Since ancient times, people have known that in order to overcome a cold, you need to somehow strengthen your body, that is, your immunity. Thanks to beautiful and promising advertising, we will soon completely forget that in nature there are more effective and safer remedies for colds, flu and sore throats. Viburnum berries, rowan berries and rose hips are the remedy that needs to be used to defeat colds, and synthetic stimulants of the immune system do not strengthen, but rather weaken it.

Kalina It is rich in vitamins and useful minerals, so it is an excellent tool for strengthening our immunity during periods of flu epidemics and other colds. Moreover, it acquires maximum beneficial properties precisely after the first frost. Even its taste during this period turns from bitter to a little sweet. It is rich in phytoncides, which kill pathogenic bacteria, and its “vitamin complex” effectively fights spring hypovitaminosis. Viburnum can be used in making tea and compote, pies, cereals, jelly and jam, marmalade.

For the prevention and treatment of colds, viburnum infusion is most effective. Take 40 g of grated berries and pour 200 ml of hot honey. Take a tablespoon 4 times a day. To remove the bitterness of viburnum berries, you must first hold them in boiling water for 6-7 minutes. This infusion is especially useful for coughs and hoarseness. Viburnum juice is also very useful. Its use normalizes blood pressure, improves blood formation and stimulates the heart. It is also good as an antiseptic and wound healing agent.

Rose hip is not far removed from viburnum in its beneficial properties. Its decoction, which can be drunk instead of tea, is very useful, as it contains vitamin C. Rosehip berries should never be boiled; they are brewed in a thermos. This way its beneficial properties are not lost. Place two handfuls of berries in a thermos and pour 0.5 liters of boiling water over them. Close the thermos and leave for 6 hours. Before drinking, strain the drink and add honey or sugar to taste. This decoction can be consumed at least a liter every day, but after 2-3 weeks you definitely need to take a break. Those who have kidney problems should use rose hips very carefully - a large amount of vitamin C creates additional stress on the kidneys.

Rowan In general, it can be considered a real natural pharmacy. Just like viburnum, it acquires maximum beneficial properties after the first frost. Rowan berries contain pectins, which remove radioactive substances and heavy metals from the body. The substances contained in the berries neutralize most pathogenic bacteria, tone the intestines, and strengthen the walls of blood vessels. Rowan juice is very useful. It stimulates the immune system, effectively fighting colds; improves blood circulation and reduces cholesterol in the blood. It is useful for the prevention of hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Rowan Nevezhinskaya

Ruby

. Valuable primarily for its short stature. This is a shrub 1-1.5 m in height, with large sweet fruits rich in various biologically active substances. Very promising view.

The most common rowan is the common rowan, which belongs to the family Rosaceae (rosaceae), genus Sorbus (rowan).

photo.. maybe rust? .I had such leaves on a young apple tree.. I tore it off

Rowan berry fruits contain a significant amount of fiber and pectins, which prevent the absorption of many toxic substances, including radionuclides, and accelerate their elimination from the body.

The following varieties of native selection of Nevezhinskaya rowan are known:

Nevezhinskaya cubical

For spring planting, holes (100x100 cm and 70 cm deep) are prepared in the fall. Before planting, add 500 g of superphosphate, 100 g of potassium salt (or 400 g of ash) to the bottom of the hole and cover the roots with humus (10-12 kg per tree).

Nevezhinskaya yellow

The most common variety. The fruits are orange-red, elongated, pentagonal, the pulp is juicy, with a pleasant sweet and sour taste, the seeds are small, light brown in color. Weight of 100 medium fruits - 50 g.

Rowan propagation

The best way to combat rust is proper prevention. Dampness is a good condition for the spread of the disease, therefore, when watering roses, you should try not to spray the buds and leaves. The place where your roses will grow should be selected in an area with good ventilation and protection from cold winds. Plants must have enough potassium in their diet; its deficiency can trigger an outbreak. All parts of the plant affected by the disease must be removed from the garden and destroyed.

Rust is a harmful disease of roses that is easy to recognize and not at all easy to cure. It is caused by spores of fungi of the Pucciniaceae family, and the disease is transmitted by various insects and wind. There are two similar diseases - black spot and rust.

Among the diseases on rowan, rust and moniliosis (fruit rot) are noted.

Planting rowan

If you planted a two-year-old tree with a formed crown, then they continue to shape it, trying to obtain the most convenient flat crown of a pyramidal type. If it is a one-year-old, then remove the bottom of the stem to a height of 70 cm (future trunk), trim the plant, cutting off the top to the inner bud.

. Obtained from pollination of rowan with a mixture of pollen from different varieties of pear. Trees up to 6 m in height. The branches are light brown. The leaves are odd-pinnate, light green. The fruits are dark red, faceted, sweet and sour. Has periodic fruiting.

Homemade rowan

This is a winter-hardy plant in the form of a tree up to 10 m high, capable of withstanding frosts down to -50 or more. The leaves are imparipinnate with 5-9 pairs of leaflets. The edge of the leaf blade is serrated, the teeth are sharp. The leaves are dark green above, with grayish pubescence below. The flowers are small, white, with a specific “rowan” smell, collected in multi-flowered umbrella-type inflorescences (“scutellum”) with a diameter of about 10 cm. The fruits are red or orange, up to 1.6 cm in diameter, large with seeds located inside them. It blooms in May-June, the fruits ripen in October. The taste of rowan fruits before frost is tart and bitter, and after freezing it is almost sweet.

The common mountain ash species (Sorbus aucuparia L.) is widespread in our republic, which is found everywhere in forests, copses, shelter belts, and in the lining of highways and railways.

Therefore, potatoes planted next to mountain ash are slightly affected by late blight. To protect against spoilage during storage, potatoes and vegetables can be sprinkled with chopped rowan leaves. Freshly broken branches of the plant, lowered for 2-3 hours in a vessel with swamp water, make it suitable for drinking.

In distribution it is inferior to Kubova. The fruits are quite large, round, with noticeable ribs, orange-yellow in color. The pulp has a sour-sweet taste, less juicy than that of the Nevezhinskaya cube. Weight of 100 fruits - 50-60 g. Nevezhinskaya red The fruits are quite large, bright red in color, sweeter than the other two varieties. Weight of 100 fruits - 60 g.

Use fungicides; these drugs, penetrating inside the plant, are able to exert their therapeutic effect already in the early stages. In addition, make it a rule to purchase only healthy rose seedlings in specialized stores or retail outlets with a good reputation, where you can always get competent advice from a rose specialist.

Rowan Pests

Black spot affects plants closer to the second half of summer; it appears in the form of black or black-brown spots on the upper side of rose leaves. The spores of this disease are carried by the wind. Leaves affected by this disease quickly turn yellow and soon fall off. The loss of vegetative mass stimulates the growth of young new shoots, which do not have time to ripen and properly prepare for winter, all this leads to general exhaustion and weakening of the plant.

Rowan diseases

Control measures: spray with 5% sp. Bayleton (20 g per 10 liters of water) or, starting in May, with an interval of 3 weeks, 2-3 treatments are carried out with a 1% lime-sulfur decoction or 1% Bordeaux mixture.

Medicinal properties of rowan fruits

The applied pre-planting fertilizer is enough for 2-3 years. Starting from the 3rd year, rowan trees begin to be fed. It is most convenient to use ammonium nitrate (15-20 g/m2) in the spring, 20-25 g of nitrophoska per 1 m2 during fruit set, after harvesting 25 g/m2 of double superphosphate and 22 g/m2 of potassium sulfate. Before winter, 15-20 kg of humus or half-rotted manure is applied to the tree trunk circle. You can also use dry bird droppings - 150-200 g/m2.

Rowan is a valuable multivitamin plant.

The most common and convenient method of propagation is budding with an eye or grafting with a cutting. Seedlings of mountain ash, hawthorn or chokeberry (aronia) are usually used as a rootstock.

