need to check where the phase, and where zero. It is not always the connection of the socket performed by the rules. Perhaps, who connected contacts, confused their flowers and now the blue phase, which is not correct.
First, touch one end of the wire to the phase terminal, and the second to zero. The control lamp should light up. After that, that end of the wire that you touched the zero, move to the ground mustache (shown in the photo below).
If the light burns - the circuit works, dim light - the state of the grounding circuit is unsatisfactory. The light is not lit, it means that the "Earth" does not work. Immediately, it should be noted that if the chain is protected by a protective shutdown device, when checking the reliability of grounding, it can work the RCD, which also indicates the operation of the grounding circuit.
If you touched with wires from the control to the phase and earth, but the light bulb does not burn, try moving the terminal to zero from the phase terminal to check the contour. This is the case when there is a chance that the connection was wrong and the phase is not the color.
Indirect evidence
Here are some more situations, if you have the occurrence of which you can be sure that grounding in a private house, an apartment is either in the country not connected or at least work well:
- water heater either
May 19, 2017.
Modern dumping indicators will get rid of headaches on how to determine the phase, zero and land. There are also some difficulties that we will describe below.
The essence is that a signal generated by the scolder is used to test. It is clear that for this there should be batteries inside.
That is, the old dumping indicator on the basis of one gas-discharge light of these purposes is clearly not suitable. Be that as it may, it (but) allows you to unmistakably determine the phase. Consequently, another chain will be zero or land.
How to act correctly to define the phase
Let's start, probably, with terms. There is no such word as zero in Russian. But it was used in everyday life due to more easy pronunciation.
Any programmer knows that under the term NULL is still still implied to imply empty or indefinite variables (devoid of type).
Sometimes this type of data is very convenient for compiling algorithms (in particular, when transmitting function values).
Now let's see how to find a phase. A typical zero-indicator consists of steel probe, followed by high-resistance to limit the current.
A small-size gas-discharge light is used as a light source.
It's all the little things, but the one who is not aware of what is a contact site (button), it will not be able to determine zero. At the end of the handle of the display-indicator is a metal platform.
This is the contact button for which you want to take a finger. Otherwise, the light bulb will not be label when touched to the phase.
Explain what the case is here. The body has some tank. It is not so big, but it is enough to pass a meager current.
When the phase begins its oscillations, the electrons go from us into the network and back to us. Due to this, a small current is created. Its size is strongly limited to the resistor, so to kill, holding one hand for the contact site of the display-indicator, and the other for the pipe supply water is quite difficult.
On the other hand, to detect with such a tool directly land or zero is impossible
The phase detection has an important, fundamental value, because the voltage should not go to the chandelier cartridge when the switch is turned off. Otherwise, the usual lamp replacement process can become quite dangerous.
In addition, according to the standards, the phase must be on the outlet on the left. And if the switches now stand as it is accepted (turn on by pressing up), then the phase definition methods are degenerated to the ability to find their left hand and understand exactly where the bottom is:
Accordingly, the right will be zero. If there is still a wire, and its isolation is yellow-green, then this is the earth (otherwise there may be a backup power conductor with a voltage of 220 V).
- In a double switch, the input and output contacts are usually separated by different way.
Some are below, others - upstairs. In this case, the side where one silent contact will be a phase. Two others, respectively, with zero wire.
This, provided that the wiring of electricians in the apartment is true, because in many houses part of the layout is correct, and the other is made just the opposite.
- For a single switch, it will not be so easy to determine the phase, because contacts are usually lying on one side.
However, you can simply call the cartridge tester.
Immediately we say that this is a security violation, besides, the device may break. Therefore, we cannot recommend this method as a staff.
You can measure the variable voltage: 220 V will only between two points, namely the switch phase and the zero of the cartridge.
As determined by the position of the phase of color insulation live wires
The null wire is ordinary has blue insulation, while the Earth is yellow-green. Accordingly, the phase usually accounts for red or brown.
But this rule can be roughly broken. In particular, the houses of the old building were often equipped with wires of two lived. And the color of isolation in each case is white.
In addition, individual devices, like lighting sensors or movement, can have a completely different layout.
For example, zero wire can be black. Here in each case you need to watch the manual, because the layout options are really very much.
How to find a zero wire in your apartment
According to the rules, the hull of the accessible flap must be grounded.
This is usually performed using solid sizes of a terminal, tightened with a powerful bolt in homes. old buildings, And the inhabitants of modern buildings are easiest to focus on the number of lived.
Usually the zero tire has the largest number of connections, while the phases are bred by apartments.
It can easily trace the layout of protection machines or counters.
