Story
Antiquity
The first specialists in minting coins have been known since the time of Ancient Greece. The history of coinage in the ancient world has not been sufficiently studied to date. It is assumed that in order to distinguish coins between Greek policies, various identifying signs were applied to them, and the need to apply such signs underlies the creation of the kind of profession mintzmeister.
For the first time, the service of a coin master as an independent type of activity can be seen in the Roman Empire since the time of the Punic Wars. In the later period of the republic, the Board of Three Mintzmeisters was organized. Under Julius Caesar, the collegium was expanded to four officials, and under Octavian August again reduced to three. The coin-makers were appointed by the quaestors. The college existed until the 3rd century AD.
Middle Ages
new time
In Europe
In Austria and Germany, from the time of the formation of the Habsburg rule, coin masters were formed as employees of principalities, lands and states. In Austria, the service of the chief minzmeister provided for the existence of a coin master as an employee with a solid content without the possibility of doing business. Over the minzmeisters in the lands and territories of Central Europe, a wardein (German Wardein, lat. guardianus - guard, watchman) was established, the name of the position goes back to fr. gardien (overseer) and came into German from north-fr. wardien and netherl. wardijn. Wardein supervised the work of the mintzmeister (chaser) regarding the quality of the ligature and the weight of the coins.
abbreviations for. COIN- an abbreviated designation in the legends of coins of denomination, geographical names, titles, locations of mints, etc. encryption, you should use special dictionaries (for example, Rentzmann Wilhelm Numismatisches Legenden Lexicon des Mittela lters und der Neuzeit 2 B Berlin, 1865-18661866).
. OBVERSE(lam adversus - addressed to; fr avers: English obverse; German hauptseite, Vorderseite) - the front side of a coin or medal. The obverse of ancient coins reflected the religious and legal ideas of the people of that time and therefore it often featured the image of the head of a deity revered in a certain city, as well as the emblem of this city (for example, a turtle on the island of Egina, Pegasus - mind. Coryif, a bee - mind Ephesus). In the era of Hellenism on the obverse, as a rule, was placed a portrait of the ruler of the state. On early Roman denarii, the obverse was the image of the goddess. Roma, but already at the end of the 2nd century BC, a large number of coins appeared with various insults on the front side. But on the gold, silver and copper coins of the imperial era, a portrait of the emperor was already constantly placed (the first portrait on a Roman coin was the image. Gaius. Julia. This is the dawn). The obverse of medieval and modern coins is considered to be that side of the coin, the content of the stamp legend of which determines the legal grounds for its minting, i.e. contains the name, portrait or symbol (emblem, coat of arms) of the coin seigneur in whose name it was issued. The obverse of modern European coins usually contains the symbol of the republic (or its coat of arms), if the state is republican, and the device, or a portrait of the ruler, when it is a monarchy. However, often on the obverse of modern coins we see the coat of arms of the state, and on the reverse side - the denomination botsі - face value.
. AUSTRIAN. CURRENCY(German Oesterreichische Wahrung) - currency. Austrian (since 1867 - Austro-Hungarian) Empire 1858-1892 In 1857, Austria concluded a monetary convention with the states, on the basis of which their x currencies were unified (1 guilder behind the convention stop of 1753 began to equal 1 guilder 5 kreuzers of the new currency). Instead of the Cologne mark, the coinage was based on the customs pound (Zollpfund = 500 g), from which they were minted. Austria 45 guilders, and in it states - 80 thalers. The Austro gulden, previously divided into 60 kreuzers, began to be divided into 100 kreuzers from 1857, called new ones. Kreutzer (Neukreuzer). To simplify mutual settlements in trade between the contracting parties, silver allied taler (Vereinstaler) and double allied taler (Zwei Vereinstaler) were minted from metal of the 900th sample and, which cost 1.5 and 3 Austrian guilders, respectively. In addition, allied trading gold coins were minted - krone (Krone) and half a crown (Halbe krone), respectively, 60 and 100 pieces of a pound or plain gold (1 krone = 10 g of gold). Austria reserved the right to mint thalers. Mary. Theresa (the so-called Levantine thaler) and ducats for the conventional coin stack of 1753. After the war, p. Prussia. ABC triya 1866 issued a monetary convention. The main monetary unit. Austria-Hungary of that time became the gulden (florin, hung forint). For circulation in the middle of the empire, coins were minted with a face value of 2 and 1 guilders (900th test), 1/4 guilders (520th test), small change silver coins (in the amount of 50 guilders from a pound of silver) with a face value of 10 and 5 new kreuzers (subsequently minted also 20 kreuzers) and we days 1 and 6/10 kreuzers, and subsequently 4 kreuzers (160 kreuzers per pound of copper). The new currency was called Austrian (Oesterreichische Wahrung) and on September 1, 1858 was introduced throughout the territory of the empire. Based on the new Austrian currency, new banknotes were issued. The period of the Austrian currency lasted until 1892 p, when c. The Austro-Hungarian Empire introduced a gold carp currency instead of a gold carp currency.
. AGIO(Italian aggio) - the excess of the exchange (market) rate of securities (bills, shares, bonds, certificates) or banknotes of their nominal value. Nadra if the share par value of 10 to. Olara is sold on the exchange for $12, then the hype is 200%.
. Altyn,. ALTINNIK- an old Russian monetary unit. In the second half of the XVII-XVIII centuries - the name of the coin. The term "altyn" comes from the Tatars, the word "alty" (six) and originated in the northeastern lands. In Russia, at the same time as dengi coins were in circulation in the last decades of the 14th century, altyn was equal to 6 dengas as a unit of monetary account. Perhaps an appearance. Altyn was associated with the payment of tribute to the Golden Horde khans. In settlements with them, the altyn could play the role of an intermediate unit when transferring sums of money from the Russian monetary system, which contains the embryos of the decimal, to the Tatars - the duodecimal. Although the altyn did not fit into the system of the ruble, which was 200. Deng (33 altyns and 2 dengas made up the ruble), but 3 rubles contained 100 altyns (600. Deng), which allowed using it. Altyn in cash settlements from 1534 p, when c. Moscow where rusty was put into circulation a new nationwide coin-penny, which was twice as heavy as money, 3 kopecks went to altyn. As a coin, altyn (altinnik) was the first type of karbovaiy made of copper under the king. I am Alexei. Mikhailovich (1645-1676) 1654 Peter I (1682-1725) coinage. Altyn was carried out from silver 1704.1711 - 1714 and 1718 pp. Subsequently, in the 40s of the 19th century, the altyn was revived in the form of a copper coin with a face value. From a penny. A coin worth 15 kopecks was minted in small quantities of 1760, 1762, 1763 pp, and from 1764 it was issued in mass circulation for the needs of monetary circulation. In the people, this denomination was called "pyatnaltinny" ("pyatialtinnik" I will call "p" yatnaltinny "("p" yatnaltinnik").
. ALBERTUSTALER- a silver coin of the taler type, which began to be minted in Spanish in 1612. Netherlands. Named by the governors of this province. Kingdom of Spain - Alberta and. Isabella (1599-1621). Nome for the cost of 48 stuveriv. Albertustaler contained 24.65 g of pure silver, 1.33 g less than the imperial thaler. On one side of the coin there is an image of an oblique Burgundian (St. Andrew's) cross, as well as the names of the governors with their titles (on later issues, the names and titles of the kings of Spain are placed). On the reverse side - the image of the Spanish coat of arms topped with a crown, around the moat-Orden. Golden. Rune and legend, which is a continuation of the title of governors. Netherlands or kings. Spain. Some of the Albertustaler issues do not have minting dates.
. AL MARCO- a system of minting coins, in which the mint issued a precisely defined number of coins from a weight unit of mint metal, while not observing the principle that each coin exactly constituted a fraction of a weight unit. After the production of coins, not every coin was weighed, but a certain number of them, corresponding to the established coin stack. For example, with one rhyme of a pound of silver during the years of the reign of emperors by authors. Nero (54-68) minted 96 denarii. In case of exceeding the mass, the whole group of coins was cut off. Compliance with the principle of al marco led to the fact that copies of the same denomination were in circulation, but with different weights. This situation was used by speculators, withdrawing from circulation heavy, and therefore, full-fledged copies of coins and melting them down. In the history of minting coins, this principle was applied in the hours of antiquity and the Middle Ages, especially when issuing change, low-cost denominations.
. ANEPIGRAPH. COIN- 1) a coin with an image, but without inscriptions (there is no legend) 2) all coins without inscriptions, from the time of their appearance to the 5th century BC. Anonymous coins also include medieval marriages of eata of the 12th-15th centuries, on which there are only images (armorial shield or figures), and coins with so-called pseudo-legends (a legend of individual letters and signs that had no meaning and content). Often pseudo-legends are found on coins minted by barbarian tribes (Celts, Germans, etc.) as an imitation of ancient issues.
aureus(Latin aureus - golden) - a golden rhyming coin, which began to be minted in mass circulation. Guy. Julius. Caesar after victorious military campaigns. Older gold coins. The Roman Republic issued irregular but, more often on the occasion of triumphs or to serve the troops. The first aureus were minted around 395 BC up to the time. Caesar, these coins were 1/30 rhymes of a pound (libra) and weighed 10.9 grams of gold. The system of minting aureus began during the reign of the emperor. August (ZO g in i in - 14 p n o), than was approved in. Rome system of bimetallism. Then the aureus became 1/40 rhymes of a pound (libra) and had a mass of 8.19 g 1 aureus = 25 deiari (silver) = 100 sesterces (brass) = 200 duponds (brass) = 400 ass (copper). During the time of the emperor. Nero (54-68 pp. e) aureus became 1/45 rhyme to 7.27 g of pure gold. To the board. Caracalla (211 -217) aureus became 1/50 rhymes of a pound (libra) - 6.54. G gold. The next deterioration of the aureus occurred over. Diocletian (284-306), when it became 1 and then 1/60 pounds (libra) - a mass of about 5.5 g of gold as a result of the emperor's monetary reform. Constantine I. the Great (306-337) instead of the aureus as the main gold coin. The Roman Empire became a solid minting i aureus in small quantities continued until the fall. Western. Roman Empire (470). On the reverse of the aureues of the imperial era, as a rule, there was a portrait of the emperor (sometimes a member of the Imperato. RSK family), around which is his name and the title of yakogo - yogo im "i that titles.
Explanatory inscriptions were placed on the reverse, which often referred to the image of the obverse or were its continuation. Events and concepts were also placed here personified, around which - their explanations and mottos (for example, libertas - freedom; concordia - consent, etc.). In addition to the whole aureus, gold coins of 1/2 and 1/8 aureus were minted less often. Golden rhyme coins rarely found their way into the territory of Ukrainian land, but barbaric imitations of these coins are often found. In some places, gold rhyming medallions are also found, which gives grounds to assert about the contacts of the leaders of local tribes, tribal nobility with representatives of rhyming administrations.
. AHTEVITIG(German Achtenvintig - 28) -. Niederle is a taler-type silver coin with a face value of 28 stuver, minted at the beginning of the 17th century. V. Frisia achtevitigs were minted in 1601,1602,1614-1666,16 683-1691 pp. Their mass was 17.3 g of pure silver, the sample was 0.765, the content of pure metal was 18.23 g. In the province. Overissail during 1685 1689 pp. Nimvegeni - during 1685-1690 pp., c. Daventery-v 161 7, 1619, 1621, 1684-1692 pp., v. Kampen - in 1616,1618,1619,1628,1680-1686 pp. and. Zwolle - in 1619-1621, 1626, 1679-1686, the weight of these coins was 19.5 g. Achtevitigs with a lower silver content were issued from 1680 in different cities and provinces. Netherlands, which caused a breakdown in the country's money market. On the obverse of the achtevitigiv was placed the coat of arms of the province or city, sometimes topped with a crown, above which is the date of issue. Below is the number 28. Around the circular legend of a similar content: "FLOR ARG CIVIT IMP DAVENT" - silver florin of the imperial city. Daventer. On the reverse. Akht evitigiv placed an imperial eagle with or without the number 28 on the chest, around which is a circular legend with the name and titles of the emperor. Sacred. Roman Empire. In addition to ahtevitigiv in. Frisia (1601, 1604 1684-1686) i. Daventeri (1618) minted coins with a face value of 1/2 ahtevitig. Ahtevitigs were widely used in international trade, especially with countries. Eastern. Europe,. Balkan brewery and Arab. East and. Mediterranean. Often imitations of ahtevitigiv were minted in various possessions. Akhtevitigs were widespread in the Ukrainian lands, as evidenced by their frequent finds as part of coins and treasures. In the act sources of the 17th-18th centuries, these coins appear under the name "zloty" (value in Polish zloty), "light" talerertistyu in Polish zloty), "light" talerіv.