. This plant is very common in Central Asia and Crimea. The fruits are very large, green, the size of a plum. The trees are very tall, up to 15 m in height.

Rowan leaves and bark are rich in phytoncides

Fruiting formations - fruitlets or fruitlets, ringlets. Rowan is a fairly durable plant that can live 100-200 years.

The ancient Slavs dried rowan and also collected frozen berries in winter. Rowan has always settled close to human habitation. There was even a belief that if a rowan grows near a house, that house will never catch fire. Birds spread this valuable crop very quickly, especially field thrushes. Rowan, like viburnum, is widely found in folk tales, legends, proverbs and songs. Since the 14th century, it begins to be mentioned in various sources, although it was known much earlier. Rowan, like viburnum, was used by the Slavs and Magi in various religious rites and holidays, as a late-ripening and long-lasting crop. Wreaths were made from bunches of berries, woven into garlands, braids, etc. There were no varieties of rowan at that time. The peasants of the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir province, through selection, developed the Nevezhinskaya rowan variety with large, juicy, almost bitter fruits.

Forest and sweet-fruited mountain ash are used for the prevention and treatment of vitamin deficiency, atherosclerosis, hypertension, exhaustion and anemia.

2 years after planting, a circular groove 50 cm deep and 20-25 cm wide, with a house diameter, is dug around the tree. Place 3-4 buckets of rotted manure at the bottom of the ditch, mix it with the top layer of soil and fill it up. After another 2 years, you dig a ditch of larger diameter (along the periphery of the crown), add manure, etc.

Cultivated varieties are propagated mainly by grafting or budding on mountain ash. Budding is done with a sleeping eye in July - early August.

gorod21veka.ru

Those in the know, help me, what's wrong with the rowan? Maybe I water it often?

Olesya Serebrova

Usually, rowan bushes are picked, the leaves are removed from them and hung in the attic or in a dark, dry room. Fruits in this form can be stored for a long time and not spoil, because they contain parasorbic acid, which has antibiotic properties.

Hedgehog

The main care consists of weeding, loosening the soil and shaping the plants, and their annual pruning. If there is a dry period, it is mandatory to water the plants at the rate of 20-25 liters of water per tree.

Rowan

HOW LONG HAVE THEY BEEN GROWING ROWAN?

Budding (grafting with an eye into a T-shaped incision or butt) is carried out in July-August. If the weather was wet, warm, it was raining and the bark “lags behind” well, then it is grafted into a T-shaped incision; if it does not lag behind well, it is grafted into the butt. The budding technique is the same as for fruit crops (cutting a bud with a piece of wood from an annual shoot with a sharp budding knife, inserting it behind the bark, wrapping it tightly with plastic film and covering it with garden varnish).

Recently, many varieties of rowan have been obtained and interest in this crop has grown significantly. At one time, I.V. Michurin created interesting varieties that are still grown today. These are Krasavitsa (rowan-pear hybrid), Rubinovaya, Garnetnaya (rowan-hawthorn hybrids), Likernaya (hybrid of rowan and chokeberry). There are also hybrids with other types of rowan, serviceberry, and quince. The following varieties of mountain ash are very popular and feel good in our country: Titan, Concentra, Granatnaya, Rozina, etc. The most popular and widespread variety in our country is Nevezhinskaya, obtained as a result of long-term selection by peasants of the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir province.

WHAT IS THE VALUE OF ROWAN FRUITS AND WHAT IS THEIR APPLICATION IN PEOPLE'S MEDICINE?

When planting rowan gardens, the most optimal productive period is 10-12 years.

Rowanberry is a valuable multivitamin crop. Its fruits contain 24-30% dry matter, up to 8% sugars (fructose, glucose, sorbose, sucrose), up to 3% organic acids (grape, citric, malic, succinic, fumaric, sorbic), 0.8% pectic substances , 0.5% tannins and dyes. Per 100 g of fruit there is vitamin C - 200 mg, carotene - 21 mg, vitamin E (tocopherol) - 2 mg, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - 2 mg, phylloquinone (vitamin K) - 1 mg, vitamin B9 (folic acid) - 0.25 mg, serotonin - 1 mg, P-active compounds: catechins - up to 830 mg, anthocyanins and leukoanthocyanins - up to 2100 mg, flavonols - up to 520 mg. Rowan fruits also contain valuable sugar sorbitol (up to 30.5% by wet weight), parasorbic acid (lactone) - 0.8%, iron, magnesium, manganese, calcium, sodium, potassium and especially a lot of iodine - up to 4.1 mg per 100 g. Rowan seeds contain up to 22% fatty oils and the glycoside amygdalin, leaves - up to 2000 mg per 100 g of vitamin C, flavonols (hyperoside, astragalin, isoquercitrin, kempferol-trisophoroside, quercetin-trisophoroside), in the bark - tannins. Quercitrin and spireoside were found in flowers.

Fresh blankets and jam made from them help with lung diseases, colds, constipation and rheumatism. An alcohol infusion of fruits (1:10) is used against hemorrhoids; scrofula is treated with infusions of fresh fruits and leaves (15 g per 1 glass of water, drink 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day).

Rowan is a light-loving plant. With dense plantings, the plants stretch out and form thin branches; in good light, the trees form a wide-spreading crown. In young plants, a compact crown is formed by pruning; during fruiting, the crown is thinned out, branches are shortened, and dried broken branches are removed.

Grafting should be done in the second half of July, when the bark is well separated from the rootstock, and the scion has well-developed and mature buds. Grafting behind the bark before sap flow and lateral grafting of cuttings with cutting into the wood are effective and simple.

What are the features of rowan biology?

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rust roses

To prepare it, pass the berries through a juicer and get the juice. Add 400-500 g of sugar to 1 liter of juice, dissolve, bring to a boil, and roll into sterilized jars. Store in a cool place.

Most often, rowan itself forms a beautiful pyramidal crown without human intervention, but, naturally, it is too thick. Therefore, the task of an amateur gardener is to create a flat pyramidal crown of a tree, ensuring the optimal number of skeletal branches and their proportional arrangement to each other so that there is no competition and shading.

In the spring, you can plant cuttings using the copulation method (simple or improved), in a side cut, in a split or behind the bark. In our opinion, the most convenient method is to graft cuttings of weeping forms of rowan onto rowan trees (using them as an intermediate or intercalary insert) and then re-graft them with cultivated varieties. The purpose of this double operation is to obtain low trees, no more than 2 m, with a weeping crown, so that the harvest is concentrated at a low height and is convenient to harvest.

Nevezhinskaya

What types and varieties of rowan are grown nowadays?

The fruit formations of the varieties are different. Therefore, it is very important to know in advance what the variety you are growing mainly bears fruit on last year’s growths: on fruit trees, fruit twigs or ringlets. Based on this, pruning is carried out.

In folk medicine, dry rowan fruits are used as a preventative general strengthening multivitamin. They are included in various vitamin teas or mixtures. Used as a laxative, hemostatic, urinary and choleretic agent, for scurvy, hypovitaminosis and vitamin deficiencies, anemia. From the fruits of rowan, carotene is obtained, which is necessary for children, and sorbitol sugar, which is useful for patients with diabetes. Rowan is useful for hypertension, low acidity of gastric juice, cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases, kidney and bladder diseases, kidney stones. For dysentery, low acidity of gastric juice, juice from fresh fruits is useful (for 1/2 glass of fresh juice 1/2 teaspoon of honey, drink before meals).

Vaccinations produce a harvest for 3-5 years. In young trees, fruit twigs 10-20 cm long bear fruit annually, after 20-25 years - ringlets, which live for 4-7 or more years. With good care, trees (with a life expectancy of 100 years) at the age of 30-40 years produce 60-100 kg of fruit. For grafting, take 2-3 year old well-developed seedlings with a bole thickness of 8-10 cm, transplanted into the garden to a permanent place. The vaccine is given next year.

