Vladimir Khomutko

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Composition of a drilling rig complex for drilling oil wells

Derrick

The main elements of a modern drilling rig are:

• tower block;
• pumping equipment block;
• power drives;
• cooking block;
• drilling fluid cleaning unit (often combined with the previous unit);
• drilling equipment:

1. rotor;
2. swivel;
3. traveling mechanism;
4. drawworks;
5. pumps;
6. power drive and so on.

• drilling facilities:

1. derrick;
2. set of bases;
3. shelters of prefabricated or frame-panel type;
4. set of shelving;
5. receiving walkways.

1. device for adjusting the bit feed;
2. mechanisms that allow automation of lowering and lifting operations;
3. wedge pneumatic gripper for pipes;
4. drilling automatic key;
5. auxiliary winch;
6. pneumatic releaser;
7. cranes for repairs;
8. remote control for monitoring drilling processes;
9. management posts.

• equipment providing preparation, regeneration and cleaning of drilling fluids:

1. device for preparing a solution;
2. vibrating screen set;
3. silt and sand separators;
4. booster pumps;
5. a set of containers for drilling fluids, water and chemicals.

• manifold:

1. block discharge line;
2. throttle type locking devices;
3. drilling sleeve.

• equipment that provides heating of drilling rig elements:

1. heat generators;
2. heating radiators;
3. communications that ensure coolant circulation.

The main purpose of the tower block:

• hanging the traveling system and the drill pipes attached to it;
• placement of equipment that provides lowering and lifting of tubing, casing and drilling elements of pipe strings;
• placement of devices that provide feeding and rotation of the drilling tool.

The power drive unit houses diesel or electric power units, compressors, gearboxes and gearboxes.

The pump unit contains pumping units along with their power units.

The block for the preparation and subsequent regeneration of drilling fluids includes:

• tanks for receiving and storing drilling fluid, both for that in the process of working circulation, and for creating the necessary supply of this fluid;
• devices for preparing the solution:
• clay mixing equipment;
• BPR (solution preparation unit) and so on.

• cleaning equipment for drilling fluid regeneration:
• vibrating screen set;
• silt and sand separators;
• degassing devices;
• settling tanks.

The complex, which provides lowering and lifting of equipment in a well, is a pulley-type mechanism and includes the following main elements:

• crown block;
• movable traveling block;
• drawworks;
• mechanism for fastening the end of the rope (fixed);
• the steel rope itself, which provides a flexible connection between the two previous devices.

The crown block is mounted at the top of the drilling derrick. The moving end of the rope is secured to the drawworks drum, and its fixed end is secured to the base of the derrick using a fastening mechanism. A hook is hung on the traveling block, from which either a swivel or an elevator for lowering/raising pipe strings is hung using slings. On modern hoisting and hoisting complexes, the hook and traveling block are usually combined into a single mechanism called a hook block.

Construction of oil drilling rigs

Technological tool used in drilling wells

The concept of “drilling tool” combines all the devices and mechanisms that are used for drilling wells and boreholes, as well as during work to eliminate emergencies. According to their purpose, drilling tools are divided into:

• technological;
• special;
• emergency;
• auxiliary

The design features and range of drilling tools vary depending on:

• areas of application (what wells are drilled - exploration, blasting, production, injection, and so on);
• drilling method;
• well diameter;
• characteristics of the drilled rocks.

Using a technological tool, drilling is directly carried out, which consists of destroying rocks and transporting their destroyed remains to the surface. Such a tool is also called a rock-cutting or downhole tool.

It includes:

• chisels and crowns;
• core grabbers;
• various types of pipes (core, slurry, drill pipes (regular and weighted);
• adapter kit;
• a set of seals and so on.

The structure of hydrocarbon oil and gas fields is represented mainly by sedimentary rocks.

The main physical and mechanical properties of such rocks, which directly affect the drilling process:

• elasticity;
• plastic;
• hardness;
• continuity;
• abrasiveness.

The main rock-cutting tool for drilling wells is a bit.