. BANK CELLS(German Bankozettel) - the name of the first Austrian paper money, the denomination of which was expressed in guilders, was issued. Vienna City Bank since 1762 without a forced exchange rate and exchanged for a silver mo. Coins. With the help of banknotes, the government of the empress. Mary. Theresa (1740-1780) tried to reduce the state budget deficit. The first issue of 12 million guilders was issued in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 guilders. The following issues (1771, 1784 and 1796) were supplemented with banknotes with a nominal value of 500 and 1000 guilders. From 1800, bankocets were also issued in denominations of 1 and 2 guilders. The issuance of a large number of banknotes (in total they were issued in the amount of 1060 million guilders) led to the depreciation of these banknotes. This process became especially active during the war years. Austria s. Napoleon. So, 1810 p 1 s ribnian guilder = 13 guilders in bankots. In 1811 the government The Austrian Empire devalued banknotes, as a result of which their value was reduced to 1/5 of the nominal value, and they were also replaced by paper money - redemption (or exchange) tickets of the Viennese currency at a rate of 5: 1, that is, for 100 guilders, banknotes were paid 20 guilders to new signs to new signs.
billon coin(fr billon - low-grade silver) - an inferior silver coin, in which the precious metal makes up a smaller part, and a large part is a ligature (mainly copper)).
bimetallism(lat bi - two metallum ~ metal) - 1) the simultaneous use of two precious metals in the monetary business - gold and silver, 2) a monetary system in which two currency metals are legal and equal means of payment. Such a system requires the legal establishment of an exchange rate between the two metals and the recognition of it as a constant. In a peculiar form, bimetallism was used in ancient times. Persia (VI-IV pp BC), in the Greek states of the Hellenistic era, in the imperial. Rome,. Byzantine Empire and Arab countries. In the East, during the 15th-19th centuries, there were two varieties of bimetallism: a) a system of pairs of allelic currencies, in which gold and silver coins in circulation were valued spontaneously, at the market value of the metal placed in them; The production of coins from both metals was regulated by the state while maintaining the free minting of gold and silver coins. For the XVI-XVIII centuries, the first type of bimetallism was characteristic, for the XIX century - the second. The system of parallel circulation of gold and silver coins was very disadvantageous. The ratio between metals was constantly changing due to fluctuations in world and regional prices for gold and silver. Negatively slandered at the ratio and deterioration of the quality of the silver coin. Attempts to legally establish price ratios did not give the desired results, since two precious metals were simultaneously a measure of value, and this contradicted the nature of money as a single universal equivalent. The economic development of the countries of the world, the growth of gold mining, the depreciation of silver forced them at the end of the 19th century to switch to p. Olot monometallizmotogo monometallism.
. BONS- paper money, sometimes with a guaranteed exchange for national banknotes issued by banks, rural communities and city magistrates, financial institutions, factories, as well as private individuals. In the past, bonds were issued mainly due to the lack of state change coins. The main feature of private money is the voluntariness of their circulation and use in certain regions. Due to the shortage of small silver coins, bonds of 1848 - 1851 pp appeared in. Galicia. During. During the First World War (1914-1918), bonds under different names (transfers, cash notes, interchangeable bonds, change coins, etc.) were issued on a large scale in Ukrainian lands. There were especially many of them. Galicia, on Volyn and. Podolia. Subill.
boratins (Polish boratynka) - the popular name for copper coins (solids or grosz) minted by various mints. Speeches. Commonwealth 1659 - 1666 pp. In written documents of the second half of the 17th century, boratinki are referred to as "boratynczaki", "szelagi boratynczyki", "moneta boratiniana" Vskhova and. Bydgoszcz 1650 r and weighed about 2.6 g. Four copper solids then equaled one silver penny. In 1659-1666, the minting of much lighter copper solids was restored according to the project of an Italian. Titus. Libya. Boratini (1617-1681), from whose name the popular name of these coins comes. Crown, i.e. Polsk, boratinki weighing about 1.35 g were minted at the mints in. Krakow (1663),. Uyazd (1659-1666). Lithuanian (for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) boratins were issued in cities. Vilna (1665, 1666). Kovno (Kaunas) (1665, 1666). Malbork (1666). By 1667, about 2 billion copper borates were minted, which was one of the reasons for the growth of inflationary processes on the lands. The Polish-Lithuanian state boratinki had a forced course of circulation. They were equated at the rate of a bilon solidus - three coins for one silver grosz, and 90 coins for one Polish zloty (1 Polish zloty = 30 silver money). Crown (Polish) and lit. boratinki differed in images and legends on the reverse. The obverse of the boratino was the same - a portrait of an oroli and the inscription: "Jan. Casimir king" (Latin) boratinki were the first Polish credit coins, the real value of which was only 15% of the nominal. They were issued with the aim of replenishing their state funds and covering public debts. Amount planned at the beginning: PLN 1 million each. Poland and. Lithuania - by the end of 1666, it significantly exceeded 10 million Polish zlotys, not counting a significant number of counterfeit coins (the so-called Klepach), which were minted both domestically and abroad. As a result, the course of boratin fell significantly below the forced rate. For example, if for a ducat they paid 6.5, and for a thaler - 3 5 Polish zlotys with a silver bargaining chip, then with copper boratins - respectively 9 and 5 zlotys of boratin along with tymphakh, filling the money market. Speeches. Commonwealth, led to a complete breakdown of the monetary economy and the entire economy of the state. Due to the lack of valuable small coins, they continued to dominate in monetary circulation (Latin moneta currens) until the second half of the 18th century. At the foot of Atinka's boron. In Poland, since 1762, the minting of copper coins of boratins was established; they were withdrawn from the money circulation only 1766 r for the king. Stanislav. August. Poniatowski. At the beginning of the 18th century, the price of a ducat became already 18, and a taler - 8 Polish zlotys or tymphs. In Poland,. Lithuania and. In Belarus, there are a large number of coin treasures consisting exclusively of boratins, and in Ukrainian lands, with the exception of the western regions, they are rare, and in Ukrainian. lands, beyond the wine of the western regions - stench is rarely noticed.
. WALZWERK- machine for minting coins. It was first used in 1550 at the mint in Schwäbisch Hall (Tyrol). It consisted of two shafts connected by gears in such a way that when the shaft rotated, they hiccuped in the same places. Stamp images of the obverse and reverse (from 4 to 19 stamp pairs) were applied to the shafts, which were carved on a metal sheet passed between the shafts. Thereafter. Monet you cut out. A sign of minting coins using the rolling method is a slight curvature of the coin in the form of the letter S, or not quite the correct round shape of the image. Walzwerk was used at the mints of European countries until the end of the 18th century (in Austria - until 1765, Prussia - until the end of the 18th in the 18th century).
. GROUP(English edge, French tranche, German Kante, Rand) - the side surface of the coin, its edge, is accordingly formed in order to prevent deliberate. Her damage. A feature of the group of rhyme parts of coins is its jagged shape. On the coins of the ancient period and the Middle Ages, the group was usually not made out. Only in modern times was it often given the form of an ornament or notch, for example, in the second half. XVIII century group of rubles. The r os of the empire had the form of an oblique notch. From 1798, a sample began to be designated for a group of these coins, from 1810 -. The ligature weight of the coin, and since 1886 - the content of pure silver in it, the initials of mint masters, sometimes the symbols of individual mints. From the beginning of the 19th century, instead of convex letters, they began to mint squeezing into the group. The nature of the group is often a criterion for the state of preservation of a coin, its originality.
. DEVALUATION(late lat devalvatio) - one of the methods of monetary reform. Devaluation - an official decrease in the content of pure precious metal (gold) in a monetary unit or a decrease in the official exchange rate of a certain country relative to gold, silver or foreign currency. Devaluation was often used to stabilize the currency and, of course, it was accompanied by the restoration of the free exchange of banknotes for gold or silver. Yes, devaluation is known in two forms: 1) open, in which paper money was exchanged for metal at a lower rate, for example, during the monetary reform c. In Russia in 1839-1843, depreciated banknotes were exchanged at the rate of 3 rubles 50 kopecks for 1 silver ruble, that is, for 1 ruble banknotes, their owners received only about 29 kopecks of silver, 2) hidden, when the exchange of paper money for full value is carried out according to face value, but with a simultaneous decrease in the gold content of the monetary unit, for example, the essence of the monetary reform of 1897 c. Russia consisted in the fact that credit notes were exchanged for gold coins, always with a nominal value, that is, a ruble for a ruble, but at the same time, the gold content of the ruble was reduced by 1/3 - from 1.161 g to 0.774 g of pure gold. After the world economic crisis of 1929-1933 pp devaluation was no longer accompanied by the restoration of the exchange of paper money for gold. After the Second World War 1939-1945 pp devaluation in most countries was carried out repeatedly. The first devaluation, carried out in 1949 simultaneously in 87 countries, did not consist in a direct decrease in the gold content of national currencies, but in a decrease in their exchange rate against the dollar. USA. As a result, the exchange rate of these countries fell by 12-30% aggravation of the currency crisis in 1971 - 1973 pp was the cause of the devaluation of the world's main reserve currency - the dollar. USA. In 1971 (officially in 1972), the dollar was devalued by 7.89%, and in 1978 by another 10%, which led to the devaluation of the currencies of most economically developed countries and the revaluation of individual currencies. Often, devaluation is used to improve a country's balance of payments by creating favorable conditions for the export of goods. While maintaining the price level within the country, goods exported abroad become cheaper for foreign buyers. This happens due to changes in the exchange rate. Positive effects of devaluation are contained, as a rule, from a few to several months to a quarter of a month.
. MOTTO(fr devise, from the Middle Ages lat divisa - identification mark) - in heraldry, at first the symbol was placed as an identification mark next to or above the family coat of arms, sometimes it was used independently. Starting from the 16th century, the slogan of the ruler (verbal motto) meant constant. An example of a verbal motto is the inscription "VIRIBUS UNITES" (Latin by joint efforts), placed on Austrian and Austro-Hungarian coins. Sometimes the motto was also placed on ribbons located under or above the coat of arms of the senior mint senior.
deflation- withdrawal from circulation of excess money supply, a phenomenon opposite to inflation. Deflation can be spontaneous or caused by government activities. It is influenced by budgetary or bank funds. Among the former are an increase in taxes, restrictions on budget expenditures, the implementation of internal loans, the suppression of tax incentives, etc. The latter stand out: an increase in the interest rates of the central bank; withdrawal from circulation of an excess amount of cash by issuing securities; credit restrictions. The reason for deflation is significant changes in the economic life of the country. Signs of deep deflation were experienced by the wealthy countries of the world during the Great Depression (1929-1933), causing prices to fall, the value of the currency to rise due to the fall in national income, wages to fall, and exports to decline. In the pre-war In Poland, the policy of deflation was implemented in 1935 by the Ministers of Finance and. Matushevsky and. VZavadsky considered this way the only correct way out of the crisis. And only at the end of 1935 we. Finance Nistru. B. Kwiatkowski began to pursue a policy of economic activation. The phenomenon of deflation is also the exchange of banknotes in order to reduce the purchasing power of money accumulated by the population m, for example, c. Poland in 1924, 1945, 1950 pp.; v. USSR in 1947, 1961 p in 1947, 1961 pp.
disaggio(Italian disagio) - deviation of the market (exchange) rate, securities or banknotes from their nominal value. Disaggio is usually defined as a percentage of face value. In clearing settlements, disaggio is the difference between the market and official exchange rates. The disaggio of paper money arises from inflation and is one of its consequences. If, for example, due to inflation, the paper franc is only 1/2 of the gold franc more equal, then the disparity between the paper franc and the gold franc is 50-50%.
. DONATIVA(Latin dono - I give) - a numismatic monument, issued for gifts to the rulers of states and other privileged persons. Donatives were especially common in. Speeches. Commonwealth, where during 1582-1685 pp was often minted by mints in cities. Gdansk. Torun, Elblong and. Riga (Riga after 1621 issued donations for Swedes, kings). Donativu was ordered by the magistrate of the city and presented it to the king when he visited the city, thus the city expected to receive new privileges from the king. On the obverse of the donative was a portrait of the king, and around it was a legend with his titles, on the reverse - the coat of arms of the city or its general view, around which a legend of a similar content: "EX AURO SOLIDO CIVTTAS GEDANENSIS FIERI FECIT" ("from pure gold the city. Gdansk ordered to make "). On many donatives, the date of manufacture, the initials of mint masters, mint managers and medalists are indicated. Donatives are an intermediate link between a coin and a medal. A sign that brings the donative closer to the coins is that it was minted according to the coin stack of ducats or thalers, it was indicated on some of them. The image of the reverse and the fact that donatives were not made for the needs of the market and trade make it closer to the medal. Everything. Donat. IVI are made at a high level and are monuments of the arts of the river and є memorials of the art.