Rowan berries, sorted and washed, are passed through a meat grinder. The squeezed juice is poured into an enamel bowl. The remaining mass is squeezed through a sieve. The resulting juice with pulp is mixed with sugar (400-500 g) and dissolved with stirring, bringing to a boil. Then they are rolled into jars and stored in a cool place. This is the most valuable vitamin product.

On young plants, all wild growth and tops ("fat shoots") are cut off at the base with pruning shears, ensuring a clean stem. Rowan has a bad habit of sending out skeletal branches at an acute angle, so sometimes fruit growers recommend that when pruning, leave first the branches extending at a right (obtuse) angle. Such branches are more stable, but those branching off at an acute angle are more likely to break. Every year you need to carry out pruning, understanding it correctly, that is, not as cutting out everything unnecessary, but only shortening. When shortening, the shoots are cut off, leaving the terminal bud so that it looks not inside the crown, but away from it. In what place of the plot, and on what soil is it best to plant rowan?

. Tree up to 8-10 m high. The crown is wide-pyramidal and strong. The trunk and branches are dark gray, becoming darker with age. The buds are large, oblong-pointed. The leaves are imparipinnate with 7-9 pairs of lanceolate leaflets, dark green above. The inflorescence is a corymb. The fruits are elongated, 5-sided, red. The taste is good, without noticeable bitterness. Ripening in August-September. In addition to the common rowan, there are Finnish rowan, elderberry and other species.

In the medical practice of ancient Tajik medicine (12th century) (Makhzan-ul-Adviya) it is written about rowan: “... strengthens the body, creates a good mood. Use internally for headaches, especially the type that occurs from lifting and penetration into the head of fumes from the stomach and other organs of the body. Useful for coughs from heat or hot materials; strengthens the stomach and holding power, makes the stomach tissue more dense. Calms vomiting, prevents the rise of vapors into the head, as well as the effusion of substances into the stomach; prevents the passage of wet and liquid matter, stops diarrhea, fresh, unripe rowan has a particularly strong effect in this regard. Blocks excessive leakage of urine. A single dose of up to fifty pieces of fruit." Dried fruits are included in vitamin teas (N 2 with rosehip 1 :1 and N 3 with nettle leaves 7:3), which are drunk for avitaminosis. For liver diseases, coughs, and female diseases, they drink a decoction of flowers.

Rowan moth, red-winged hawthorn moth and rowan mite. They damage leaves and fruits, overwinter in the surface layer of soil under trees. It is better to plant rowan on the northern or eastern side of the site so that it covers more heat-loving plantings from cold winds and does not shade them from the sun, for easy - and medium-loamy fertile soils. The distance between trees when planting should be 4-5 m.

How is rowan propagated?

Rowan is the oldest representative of the plant world; it is perhaps the most winter-hardy fruit plant, capable of withstanding frosts down to -50 degrees.

To prepare a soap solution, you need to dilute 250–300 g of soap in 10 liters of hot water. Spray the plant with the cooled solution. A good sprayer with a pump will make this job easier.

Rowan berries are collected when frost hits, sorted, washed and then blanched in boiling salt water. Then they are washed again, poured with 2 glasses of water per 1 kg of berries and boiled. The boiled berries, which have become soft, are squeezed through a sieve. Then, based on 1 liter of broth, 1 kg of sugar is boiled over low heat in an enamel pan to 70% of the original volume. Then they are rolled into pasteurized jars, cooled and transferred to a cold place for storage.

It is very important to know the features of pruning the varieties growing in your garden. The main thing is to determine on which fruit formations the main crop is located, that is, what type of fruit wood predominates (fruit trees, ringlets, fruit twigs, last year’s growths). Depending on this, the pruning is built.

Two or three plants of different varieties of rowan for cross-pollination are best planted in a windbreak line on the north side. For example, varieties Titan, Concentra and Granatnaya, which will block access to cold northern winds. The distance between plants is 2.5-3 m. Loamy soils are most suitable for rowan. On sandy soils it suffers from a lack of moisture, on heavy clayey soils it suffers from an excess of moisture and lack of oxygen.

Grenade

Finnish rowan

How to plant rowan correctly?

However, taking these tips into account, in all cases it is necessary to consult a doctor and not self-medicate. This is especially true for people with varying degrees of blood clotting and heart disease.

Rowan leaf rust

How to care for rowan?

Rust (reddish-yellow spots on the upper side of the leaf, whitish growths with spores on the lower side). When digging around tree trunks and harvesting fallen leaves in autumn, pests die; spraying with Bordeaux mixture helps against rust.

Rowan is self-sterile and does not set fruit when self-pollinated. It requires cross pollination. Flowers are pollinated by insects, mainly bees.

Rowan Nevezhinskaya is widespread. Its fruits are quite large and sweet.

HOW TO FORM AND CUT ROWAN BERRY?

If the disease

The washed berries are blanched, crushed with a wooden pestle, poured with water and boiled for 10 minutes. Then strain off the juice, add 400 g of sugar, pour in dfozhi, stir, put in a warm (20-22°C) place for 10-12 hours. Then filter, bottle and put in a cool place or refrigerator.

For example, if varieties produce the main harvest on last year’s growth, then the point of pruning should be to produce as much annual wood as possible.

Rowan can, in principle, be grown in a wide pH range, but the soil must be sufficiently fertile, aerated and sufficiently moist.

. Obtained from crossing rowan (S. aucuparia) with hawthorn (Crataegus sangvinea). Tree 3-4 m high. The crown is very sparse. The branches are dark gray. The leaves are imparipinnate, the leaves are dark green on the upper side and light green on the lower side. The fruits are pomegranate-colored, faceted. The taste is sweet, slightly tart. Ripen in August-September.

WHAT DISEASES AND PESTS DAMAGE ROWAN?

. It has become popular for its decorative properties, large berries and high yield. This tree is about 5 m tall, with a beautiful pyramidal crown with wide semi-pinnate leaves.

Rowan is a good honey plant (up to 500 kg of honey per 1 ha). This honey is valuable in the treatment of rheumatism, hypertension, gout and atherosclerosis. Fresh rowan juice heals burns and is also very useful for people with low acidity of gastric juice. Dried rowan fruits are used to make flour, which is added to baked goods.

Rust is caused by the multihost rust fungus Gymnosporangiumcornutum (= G. juniperinum; G. aurantiacum). It is able to develop only in the presence of two different host plants, which are the species of rowan and juniper. In the first half of summer, the spring-summer stage of the fungus is formed on the mountain ash, represented by two forms of sporulation: spermogonia (pycnidia) with pycnospores and aecia with aeciospores. At the same time, spots of different types appear on the leaves. On the upper side they are round, 2–5 mm in diameter, orange-yellow with dark brown punctate tubercles of spermogonia. On the underside of the leaves, on whitish spots, aecial sporulation of the fungus is formed in the form of brown cone-shaped outgrowths 1–2 mm long, cracking in a star-shaped manner. Mature, light aeciospores disperse over a distance of up to 250 m and infect different types of juniper. In the spring of next year, basidia with basidiospores develop on the trunks and branches of the juniper, which infect the leaves of the rowan. With severe development of the disease, spots can cover most of the leaf blade, causing the leaves to become deformed.

The fruits ripen quickly and smoothly in September, without falling off, they can hang until frost. Thrushes are very fond of rowan berries, especially sweet-fruited ones, so the crop must be harvested before they appear.

How is mountain ash harvested?

Therefore, you need to take different varieties for planting. It is advisable to have 3-4 trees in the garden, but in a small area it is much better to graft several varieties into the crown of one tree, which promotes good cross-pollination and, ultimately, a high yield. The yield of multi-varietal trees is much higher than that of single-varietal trees.