According to the principle of action by which rock destruction occurs, bits are divided into the following types:

• cutting and shearing - rock destruction occurs with the help of blades inclined in the direction of rotation of the tool (used when drilling soft rocks);
• crushing and shearing - the rock is destroyed either by teeth or pins placed on cutters; the cutters rotate both around the axis of the bit and around their own axis; in the process of rotating the bit, in addition to the crushing effect of the pins or teeth, as they slide along the bottom, the rock is also chipped (cut off), which significantly increases the efficiency of the drilling process;
• abrasion-cutting - rock destruction is carried out using diamond grains or carbide pins, which are located at the ends of the bit or on the blade edges of this tool; such bits are used when drilling medium-hard, non-abrasive rocks and hard rocks; Blade bits reinforced with carbide pins or diamond grains are used to drill through rocks that alternate in hardness and abrasiveness.

Blade types of bits

Depending on the type of their design, as well as on the equipment with carbide elements, blade-type bits are used when drilling:

• soft rocks;
• rocks of medium hardness;
• soft rocks with low-abrasive middle layers;
• if necessary, drill out cement plugs or metal parts of the lower part of the casing pipe strings;
• if it is necessary to expand the wellbore.

Currently, the following types of blade bits are used in practice:

• two-bladed with flow-through flushing (diameter varies from 76 to 165.1 millimeters);
• three-blade with flow-through or hydromonitor type of washing (diameters - from 120.6 to 469.9 millimeters);
• three-blade bits with an abrasive-cutting principle of operation with flow-through washing or washing using a hydraulic monitor (diameter - from 190.5 to 269.9 millimeters);
• six-bladed abrasive-cutting bits with two types of flushing (diameter - from 76 to 269.9 millimeters);
• peaked with flow-through flushing (diameter - from 98.4 to 444.5 millimeters).

Currently, the industry produces the following types of bladed bits (not classified as peaked):

• bits for drilling soft rocks (letter M);
• for soft rocks with medium-hard layers (MS);
• for abrasive soft abrasive rocks with medium-hard interlayers (MSZ);
• for medium-hard rocks (C);

There are two types of pointed blade bits:

• used for expanding the wellbore (letter P);
• for drilling out metal elements and cement plugs in the lower part of the casing (C).

Both in our country and in many foreign oil and gas producing countries, drilling of gas and oil fields is usually carried out using roller bits with conical cutters. Roller-cone bits are used for continuous drilling of wells for various purposes (production, exploration, injection, and so on). When using such bits, the bottom hole is cleaned either using compressed air or washing solutions.

Roller-cone drilling bit d=76-490 mm

If we compare such a tool with the blade one described above, it has a number of undoubted advantages, namely:

• The area of ​​direct contact with the bottom of bits with roller cutters is much smaller than that of blade-type bits, however, the total length of their working edges is much greater, which makes it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the drilling process;
• the rollers roll along the face, and the blades slide, so the wear resistance of roller bits is much higher than that of a blade tool;
• due to the fact that the cutters roll along the face, the torque consumed by the tool is relatively small, which minimizes the possibility of jamming of the roller bits.

The production of roller-cone bits is regulated by GOST number 20692-75.

According to this regulatory document, such a tool is produced in three versions - one-, two- and three-cone bits. The most common are tricone tools.

Based on the design criteria and location of blowing and flushing channels on the tool, such bits are divided into:

• bits with central flushing (letter C)
• with central blowing (P);
• with side flushing with a hydraulic monitor (G);
• with side blowing (SG).

Diamond drill bits

A diamond drilling tool is a carbide diamond-bearing working matrix in a steel case, which is equipped with an internal cone-type connecting thread.

Such drilling tools differ in the shape of the working matrix, in the quality characteristics of the diamonds used, as well as in the flushing systems used.

The carbide diamond-bearing matrix of a diamond bit is produced using powder metallurgy methods from metal powders.

Such metal-containing powders hold diamonds well and make it possible to produce working matrices with different hardness and wear resistance. Tungsten-based diamond matrices have the best performance in terms of quality characteristics such as strength, wear resistance and thermal conductivity.