. DREIPELKER(German DreipoLker) - the name of Polish coins with a face value of 1 is now also used for Tri-Cruiser coins and apfelgroschen in it, as well as for Baltic-Swedish ones. Brandenburg-Prussian and others.
doubloon(Spanish doblon, duplone, dublone) - Spanish gold coin, minted which began. Charles V (1516-1556) 1587 68 coins of 1 escudo were minted from the 22 carat mark of gold. The double escudo was called "post roofing" or "Spanish doubloon". After that, the name doubloon extended to double pistols, and coins with a face value of 4 pistols were called quadruples. The initial mass of doubloons is 6.77 g of 917 gold in Spanish, its quadruples were called "onza gold" (Spanish onza do oro), and from 1733 - "peso duro where oro" (Spanish peso duro de oro). The mass of the quadruple was at first 27 g (24.8 g of pure gold). The standard fell to 23.45 in 1848 for the reign of the queen. Isabella II, as a result of the introduction of the decimal monetary system, a doubloon was minted where. Isabel ("doblon de Isabel"), or. Santen what. Equal to 100 reais. Its mass was 8.387 g of gold of the 800th test doubloon where. Isabelle = 10 silver escudos = 5 gold piastres doubloons removed from the monetary system. Spain 1868 p, 2) in the Italian monetary system d ublon was called a double gold ducat, it was issued by the emperor. Charles V for. Sicily and. Naples, which were then the possessions of the Spaniards. Charles V for. Sicily is. Naples, which were like the Volodymyrs of Spain.
. DUDKA- the popular name for triple money (Treshnikov), issued by mints. Speeches. Commonwealth during the last quarter of the XVI-first quarter of the XVII century.
. ELECTRON, electro(Greek white gold) - a natural alloy of gold and silver, from which the most ancient Median and Ionian coins were minted. Subsequently, from the 6th-4th century BC, coins of the city of the Ionian coast were issued from it. Ma aloi. Asia -. Cyzik,. Foke,. Mytilene (oLesbos), as well as in the IV century BC -. Snracuse and. Carthage. Application. Elektra v. Small. Asia is explained by the fact that this alloy existed in its natural form in the valley of the river. Pact ol (Lydia) and in the mountains. Tmol i. Cityla. In ancient sources, the ratio of gold and silver in the composition of electro was determined as 4:1 or 3:1. Modern studies show that the content of pure gold in coins is sometimes in the range of 16-69%. Despite this, the rate of electric coins has always been stable, regardless of the percentage of gold and silver. Staters of the Bosporan kings were minted from electric alloy, but artificial, barbarian imitations of Greek coins, which were made by Celtic and Caucasian tribes.
In the XI century. The Byzantine Empire introduced a minted electro scyphate coin.
issue marks- small figures, signs or letters that are found on coins, but have nothing to do with the main image, the coat of arms placed on them can be an issue mark (for example, a fish on the staters of Cape Kizik). In the middle emissive signs were all sorts of images: stars, rings, crosses, thin rosettes.
. EMISSION- release into circulation, on behalf of the owner of the rights to issue, coins, paper money and banknotes. Issues include the issuance and withdrawal of cash (the issuing function of the state central bank) by regulating the total number of banknotes in circulation.
epigraphs(from the Greek epigraphe - inscription) - the science of inscriptions, a special historical discipline that deals with the deciphering of ancient and other ancient inscriptions on solid materials (stones, bronze, etc.). The object of study of epigraphy is also coins, seals and other.
. SIGNS. COLLECTORS- signs in the form of monograms or coats of arms are engraved or engraved on coins and medals, which indicate that this coin or medal was the personal property of the collector. The earliest signs of collectibles date back to the 16th-17th centuries, when collecting became fashionable among many people. They were used until the end of the 19th century. At present, coins bearing collector's marks are considered imaginary damaged.
. SIGNS. MONETARY- small images, signs on coins (coats of arms, stars, crosses, animals, plants, etc.), which were used by the monetariyama instead of their names or initials to indicate the cutting made under their leadership. Monetary signs appeared in the late Middle Ages and existed until the 19th century. Subsequently, on the coins we find mainly initials or full or abbreviated surnames of the moneyers. So, coins, where they were mined in the middle of the 17th century. Lvov, containing the initials of the tenants of the mint. Giovanni. Battista. Amuretti - "GBA",. Andrew. Tymfa - "AO" and a coin master. Christian. Pfaller - "SR" If the names of the coin riiv, the place and time of their activity are preserved in archival or literary sources, this makes it possible to establish the place and time of minting undated copies of coins and medals of coins and medals.
spool- Russian unit of mass (about 4.266 g) was 1/48 hryvnia, or 1/96 pound. The name comes from a gold coin minted by the prince. Vladimir. The Great (980-1015) - the goldsmith, weighing 4.2 g. The goldfish was divided into 96 doleols.
sample spool system- sampling system Russia, according to which the content of pure gold or silver in one pound of alloy was determined by the number of spools (1 pound = 96 spools). The pure metal corresponded to the 96th sample; The 84th sample of the beginning, in the alloy is 84 spools of pure metal (gold or silver), and the remaining 12 spools are alloy (impurities of other metals: 84 12 \u003d 96) the spool sample system was officially introduced. Peter (1672 - 1725) 1711 for silver alloys, and for gold - 1733 at. Anna. Ioannovna (1730-1740). At the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century, legal samples for gold items were: 94, 92, 82, 72 and 56th, - 95, 91, 88 and 84-C 1927, in connection with the transition. Soviet. Union to the metric system of samples, the spool system of samples has ceased to be used.
. INFLATION(Latin inflatio - inflation) - an economic process that manifests itself in an excessive rise in prices for goods caused by an increase in the money supply, and leads to the depreciation of paper money relative to gold. During the period of wars and the militarization of the economy, as well as due to economic crises and other reasons, government spending increases significantly and is not covered by ordinary spending. The budget becomes scarce, and the means of covering the budget deficit is the additional issue of paper money. The amount of paper money becomes surplus compared to the amount of gold needed for circulation. As a result, there is a fall in the real value of money, they depreciate. Inflation leads to an increase in the price of goods within the country and to a depreciation of its currency against foreign currencies. The depreciation of paper money undermines their credibility, gives rise to the intention to get rid of them and exchange them for gold or goods that are real values. Inflation has a negative effect on the country's economy, increases the chaotic nature of production, the uneven and disproportionate development of its various branches, and leads to a redistribution of the national income every now and then.
. KLIPA(from the Swede Klipping, klippe - cut with scissors) - the name of all coins, they do not have a rounded shape. Often minted on rectangular, diamond-shaped or square coin plates with coin stamps from ordinary coins, gold or silver klipa is of Scandinavian origin, coins of this type were minted as early as the 11th century. Often these are coins of emergency. Since the 16th century, coins minted during wars, sieges of fortresses, etc. have had the form of clips. Sometimes these are samples of gold, silver and copper coins. In the 17th century commemorative clips were often issued. The minting of circulating coins of this type continued until the 18th century. In XIX-XX. The ST form of the clip has been preserved for trial coins and medals and medals.
. COPA(lat sexagena - 60) - a counting unit, equal to 60. It has been common since the 14th century in countries. Central and. Eastern. Europe, including and on Ukrainian lands. As a monetary unit (kopa pennies), pi was used at the time of counting Prague and. Meissen money, which went 60 to the Prague hryvnia, first by weight, and then only by counting. In Poland, the kopa supplanted the hryvnia (48 groszy), but soon gave way to a new monetary unit - the zloty (30 groszy), equal to half the kope. In the 15th-18th centuries, cash was kept. Land account. Great principality. Lithuanian, especially litas of coins, which were qualitatively better than Polish. The Lithuanian kopa was equal to 60 litas money, or 600 denarii (Penyaz). In the Western Ukrainian lands, the account of money for shocks was kept until the end of the 17th century from the end of the 17th century.
. BASKET. CURRENCY,. BASKET. CURRENCY- the sum of a certain number of selected currencies, each of which has a clearly defined share and quantity. The value of the currency basket is determined by the average level of changes in the exchange rates of the currencies included in it. Thanks to the study of the average level of exchange rates, it becomes possible to stabilize the exchange value of units of account, based on the currency basket. The need for the general use of a currency basket with "appeared after 1973, when most economically developed countries switched to a floating exchange rate of their currencies. There are two main types of currency baskets: 1) created to assess real changes in the exchange rate of individual countries and changes in the exchange rates of third countries, 2) formed to determine the value of the international currency unitin.
messy(Italian l "aggio) - a premium to the price of gold, expressed in previous banknotes, which is spontaneously established in a market economy, laziness is usually associated with the depreciation of paper money. La is expressed as a percentage. If, for example, gold coins of 20 marks are sold for 22 paper marks, then the value of currency is 10%.
. LEGEND(coin) - the inscription on the coin. There were no inscriptions on the oldest Greek coins, only the initial letters of the names of the cities in which they were minted were placed. In the classical period of history, inscriptions were already placed on coins - the names of cities, the names of magistrates (persons responsible for minting coins); craftsmen who made coin stamps. During the Hellenistic period, inscriptions on coins became common: they contained the title of the king or the name of the magistrate, the miner, the mint's monogram, the issue series, and the date. Cast rhymes copper coins had no inscriptions, on the early denarii the inscriptions were also absent or were very laconic. Subsequently, a monogram fit on the eye of the coins, and even later, not or the full name of the coin masters and their positions was shortened. During the imperial period, inscriptions became even more common: they contained full or abbreviated titles and the name of the emperor on the obverse, and on the reverse - explanatory inscriptions about the images on the front side or peculiar slogans related to the policy of the emperor. From the second half of the 3rd century onwards, abbreviated names of mints, etc. were placed on coins. , the name of the coiner, the date of issue (early medieval coins did not have a date), the name of the coin, etc. Some of these elements are often omitted.
ligatures(Latin ligatura, from ligare - to bind) - metal impurities (for example, silver to gold or copper to silver) to provide an alloy of greater strength or to reduce its cost. The content of the ligature in the alloy is determined by breakdown, the optimal ratio of the ligature in precious metals is for gold - 9:1 (900th test), for silver 5:1 (833rd test). The ligature was used for minting coins, making jewelry and itin.
. COIN- an ingot of metal of a certain shape, mass, sample and value, which is a legalized medium of circulation. The name comes from the name of the goddess. Juno. Coins (mentors), whose temple was located on. Capitol Hill in. We are Rome. Metal money that was minted at the mint at the temple. Juno. Coins began to be called c. Rome, and then in other countries, coins. The first coins were usually small ingots of metal of an indefinite shape, and therefore their mass and fineness had to be checked in circulation. When the minting of coins began (in the 7th century BC in ancient Greece), the state stamp, which was used in minting, went to vergeuvav the mass and quality of the coin metal. The round shape of the coin, as the most favorable for circulation, eventually replaced all other forms. Each coin has a suitable image and inscription - a legend. The coin has a front side (obverse), a reverse side (reverse) and an edge (group). The external data of a coin, or the main images and inscriptions, permanently inherent in one or another group of coins, is called the coin type. The coin type gives an idea of the place and time of issue of coins, its denomination, etc. Variants, or varieties, are marked by minor differences in the details of the image or in the inscriptions of coins of the same type. The minting of coins from precious metal (gold, silver) was usually carried out with the addition of a certain amount of foreign metal. A coin whose purchasing power corresponds to the value of the metal it contains is called a valuable coin. The face value of a defective coin exceeds the value of the precious metal from which it is made?? Full coins are real money, and defective coins are only signs or representatives of real money. The monopoly right to issue coins belongs to the state. Coins, as a rule, are minted according to the national pattern. When a coin is issued to celebrate significant events or memorable dates, it is called a memorial (commemorative), and as a gift - to ruling persons - a donative. On Ukrainian lands. In the Kiev state, metal coins of their own coinage appeared at the end of the 10th century, and since the other half of the 14th century they have been issued systematically. Coins are important for a comprehensive study of the economic and political history of peoples, their material and spiritual cultural and spiritual culture.
. COIN. SUVERATNA, clad(lat drink suberati, fr monnaies fourrees) - a coin whose core (copper or other cheap metal) was covered with a thin layer of precious metal (gold or silver). Suberatni coins were first issued by the Romans in 217 BC. They were minted in large numbers during the dictator's time. Sulla (86-76 pp. BC). Suberatna coin is found in the Pizno-imperial period, in the Middle Ages, as well as in the new hour. Suberatni coins were made both officially and illegally - in the workshops of counterfeiters. In modern conditions, planning is used to reduce the cost of coin production. In this case, a steel letter is passed between two copper or bronze sheets. It was this method that produced coins with a face value of 1.2, b, 10 pfennigs. Germany, as well as 10, 25, 50 cents. US 50 cents. USA.
coin. CONVENTION. MONETARY. CONTRACT- an agreement of several states or monetary seniors on the creation of a single monetary system. The conclusion of the monetary convention is connected with the changes that took place in the economic and political situation of the countries participating in the convention.
coin. POLITICS- practical implementation by the state of the policy related to the issue of coins, a set of measures related to the settlement of the issue. About the foreign exchange market and the monetary system: centralization or decentralization of the monetary business, improvement, stabilization or deterioration of the monetary footing, setting the exchange rate of foreign currencies and coins, agreements with foreign states on the conclusion of a common monetary system, etc.
coin regalia(Latin regalis - what belongs to the king) - the monopoly right of the state (king) to mint and issue coins. The coin regalia was one of the signs of the sovereignty of the monarch in the territory that was subject to him; that the population was dried to use only those coins, the sample, stop, quality and conditions of circulation of which he established. Foreigners had to exchange their own coins or pure silver or gold for coins of a given country, in order to increase income from minting coins, the so-called coin renovation system was often used: the periodic exchange of coins that were in circulation for coins of a new issue (as a rule, qualitatively worse). Often, individual feudal lords and cities received the right of monetary regaliaregalia from the king (emperor, prince) for an appropriate monetary reward.
coin foot- the number of coins that were issued from a certain amount of metal (libra, mark, hryvnia, pound). An increase in the number of coins minted according to a certain weight unit of metal led to a decrease in the mass of hormonal metal in a coin of a coin stack could be increased, i.e. to mint less coins from a certain amount of metal, or to reduce - to mint more coins from the same amount of metal.