ROWAN JUICE WITH SUGAR

It got its name from the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir region (Russia), where it has been grown for more than 100 years. This is a tree up to 10 m or more in height with large odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are collected in multi-flowered inflorescences - scutes up to 10 cm in diameter with a strong specific odor.

ROWAN BERRY JUICE WITH PULP

rust of roses

ROWAN BERRY JELLY

For 1 kg of berries take 300-400 g of sugar, 4 liters of water, 10 g of yeast.

KVASS FROM ROWAN FRUIT

If you apply severe pruning on young plants, this will lead to the formation of a large number of competing shoots and reduce the yield. Therefore, in young and middle-aged rowan plants, you should not get carried away with excessive cutting. They are limited to sanitary pruning only, removing damaged and competing branches. In plants older than 8 years of age, where growth becomes weak, anti-aging pruning can be done. It is advisable to extend it over 2-3 years and combine it with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers.

They try to allocate a well-lit place for rowan trees. If there is a clone, then it is better to plant it at the top of the slope. Rowan is a light-loving crop and demanding of water.

Chokeberry propagation

1.2.4. Seed propagation

Seed propagation is a type of sexual reproduction, as a result of which a seed-embryo of the plant is formed, enclosed in the seed coat along with storage nutrient tissues. The seed coat protects the embryo from drying out, and the supply of substances provides the seedling with nutrition in the first stages of development. The appearance of seeds in the evolution of plants ensured their adaptation to various environmental conditions and the wide distribution of seed plants in the vegetation cover. In angiosperms, seed development occurs in a closed chamber called the ovary of the pistil, which provides their protection from unfavorable environmental factors. Flowers, fruits, and seed-structures that ensure sexual reproduction of flowering plants, which change to a much lesser extent than vegetative organs under the influence of environmental factors.
In some plants, apomixis is observed - this is secondary asexual seed reproduction, not accompanied by a sexual process. In this case, the beginning of a new organism can be given by an unfertilized egg (parthenogenesis) or a vegetative cell (apogamy). Most often, apomixis occurs in cultivated plants (beets, flax, tobacco, barley, wheat) with the formation of a haploid embryo. Apomixis is also known in wild species: bluegrass, buttercups, mantles, St. John's wort, hawkweeds, dandelions. They more often form diploid embryos, which usually develop from nucellus cells. It is interesting that in cuffs, pollen is not formed at all or is underdeveloped, and in buttercups, hawkweeds, dandelions, and St. John's wort, pollination with normal pollen stimulates the development of the embryo without fertilization. Many authors consider apomixis to be a progressive phenomenon that ensures the formation of a large number of seeds.

Pollination of flowers. Cross-pollination (with pollen from a neighboring flower or even another plant) contributes to an increase in intraspecific diversity and further adaptive evolution. In this regard, plants have a number of adaptations that ensure cross-pollination. These include such as dioeciousness. In this case, male and female Flowers can be on one individual (corn) - monoecious plants or on different individuals - dioecious plants (willows, poplars, ash maple, hemp, sea buckthorn). In some plants in one flower there is non-simultaneous maturation of the buds and pistil (dichogamy). With proterandry, the anthers are hidden until the pistil ripens (Cloveaceae, Geraniumaceae, Malvaceae, Liliaceae, Compositae), with proterogyny the opposite is true (Cruciferae, Rosaceae, Sedgeaceae). In some Plants, some specimens have Flowers with long styles, others with short ones. Their stamens are located below or above the stigma. This phenomenon is called heterocolumnarity or heterostyly (primrose, loosestrife).
Self-pollination (pollination of a flower with its own pollen) is important as a backup method of pollination, necessary for stabilizing the characteristics of a species, and in breeding for breeding pure lines. More often it is typical for cultivated plants: wheat, peas, beans. An extreme case of selfing is cleistogamy. With it, non-opening (cleistogamous flowers) are formed on the plant, usually located near the soil surface. In this case, the pollen germinates inside the anther, and the pollen tube penetrates into the pistil through the wall of the anther. Such flowers are formed by the amazing and hairy violet (see the section “Primroses”).
Agents of cross-pollination can be insects, wind, water, animals.
Anemophily (wind pollination) is usually characteristic of plants in open areas. Their flowers are small, collected in multi-flowered inflorescences, easily swayed by the wind, with plenty of water, and often bloom before the leaves bloom.
Entomophily (insect pollination) is often highly specialized. The flowers are usually brightly colored, have a distinctive scent, nectar, and large sticky or clinging pollen. Orchids sometimes mimic the appearance of female pollinators.
Hydrophily occurs in a small number of plants.
In some plants, anemophily and entomophily can be combined (for example, plantain).

Types of pollination

Pollination by bees is of particular importance for humans, because... at the same time, they form honey from nectar, from pollen - bee bread, from pollen, resin, tree gum and other substances of non-plant origin - propolis.
Bee honey is a syrupy, sugary liquid processed by bees from plant juices and stored by them in the cells of wax honeycombs as reserves. Flower honey is collected by bees from flowers. Honeydew honey - from leaves and other parts of plants.
Types of honey differ in origin, time of collection, method of extraction from the hive, appearance, chemical composition, purpose and special properties.
Flower honeys from the Kemerovo region are divided into monofloral honeys, collected from one plant, and multifloral honeys, collected from several types of plants. The latter predominate and have names: meadow, taiga, steppe, etc. and are often superior in quality to monofloral ones.
Honey is considered honeydew if it has a dark color and a honeydew flavor. There are two types of honeydew: of plant origin - honeydew (it is almost never collected) and of animal origin (it is collected annually in the taiga and forest-steppe zones) - secreted by aphid pests of plants. More than 150 species of aphids living in the roofs of trees and shrubs secrete sugars that they absorb from plants. Bees collect honeydew, which collects on leaves and flows from them, from species such as linden, aspen, fir, spruce, and willows. Honeydew honey is very beneficial for the human body, especially for children, because... promotes the formation of red blood cells, is used for stomach diseases and colds. But the bees cannot overwinter on this honey.
In the Kemerovo region, flower honeys most often found are from yellow acacia, willow (May), rapeseed, mustard, buckwheat, sweet clover, angelica, fireweed, linden, raspberry... The type and rate of crystallization, taste and medicinal qualities of honey depend on its maturity and origin. Note that the shape and size of the crystals do not determine the quality of honey. If honey crystallizes in the honeycombs, bee colonies do not survive winter well. Any heated honey loses enzymes and is not considered natural.
May honey is usually collected from willow, but since the weather during its flowering is cold, it practically does not enter the trading network. May honey is rich in sugars, vitamins, enzymes, minerals, and is most valuable when eaten fresh.
Mountain Shoria honey (a mixture of linden and angelica) was supplied to the royal table as one of the best honeys.