In the manufacture of drill heads for diamond drilling tools, so-called technical diamonds weighing from 0.05 to 0.34 carats are used. In the production of such a chisel, for example, with a diameter of 188 millimeters, from 400 to 650 carats (from two to two and a half thousand diamond grains) are consumed.

Drilling heads of diamond bits are manufactured in two modifications:

• single-layer (types KR. KT, DR, DT t DK), on which diamond grains are placed in the surface layer of the working edges of metal matrices according to certain patterns;
• impregnated (type DI)Yu on which small diamond grains are distributed evenly throughout the matrix.

with a radial arrangement of channels and with a biconical outer surface (DR);

with a pressure channel and with toroidal projections (DP);

with a synthetic type of placement of diamond grains (C);

with impregnated diamond grains (I);

lobed (DL);

with internal cone (DV);

impregnated with pointed ends of the blades (DI);

universal (DU).

Such a rock-cutting tool is used when drilling deep (more than three kilometers) wells. The durability of diamond tools is 20-30 times higher than that of roller cutters.

Turbodrills, electric drills and screw engines, which are placed immediately above the bit, are used as such power plants during the drilling process.

A turbodrill is a multi-stage turbine with a number of stages up to 350. Each stage includes a stator rigidly connected to the housing and a rotor mounted on the shaft of the device. Flowing down the stator blades, the fluid flow acts on the rotor blades, spending part of the energy to produce torque.

Then this flow flows again onto the stator blades, and the process repeats. Despite the fact that each individual stage of a turbodrill is capable of developing a small torque, due to their large amount, the total power supplied to the shaft of the device is quite sufficient for drilling rocks with high hardness.

With this method of drilling, the working fluid is flushing solutions that flow from the surface to the turbodrill through the drill string. The bit is rigidly attached to the turbodrill shaft and rotates independently of the drill pipe string.

Drilling using an electric drill involves supplying electrical energy to an electric motor through a cable fixed inside the drill string. With this method of work, only the motor shaft with the bit attached to it rotates, and the device body and drill string are stationary.

The main design elements of a screw-type engine are the rotor and stator.

The inner surface of the steel stator housing is covered with a layer of special rubber and has the shape of a multi-start screw surface. The rotor, also made of steel, in turn, has the shape of a multi-lead screw, the number of helical lines of which is one less than that of the stator surface.

The rotor is placed in a stator with an eccentric. The eccentric, as well as the difference in the number of stator and rotor helical lines, allow the contacting surfaces to form a series of sluices (closed cavities) - sluices between high pressure chambers at the upper end, with a reduced pressure value at the lower sluice. These gateways block the free movement of the supplied liquid through the engine, which makes it possible to create a torque transmitted to the bit in the gateways using liquid pressure.

Drilling rig design. It is very difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without the use of oil and petroleum products. After all, it is thanks to oil production that many people not only have jobs, but also have the opportunity to heat their homes, refuel their cars, and use a variety of plastic products that are indispensable in everyday life and production. The lives of both the inhabitants of megacities and those living in villages, especially those involved in farming, depend on oil.

Oil has had an impressive influence not so much on comfort, but on the development of humanity as a whole, since it is on its basis that many things are produced, including dishes, clothes and much more that we have long been accustomed to.

However, not only people, but also high-quality equipment are of great importance in the development of oil production, because getting to oil is not an easy task and a person cannot do without specialized equipment. Typically, for these purposes, several different-sized drilling rigs are used, which are divided by power and length of the drill.

In general, the operation of any drilling rig can be compared to the action of a corkscrew. The drill penetrates the ground, gradually screwing into it until it reaches the oil field. This example greatly simplifies the rather complex operation of this technique, since in fact, unlike a simple corkscrew, which requires physical effort, the drilling rig is equipped with an electric drive, on which it operates.

Also, many people imagine a drill as a big corkscrew, but in reality it has a completely different look. The drill looks like a long jagged pin that scrapes the ground and hard rocks when working. Thanks to this design solution, the drill is able to dive to great depths, and the danger of it getting stuck is reduced.