. MONETARY. YARD- a state institution (enterprise) engaged in the production of metal coins, the manufacture of orders, medals and other insignia. Sometimes mints were leased to private individuals or church institutions (monasteries, bishoprics). In the Middle Ages, coin masters performed all operations independently. In the 16th-18th centuries the mints turned into factories. He designed the first machine for making coin mugs. Leonardo yes. Vinci (1452-1519). A screw press for minting coins and medals was created by a well-known artist of the era. Renaissance. Benvenuto. Cellini (1500-1571). During the period of domination of monometallism, each owner of the precious metal could re-mint it for a coin, covering the means of minting (the so-called system of free emission). In the Ukrainian lands in the Middle Ages mints functioned c. Kiev,. Lvov and other cities. However, due to the fact that Ukraine at that time was part of foreign states, they acted only for a short time. V. Moscow state mon. Etne coinage began in the 14th century. Mints here functioned in different cities (Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, etc.). The right to mint coins was often farmed out to private individuals. In 1585 c. Mon April, the state mint was established, and the issue of coins was gradually withdrawn from the hands of private individuals. By the beginning of the XVIII century. Moscow remained the center of coin production, and in 1724 the Mon. Etne courtyards in. Petersburg during the XVIII-XIX centuries, a number of new mints were formed: Yekaterinburg,. Kolyvansky,. Warsaw, and in addition, temporary mints functioned periodically: Bansky,. Kolpinsky (Izhora-sky),. Sestroretsky,. Tiflis,. Feodosijsky and. Königsberg (in Prussia). Since 1876, the St. Petersburg Mint has been the only one in. Russia, not counting. Helsingforsky, on which only Finnish coins were issued. During the existence. USSR there were two mints -. Moscow and. Leningradskiykovsky ta. Leningradsky.
. MONETARY. LAW- state legislative act (law, edict, decree, resolution, etc.), which concerns the monetary business in general or its individual aspects: the rationale for monetary law in the constitution, the legal basis for the function of ionization of the monetary system, the metrological aspect of minting coins, the scale of monetary emission, prohibitions and punishments for the manufacture of counterfeit coins. The difference between a monetary law and a monetary regulation lies in the difference between the bodies that issue them: laws are issued by parliaments, regulations are issued by governments.
. MONETARY. SIGN- small letters or various signs minted on coins - symbols of mints, mint masters, mint cutters, etc., are found already in ancient and medieval times and. So, in 1656-1657 pp on mint production. The coat of arms of the Lvov city was placed at the Lvov mint.
. MONETARY. PRIVILEGE- granting the right to coinage to minting seigneurs and determining their nature in a certain territory. The monetary privilege includes the right to determine the monetary footprint, to mint coins and control its conduct, to grant the right to issue coins and use monetary regalia.
. MONETARY. UNION- unions of monetary seniors, which were concluded in the Middle Ages, modern and recent times in order to establish a single monetary stop and control its observance. The conclusion of the monetary union was due to the development of the economy and trade, the need to introduce a single monetary system. The most famous monetary unions were the Vendian (1379), Lower Saxon (1382),. Rappensky (1387),. Swabian (1423). Monetary unions finally lost their significance due to the growth of crisis phenomena in monetary systems in time. Thirty Years' War (1618-164848).
monogram(Latin monogramma, from Greek monos - one and gramma - letter, record) - the initials of secular and spiritual rulers, emperors, kings, princes, etc. in the form of capital letters. Monograms are found on m coins, starting from the ancient era, they indicate the place of minting or the names of rulers or mint masters. Monograms were widely used in the 17th century, especially on small copper, billon and silver coins. The elaborate monograms were works of graphic art. On coins. Speeches. Commonwealth often found monograms of the king. Jan II. Casimir (1648-1668) - ICR - Ioannes Casimirus Reirus Rex.
monometallism(Greek monos - one, only) - a monetary system in which one of the precious metals plays the role of a universal equivalent. At the same time, coins made of this metal, or den, are in circulation. The chauvet signs are exchanged for it depending on which particular metal plays the role of a universal equivalent, they distinguish silver monometallism and gold monometallism. In medieval. In Europe, silver december oshi form the basis of monometallic currencies, although gold coins were also in circulation. Both metals independently were a measure of value. Gold monometallism arose first in. England (for example, rikintsi of the XVIII - early XX centuries), and in the last third of the XIX century it spread throughout the world. The classic form of gold monometallism was the gold standard system. The existence under monometallism of one metal as a universal equivalent does not mean the withdrawal from circulation of coins made of other metals. The money market also receives coins minted from other metals, which play the role of fungible ones, and their function is limited to certain amounts. For example, in In Russia, where gold monometallism existed since 1897, silver and copper coins were minted from metal that belonged to the treasury, and silver coins worth from 25 kopecks to 1 ruble were accepted in the amount of up to 25 rubles during one operation, and small silver and copper coins - up to 3 rubles. Despite its prevalence at the time. World War I, gold monometallism practically ceased to exist, and after its completion, in its pure form, it was not restored in one country in the same country.
. PARITY- one). Monetary parity - the ratio of the content of pure gold or silver in the national currency unit to the content of pure gold or silver in the monetary unit of another country, 2). Parity of gold - vmis in pure gold in monetary unit. Metal parity was the parity of the mass of the metal, not its value. This ratio was the basis for the formation of the exchange rate of this currency in the foreign exchange market, depending on supply and demand, the pound sterling was characterized by a high parity among known monetary units, the parity of which in 1931 amounted to 7.37 g of pure gold. Dollar parity. The USA in 1934 was 1.5 g of pure gold; this was the parity of the Finnish mark - 0.002 771 g of pure gold, 3). The dollar parity - in 194G 1948 is equal to the parity of gold at the level of 35 dollars. USA at the price of pure gold. The United States eliminated the free exchange of dollars. The United States for gold 15081971 r, and in February 1973 carried out the second devaluation of the dollar. US dollar. USA.
try(Latin probo - test, evaluate) - the content of pure precious metal in an alloy from which coins are minted or jewelry is made. By the middle of the XVI century. Germany and. In the Netherlands, to determine the fineness of silver coins, the mark was divided into 16 lots, the lot was divided into 4 kwenchens, and the kwenthen was divided into 4 richtpfenigs. In the Romanesque countries, the mark was divided into 12 denier, denier - into 24 facets. From the middle of the XVI century. Here, to determine the fineness of gold coins, the brand was divided into 24 carats, a carat into 12 facets, and to determine the fineness of silver coins - into 16 lots, a lot - into 18 facets. After the adoption of the decimal system (metric stacks of samples), the sample of the precious metal is determined mainly in thousandths (1000/1000). Nowadays, metric and carat systems of samples are used. In the pre-revolutionary Russia and in. The USSR until 1927 (in 1927 the metric system of samples was adopted) used the spool system of samples. On average, the content of pure silver in the hryvnia (mark) was indicated in the alloy by the number of lots of lots.
Correlation between different sample systems:. Gold content:
carat: 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 b 5 4 3 2 1. Metric; 1000 968.3 916.6 875 833.3 791 750 708.3 6c, c 625 3.3 41,
spool: 96 92 88 84 80 76 68 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8
Lotov: XVI XV XIV XIII XII XI X IX VIII VII VI V IV III. Metric: 1000 937.5 875 812.5 750 687.5 625 562.5 500 437.5 375 312.5 250 187.5 125,
spool: 96 90 84 78 72 66 60 54 48 42 36 30 24 18 12 6
trial coins- a coin made according to a model of a predetermined mass and shape, which, together with other samples, is submitted for consideration by a special commission, which conducts a selection and decides on the minting series of coins. Trial coins are made from precious or non-precious metals. As a rule, trial coins are stored in the archive of the mint, they rarely fall into the hands of collectors.
breakthrough(lat, prora) - the bow of the ship, its front part. The image of a breakthrough is often found on Greek and Roman coins as a symbol of navigation. P - a characteristic image on the eye of copper coins of the times of the republic. This is an attribute of the goddess. Romni. Romy.
damage to coins- reduction, by decision of public authorities, of the mass or sample of a coin while maintaining its previous nominal value. Damage to the coin is carried out in order to maximize profits. It was often used in ancient times, especially during wars, due to the growing crisis in the financial situation of the state. Roman emperors spoiled the coin by increasing the amount of ligature in silver denarii and. Antoninian. Damage to the coin led to a significant increase in the prices of goods. In the Middle Ages, kings, secular and spiritual feudal lords, cities who tried to cover their huge expenses for the maintenance of mercenary armies, courts, etc. were engaged in damage to coins. With the appearance of paper money in circulation, the damage to the coin stopped. Minting in our time of coins from nickel ale, bronze and other metals does not show signs of deterioration, because the change coin plays an auxiliary role in monetary circulation and is by its nature not new and normal.
renovations. COIN- the medieval rule of forced exchange of old-issue coins for new-issue coins, which was carried out periodically (once every several years, and sometimes several times a year). The purpose of the renovation was to improve the monetary circulation, to remove defective copies. The renovation of the coins was also a means of obtaining additional income for the coin lords. In some states, the legislation clearly regulated the process of renovation of coins. For example, in The Teutonic Order, it was held every 10 years in the ratio of 12 old denarii for 10 new ones, i.e. coin owners lost 16.7% of the money. The renovation of the coins of the boulevard is already known at. Carolingian. The king introduced the principle of regular renovation of coins. England. Edgar (959-975). In Poland, it has been carried out since the times. Boleslav. Crooked-mouthed (1102-1138). Renovation of coins ceases to be used in the late Middle Ages.
. RINKYY,. RENSKIY,. GOLD. Rensky- folk everyday and partially official name of the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) gulden (florin), which was used in the Galician lands during their entry into the composition. Austria (Austria-Hungary). After the introduction of A. Austria-Hungary 1892 gold crown currency the previous guilder was equated to 2 crowns. By tradition, the population continued to call "Roman" 2 crowns. This was facilitated by the fact that the guilders' coins should have been in circulation on the territory of Western Ukrainian lands before the start of the First World War of Light War.
crucible sample- a sample of liquid coin metal, taken from the crucible immediately before pouring it for control. Crucible samples are poured from a certain height into cold water, the fine metal grains formed in this way are used to determine the sample. In case of deviation from the norm, a certain amount of precious metal or ligaturri is added to the alloy.
. CIRCULATION,. THE SIZE. EMISSIONS- the number of coins of a type minted during one year at a particular mint. Concerning modern coins, their circulations are known and meet the needs of monetary circulation. Numismatic science is engaged in determining the circulation of ancient and medieval coins, as well as coins of modern times, in order to study the political and economic situation of the country. The number of printed coins varies and depends on the technical characteristics of the coin dies and the metal from which they are made. If in the coin find there are coins of the same coin type, but minted with different pairs of stamps, this indicates that this coin was minted on a large scale. Using this method, for example, it was found that in 1663-1665 pp at the mint in Ujazd (Poland) about 602 million copper coins were minted. Boratin borate.
. TITLE(lat titulus) - the designation of the position, dignity or rank of a certain person. On ancient coins, there are mainly titles of officials of the Greek city-states, Hellenistic rulers and rhymes of emperors. In among the Dnovichchi and modern times, in circular legends, as a rule, the titles of rulers are indicated, supplementing the name of the country.
commodity-money- a general concept for all types of early forms of money in the pre-coin period of economic relations: food money, jewelry money, fur money, fabric money, tool money, spade money, etc. All this money is objects in the commodity form - were the universal equivalent of value.