In each case, the shared wire will be zero. And the color of the wires in this case does not play a big role. Although according to the standards, modern cables also have decomposed isolation.
Please note - if there is a ground in the house, then there will be at least 5 inlet
In this case, the casing of the shield is usually fixed on the yellow-green. Then the zero wire serves to remove the operating current from the instruments (closes the chain).
Combining these two branches on the consumer side is prohibited. Here are a few rules that will help to understand the accession panel (note that according to the rules of the tenant there should not have a nose at all - we warned):
- The protection machine must break the phase.
There are two-pole models, but they are used relatively rarely for premises with a special danger.
Therefore, in this place, the wire can already be said that this is a phase. Then you can cut the machine, but I dwell on the side of the apartment. Which will definitely give us the position of the phase.
- The voltage between the zero wire and any phase is usually 220 V.
According to this key, one can allocate one core, which gives any other difference to any other.
While the scatter between phases is 380 V. These values \u200b\u200bmay be percent of 10 above, because domestic networks are trying to meet European standards.
- Current ticks should be measured on all veins.
For each phase, there will be a certain value, the sum of which (for all three) must flow back to the network by zero wire.
At the same time, the grounding is usually not used so actively, and the current here will be almost zero at any time. The place where the value is most commonly zero wire.
- Typically, the terminal for grounding the distribution panel is in plain.
On this basis, you can find zero wire in homes with NT-C-S. In all other cases, grounding is supplied here.
For more information about finding land, phase and zero wire
We remind you that it was considered those cases when the indicator was not available at hand, but there are current mites or multimeter.
Then, before entering the apartment there are land, phase and zero wire, after which the home network is nicknamed.
If there are three veins, then the technique is at all on the surface.
Between the phase and any other wire, the potential difference will be 220 V.
Please note that this technique is not suitable in other cases. For example, the difference in voltages between the two phases is round zero.
There is also another way that is prohibited in industry. This is a light bulb in a carton with two bare wires.
With her, it is found by the phase, in particular, you can housing any of the emergence
It is impossible to use plumbing, gas, sewer pipes And other engineering designs.
Finally, according to the rules of the neck, the cable antenna must have a zero (ground). So, we can relatively it with a tester (or forbidden by the standards with a light bulb in the cartridge) to find a phase.
For very decisive people, fire stairs or steel tires can be recommended for the same goals.
You need to clean the metal to the brilliance, then call the phase to this section.
note, that far from all fire stairs can be grounded, while the tires are grinding in any case.
If you find such a blatant arbitrariness, you can contact the managerial organizations, and in the absence of a reaction - to government instances. Indicate a violation of the rules of protective reassembly of buildings.
Modern pumping indicators for determining the phase, zero wire and land
When it is impossible to understand what color the wire is useful to use the display-indicator.
In particular, the instruction of such a wonder on batteries tells us that it is possible with the help of the probe to find land.
We rush to upset our readers - any long conductor is determined by this way.
Whether it is torn in the area of \u200b\u200bphase tubes, zero wire or real land - the answer will be the same.
This means that not every screwdriver is capable of performing its functions equally efficiently.
And the essence is as follows:
- The active screwdriver is capable of detecting a long conductor by radiation in the signal and expectation.
- In practice, with the poor quality of contacts, the wave quickly fades. As a consequence, the display indicator shows the presence of the Earth, for example, on a phase opened in the area of \u200b\u200btraffic jams.
- To determine the Earth, there is a condition - you need to touch the contact site with your finger. Yes, this is the difference between active and passive indicators dumplings.
In the first one, it is possible to find a phase on this principle, and in the second proper definition It occurs precisely if there is no contact with this area.
In addition, a modern dumping indicator at a distance allows you to judge whether the current flows. For this there is a special remote mode.
Usually there are even two of them: increased and reduced sensitivity. In our case, this will allow you to cut out unused part of the wiring.
Suppose cases when the builders started two phases into the house instead of one or confused by some more.
In a similar case, you need to use such wiring with great care.
I also want to note that in practice, measure the resistance of the wiring or call it is not so simple. It is much more convenient to determine the presence of a phase. In addition, in this case there is no danger to burn your tester (which happens from time to time when trying to measure the resistance of the core).
It should also be known that low-voltage chains are defined with an error. For example, most testers with direct closure proves do not give zero on the scale. But if it does not work out to determine the land using an active display-indicator, then bad contacts are easily.
If, when the plugs are turned off, the fire is lit with a finger pressed to the contact pad, then it's time to think about putting yourself a new junction box, and the twists change at least on modern caps.
Often engaged in repairs can be recommended such an output from the position as marking wires.
It is best to make paint for a printer, especially since the colors roughly coincide:
- Red - phase.