Features of various honeys

Name	Characteristic	Crystallization
Acacia	liquid, transparent, mild taste with a pleasant delicate aroma	does not crystallize until 2 years, the cage is fine-grained white
Rapeseed or mustard	light or intense yellow taste is not very pleasant	quickly crystallizes into a solid yellowish-white mass.
Buckwheat	dark, reddish, fragrant	crystallizes quickly, the sediment is greasy, fine- or coarse-grained
Donnikovy	colorless or light amber, delicate, fragrant	does not crystallize until 2 years old, fat-like, fine- or coarse-grained
Fireweed	colorless, no aroma, excellent taste	shrinks 4-6 months after pumping, a greasy, white, fine-grained mass.
Lime		fine-grained, greasy cage
Phacelia	light yellow, with a strong aroma and pleasant taste	the cage is fine-grained, greasy, white.
Diaghilev	light brown with a strong aroma, pleasant taste	The sediment is creamy and crystallizes slowly.
Crimson	transparent, colorless, pleasant aroma and taste	white cage
Alfalfa	transparent, pleasant taste with a subtle aroma	white, slowly crystallizes
Polyfloral honeys:
Taiga	amber, brown pleasant aroma and taste	dark cage
Forest-steppe	greenish, with a strong aroma, pleasant taste	the cage is greenish, coarse- or fine-grained, greasy
Stepnoy	light, creamy-greenish, pleasant taste, strong indeterminate aroma	cage white or greenish

Inflorescences
In the process of evolution, instead of large single flowers, plants form inflorescences - a collection of small flowers located on the same axis.
Thanks to the inflorescences, pollination possibilities are increased while simultaneously reducing the consumption of plastic material. Pollinators can pollinate more flowers in one visit. The non-simultaneous ripening of flowers in an inflorescence prolongs the flowering period, allowing one to avoid periods unfavorable for pollination. In addition, flowers of the same inflorescence may have stamens and pistils that mature at different times, thereby increasing the chances of cross-pollination. In some plants, part of the flowers (usually the marginal ones) of the inflorescences are sterile (sterile, serving the function of attracting insects: viburnum, sunflower, daisies, cornflower, non-double asters, marigolds, cosmos.
The inflorescences are extremely diverse, and their classification continues to be developed. Here are the most common types of local flora species that can be identified quite easily.

Variety of inflorescences

Name of inflorescence	Plant names
Brush	fireweed, bells, peas, bird cherry, currants, cruciferous flowers, lilies of the valley, shadberry
Ear	orchis, plantain, sedge, wheatgrass
cob	cattail, female corn inflorescences, calla lilies, calamus
Head	clover, burr, blackhead
Basket	Compositae
Umbrella	apple tree, primrose, onions, breaker
Shield, complex shield	rowan, pear, hawthorn, spirea, viburnum
Complex umbrella	umbrella reeds
Complex ear	many cereals
Earring (dangling brush)	birch, poplar, alder, willow
Curl	onosma, lungwort, forget-me-nots, borage grassgladiolus
Panicle	bluegrass, lilac, oats, male corn inflorescences
Dikhaziy ("fork")	cinquefoil, chickweed, gumweed, cuff, strawberry, cloves, St. John's wort

Fruit
The diversity of fruits is determined not only by species characteristics, but also by their adaptations to distribution.
Juicy fruits (berries, apples, drupes, multidrupes, pumpkins) are usually eaten and carried by animals, the seeds pass undamaged through the intestines, and their germination is even accelerated and improved, and feces act as fertilizers. Interestingly, the fruits acquire an attractive color and lose their sour or bitter taste when the seeds are fully formed.
Dry multi-seeded fruits are opened in various ways, with the seeds thrown out (beans) or spilled out (boxes, pods, leaflets).
Single-seeded fruits either fall to the ground under their own weight (nuts, grains) or are carried by the wind, having various outgrowths such as wings (wings) and hairs (achenes).
In barley and feather grass, the grains are equipped with long shoots that are able to respond to changes in humidity. After the fruits fall out, their axes bend and can twist, drawing the seeds into the soil.
The achenes of many plants have “parachutes” (dandelion) and special attachments (burdock, string).
In addition to legumes, which scatter their seeds as a result of narrow twisting of the valves, we have plants such as the impatiens core, impatiens impatiens, and common wood sorrel (forest plants), in which the seeds “shoot out” from the fruits when touched or hit by raindrops , sharp gusts of wind.

Variety of fruits

Fruit type (number of seeds)	Distribution method	Plant name
Berry (polyseeded)	Animals	Crow's eye, tomato, honeysuckle, blueberry, cranberry, nightshade, currant, gooseberry, lingonberry
Drupes (single-seeded)	Animals	Bird cherry, sweet cherry, cherry, coffee, plum
Polydrupe (each fruit contains a seed)	Animals	Bird cherry, raspberry, blackberry, cloudberry
Multi-nut (each fruit contains a seed)	Animals	Rose hips, wild strawberries, strawberries, buttercups, cinquefoil, chastuha, gravilates
Pumpkin (polysperous)	Animals	Cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, melon
Multileaf (polyseeded)	Each fruit is opened on one side, the seeds spill out	Swimsuit, larkspur, wrestler, aquilegia
Capsule (multi-seeded)	They open with furrows, caps, holes, and spill out seeds.	Poppy, celandine, violet, poplar, tulip, willow, aspen, lily, kandyk, henbane
Bob (polysperous)	They open with valves or disintegrate into segments, the seeds are thrown out	Legumes
Pod, pod (polyseeded)	Split into two halves, seeds on the partition from which they fall off	Cruciferous
Apple (polyspermous)	Animals	Apple tree, rowan tree, pear tree, hawthorn tree, quince tree
Lionfish (each half contains a seed)	carried by the wind	Maple, ash, elm
Visloporpnik (seed in each half)	Split into 2 halves hanging on the stalk, fall off, animals	Umbrella
Nut (single seed)	Fall to the ground	Hazel, linden
Caryopsis (onesperm)	Fall to the ground	Cereals
Achene	Wind, animals	Compositae, teasel
Sac (single seed)		Sedges

The genus Viburnum (Viburnum L.) belongs to the honeysuckle family, one of the relatively late emerging families of angiosperms. Currently, taxonomists count more than 400 species in the family, grouped into 14 genera. Most members of the family grow in temperate latitudes of Europe, Asia, and North America, but there are species confined to warmer areas - the subtropical and tropical zones of Asia, Africa, Central and South America. The basis of the family in terms of the number of representatives is two genera, each of which contains approximately 200 species. These are the genera honeysuckle and viburnum.

On the territory of the Soviet Union, the honeysuckle family is represented by 76 naturally growing species, grouped into 6 genera. In addition, more than 160 species from 10 genera of this family are bred in botanical gardens, dendrological parks and on the streets of cities and other populated areas. In the natural forests of our country, the most widespread representatives of the genus are honeysuckle - 51 species, elderberry - 11 species and viburnum - 8 species.

Of the introduced plants, shrubs of the genus Honeysuckle are most often grown - more than 90 species, the genus Viburnum is somewhat inferior to it - more than 40 species and significantly inferior to the first two genera are Weigela - 9, Snowberry - 8 and Abelia - 5 species, although in percentage terms they are planted more often than the first two births.

Almost all species of the honeysuckle family are shrubs, less often small trees, and very rarely perennial herbaceous plants. Characteristic features of the entire family are: the presence of a pith (or hollow chambers after its destruction) in the stems; opposite and only very rarely whorled arrangement of leaves; cymose inflorescences; predominantly brightly colored, bisexual, 4-5-membered flowers.

The vast majority of representatives of the honeysuckle family are ornamental plants. With their bright flowers, fruits and leaves, they decorate the streets of cities and villages, parks and squares. Among those naturally growing in the vast expanses of the Soviet Union, some species of the honeysuckle family have large and brightly colored flowers or original fruits that stand out against the background of the leaves, for example weigela, abelia, snowberry, imported from North America.

The products obtained from the fruits of these plants are of more modest importance. The fruits of only some types of viburnum are eaten, which are distinguished by late ripening and a long period of abscission, as a result of which they can be collected even in winter (common viburnum and Sargent viburnum). Currently, the fruits of these plants are harvested only in areas poor in fruits and berries. The leaves and bark of representatives of the honeysuckle family contain good dyes. Very dense, strong, sometimes with a beautiful pattern, the wood, due to the small size of the stems, is used for small crafts, and the rods are used for basket weaving. Almost all representatives of the honeysuckle family are valuable honey plants. Even plants whose flowers do not contain nectar are visited by bees to collect pollen.

The genus Viburnum mainly consists of heat-loving plants. Most of its species grow in the forests of southern Europe, North Africa, Asia (mainly in Southeast), North, less often Central, and South America. In the Soviet Union there are only 4% of species of the genus Viburnum, one of the most numerous genera of the honeysuckle family.