. TRADING. COIN- 1) a coin issued by a certain country or by a mint lord according to a guaranteed mint unit. Trade coin, as a rule, was not the main monetary unit. Such trade coins existed during the ancient villages. Greece. Especially many types of trade coins were minted in the 17th-18th centuries - levendaalders, bankotalers, thalers. Maria Theresa, Hong Kong dollars, straitsdolars, ducats, 2) a coin that for a long time retained an unchanged mint foot and the content of pure precious metaltalu.
an ounce(lat uncia) - 1) unit of mass c. Ancient. Rome, was 1/12 libra, i.e. 27.28 g (327.45:12), divided into 24 scruples. On average, an ounce was first equal to 1/12 of a pound, later 1 (1 ounce = 2 lots). Now a troy ounce (31.1035 g) is used as a unit of mass of precious metals, 2) a rhyming coin, equal to 1/12 asa, minted from copper or a copper alloy. At first, its mass was 27-28 g, subsequently decreased, respectively, with a decrease in the mass of the ace, 3) a gold coin. Naples (Italian oncia) in the XVIII in the mass of 8.8 g (7.7 g of pure gold).
. FURTON(Latin ferto, German viertung, Polish wiardunek) - a weight unit, 1/4 hryvnia, divided into 6 scoits. In Poland, ferton has been known since the first half of the 13th century (ferto Polonicales). As a monetary unit, this ferton in the XIV-XVI centuries amounted to the equivalent of 12 groszy (1 Polish hryvnia = 4 fertons = 24 soyets = 48 money groszy).
. LB(Latin pondus - burden, mass; German Pfund) - in the past - a measure of weight, monetary weight and monetary unit. The Roman mass unit libra (rhyming pound) - 327.45 g - in the early Middle Ages was the monetary weights of the govo unit of countries. Western. Europe. From the time of. Carla. The great mass of the libra increased to almost 408 g and it became known as "pound. Charles the Great" The mass of the pound by the 11th century was the main monetary unit of the countries. Western. Europe. Lb. Carla. Great as a unit of weight was divided into 20 solidi, 240 denarii, 480 obols. Hence - 1 solid answered 20.4 g, denarius - 1.7 g, and obol - 0.85 g (silver). The listed names are weight units, borrowed from. Rome and. Byzantium, became monetary terms or names of coins in the monetary system that arose and took shape in time. Carla. Great. Real coins were only obol and denarius. In connection with the upcoming damage to the coin. The Carolingian weight system did not take hold, but changed somewhat in individual countries after the collapse of the empire. Carla. Great. More stable and the impact of Noah has been. Carolingian system in a number of countries. Western. Europe. The structure of this system, together with the terminology, was borrowed, with some changes, in different countries. For example, the English monetary system until the beginning of 1971 was an exact repetition of the system. Carla. Great, in which the pound sterling (L - libra) was divided into 20 shillings (S - Solidus), 240 pence (D - denarius). Fr livre (from "libra"), su (from" is (from "denarius") and Italian lira (from "libra") is also an echo of the Carolingian monetary system "libra") and also in the voice of the Carolingian monetary system.
. CAN(German Zain) - a chilled bar of monetary metal (for example, an alloy of silver and copper), which looked like a flat rod or bar. In the process of subsequent preparation for the minting of coins, the tzan was provided with the form of a sheet by riveting or rolling, from which coin mugs were cut.
OBVERSE- front side of the coin (medal). The obverse is the side of the coin, which depicts a portrait of the emperor or another person to whom the issue of the coin is dedicated. In the absence of a portrait, the obverse is the side of the coin, which depicts the state emblem, the emperor's monogram, or the designation of the nationality of the coin.
ALTYN- a silver coin worth three kopecks.
ASSIGNATIONS- paper banknotes issued in Russia from 1769 to 1843 to replace large amounts in circulation in copper coins.
REFINING- technological process of separation of precious metals from impurities and from each other.
BANK COIN- the name of a high-grade silver coin in denominations of 1 1/2 rubles, ruble, 3/4 rubles, 50 and 25 kopecks, found in a number of government documents of the 18th-20th centuries. In some periods, 25-kopeck coins belonged to change.
BILLON- an inferior bargaining chip, minted from low-grade silver. Also called low-grade silver, which was used to mint these coins.
BONS- temporary metal or paper (sometimes from other materials) banknotes of optional circulation, issued by local authorities, institutions, organizations and individuals for their own needs. Also, bonds are called all paper banknotes that have gone out of circulation.
MONOGRAM- a graphic representation of the name or title of the emperor or other person to whom the issue of the coin (medal) is dedicated.
HRYVNA, GRYVENNIK- a silver coin worth 10 kopecks. Name "HRYVNA" found on coins before 1727, "Grivennik"- until 1796.
GURT- side surface of a coin (medal). The inscriptions, patterns and other design elements that form a edge are called edge, and the tool and equipment with which they are applied are called edge.
MONEY (until 1796 - DENGA, since 1849 - MONEY)- a copper coin with a denomination of 1/2 kopeck, minted from 1700 to 1828 and from 1849 to 1867. Before the reform of Peter I, it was minted in small quantities from silver.
DONATIVE (GIFT) COINS- "coins" minted not for circulation, but for distribution by members of the imperial family to various persons in the form of encouragement or in connection with some event.
IMPERIAL- a gold coin in denominations of 10 rubles, minted from 1755 to 1897, as well as a 15-ruble gold coin of 1897, minted after the reform of the Soviet Union. Witte with the introduction of gold monometallism in Russia.
CREDIT RUBLE- a measure of value expressed in credit notes. Under conditions of inflation, the credit ruble is cheaper than the ruble in "specie", i.e. expressed in gold or silver (under conditions of gold or silver monometallism).
LEGEND- the inscription on the obverse and reverse of the coin or medal.
LIGATURE- base metals that are part of precious alloys. The amount of ligature in percent is determined by the formula (1000 - sample): 10, if the sample is metric, or by the formula (96 - sample): 0.96 with the spool expression of the sample. An alloy containing a ligature is called alloyed, and the mass of a coin made from it is called ligature.
mother liquor- a stamp with a relief image for applying the main design elements of a coin to a non-hardened stamp. The use of queen cells significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of the process of making coin stamps, especially in mass production.
MEMORIAL (MEMORY) COINS- coins issued in memory of an event, in recognition of the merits of a person or group of people to the people, in order to popularize this or that event. Most of the memorial coins were of improved quality. Those of them that were issued only for collectors (that is, they did not go into circulation directly) are not coins, but coin-like products.
MINTSMEISTER- head of the mint redistribution (department) at the mint; official in charge of coin production.
COIN REGALIA- the exclusive monopoly of the state on the minting and issue of coins and other means of circulation.
COIN- legalized by the state obligatory (unlike bon) means of payment, made of metal (rarely of other materials). The main function of the coins is to meet the needs of monetary circulation or prepare to change it (trial coins). The remaining functions of the coins, such as commemorative, anniversary, advertising and others, are auxiliary. For more details, see the article “Some Issues of Collecting Russian Coins”.
COIN STOP- a characteristic of a coin that determines its normative weight and alloy fineness (for coins made of precious metals) depending on the denomination. It is expressed by the total nominal price for which coins of various denominations from a certain amount of metal should be minted. For example, for copper coins of 1810-1830, the coin stack was taken from the calculation of minting coins in the amount of 24 rubles from a pood (16380 grams) of copper.
According to the coin foot, you can determine the standard weight of a coin of each denomination. So, for kopecks of this period, it is 16380:24:100 = 6.825 grams. The allowable deviation from the coin stop is called the remedium (see definition below).
COIN TYPE- a set of images and inscriptions on the obverse and reverse of the coin, characteristic of all coins of a certain denomination and period. So, the coin type of copper coins in denominations of "penny", "money" and "polushka" of 1849-1867 is the image of the emperor's monogram on the obverse and the designation of the denomination, the date of minting and the mint on the reverse. For gold coins of 1886-1911, the coin type is the image of the emperor's portrait on the obverse, and the state emblem, denomination and date of minting - on the reverse.
REGULAR COINS- coins minted with the use of machinery on a mass scale. Coins of constant current issue (unlike coins of special issues. For example, the ruble of the usual sample 1839 St. Petersburg - NG is a coin of regular minting, unlike the commemorative ruble of the same year.)
MONOMETALLISM-a monetary system based on any one metal (usually gold or silver), the value of all the others was calculated based on the ratio of prices for metals. In Russia, there was silver monometallism from January 1, 1840 and gold monometallism from 1897. See the article "A Brief History of Money Circulation in Russia in 1700-2000" for more details.
REMARKS- new-made (newly made) coins or remakes are specific counterfeit coins minted in mint metal at state mints with genuine or specially made stamps on the orders of amateur collectors or for the formation of state exhibitions or collections of an advertising nature, as well as minted outside the mint, but with the obligatory use of genuine stamps. For more details, see the article “Some Issues of Collecting Russian Coins”.
RATE- the dignity of the coin, its face value.
NUMISMATICS- a science, an auxiliary historical discipline that studies coins and medals, as well as monetary treasures. Sometimes the study of numismatic monuments allowed scientists to answer some historical questions that did not receive an answer from other sources.
PATINA- natural or artificial coating that protects the metal from external chemically aggressive influences.
FAKE COIN- a copy of a real coin, made for any purpose other than direct participation in circulation, most often to deceive collectors. To be distinguished from counterfeit coins (see definition below). For more details, see the article “Some Issues of Collecting Russian Coins”.
FIFTY, FIFTY- a silver or gold coin worth 50 kopecks. Minted from 1701 to 1885 and from 1924 to 1927. In 1886-1922 and since 1958, the denomination was indicated by numbers. Since 1958, 50-kopeck coins have been minted from non-precious metals.
SEMI-IMPERIAL- a gold coin in denominations of 5 rubles, minted from 1755 to 1896, as well as a gold coin of 7 rubles 50 kopecks in 1897, minted after the reform of the Soviet Union. Witte with the introduction of gold monometallism in Russia.
HALF 50- a silver coin worth 25 kopecks. Minted from 1701 to 1810. From 1827 to 1901, the denomination was indicated by numbers.
HALF- a copper coin with a denomination of 1/4 kopeck, minted from 1700 to 1810 and from 1849 to 1867. Before the reform of Peter the Great, polushki were minted in small quantities from silver.
TRY- a number showing the content of the precious metal in the coin alloy. It is expressed as the number of spools (4.266 grams) in 1 pound (409.5 grams) of alloy (spool assay) or as parts by weight in 1000 parts of alloy (metric assay). For more details, see the article "Coin metals and alloys" in the reference section of the catalog.
TRIAL COIN- a special type of coins made in the process of preparing to change the appearance of coins for the demonstration and approval of new designs. Also trial are coins made in the process of choosing a new coin metal. Most proof coins are not considered in this catalogue.
PUNCH (PUNSON)- a stamp with a relief image, used for applying individual image elements to an unhardened stamp (or mother liquor). The use of punches significantly accelerated and cheapened the process of making coin stamps, especially in mass minting.
SMALL COIN- a coin intended for the needs of small trade. Often minted from low-grade silver or base metals.
REVERSE- reverse side of the coin (medal). The side opposite the obverse (see definition above).
REMEDIUM-permissible deviation in one direction or another from the coin stop for a coin or a group of coins established for a given issue. For coins made of precious metals, the remedium was always set for each coin, for coins made of base metals - often for the total mass of coins of a certain denomination. So, for copper coins of 16 ruble foot, a permissible deviation from the normative weight was set at 2 pounds (0.8%) for coins with a denomination of 5.2 and one kopeck, and 4 pounds (1.6%) for coins with a denomination of dengue and half a piece when weighing a party in the amount of 100 rubles (the standard weight of the party was 6 pounds 10 pounds). Illegal attempts to "correct" batches of coins that went beyond the limits of the remedium led to the appearance of coins with a non-standard weight, made specifically for correcting such batches (Uzdenikov). For a silver ruble coin in 1845, a remedium was set at 3 shares (about 133 milligrams), for half coins - at 2.5 shares (about 111 milligrams), for 25 and 20 kopecks - at 2 shares (about 89 milligrams), for 10 and 5 kopecks - in 1.5 shares (about 67 milligrams). The data are taken from the book by V.M. Potin. Such a difference in the remedium for coins of different denominations is due to the technological features of production. Coins made of precious metals that have gone beyond the limits of the remedium are quite rare.
SOUVENIR COINS- coin-like products made at mints on private orders for distribution as souvenirs. Not covered in this catalogue.
FAKE COIN- a copy of a real coin made for the purpose of payment (to participate in the circulation process). They were made at all times in various ways, sometimes in large numbers (for example, lightweight nickels of 1723-1730). Sometimes counterfeit coins were minted at foreign mints in order to undermine the Russian economy, as well as to obtain illegal profits from the exploitation of monetary regalia. The production and use of counterfeit coins has always been very strictly (up to the death penalty) prosecuted by the authorities, as it undermined the economy of the state. Counterfeit coins should be distinguished from counterfeit ones (see definition above).