Most people think that when a drill reaches an oil deposit, it begins to shoot upward in a strong gusher. But this is far from true. The drilling rig is prudently equipped with such an important detail as an oil outlet, which is a system of pipes through which oil then flows.

Types of equipment for drilling oil wells

Drilling equipment varies. It all depends on what exactly it is used for, but also drilling rigs for oil production are divided into their own subcategories. By design, they are divided into mast-mounted (an installation supported by only two supports) and tower-mounted (where the load of the drilling rig is evenly distributed over four more stable supports). Tower installations in the Russian oil industry usually reach forty-one meters. In addition to this, if drilling is carried out at sea, the drilling rigs are located on floating racks specially equipped for this purpose.

Drilling rig operations are divided into mobile and stationary. As you might guess, mobile units are used to explore deposits by examining underground soil layers. Heavy-duty oil drilling rigs are a type of stationary rig that are valued much more than mobile ones.

Drilling rigs also have their own standards and requirements. Much attention is paid to the basis of drilling equipment, namely the main supporting structures and supports, since they bear the entire weight of the drilling rig. Their reliability is the guarantee that the equipment will last a long time and that no emergencies or serious accidents will arise.

Electric generators, mud pumps

Another important part of drilling equipment is electric generators, the power of which determines the operation of the installation as a whole, and therefore they must have a large battery that is resistant to a wide range of temperatures. In addition to the main battery, which is the heart of the entire installation, it is very important that there is also a generator, which contains a reserve energy reserve and is protected by a special metal casing. An emergency on an oil rig can be very costly, both for the people working on it and for the environment, so the entire rig, right down to the pipes, must be safe. Not only is the material from which the installation pipes are made important, but the diameter must also be absolutely accurate. Undoubtedly one of the most important mechanisms is

The most expensive and important part of a drilling rig is undoubtedly the drill bit. It can have a minimum of three and up to six diamond-coated cutting heads and is capable of crushing even the hardest rocks. When operating a drill, it is very important that the coolant is properly supplied, because if something goes wrong, it will simply get stuck, and the drilling rig as a whole risks overheating. All of the above can lead to a very serious accident and have very destructive consequences for the environment. Based on all this, it is important to observe not only basic safety precautions on drilling rigs, but also to ensure that the equipment itself is in perfect condition.

IA website.- one of the types oil and gas equipment. It is a complex of equipment and drilling facilities designed for drilling oil and gas wells.

Drilling rigs for the development and exploration of oil and gas fields in general include:

Lifting equipment (crown block, winch, hook block)

Circulation equipment (mud pumps, swivels, tanks, manifolds)

Drilling structures (rigs, bridges, tower bases, racks)

Blowout prevention equipment

Equipment for the preparation of drilling fluids (slurry pumps, hydraulic funnels, hydraulic mixers)

Power equipment for driving winches, mud pumps, rotors (diesel engines, electric motors)

All drilling rigs are equipped with drive the main mechanisms(diesel with manual transmission or electric with digital variable control system)

In some cases it is possible to equip with an independent rotor drive

Kinetic basis of the drilling rig - lifting mechanism
The lifting mechanism starts when dynamic load.
Dynamic loads arise during hoisting operations due to acceleration or deceleration, as well as elastic vibrations created during transient processes.

The sources of dynamic loads are shocks and shocks that occur when picking up a pipe string and passing the hoist rope to the next layer of coiling. Dynamic loads can also be contributed by gaps and mounting displacements in the joints of components and parts of the lifting mechanism and its drive.

Application of drilling rigs

Drilling rigs are used:

1. For drilling shallow wells (up to 25 m) and small diameter wells (76-219 mm) during seismic exploration.
2. For drilling wells of medium depth (up to 600m) - structural and prospecting wells for solid minerals
3. For drilling deep wells (up to 6000m). Oil and gas production, as well as for exploration of new oil and gas fields.
4. Ultra-deep drilling of wells (up to 15,000m) for oil and gas production and development of new fields.
5. Drilling wells for water.
6. Overhaul of oil and gas wells.
7. Testing wells for oil and gas.