Most types of viburnum are deciduous shrubs, but some are evergreen. Occasionally they reach the size of a small tree. The leaf arrangement is opposite and very rarely whorled. Viburnums are most often shade-tolerant, moisture-loving plants, demanding soil richness. However, of the species growing in the natural forests of our country, a significant proportion are light-loving, relatively undemanding in terms of moisture and soil richness.

Systematically, the genus Viburnum is divided into nine sections, of which representatives of only four grow on the territory of the USSR. They are characterized by a 3-5-toothed calyx of flowers, a corolla with petals fused at the base, most often white, five stamens and a three-locular ovary. Two ovary nests do not develop and therefore a single-seeded fruit is formed from only one. In some species of viburnum, only sterile flowers are formed at the edges of the inflorescence. The fruit is a red or black berry-shaped drupe with a large seed.

Eight species of viburnum grow in our forests: three in the western regions and five in the east; four species have relatively small habitats. More than 40 foreign species introduced into our country are bred mainly in the southern regions (Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus).

Viburnum common(Viburnum opulus L.). The greatest economic role is played by the common viburnum, as it has a very extensive range, occupying most of the territory of the forest zone. Most often, it grows in the form of a small spreading tree or large bush 3-4 m high. In the best growing conditions, its height can reach 6-7 m. Thus, in the botanical garden of the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad there is a relatively young specimen of the common viburnum with a height of about 6 .5 m. Plants located under the canopy of tree stands have much more modest sizes.

Viburnum viburnum is a fast-growing shrub. Annual growth even on side shoots reaches 30-40 cm. It lives up to 50 years of age. The root system usually consists of a long tap root and numerous lateral roots. Young shoots are green, the branches are bare, ribbed or smooth, with grayish-green bark, which in some individuals has a faint reddish tint. On old branches and stems the bark is grayish-brown, cracking with age.

The wood is sound, hard, dense. The sapwood is white, the heartwood is yellowish-reddish, rarely dark brown. Wood has an unpleasant odor. The buds are ovoid, sometimes with a pointed tip, reddish-green, with two scales. Bud bursting in the central zone of our country is observed from late April to mid-May.

In general, the leaves are broadly ovate or rounded, most often three-lobed; on some bushes, five-lobed ones are occasionally found. Length up to 10 cm, width up to 8 cm (on shoots of shoots the leaves are sometimes large). Leaf arrangement is opposite. The base of the leaf blade is often rounded, sometimes wedge-shaped or truncated; Leaves with a shallow heart-shaped base are less common. Three main veins extend from the petiole, which branch into lobes. The middle blade with parallel sides has an almost quadrangular shape. At the base it is somewhat narrowed, and at the top it is coarsely toothed. The ends of all lobes are sharp or pointed to a short point. The lateral blades have an ovoid shape (sometimes this shape is also found in the middle of the blade) and the edge is coarsely toothed on the outside. The teeth are irregularly shaped, pointed. There are leaves with entire blades. The leaf blade is bare, dark green on top, lighter on the underside with gray thick and soft velvety pubescence. There are specimens with leaves that are slightly pubescent and even bare below. In the latter case, the hairs are located in the form of barbs only in the corners of the veins. Leaf petioles are short, 1-2 cm long, grooved, with 2-4 disc-shaped glands and 2 adherent filiform stipules. The autumn color of the leaves is very diverse: from orange-red to purple. The beginning of autumn coloring is the second or third ten days of September, the beginning of leaf fall is the end of September - mid-October.

The inflorescences of viburnum are especially interesting. At a quick glance at them, it seems that the petals of most of the flowers have already fallen or have not yet bloomed. Taking a closer look, you will notice that real flowers with stamens and pistils are located only in the center of the inflorescence. The beautiful outlying flowers are sterile. Seeds in higher plants are formed only after pollination of flowers. Pollen from the stamens on the stigma of the pistil is carried by insects or the wind. Entomophilous plants have brightly colored flowers to attract insects. To facilitate the transfer of pollen, wind-pollinated plants have flowers consisting of only stamens and pistils, without perianths. In addition, to facilitate the penetration of wind to the flowers, such plants are either tall or bloom before the leaves bloom. Common viburnum does not reach a great height; its flowers are invisible and bloom late. Therefore, pollination of viburnum occurs with the help of insects. To attract bugs, butterflies and bees, bright white sterile (asexual) flowers formed along the edges of the viburnum inflorescences.

Viburnum viburnum has sterile flowers that are white, flat, 1-2.5 cm in diameter, with five uneven obovate lobes of the corolla, sit on pedicels 1-2 cm long and are located only along the periphery of the inflorescence. Bisexual flowers are sessile, white or pinkish-white, short-bell-shaped, up to 0.5 cm in diameter. The unfused parts of the petals (lobes) are wide, 1.5 times longer than the corolla tube. Stamens with yellow anthers, filaments 1.5 times longer than the corolla tube and therefore protrude from the flower. The ovary is inferior, cylindrical, three-locular, although, like all other species, only one nest develops. The flowers are collected in a loose umbrella-shaped panicle, consisting of 6-8 rays and reaching 5-10 cm in diameter. The length of the peduncle is from 2.5 to 5 cm. All parts of the inflorescence are usually covered with small glands, sometimes bare.

The fruit is almost spherical or broadly ellipsoidal (syncarpous drupe), bright red, with yellowish flesh, up to 8-10 mm in diameter. The stone is round or broadly ovoid, pinkish-brown, with a pointed apex and uneven lateral surface, 7-9 mm in length. Common viburnum blooms in May - June, and the fruits ripen in September and hang on the bushes until snow falls, and sometimes much longer. The fruits of viburnum are edible and rich in vitamins.

There are 5 forms of Viburnum that grow in natural forests and can be used in green building.

1. Dwarf form. It is characterized by the small size of the plant itself, small leaves and a dense compact crown.

2. Fluffy shape. It differs from other forms of viburnum in its leaves. Above they are the same naked and dark green as in other forms, and below are grayish-green due to dense pubescence.

3. Variegated form. The leaves of plants of this form have a decorative appearance due to their white-variegated coloring.

4. Sterile form. The most decorative form. Its inflorescences consist of only white sterile flowers and have a spherical shape. The sterile form of viburnum has no fruit and reproduces only vegetatively. The latter circumstance prevents its wide distribution in natural conditions. The variety bred from this form was called “buldenezh” - snow globe.

5. Yellow-fruited form. A shrub that differs from other forms of viburnum by the ordinary golden-yellow color of its fruits.

Viburnum viburnum is distributed throughout almost the entire territory of the East European Plain, with the exception of the Far North and desert regions, as well as in the Crimea, the Caucasus, in some areas of Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the southwestern part of Eastern Siberia. The border of the natural range of the common viburnum in the west is outside the Soviet Union. In the north it starts from the border with Finland, which it crosses at 65°N. w. and goes to the shore of the White Sea to the Northern Dvina, gradually descending to the south along its right bank, and then again heads almost directly east, a little north of the city of Syktyvkar and reaches the Ural ridge already at a latitude of 61°. Along its western slopes, the range boundary again shifts south to latitude 59° and returns to latitude 61° along the eastern slopes of the ridge. On the northern borders of its range, viburnum does not grow in the mountains. Along the river Conde, the border passes into Western Siberia, where it crosses the Ob River near Khanty-Mansiysk and the mouth of the river. Irtysh and again heads east almost parallel to its right bank, then again drops to 59°, crosses the Yenisei north of the river mouth. Angara and heads east to the river. Chadobet (99° E). After this, the boundary of the range changes direction to the southeast and goes to the Barabinsky bend of the river. Lena. The easternmost point of the range of the common viburnum is located at 105° east. d., not far from Irkutsk.