CHERVONETS- a gold coin equal in value to the Western European ducat (about 3 rubles in gold). Went in circulation at the market value, and was also used for foreign payments. From 1922 to 1947 - the monetary unit of the RSFSR and the USSR, equal to ten gold rubles. It was minted as a gold coin in 1923 and 1925. Gold coins were intended mainly to secure paper money, as well as for foreign payments, and may have been put into circulation in small quantities. The purpose of the gold coins of 1975-1982 is not entirely clear, since such a monetary unit no longer existed at that time. In addition, the issue of coins on behalf of one republic (RSFSR) in the USSR was hardly possible. Maybe they were intended for international payments, because. were minted in large numbers.
P.S. Information taken from the book "Russian coins of 1700-2000. Historical review and catalog" Yaroslav Adrianov
13.03.2008
The state, a monopolist in the production of cash, shields both this process and its participants with a veil of secrecy. Even photographs are classified in Russia: illustrations for the article were provided to us by the Australian Royal Mint. And yet we managed to look at the Moscow Mint not from the main entrance - we talked to its former and current employees about what is happening behind the secret walls of the money factory. It turned out that people who are engaged in the manufacture of voiced coins are no less interesting than their work. Chasers and their lives Where are minters-monetaries trained? Mostly at the “coin factory” itself: young people are taken here as students, often without special education. Here it is important that the student gets to a good master, who will quickly introduce him to work. According to the story of one experienced chaser, once his master gave him the following first lesson: “Remember once and for all: for you, everything you see here is not gold and silver, but coppers with pieces of iron. Work with them without any fear. But keep in mind, if the quality suffers, then your work will not pass the control. At that time, the minting of collectible coins in our country was only gaining momentum: the first large series of the highest quality "proof", dedicated to the Olympics-80, appeared in the second half of the 1970s. It was largely experimental work. Then in the USSR there was no experience of minting coins with an ideal mirror surface, so at first even the production rate was 5 coins per person per shift. Now it is about 500-600 pieces: the technique has gone far. This is not as much as it seems, if you work with skill and accuracy, and there is enough time for a shift for 500 coins. Even more is obtained, although there are smoke breaks and breaks. “True, I did not like to break away from work,” says the chaser, “because after that it is necessary to bring the press back into working condition. During operation, the stamp heats up and dust sticks to it, although the room is cleaned three times a day. We need to wipe all the working surfaces with gasoline, check that everything is set up correctly. Despite the secrecy of coin production, there are not so many internal barriers between different workshops. The same person may at different times be engaged in minting medals, smelting an alloy, or even producing badges (coins, medals and badges are the three main areas of work of mints). It all depends on the person: if he is negligent in his work, allows marriage, he will not be sent to a responsible place, which, of course, is better paid. By the way, by Soviet standards, the work of a chaser was highly paid, and even now it remains highly paid (according to the workers themselves). Thus, a minter of a high category receives from 20-25 thousand rubles a month, and the remuneration directly depends on the fulfillment and overfulfillment of the plan. The highest earnings are among the craftsmen who deal with proof coins. And the coin minter alone serves 2-3 presses, and his participation in the process is minimal. In this case, the high salary is primarily justified by secrecy. Even craftsmen working with precious metals are strictly prohibited from entering the workshops where a walking coin is produced. It is curious that few people are expelled from the factory for unsuitability, but many leave on their own if they cannot find themselves in some kind of work. “And slobs are sometimes needed,” says one of the former masters of the mint. “There is a lot of work, sometimes skill is required, sometimes accuracy, and sometimes just physical strength. For example, at the rental of metals, all the work is - run, drag ingots back and forth. Imagine a meter-long ingot of silver that comes out from under the rollers: it weighs about 40 kg. If this kind of work suits you, please drag the ingots, but the salary here is appropriate. It also happens that a person is simply not allowed to do something, so he himself is not able to work well, and the equipment after it needs to be adjusted for one and a half to two hours. And what is two hours: during this time I can mint 3,000 tokens. The temptation to make money Mint specialists are nowhere else in demand for their direct specialty. Even if you perfectly know the processes of stamping and embossing, they are built in a completely different way in other industries. You can apply such skills only “at home”, which often happens. They talk about a master who, back in Soviet times, stamped rubles at home and drank it away. Someone minted at home and sold the medals that he did at work. However, for all this you need to be able to draw, and engrave, and mint, and such skills are rarely found in one person. Over time, such pranks became much more difficult due to the lack of material. Once upon a time, the waste of coin production was not particularly guarded and not stored, and if something is lying around, then why not take it? Now this has become much stricter. In addition, coin technology is too complex. The core of the change coin is made of copper, and on top it is clad with a stainless alloy. All this is just to protect against fakes: a real coin has a pink strip along the edge, a fake one does not. In addition, a magnet does not pick up a genuine coin. But the main protection lies in the cost, which, for example, for a ruble coin is about 12 rubles. It is not clear why fake. So the monetary authorities usually use their skills for harmless purposes. For example, once one of our interlocutors broke down a new TV: “I understand this, I want to watch it - but I can’t, there is a factory seal. Well, I sawed it off, and then I made the same one. Control is appropriate The safety regime at the Mint is a different story. Searches, of course, are not carried out, but checks are not the right word. When you come to work, you need to strip naked at your locker, go to another room and put on work clothes there. The same is repeated after the end of the shift. These undressings have become such a habit that one day someone came to the workshop naked, in just slippers: he started talking to someone along the way. There are metal detectors at the entrance and exit that detect precious metals, you won't even be able to get through with glasses. There is nothing to say about mobile phones: only the authorities are allowed to wear them, but the device must be without a camera. But the rules here are still softer than, say, at Goznak. There, each potential employee is tested for moral stamina, all tests last about 3 months. Such rigor is understandable. One craftsman says: “I have been to Goznak and one day I saw a production facility through an ajar door. I see a conveyor belt, along which packs of hundred-ruble bills are crawling. I felt bad - just the roof went, and two women took me out. Like, if you can’t look, don’t look.” Of course, at the Mint they read and give lectures about the “culture of behavior of a Soviet person”, at Goznak they also inspire that banknotes are paper, even if it will be paper for you. Still, this show is not for the faint of heart. At first glance, it is easier to carry away a large bill than to collect a thousand rubles in patches. But in a container into which ruble coins are poured after minting, 380 thousand pieces are placed, and in a five-ruble container the amount is even larger. In one sealed bag, which is taken to the Central Bank, there is a five-ruble note for 2,000 rubles. So the temptation remains, although the last time the thief was caught long ago. Here is how a witness of that story tells about it: “Somewhere in the early 90s, one comrade worked on an electric forklift and in some incomprehensible way took out a bag with ten kopeck coins. Brought it home, put it next to the trash can. And so his wife collected two or three rubles and went with them to Sberbank, to exchange them for pieces of paper. She was noticed: she brings all the coins of one year, clean, just issued. They came to the thief with a dog and immediately found the money. Naturally, he was immediately kicked out of the factory. But after 5 years, for some reason, they took it back. ” Annealing, goltovka, proof The very technology of coin production cannot be called too secret. In any case, it is easy to list all the stages, from the creation of an alloy to the exit from the press of a finished coin. However, without knowledge of the intricacies of metal behavior and tool preparation, one can only ruin the material. It is from such secrets that the mastery of chasers is formed. “I think there is nothing particularly surprising here for a knowledgeable person,” says one of them. “The only thing that is valuable is the technology for making stamps, and the bottleneck is their heat treatment. Just a slight deviation in technology or quality of material - and the tool cracks, breaks and slips. All mint equipment is imported. Proof is minted on the already quite old, mid-1970s, English Coin Master presses, German Grabiner presses, etc. Russia and the USSR never produced their own minting equipment, and until 1990 there were a lot of completely antediluvian machines. “For example, back in the 80s, I found a captured German grinding machine in operation,” says the chaser. “Then they wrote it off and regretted it themselves: it is unpretentious, simple, accurate. And our machines in front of him are just wrecked. There was also a press, also a trophy one, with a swastika on the pedals and a huge vertical wheel with a diameter of 2.5 m, with which coins were minted. So he had the best performance until they put the "sharp" (machines of the German company "Schuler"). And the old machines are dismantled to the screw - and on the "Red Proletarian", in the smelting. It may seem strange, but the Mint does not have its own designers and medal artists: all projects come in an approved form from the Central Bank. The sketch is finalized and then embodied in metal: the drawing is put into a laser scanner, and it cuts out a “draft” of the future coin, which then serves as a model for making stamps. At the same time, a working alloy is being prepared, which is especially difficult when it comes to precious metals, from which investment and collection coins are made. The main task here is to achieve the necessary purity. For example, 900-carat gold is usually used for gold coins, and it comes to the mint in 40-kilogram bank bars with a purity of 99.9%. Technologists consider how much the final coin should contain, for example, silver (the most popular metal for coin production), how much copper and special additives - ligatures. Then the alloy is prepared in low-frequency electric furnaces, tuned so that the silver does not burn out. At the same time, special granules are smelted, which are sent to the laboratory to determine the metal sample. If a 925th sample is needed, then a deviation of 0.7 units is acceptable, from 924.3 to 925.7 samples. Then the metal is melted into an ingot about a meter long and weighing 100 kg. On the machine, it is planed, then rolled - all in order to achieve the purity of the material. Then it is rolled out into a sheet, from which blanks of coins are cut. They are annealed in special furnaces - heated to a high temperature, and then cooled. This process makes the metal more ductile, which is especially important for silver, which begins to crumble after rolling. On the blanks, a edge is made, the edge of the coin. After that, they are sent for goltovka (that is, polishing). Precious metals are polished with diamond paste, change coins with a mixture of ceramic sand, tiny metal balls and special chemicals. Then the surface is wiped clean with alcohol, and a “mirror” is obtained. Finally, the billet is sent under the press, where the embossing takes place. Stamp on the mirror As already mentioned, a token coin is minted by "sharp" whose speed is 760 steps per minute. It is impossible to keep track of the turning circle of such a press, everything merges before your eyes. Another thing is precious coins, which are minted one by one, manually. “The main enemy of pure coinage is dust,” the master says. “You can imagine – the pressure of the press is 50 tons, and any tiny speck of dust that is simply not visible is imprinted on the mirror of the coin like a thread.” The workpiece is laid out on the lower stamp, then the press lowers the upper stamp onto the coin. The lower stamp is also movable - during operation it falls into a special ring, thanks to which the coin gets the correct round shape. If even a slight displacement of the stamp occurs, or its surface is contaminated, the coin can be handed over for remelting. The most difficult thing in chasing, according to the masters, is the precise debugging of the press. It happens that you can’t see it - but the top stamp “went”, and the images on the obverse and reverse have shifted. The most capricious material is gold. At the 900th test, it is very hard, the tools crack when working with it and quickly become unusable, for example, stamps crack. You need to carefully monitor this so as not to spoil the workpiece. But gold of the highest standard is also a very capricious material because of its softness. And the most disgusting work is medals made of gold 785, on which you also do deep engraving. Some medals are handmade, like coins, while others are minted by machines. In such cases, you can work less carefully - for example, you can put the workpiece on the press with your fingers. And proof blanks are taken only with tweezers, and if you need to correct the stamp, they also act with tweezers. “The most painstaking work is collectible coins, which are ordered in small numbers and undergo the strictest control of the Quality Control Department,” says the minter. “For example, polishing the mirror surface of a coin is difficult because the engraving cannot be damaged. Here everything is decided by accuracy, attentiveness and experience. But modern coins are still not valued very highly. Many can only be sold at the price of the material, like scrap. And those who buy such coins in banks are either collectors or investors. The first time such investors appeared under Lenin, when someone thought to mint gold coins, so to speak, to do good to the people. Someone hid them in a chest, and someone got rid of them at the price of the metal - much more than the face value of 10 rubles.
Precious metals are closely monitored. No loss of them is allowed, except perhaps during remelting. If you are a minter, then you are responsible for the coins individually: you took 500 blanks and returned 500 coins. And if we are talking about cutting blanks from a metal sheet, there you take the material by weight and report also by weight. “You come, and they tell you: there is not enough 0.5 grams, go and collect. You have to pick up the crumbs with your finger, which crumble when cutting the workpiece, spread out a towel so that nothing is lost, ”says a mint worker.
It must be said that collectible coins of different quality were produced in the USSR - “proof” with a mirror surface and matte “uncirculated”. So, for example, coins were made in honor of the Moscow Olympics. But now only the highest quality is in demand, and any marriage is recycled. And there can be many reasons for its appearance, up to a bad mood. It happens that the master does not like the coin that he was set to mint, and he does not come out with it. And when he is assigned another task, everything works out.
Fedor Bogdanovsky
A vers is the front side of a coin or medal, usually where the coat of arms is. In modern literature, proceeding from the main function of coins as banknotes, the obverse side of the coin is considered to be the side on which, like a seal, there is a sign that guarantees the authenticity of the coin. Such signs are the state coat of arms, the state emblem, etc. On the obverse of modern Russian coins there is an image of a double-headed eagle, which is the emblem of the Bank of Russia.Authorized Issue - A coin minted in the name and on behalf of a coin lord or a person (organization) that has such rights. It can be the life of the king, and the government, and local civil or military self-government.