According to their functional purpose, drilling rigs are divided into:

1. installations for engineering-geological surveys
2. installations for water extraction, dewatering and geothermal heat supply, for various hydrogeological works
3. installations for construction work (drilling for pile and micropile foundations, for installing anchors)
4. installations for geological exploration
5. installations for seismic exploration
6. installations for the construction of power transmission line supports

Drilling rig design

Executive bodies(main) - winch, rotor, tower, tackle system, swivel, mud pump, circulation system.

Energy organs- diesel engines, electric motors, drives, power hydraulic system, pneumatic hydraulic system

Auxiliary organs-movement mechanisms, auxiliary winch, metal structures, lighting systems, water supply systems, heating systems, ventilation systems, etc.

Information bodies- control of drilling parameters

Controls

Derrick

Derrick- This is a key component in the equipment of drilling rigs. Performs the following functions:

1. Maintaining the drill string on the tackle system when drilling with unloading.
2. Running operations with casing and drill pipes

3. Placement of the tackle system and means of mechanization of hoisting operations, in particular the mechanisms of the ASP, KMSP or the platform of the riding worker, the emergency evacuation device for the riding worker, the top drive system and auxiliary equipment.

1. Drill pipe placement

Classification of drilling rigs

Drilling rigs are classified:

By purpose - for overhaul of wells and related units, for offshore drilling rigs, for mobile drilling rigs, for stationary drilling rigs.

By design - mast, tower.

Drill carriages

Drill carriages- mounted drilling equipment. Component drilling rigs. Carriages are installed on excavators and hydraulic excavators. Total weight - from 10 tons. A drilling carriage typically consists of a crawler-mounted travel mechanism with built-in hydraulics for traction (forward thrust) and drilling operation.

Mounted drill carriages are used when working on partial soil hardening, drilling with an air hammer, or when taking cores, as well as for drilling wells for piles, for constructing water wells and for anchor drilling.

Rotors

Rotors are designed to rotate the drilling tool and support the drill string while drilling wells.

Winches- the main mechanism of the hoisting complex of the drilling rig. Designed to perform the following operations:

Lowering and lifting casing pipes and drill pipes

Transfer of rotation to the rotor

Feeding the tool to the face

It is advisable to equip a well for water if the depth of the ground aquifer is shallow; in other cases, a well will be required, and therefore a drilling rig. Shallow streams of water are often used for technical purposes, for watering the garden and filling the pool, but for drinking it is better to dig much deeper.

Drilling rig is a system of devices and mechanisms used for punching holes and strengthening the walls of wells. The structures came into use everywhere as the simplest tool for extracting water. But the scope of application of these systems is quite wide:

• Drilling wells for engineering work;
• Drilling pits under water;
• Construction of exploration mines.

Wells are divided by type into:

1. Artesian - up to 100 m deep, usually supplying water to several houses or cottages. Service life up to 50-60 years.
2. Tubular/Abyssinian– up to 12 m depth. As a rule, they are located on the upper aquifer, where debris and dirt do not fall. The service life is 15-20 years, then the mine may silt up and a new well or deepening will be required to the next layer up to 30 meters deep.

Types of drilling rigs, operating principle

Hand Drilling Rigs

Have the following characteristics:

1. Low productivity;
2. Modest dimensions;
3. Use at shallow depths;
4. Not suitable for heavy and floating soils.

Shock-rope type

Impact-rope drilling rigs for constructing water wells have the following properties:

1. Easy to install and assemble;
2. Easy to use;
3. They have high operating efficiency;
4. The result is a good deep water well with a long service life;
5. Reduced drilling speed;
6. Possible drilling depth is up to 100 meters or more;
7. Can be used on rocky, heavy soils;
8. Sometimes additional equipment is required, which increases the cost of installation.

The percussion-rope drilling system has been used for a long time and is considered one of the most affordable in private small farms in terms of price and ease of operation. Functionality principle:

• A drilling impact chuck is used, which breaks down soil layers under the influence of gravity;
• The movement is started by means of a winch;
• Each layer of soil is pulled out with a bailer.

To strengthen the walls of the mine, it is necessary to equip it with casing pipes and cement the entire structure. It would be useful to equip additional filters. Percussion-rope drilling technology is considered suitable for sandy and clayey soils.