The southern border of the range is less precisely established, since the border of the forest zone itself is often interrupted by steppes and fields. Returning to the west, the border of distribution of viburnum crosses the river. The Angara is slightly higher than the city of Angarsk and goes further along the northern foothills of the Eastern Sayan, reaches the latitude of the city of Krasnoyarsk (Bazaikha River), crosses the Eastern Sayans and almost along the meridian approaches the Western Sayan, south of the city of Abakan crosses the Yenisei and already along the foothills of the Western Sayana descends to the south parallel to the axial Sayan ridge. After this, the border of the range approaches the Altai Mountains and approximately 52° latitude goes from the mouth of the river. Chulyshman to the border with Kazakhstan and then along the river. Alei leaves for China. At a latitude of 44°, the border of the range of the common viburnum again returns to the territory of the USSR and runs to the northeast almost parallel to the state border to the middle of the lake. Zaisan, then turns to the northwest and through Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar and Omsk (crossing the Ishim and Tobol pp.) passes into the Kurgan region. Then the border of the range again returns to the Ural ridge in the Orenburg region and, bending southwest of Kuibyshev, heads to Saratov, from which it sharply turns southwest to Rostov-on-Don. Here it again goes north and northwest, crosses the river. The Dnieper is in the area of Cherkassy and goes to Moldova, then again approaches the Dnieper in the area of Nikopol and along the right bank (at a distance of 50 km from it) it goes to the sea.

In the Caucasus, the northern border of the range from the city of Anapa goes northeast to the city of Bashtany, crosses the river. Kumu in the area of Budennovsk and descends south to Makhachkala. The southern border goes to the river. Kura, then west to Tbilisi and near Leninakan it goes into Turkey.

The island habitats of the common viburnum are located along the banks of the Volga, between Volgograd and Saratov. There are especially many of them in Kazakhstan. According to A. M. Mushegyan (1957), common viburnum grows in the territories of Tselinograd, Aktobe, Turgai, North Kazakhstan and Alma-Ata regions. In Crimea, viburnum is found only in the mountainous part, in the Caucasus - in the mountains - from the lower to the subalpine zone. There is no viburnum in Moldova south of Chisinau.

Judging by the amount of bark harvested for medical purposes (Atlas of habitats and resources of medicinal plants of the USSR, M., 1980), the largest reserves of Viburnum viburnum are located in the Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Chernigov, Kiev, Lviv, Ternopil, Transcarpathian and Chernivtsi regions, Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territory and Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Viburnum viburnum is grown as an ornamental shrub on the Solovetsky Islands, in the cities. Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Solikamsk, Ussuriysk.

Common viburnum is cold-resistant. It grows well and bears fruit almost on the northernmost border of the forest. Under normal conditions it does not suffer from frosts and severe frosts. In relation to the light, the common viburnum has gained a stronger reputation as a shade-tolerant breed. Viburnum grows quite successfully under the dense canopy of deciduous and mixed stands. In open areas, viburnum bushes bear fruit more abundantly and almost annually. This forces viburnum to be planted when introduced into the field and soil protection strips.

Viburnum is quite demanding in terms of richness and especially soil moisture. It takes a significant part in the formation of the undergrowth of broad-leaved and small-leaved forests in river valleys and other low-lying relief elements. Grows in meadows that are flooded during floods. According to V/P. Korneva (1956), viburnum participates in the composition of the undergrowth at least 0.1 in the types of growing conditions C 3, C 4, D 3, D 4 and D 5 (on relatively rich, rich moist, damp, swampy soils). It is also found in drier conditions - in oak forests, but there it grows as a small bush. Viburnum tolerates soil salinity satisfactorily. Grows on marls and soils underlain by chalk deposits. Viburnum viburnum tolerates dust and air pollution and therefore can be grown on city streets.

The supply of viburnum fruits in forests is usually small. Its approximate distribution across the territory of the regions of the central zone of the European part of the USSR is given by M. A. Kuznetsova (1972). In 6 out of 22 regions of Chuvashia, industrial procurement of viburnum berries is possible. In most forest types, viburnum is completely absent. As A. A. Voronin (1972) notes for the Kaluga region, there are only 3-4 bushes per 1 km2. And only in meadows and bush thickets along river valleys, the number of bushes per 1 hectare can reach several tens, rarely hundreds. An interesting viburnum grove (almost of the same viburnum), stretching along the old Smolensk road from the city of Vyazma to the village. Semlevo.

Under natural conditions, Viburnum viburnum reproduces by seeds, shoots from a stump, root suckers and rooting shoots. Birds carry seeds over a considerable distance, ensuring the spread of viburnum to new areas. Stump growth is usually abundant and always ensures timely replacement of cut down and dead bushes. Viburnum is very resistant to various types of damage. Sometimes a bush grows on the outskirts of a village, near a road, in a pasture, and no matter how much its flowering or fruiting branches are broken off, the twigs are cut, the roots are trampled, the bush stands, grows and bears fruit.

Viburnum is a valuable honey plant. Bees collect nectar and pollen from its flowers. From 1 hectare of viburnum thickets they collect up to 30 kg of fragrant honey. It is especially important that viburnum blooms early and allows you to collect nectar at a time when most nectar-bearing plants are not yet blooming.

In silvicultural practice, viburnum is usually propagated by seeds. Seedlings are grown in a forest nursery, which are then transplanted to a forestry area. To obtain high-quality planting material, it is necessary to prepare well-ripened fruits from the best bushes, process them correctly and preserve them in such a way that the sowing qualities do not deteriorate. With large seed procurements, due to the small number of plants, it is not always possible to select the best bushes for harvesting fruits. In this case, fruits are not harvested only from those plants that have obvious negative signs (poor fruiting, growth, damage by insects and diseases).

Harvesting viburnum fruits is not a very labor-intensive operation. Clusters of berries are cut from the shoots with pruning shears or garden shears. Only in exceptional cases (tall bushes) is it necessary to bend the branches or use pruning shears mounted on a high pole. The main time expenditure is associated with searching for bushes and moving from one bush to another, which affects the number of harvested fruits. In an 8-hour working day, a picker usually manages to collect no more than 8 kg of viburnum berries.

For better organization of fruit harvesting, it is advisable to have special forest management materials. On a special plan of forest plantations it is necessary to mark the boundaries of plots or areas allocated for harvesting fruit and berry plants with approximate data on fruit reserves. Forestry or forestry workers can themselves draw up a schematic plan for the location of areas that are promising for harvesting viburnum fruits, using observational data from forest guards and information on the distribution of forest types in the undergrowth of which viburnum takes a significant part. When drawing up a plan, hydrographic data can also provide some assistance, since viburnum is usually more often found in the valleys of rivers and streams. Despite the fact that viburnum berries hang on the bushes for a very long time, they should be harvested immediately after ripening, since a significant amount of the fruit, and sometimes the entire harvest, can be eaten by birds. After harvesting, the fruits are either immediately processed or dried in the open air, in well-ventilated areas or in dryers. In this form, the fruits are stored until they are placed into stratification.

The seeds are separated from the pulp using fruit grinders and then washed in water. In this case, such a valuable product as viburnum juice is lost, which can be used in the food industry or to obtain drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Using this method of processing fruits at the present time is wasteful. The seeds should be washed in water to remove the remaining pulp only after the juice has been separated. In an 8-hour working day, a worker manually processes up to 45 kg of fruit, and when using mechanized fruit-grating devices - up to 300-320 kg. The yield of pure seeds from fruits is 8-10%.

After washing, the seeds are scattered in a thin layer on sieves that allow excess moisture to quickly drain off, and dried in well-ventilated areas or under canopies. When stored in regular warehouses, seed germination is maintained for two years. The average weight of 1000 seeds is 26 g (from 21 to 31). Viburnum seeds sown in autumn do not germinate next spring and germinate only 1.5 years after sowing. It is better to plant seeds in stratification immediately after harvesting and processing the fruits. With conventional methods (wet sand and storage at a temperature of +4-5°C), stratification lasts six months.