Letter of credit - Bank's instruction to one or more other banks to make payments to an individual or legal entity on the order and at the expense of the client within the specified amount on the terms specified in the letter of credit.
Share - Issuance security issued by a joint-stock company without a fixed circulation period. A share certifies the contribution by its owner of a share in the share capital (authorized fund) of the company and gives its owner the right: to receive part of the profit in the form of dividends; for sale on the securities market; to participate in the management of a joint-stock company; to the share of property upon liquidation of the joint-stock company.
Akmonital - (from the Italian acciaio monetario italiano - Italian coin steel), stainless chromium steel with the addition of nickel. The change coins of Italy, the Vatican and San Marino are mainly minted from this alloy at the Roman Mint.
Aluminum - (lat. aluminum, from alumen - alum), chemical symbol Al, group III of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 13, silver-white, soft, light metal, rapidly oxidizing, specific gravity 2.7 g / cc, melting point 660 degrees C. First obtained in pure form in 1824. In terms of abundance, it ranks 3rd among elements and 1st among metals (8.8% of the mass of the earth's crust). Used to make coins, usually alloyed with magnesium. Aluminum coins first appeared at the end of the First World War. Often used in the composition of the alloy aluminum bronze.
Aluminum bronze is an alloy of copper and aluminum, in which the main part (usually more than 85%) is copper. It became widespread at the end of the 20th century as a material for making small coins.
"Andreevsky chervonets" - single double chervonets of 1749-1753, having on the reverse side the image of St. Andrew.
Banknotes - the first Russian paper money backed by a copper coin. Banknotes were issued by the government from 1769 to 1843 and had payment power until the end of 1847.
Refining is the process of separating precious metals from impurities or from each other.
Banknote (Bank or credit note) - An official, as a rule, paper money issued by an issuing bank and backed by gold, foreign currency, government securities and other bank assets, used to replace real money as a means of circulation and payment.
Bank (bank) coin - The main monetary unit of the state. For example - the ruble.
Non-cash money - Financial resources on bank accounts used for non-cash payments by transferring from one current account to another and for receiving cash in a bank. Non-cash money expresses the bank's obligations to the client in the form of an account entry, which corresponds to the bank's means of payment formed by cash deposits from the client or by non-cash transfers in favor of the client.
Bouillon issue - Issuance of coins or bullion for investment purposes. It is characterized by huge circulations, a rather simple image and a sale price close to the price of the metal used to make a coin or ingot.
Bead - Part of the edge that protrudes above the field of the coin.
Billon - low-grade silver used for minting a token coin. 1) an inferior token coin made of low-grade silver and base metals; 2) an alloy of silver, in which the content of the precious metal is less than 50%
Noble metals - gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium). They have chemical resistance, refractoriness (except for Ag and Au) and beautiful appearance (hence the name).
Bonds - paper money that has gone out of circulation and has become a collector's item. 1) temporary metal or paper money issued by local authorities, institutions or enterprises; 2) paper money that has become obsolete and has become a collector's item
Bronze - (fr. bronze) alloys of Cu (basic) with other elements. For example, Sn, Al, Be, Pb, Cd, Cr. Accordingly, bronze is called tin, aluminum, beryllium, lead, etc. Bronze of coins and medals of modern times consists most often of 95% copper, 4% tin and 1% zinc. Recently, aluminum bronze has been increasingly used to make small change coins.
V excel - A security, a separate document of a strictly prescribed form, containing either an unconditional obligation of the person who issued it (a promissory note), or his order to a third party (a bill of exchange) to pay the specified amount to the person named in the promissory note or to the bearer of the promissory note within the stipulated time.
Gypsum model - a positive plaster cast of a model of a coin or medal, made by a medalist on an enlarged scale.
Engraving is the work of an engraver to remove irregularities from the surface of workpieces or a working tool using a chisel to obtain clearer contours of an inscription or image.
Grosh - the designation of the denomination of a 2-kopeck coin, corresponding to the old Russian women's calculation.
Edge - the side surface of the coin. Notches covering the edge, patterns or inscriptions are called edge, and the tool and machines with which they are applied are edge. Edges of modern coins are smooth, processed with small notches (ribbed edge) or supplied with inscriptions (chased edge). Antique coins usually have a smooth edge. The first coins in which the edge was processed industrially appeared in France in the second half of the 16th century. Edge processing is carried out in order to protect the coin from counterfeiting, filing, and also allows people with vision problems to distinguish coin denominations by touch.
Gurchil circle - Part of the minting equipment responsible for applying signs and / or images on the edge. The process of bittering can occur both during the minting of the coin and before.
Real money - Items made of metal, generally recognized in commodity-money relations as the universal equivalent of all other goods. Real money performed all the functions of money and in different periods of the development of commodity-money relations existed in two forms: bullion and coin.
Currency - A generally recognized material item, the actual value of which, as a rule, is less or, in some cases, more than the nominal value indicated on it, expressed in units of the value of real money, which was made, can be used or has ever been used to replace real money when they perform the functions of circulation and (or) payment. Monetary tokens are: - defective coins, as well as cash and payment coin-like tokens made of various materials, including non-metallic ones; - banknotes, treasury notes, change marks and other banknotes made of paper or other materials; - numismatic banknotes; - investment coins.
Money - The essence of MONEY is manifested in their functions: a) a measure of value - provides an expression of the value of goods as identical quantities, qualitatively equal and quantitatively comparable; b) means of circulation - performs the role of an intermediary in the circulation of goods; c) a means of creating treasures - this function arises due to the fact that the process of circulation can be interrupted for various reasons. It requires the presence of full-fledged money (gold, silver); d) means of payment - when selling goods on credit, when paying taxes, land rent, etc.; e) world MONEY - a means of settlement in the international payment turnover between countries.
Donative (gift) coins are coins minted in Russia not for issuing them into circulation, but for distributing the imperial family to various persons in the form of encouragement or in connection with some event.
The date of minting on coins is the designation in the legend of the coin of the year of its minting.
Money - arose in the XV century. the old Russian name for the tenant of the mint and the mint master, was also called "livets".
Additional metal - metal added to another metal to give the coin alloy greater hardness and strength.
Income from the minting of coins - the income of the state or other owner of the monetary regalia, received due to the difference between the price of coin metal and the cost of minting, on the one hand, and the face value of the coin, on the other. The desire to extract the maximum income often led the owners of the coin regalia to damage to the coins.
Zheton - A sign made, as a rule, of metal to replace national coins in vending machines, turnstiles, etc.
Substitutes for real money - Objects presented in various forms that replace real money when they perform their individual functions. There are the following types of real money substitutes: - MONEY SIGNS; - SECURITIES; - NON-CASH MONEY. Substitutes for banknotes were made and are being made both on behalf of the coin seigneurs, and by other individuals and legal entities that are not coin seigneurs.
Gold - (lat. Aurum), chemical sign Au, group I of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 79. Noble metal, yellow, malleable, specific gravity 19.32 g / cc, melting point 1064.43 degrees C. Chemically very inert, does not change in air even when heated. The first metal discovered by man. In nature, mostly native gold is found. Currently, 900 gold is mainly used to make coins.
The gold standard is a gold coin standard, a monetary system in which the main monetary units are minted only in gold (full-fledged current coins), while their metal value is equal to the face value. Banknotes under the gold standard are exchanged without any restrictions on gold, silver coins are issued in low quality as tokens. The gold standard arose during the period of pre-monopoly capitalism. Under conditions of monopoly capitalism, the possibilities of maintaining a pure gold standard were reduced, and by the beginning of the First World War, it was abolished in almost all countries.
And an investment coin - This is a specific banknote made in the form of a commemorative coin made of precious metal, freely sold and bought by authorized credit organizations at current quotes close to the price of the precious metal contained in it. Almost the same as the Bouillon coin. It is legal tender and is accepted in all types of payments at face value, but is mainly used to perform the function of accumulating and preserving capital.
Manufacture of counterfeit money and counterfeit coins - the manufacture of counterfeit coins for malicious purposes or the alteration of genuine coins, which is punishable under criminal law. Includes the manufacture of counterfeit coins by counterfeiters in order to harm the state and the population and counterfeiting of coins in order to deceive collectors.
Treasury note - A paper banknote that is not exchangeable for gold, issued by the Treasury to cover government spending and is a short-term obligation of the state. It is used in circulation along with other banknotes to replace real money.
Countermarking (overmarking) - A sign, a system of signs, an inscription or an image on a coin of a foreign or native state, intended to confirm the legitimacy of the circulation of this coin in a given territory. As a rule, they appear at the moment of the absence of their own coin (for example, due to the lack of raw materials for manufacturing). There were especially many in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.
L brass - (from German Latun, English Brass), an alloy of copper (base) with zinc (up to 50%), often with additions of Al, Sn, Fe, Mn, Ni and other elements (up to 10% in total) . Depending on the percentage of copper, the alloys vary in color from copper red to light yellow. Due to its good workability, wide range of properties, beautiful color and comparatively low cost, brass is the most common copper alloy.
Nickel brass - (English Nickel Brass), brass, with a small content of nickel in the alloy.
Legend - an inscription on the front and back of a coin or medal. According to the location, a circular legend, an inscription in the field of the coin and an edge inscription are distinguished. The circle legend is located along the edge of the coin and is often separated from the coin field by a dotted circle or the like. The inscription in the field of the coin may consist of one or more lines, as well as individual words or letters placed above, below or next to the image or included in the image. Edge inscriptions placed around the circumference of the edge can be convex or concave.
Lottery ticket - A security to bearer, which is a carrier of information necessary to determine with an absolute degree of certainty the fact of falling out or not falling out of winnings in a lottery.
A cast coin is a coin made by pouring liquid metal into a desired shape. Cast coins played a special role in China, where all the coins in circulation, starting from the 12th century. BC e. and until the beginning of the 20th century, they were made by casting.
Ligature - the addition of a less valuable metal to the base precious metal in the preparation of coin alloys. During the melting process, the properties of individual metals can be significantly changed. For coins, ligatures are recommended, which have the greatest resistance to wear. For this purpose, a certain amount of additional metal, copper, is added to gold and silver. Such an alloy is called alloyed zealot or silver, and the mass (weight) of the alloy used for the coin is the ligature mass (weight) of this coin.
Non-postage stamps - A banknote intended to pay fiscal fees (for example, all kinds of duties).
Postage stamps - A special case of a payment mark. In many cases can be used as a means of payment for postage (or goods or services) repeatedly. In rare cases, they are used as emergency money - i.e. accepted as a means of payment in any territory.
Mintmark - A letter, sign or other symbol indicating the place of minting of a given coin. On the coins of the Russian Federation, this is the SpMD or MMD logo.
Mother liquor - a stamp for the manufacture of coin stamps.
Copper-nickel alloys have been used for minting change coins since the end of the 19th century, and their composition at different mints is very diverse. One of the most famous such alloys is cupronickel.
Copper - (lat. Cuprum), chemical symbol Cu, group I of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 29. The metal is red, malleable and soft. Specific gravity 8.96 g / cc, melting point 1083 degrees C. In the atmosphere it becomes covered with a patina. Since ancient times it has been used for minting coins and medals. Due to its plasticity, malleability and resistance to corrosion, it is the most common coin metal both in its pure form and in alloys - bronze, brass, etc.
Memorial (commemorative) coins - coins minted on the occasion of any events or anniversaries. Commemorative coins of ruble and one and a half ruble denominations were sometimes called medal coins.
"Menshikov" hryvnia - a trial copper coin of 10 kopeck denomination, minted in 1726.
The minzmeister is the official responsible for the production of coins.
A model is a working sample made as a positive from a solid material. In the manufacture of minted medals and coins, the model is an enlarged model, from which a blank for a stamp is made using a copying machine.
Coin - A metal or other form of representation of real money or banknotes, made on behalf of a monetary lord and representing a piece of metal or metal alloy of the established shape, composition, weight and denomination, a multiple of the accepted main monetary unit, which is taken into account in commodity-money relations according to its face value. The actual value of a coin is usually less than its face value.
Coin regalia - the monopoly right of the state to mint and issue.
Coin stop - a characteristic of a coin that determines its standard mass (weight) depending on its face value. It is expressed by the total nominal value, for which coins of various denominations from a certain amount of metal should be minted, for example: "19 rubles 75 25/81 kopecks from a pound of silver" or "12 rubles 80 kopecks from a pood of copper."
Coin form of real money - Representation of money in the form of coins made from the main monetary metal of a certain weight, having a nominal value indicated on them or calculated at a fixed rate, which are accounted for in commodity-money circulation at nominal value. Real money in mint form is called FULL COINS.
Monetary policy - the practical implementation of the monetary business - a set of measures related to the monetary system, such as: centralization or decentralization of the monetary system, improvement, stabilization or deterioration of the monetary foot.