The simple design includes: a support tripod with a block and securing rope, a drive responsible for the movement of the cartridge, and the cartridge itself with an attachment weighing up to 120 kg.

Screw systems

Auger drilling rigs are much more practical than cable-percussion drilling rigs, as they have increased productivity. However, it is better to use drilling structures on dried and fairly soft soils without stones, otherwise the auger mechanism can be broken. The work is complicated by the requirement to constantly clean the functioning nozzle from soil accumulations.

The principle of operation is that a screw drill is screwed into the ground, while loosened layers of soil settle on the blades and after 2-3 passes the drill must be cleaned. The drilling technology is extremely simple and well-known, and the drill consists of an auger, a rod (it needs to be increased as it goes deeper into the soil) and a mechanical or manual drive.

Important! The manual drive of the auger system is better suited for drilling small wells; for greater depths, a mechanized machine will be required.

Rotary drilling with flushing

Rotary drilling rigs are considered the best for use in private households. They are used on any soil, have a high operating speed, but at the same time they are quite expensive and a license is required to drill artesian wells for water.

This drilling rig is equipped with an additional flushing system to lift crushed soil. In this case, the design may have:

• Direct flush type when the solution is supplied through a hose system, and the soil masses are washed out directly through the pit;
• The reverse type is in which water is supplied directly into the mine, and the soil is removed by drilling equipment.

Rotary drilling technology is suitable for use on any soil, and is also indicated for drilling sufficiently deep wells for water. Thanks to the robust design of the drill, consisting of a rod, a rotating mechanism that destroys the soil, a drive, a pump and a swivel, these drilling rigs cope well with quicksand. For stability, the elements are fixed to a frame made of steel and capable of withstanding significant loads.

Important! Rotary designs combine impact and rotary drilling systems, which are ideal for penetrating even rocky soils subject to seasonal movement.

There are several technologies for drilling water wells, so the choice is determined only by the owner himself. In addition to the price component, it’s good to consider:

1. the required productivity of the water well, which will ultimately be obtained;
2. soil condition;
3. the possibility of the formation of quicksand;
4. depth of ground aquifers;
5. depth of soil freezing point;
6. soil mobility during seasonal floods and precipitation.

The basics of drilling water wells are simple, so equipping your own autonomous source of water supply on the site will not be a problem for every owner.

An oil drilling rig is a complex of specialized equipment for. It is installed directly at the drilling site; with its help, operations are performed independently, since all mechanisms are automated. Drilling equipment allows you to extract oil in any weather conditions.

Places where oil drilling rigs are used

Oil drilling rigs are used in several applications.

When obtaining small-sized wells, mainly up to 25 m, intended for seismic exploration, they are often drilled in a place where the presence of oil has already been determined; they are necessary for estimating the amount of extracted material and drawing up a work plan for the area.

For drilling production wells, their depth is up to 6000 m, used to obtain gas, oil and other types of solid minerals;

To obtain assessment wells, specialists use them to make forecasts and analyze the movement of oil slabs in the study area, and also determine the approximate amount of minerals.

To dig control wells, pressure is monitored at the work sites.

To make observation holes, they allow you to track the amount of material extracted and its remains. In this way, the contact of oil and gas with water can be assessed.

Oil drilling rigs are also used to repair oil and gas wells and produce.

Purpose of settings

Oil systems are designed for drilling wells that differ not only in size, but also

appointment. It is these differences that determine the drilling goals:

• Engineering-geological surveys (used to study the terrain and the composition of geological plates).
• Hydrogeological drilling (necessary for extracting water, as well as lowering its level in a certain area).
• The installations are indispensable for geothermal heat supply.
• Construction work (construction activities, arrangement of pile and micropile foundations, placement of anchors).
• Geological exploration activities (studying the geological structure of the area, making a forecast and analyzing its further behavior).
• Seismic exploration forecasting.
• Installation of supports for power lines.

Drilling equipment is widely used, which means different design features of each type. In addition, a certain type of machine can only work under certain climatic conditions.