- Blue - zero wire.
- Yellow - Earth.
Usually, even water-soluble paint is washed off with difficulty. And the colors of the electrical wires can be easily planted for printers. The system reduced above is not the only one, but it is often found.
And on sale you can find a black color. You can use it as pleased. Plus the fact that the designation of the wires is performed once and for all.
It is easiest to wash off this labeling with concentrated acetic acid, the same substance will need both those who want to extort their hands (which is not always so easy to go in practice). And finally - try not to sleep clothes.
How to determine the phase, zero and land? Before proceeding with the mechanical connection of individual elements electrical chainYou need to clearly know the purpose of each conductor and how the switching device it turns off. The easiest way, to determine the phase, zero and land, residents of new buildings. In new homes, there is not always the right, but ordered system. Worse, when the general and intravartic electrical networks were repeatedly reworked, separate sections of the chain changed. In such apartments, determine where the phase, zero and grounding, without testing is simply impossible.
How to determine the phase, zero and land
For testing the power grid, some tools and devices are required.
What will take to determine the phase, zero and land
Besides, minimum set Flooring tools, dumping and pliers, you will need an indicator pumping and any multimeter, tester. In some cases, you can do the simplest self-made probe.
Regarding the probe indicator, it should be explained that now there are two types of such indicators operating in a different way. The first, old design using the neon lamp. The light bulb will light up if the working part of the screwdriver will touch the current-carrying surface under the voltage simultaneously applying a finger to the metal cap of the probe. Another type of LED indicator LED (Fluke 2ac Voltalert, APPA VP-1), looks like an old one, but the stuffing is "smarter". When working with this probion touch the cap is not necessary.
Methods for determining
- First of all, we find a phase, for this we serve a voltage on the conductor and using an indicator screwdriver, we find the desired one.
- If the incoming cable has two wires, then the second will be zero accordingly. For the purity of measurements, you can measure the voltage. But what to do if three wires? How to determine which of the two remaining zero, and what grounding? To find a grounding conductor, it is necessary to disconnect it from the pad in the distribution panel, and then by connecting one of the output of the control lamp to the phase, another output alternately touch the other two wires. Not working and will be grounding. The method is somewhat laborious, but it is reliable and allows you to do without a tester.
- There is another method for determining zero protective conductor. To do this, alternately measure the tension, between the desired phase and the two remaining wires. In each separate case The device will show some stress, but in the pair of phase-zero it may be more, therefore, the third and turns out to be grounding. This method is applicable only in the grounding system TN-C-S, and then only with a significant deterioration in the contact at the PEN separation point on N and PE.
There are other extremal and exotic ways to determine, from burning nails, creating a deliberate short circuit, Before using raw potatoes as an indicator. I do not advise you to use these ways, but if adrenaline raises just touch the bare wires.
Adopted color marking of wires and their designation
- Zero or neutral, signed by Latin N. Isolation color blue, blue. Another known option, blue with a white stripe.
- Nucleus protective, other common name, grounding. Denotes Latin letters PE. It has yellow isolation with one or two bright green stripes. Depending on the ground used, the neutral and protection function can be combined in one conductor and denote PEN.
- Phase. It is indicated by the letter L. further goes the confusion, sometimes, with the branching of the same phase conductor, individual chains are designated L1, L2, L3. Sometimes, the same designation is read like various phases three-phase network. The other designation A, B, C is preserved. Isolation can be of any color, other than the above, but most often it is: black, red or brown.
Mending features
TN-S system, the safest. It is she equipped with new modern high-rise buildings that have an additional system of equalizing potentials. The potential equalization system consists of a grounded metallic rod with connected conductors. Purpose of this design, grounding metal structures in the bathroom.
Another TN-C system, the most common and most unreliable in terms of security. Actually, grounding, as such, in this case, is not at all. It is often replaced by replacing, counting on the effect of a short circuit, in which they will work automatic switches. In the case of voltage to the case, the automata will really work, but will only save the power grid.
TN-C-S. Intermediate option, between reasonable savings and acceptable electrical safety.
The creation of the "correct" grounding in the apartment the topic is underestimated and often ignored, but who is interested to read.
Switching Device Connection Rules
Despite the big variety of connection options, there is general rules Connecting switching devices that allow you to easily and quickly determine the belonging of the conductor.
- The phase passes through the switching device.
- Automatic switches, UzO and other similar devices are connected as follows, entering the upper terminals, output from the lower.
- The phase wire is connected to the right terminal of the power out.
- Finally, the latter and probably the most important rule. In practice, the cable can be laid and connected by anything, have no corresponding color, so before proceeding with electromechanical work, you need to be confident in the purpose of each conductor.