Coin technique - the totality of all material means and processes used for the manufacture of coins.
Monetary economy - a period of history during which commodity-money relations were carried out mainly through monetary money.
Monetary circulation - a part of monetary circulation that can only be carried out with the help of coins (for example, cash payments for small and smallest purchases, the use of vending machines or consumer service network machines, etc.).
Coin law - see coin regalia.
Mint - the name of the enterprise that mints coins.
Coin mark - small letters or signs applied to coins, which are symbols of mints, mint masters, stamp cutters, etc.
Coin master (coiner) - the technical director of the mint.
Coin stamp - a steel tool with negative images of the obverse and reverse sides of the coin.
Monometallism - the use of only one type of precious metal for the manufacture of the main coin of monetary circulation. May be silver or gold.
Coin marriage - A coin that differs from the main mass of coins of this issue and does not comply with GOST. Options: in foreign metal, minted outside the minted ring, not minted if it should have happened, minted with worn dies or dies of previous years or other denominations, with a shift of dies.
Coin Seigneur - Government, state or head of state, on whose behalf and on behalf of which coins are minted, banknotes are printed, government loans are issued, postage and non-postage stamps are issued, etc.
Inferior coin - An official banknote made, as a rule, from low-grade silver or some base metal, the value of which is lower than the face value indicated on it.
Unofficial banknote - A banknote manufactured and put into circulation by any individual or legal entity that is not a coin seigneur.
Novodel - A coin originally minted for collectors with old or newly made stamps at a state enterprise and with the knowledge of the coin seigneur. They are usually in excellent condition. They may have differences from the old-timer, or they may not have such differences at all.
Numismatic banknotes - Banknotes and coins withdrawn from circulation or in circulation, placed in special souvenir packages or protective capsules, supplied and sold on numismatic markets at prices above nominal.
Denomination - the dignity of the coin, its face value.
Nominal value - the value of means of payment corresponding to the nominal value intended for circulation within the country; it should be distinguished from material value (the cost of material and manufacture), market value (the value on the international currency market), value as an object of collection (depending on supply and demand, as well as rarity and degree of preservation).
Nickel - (lat. Niccolum, from it. Nickel - the name of a mythical evil spirit that interferes with the work of miners), the chemical sign Ni, group VIII of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 28. Silver metal, very resistant to air and water. Specific gravity 8.9 g / cc, melting point 1453 degrees C. Used for minting change coins since 1850, usually not in pure form, but in alloys, usually with copper. It is also used for applying an outer protective layer to coins minted from other metals (copper, bronze, etc.).
A bond is an issue-grade security containing the obligation of the issuer to pay its owner (creditor) the face value at the end of the established period and periodically pay a certain amount of interest.
Circumcision - filing and drilling coins made from precious metals for malicious purposes. The last operation leaves almost no traces, since the drilled places are filled with non-precious metal, and on top they are covered with a layer of coin metal. Protection against such a method of reducing the value of the coin was the processing of the edge and the application of an inscription on it.
Overdate - An English term that has no analogues in Russian numismatics, denoting a change in the date of issue of a coin by overmarking. An example is the 1921/22 Australian 3p coins.
Convertible Coins - Coins that have absolute convertibility (for example, gold coins).
The main monetary metal is a metal that plays the role of a universal equivalent in commodity-money relations.
Official banknote - A banknote produced and put into circulation on behalf of the monetary seigneur.
Tin - (lat. Stannum), chemical sign Sn, group IV of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 50, silver-white metal, soft and ductile, density 7.3 g / cu. cm, melting point 231.9 degrees C. It tarnishes in air, becoming covered with an oxide film that is resistant to chemicals. The softness and low melting point make this metal in its pure form not suitable for making coins. Tin is commonly used in alloys, the best known of which is bronze.
"Pavlovsky re-coined" - the re-coining of copper coins of 1796 of a 32-ruble mint foot into coins of a 16-ruble foot, carried out during the reign of Paul I, but with stamps with the monogram of Catherine II and with a date corresponding to the years of her reign.
Commemorative coin - A coin issued in memory of a person or event.
Commemorative coin of improved quality - A numismatic banknote in the form of a metal coin issued in memory of an event or dedicated to any object or subject of a socio-political, historical, cultural, religious or other orientation. Commemorative coins of improved quality are made from precious or non-precious metals using a special proof or proof-like minting technology. Officially, they are usually declared legal tender by the issuer and can be used at face value as a means of exchange and payment, but are actually sold to collectors in numismatic markets for their collectible value in excess of face value.
Patina - (Italian Patina) a layer of oxides formed on the surface of metal objects (copper, bronze, brass) under the influence of oxygen, carbon, acids and salts. The patina does not damage the metal of the coins, but rather protects it from further oxidation. On antique coins, patina is considered beautiful and valuable, its presence is considered one of the criteria for the authenticity of a coin.
Patination - The process of artificially applying patina to give a coin an antique look or to hide minor imperfections in the field.
A para is a Turkish monetary unit equal to 1/40 of a kurush.
Cladding - Application by hot rolling or pressing on the surface of metal sheets of a thin layer of another metal.
A full-fledged walking coin is the name of full-fledged coins that are required to be accepted in any quantities, the value of the metal of which corresponds to the face value guaranteed by the state. They are currency money, unlike tokens and paper money. Participated in circulation until the beginning of the 20th century.
Damage to coins is a process of continuous lowering of the coin foot, natural to the conditions of the monetary economy. It is one of the most characteristic phenomena in the history of monetary money.
A sample is a characteristic of a coin alloy that determines the ratio between the amount of base metal contained in this alloy and the amount of ligature. It was determined in accordance with the counting system used in a particular historical period. With the introduction of the decimal system, the sample is indicated in thousandths (ppm) of the alloyed metal. At the same time, a completely pure precious metal has a 1000th sample.
Sample of noble metals - the amount of content of noble metals in the ligature alloy. The noble metal test used in most countries is expressed as the number of parts of metal in 1000 parts (by weight) of the ligature alloy. Pure metal corresponds to the 1000th sample.
Trial coin - A coin of an unapproved type, minted, as a rule, in preparation for the release of a new issue. It is necessary to distinguish between just trial and trial for collectors - i.e. those coins that were minted at state mon.yards with the aim of further selling them to collectors. If just trial coins are minted in single copies, then trial coins for collectors can be minted in circulations exceeding the main issue.
Pud - an old Russian unit of weight = 40 pounds = 16.38 kg.
Punson - a stamp with a relief image of a number (digital punch), a letter or a group of letters.
Piedford - A coin minted with conventional dies on a blank of double thickness. Minted for collectors. This is especially true for France. Unlike ordinary coins, PIEDFORDs are not money (legal tender) unless otherwise indicated when issuing.
R a change coin - a coin intended for the needs of small trade. Usually they were minted from low-grade silver or from non-precious metals. The nominal value of a token coin, as a rule, exceeds its material value. The difference between them is the income from minting coins.
Reverse - The reverse side of a coin or medal.
Change sign - Unofficial, as a rule, paper banknote used in circulation in the territory determined by the issuer when it was issued, due to the lack of a sufficient number of official banknotes.
Change surrogate (token, payment token, notgeld, emergency money) - Unofficial coin-like signs of arbitrary shape and material, minted at a state or private enterprise in order to cover the shortage of a change coin of a national standard. They circulated in a strictly established territory, sometimes for a fixed period. Issued by both trade organizations and local governments. Serves as an obligation of the issuer to accept it as a means of payment for any goods or services in an enterprise owned by him or in an organization headed by him. It is used in circulation in the territory determined by the issuer when issuing it, due to the lack of a sufficient number of official banknotes.
Regular minting - ordered machine minting of coins on round blanks.
Remedium - the permissible deviation from the normal weight of the coin established by the coin stack, as well as the permissible deviation in the alloy assay established for the coins of this issue.
Silver - (lat. Argentum), chemical sign Ag, group I of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 47. White metal, malleable, ductile, density 10.5 g / cc, melting point 960.8 degrees C, very resistant to air and water, but very sensitive to sulfur and sulfur compounds (blackens in the presence of hydrogen sulfide). Used for minting coins from the 6th c. BC. Currently, as a rule, commemorative and commemorative coins are minted from silver. To give the metal strength, usually not pure silver is used, but its alloy with copper or zinc. The main samples used in modern coinage are 500, 625, 800 and 925. Silver has bactericidal properties: Ag+ ions sterilize water.
Ingot form of real money - Representation of money in the form of ingots of the main monetary metal, which are accounted for in commodity-money circulation by the weight of the metal contained in them. Actual money in bullion form is called MONEY BAR.
Preservation Grade: English VG F VF EF MS Proof, German SGE S SS VORZ STGL PP, Italian B MB BB SPL FDC FS, French B TB TTB SUP FDC FB, Spanish RC BC MBC EBC FDC PROOF.
VG (very good) - strong wear, inscriptions are not readable (the relief is preserved at 2-3/10)
F (fine) - the main details are visible, the inscriptions are partially readable (the relief is preserved on 4-5/10)
VF (very fine) - noticeable wear, the inscriptions are fully readable (the relief is preserved at 6-7/10)
EF (extremely fine) -- slight wear (8-9/10 condition)
MS (mint state) - no wear (preservation 10/10)
Proof is not a degree of safety, but a way of processing the surface of a coin during its production (polishing, matting, etc.).
The American Numismatic Association (ANA) uses the following designations:
About Goog (AG-3)
Very Good (VG-8)
Very Fine (VF-20)
Choice Very Fine (VF-30)
Extremely Fine (EF-40)
Choice Extremely Fine (EF-45)
About Uncirculated (AU-50)
Choice About Uncirculated (AU-55)
Uncirculated (MS-60)
Choice Uncirculated (MS-65)
Perfect Uncirculated (MS-70)
T hesaurization is the process of accumulating valuables as a treasure, and also with the aim of preserving their value. A coin made of gold and silver alloys, along with ingots of precious metals and jewelry made from them, in certain historical periods was the object of hoarding of the population's money. In a broad sense, it also includes the creation of gold reserves by central banks, treasuries and special funds.
Mintage of a coin -- A clearly defined mintage limit for a coin of a particular year or type. The limit is determined by the need of the state, or a private person, or an enterprise for a coin.
Tughra - a decorative inscription on the obverse of coins, composed of intertwined initials of the ruler, during whose reign this coin was issued.
Counterfeit Coin -- A coin, token, or coin-like token that is not minted by a government-owned enterprise and has not been authorized. It is divided into 1-false coin for circulation (otherwise - a fake). It is minted to the detriment of the monetary circulation of the country in whose territory this type of coin has the status of legal tender. It is minted, as a rule, by private individuals for personal gain. Sometimes, for example, in wartime, it is minted by a hostile state in order to undermine the enemy's economy. 2-fake coin for collectors (otherwise - bullshit, bullshit). It is minted by a private individual with his own carved stamps for sale to collectors under the guise of the original. Nowadays, it is cost-effective to counterfeit coins of the level of 500 rubles. Although in Asian countries (China) they also mint low-quality fakes or fantasies for tourists with a selling price of $ 1. Proof cannot be faked.
X red coin - a coin intended, unlike a commemorative coin, for circulation. In modern practice of coinage, commemorative coins are sometimes minted in large quantities in order to combine the features of a walking and commemorative coin in this way.
Securities - Monetary documents expressing any property right, the condition for the implementation of which is their mandatory presentation. Securities are: shares, bonds, letters of credit, bills of exchange, checks, lottery tickets, etc.
Zinc - (lat. Zincum), chemical sign Zn, group II of the Mendeleev periodic system, atomic number 30. A bluish-white metal, covered with a protective layer of oxide in air. Density 7.13 g / cc, melting point 419.5 degrees C. In its pure form, it is extremely rarely used for minting coins. Zinc coins were minted in many countries during the Second World War and in the post-war years. Currently, as a rule, zinc is used in coin alloys, primarily in brass.
Check - An unconditional order, an order from the drawer to the drawer's bank or other credit institution to pay the holder of the check a specified amount of money.
Chasing - Finishing operation of volumetric stamping - compression of a product (coin) in a finishing stamp in order to improve image quality, surface and dimensions.
Coin cleaning - Chemical or mechanical removal of patina, dirt, grease from a coin.
Ш tempel - A device for minting coins. It is a steel cone with a printed mirror image. Obverse and reverse stamps differ. As a rule, chasing occurs by simultaneous impact or compression of both stamps.
Jubilee coin - A coin issued to commemorate the anniversary of a person or historical event.
Commemorative coin of improved quality - made of precious or non-precious metals using a special proof or proof-like minting technology. Officially, they are usually declared legal tender by the issuer and can be used at face value as a means of exchange and payment, but are actually sold to collectors in numismatic markets for their collectible value in excess of face value.
Alignment - Checking the conformity of the coin blank to the accepted standard, followed by (if required) removal of excess metal from the coin blank field