Types and classification of oil drilling rigs

There are several types of classifications of oil complexes, based on which an important installation criterion is determined.

Design

The machines differ in their design features. This is explained by the fact that a certain type of machine is used only for a narrow type of work. By design, the equipment can be:

• Mast-mounted (the mechanical part is located on two supports).
• Tower (has 4 support mechanisms, the load on each of them is distributed evenly).

As a rule, tower units are characterized by their large size and high productivity.

Moving method

Drilling equipment also differs in the method of movement. These features are very important for working on different types of terrain. Drilling units are divided according to the movement criterion:

• mobile;
• stationary.

Mobile oil drilling rigs are indispensable for exploration activities, as well as for studying the composition of the terrain. With their help, specialists take samples for various studies. Stationary models are necessary for the extraction of material.

Placement

Mining can be carried out on any terrain, regardless of whether it is a solid surface or a body of water. Based on these criteria, drilling rigs are divided into:

• ground;
• marine (fixation is carried out on the bottom).

Oil fields can be located anywhere, and the amount of oil does not depend on whether it is on a solid surface or in water. Therefore, machines can pump out oil under any conditions.

Drilling method

To drill wells, various types of drilling are used. Depending on this, oil installations are divided:

• Rotary drilling (work is carried out due to the rotational movement of a special structural element of the machine).
• Rotary-impact drilling (a certain impact force is used to obtain a well, after which the installation element begins to rotate).
• Impact (drilling is carried out due to the impact of the element on the surface of the area).
• Vibration drilling.
• Fire drilling.

Recently, a new type of drilling equipment has been developed, with the help of which the formation of a well occurs due to discharge-pulse drilling.

In addition, oil rigs can be powered by electric, electro-hydraulic or diesel drive.

Construction of oil drilling rigs

An oil drilling rig includes several systems in its design.

Energy

The engine processes fuel into the necessary type of energy, which powers an electric generator. It, in turn, carries out the flow of electricity to the remaining mechanisms and assemblies of the machine.

Mechanical

This part contains a lifting device that moves heavy elements. In addition, in this part of the oil drilling structure there is a rotor barrel.

Auxiliary

The system includes additional equipment with which there is light, ventilation elements, and the movement of the unit can also be carried out.

Information

Exercising strict control over the operation of all types of units and mechanisms. If there is a problem, an alarm sounds.

Circulating

With this type of system, a chemical solution is propelled into the drill string. Under a certain pressure, it moves through all the pipes and enters the rotor barrel.

In addition to the systems that make up oil complexes, the working parts of the device are distinguished:

• Drilling rig (supports the drilling machine during work on the ground, lowers and raises the necessary equipment).
• High-tech pumps (pump a chemical solution into the system).
• Pipeline system (mechanisms and units are connected to each other).
• Rotor (carrying out the movement of the drill during work, as well as maintaining the balance of the equipment).
• Drill (a unit used to destroy rocks in the area where work is being carried out).
• Winches (feed the tool to the face and ensure rotation of the rotor).

In addition, the unit contains elements such as preventers, which ensure hermetically sealed pipe valves.

Use of petroleum systems

Install systems for producing oil in blocks or units. Lightweight supports are used as the mounting base. Operation is carried out in several stages:

1. Preparing the area where this system will be located, checking all equipment for serviceability and integrity.
2. Markings are carried out on the area, and all devices that are characterized by a high degree of fire hazard are removed.
3. First of all, the supporting part is assembled, consisting of a winch and a rotor; the utility and auxiliary installations are attached to them using special bolts.
4. After this, the axes, rotor table and future center of the well are assembled.

The final stage is the assembly of the tower and its additional equipment. All work is carried out using a machine crane.

Delivery of a drilling machine is considered a rather complex process, which includes:

• The calculation, according to it, decides the question of the method of transportation.
• Determining the route, in this case all terrain slopes are taken into account, as well as the quality of the road.
• Checking and preparing the equipment with which the unit will be attached to the transport equipment.
• Loading.

Delivery of the drilling rig can be carried out using a semi-trailer mechanism, if the dimensions of the unit allow.