To grow viburnum seedlings, seeds are sown in a forest nursery. 6-7 g or 240 class I seeds are sown per 1 m of seed line. The seeding depth is 3 cm. A large yield of high-quality planting material is achieved by spring sowing with stratified seeds. When sowing freshly harvested seeds in autumn, the yield of planting material is usually less, and the planting material itself is much more expensive. During the summer, you have to take care of the so-called dead crops, i.e., areas where weeds grow abundantly and there are seeds that have not yet sprouted in the soil.

Viburnum seeds are valuable food for animals, especially birds. They contain up to 9% carbohydrates, 36.8% fat and 2.6% total nitrogen. Mouse-like rodents eat seeds even in crops. This indicates the need to take measures to protect crops from mice and other rodents.

Otherwise, growing viburnum seedlings is almost no different from growing seedlings of other deciduous shrubs. Viburnum is a fast-growing species and therefore annual seedlings are suitable for forest crops. When using viburnum in green construction, and sometimes when introducing it into existing plantings, the seedlings are transplanted into the school nursery department to obtain large-sized planting material.

Gordovina(Viburnum lantana L.). A large shrub or small tree, in the best growing conditions reaching 6 meters in height. The bushes usually have a compact “crown” with arching branches. Young shoots are covered with grayish scaly-stellate pubescence. The bark on the shoots is brown, on old branches and stems it is gray, and cracks with age. The lower part of the stems is suberized. It grows quickly and lives up to 50 years of age.

The buds are felty, without scales, the buds open in late April-early May. The leaves are elliptical, ovate or oblong-ovate. On young shoots and especially on young shoots they reach 15 cm in length and 9 cm in width. On old branches the leaves are much smaller - 5-10 cm long and 3-6 cm wide. The apex of the leaf blade is often short-pointed, less often sharp or blunt. The base of the leaf is shallowly heart-shaped or rounded. The leaf blade is dark green on top, covered with sparse pubescence of star-shaped hairs, which usually fall off by the second half of summer. The leaves below are grey-tomentose with pubescence of the same star-shaped hairs, which thin out by the second half of summer and then the leaves acquire a greenish color. In autumn, the leaves turn yellow, red, or take on an original purple-violet hue. The beginning of autumn leaf coloring is the end of August - beginning of September. The edge of the leaf blade is sharply notched-toothed. 8-13 pairs of lateral veins extend from the main vein. The petiole is short, 1-3 cm long, dense, pubescent with stellate hairs.

All flowers are bisexual with a cup-shaped, wheel-shaped yellowish-white corolla, 6-8 mm in diameter. The free lobes of the petals are oblong, 1.5-2 times longer than the corolla tube. The stamens are bare, with yellowish veins on the filaments, protruding from the flowers, since their filaments are 1.5 times longer than the corolla tube. The ovary is bare. The flowers are collected in a multi-flowered, dense, usually seven-rayed, umbellate, paniculate inflorescence, 6-16 cm in diameter. Its axes are covered with thick felt pubescence. Gordovina blooms in May - June. Flowering duration is 6-15 days. The flowers do not contain nectar, but bees visit them and collect pollen.

The fruits are oblong, ovoid-ellipsoidal, up to 8 mm long. At the beginning of ripening they are green, then acquire a bright red color and when fully ripe they become black and shiny. The seeds are ovoid-elliptic or elliptical, laterally flattened, with three grooves on the ventral side and two on the back. They ripen in August - September.

Taxonomists have identified and described 7 forms and varieties of pride, naturally growing on the territory of the Soviet Union.

1. Low shape. An extremely low-growing plant with a compact crown, large leaves and inflorescences. Very decorative. Sometimes used for planting inside flower beds.

2. Naked form. Medium sized plant. The leaves are bare on both the upper and lower sides, even at the moment of blossoming.

3. Fluffy variety. It seems to be the opposite of the previous form. Its small leaves are densely covered with white-tomentose hairs.

4. Large-leaved form. A normal-sized shrub or tree, with large leaves and inflorescences.

5. Golden shape. Ornamental plant. The leaves are a beautiful golden yellow, especially immediately after blooming in early spring.

6. Golden-edged shape. Just like the previous form, it is used in decorative design. Dark green or green leaves have an original golden-yellow border along the edge of the leaf blade.

7. Variegated form. The plant, with leaves covered in yellow spots, is quite impressive and deserves wider use in green building.

Pride is common in the forests of the central and southern half of Europe. On the territory of the USSR, it naturally grows in the south of the European part of the country, mainly in the Caucasus, where it is found along the edges of forests, in glades and clearings, among thinned deciduous stands and in bush thickets. In the mountains it grows in the upper forest and subalpine zones. In the latter case, it often forms pure thickets (Sukachev, 1938).

Gordovina is successfully bred in Leningrad and Sverdlovsk, Komi ASSR. In botanical gardens and arboretums it grows further north - to the city of Arkhangelsk. In the Asian part of the country, pride bushes are found in Kazakhstan, Central Asia and in the south of the Primorsky Territory (Mountain-taiga station of the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences).

Pride is more thermophilic than common viburnum, it requires light and therefore grows well only along the edges of forests, in the outer rows of shelterbelts, among shrubs and loose-crown tree species. Undemanding to soil. Can grow on limestone. It is drought-resistant and tolerates soil salinity. According to D.V. Vorobyov (1967), it is most typical for the types of growing conditions C 1 C 2, C 3, D D 2 and D 3.

The pride is renewed by seeds, shoots from the stump, and root suckers. In afforestation, the seed propagation method is often used.

The fruits of the pride are harvested in the same way as the fruits of other types of viburnum. They are cut from the branches with garden shears and pruning shears. The decrease in the mass of the racemes is compensated by the greater participation of the pride in the composition of the undergrowth and especially in the composition of shrub thickets in the southern regions of the country and the Caucasus Mountains. In one day you can collect several times more fruits of the pride than the fruits of other types of viburnum. A.D. Agafonov and B.V. Andrest (1975), characterizing the pride, note that its fruits are edible and rich in vitamins. They are rarely eaten, since in the areas where it is distributed there are many other, more tasty fruits (similar cases are observed with the fruits of nightshade and bird cherry).

When processing the fruits of the pride, they are ground in fruit grinding machines or in hand-held devices and washed from the pulp in water. The washed seeds are dried and stored.

The yield of pure seeds from fruits ranges from 15 to 20%. The average weight of 1000 seeds is 40 g (from 32 to 46). The seeds contain 8.3% carbohydrates, 28.3% fats and 2.5% total nitrogen (Zaborovsky, 1962). When stored in regular warehouses, seed germination is maintained for two years. Pride seeds can be sown in spring and autumn. With autumn sowings, seedlings appear in the spring of the next year, and with early spring sowings - in the summer of the same year. To speed up seed germination, increase their germination rate and obtain larger seedlings, it is better to sow with seeds stratified for three months. Up to 10 g of first grade seeds are sown per 1 m of seed line in the nursery.

Kalina Sargenta(Viburnum sargentii Koehne). A large shrub with a pseudodichatomous type of branching, in the best growing conditions it reaches a height of 3 meters. Young shoots are hairy or glabrous, but always covered with lentils. The branches are brownish-grayish, lumpy with randomly scattered oblong or rounded lenticels. Leaf scars are stem-enveloping. Old branches and stems are covered with brown or gray cracking bark. Lives up to 40-50 years. It grows quickly, but grows slowly under the canopy of tree stands and on shallow rocky soils of mountain slopes. The wood is dense and heavy.

The buds are covered with two pairs of scales. The upper pair with fused edges forms a kind of cover or cap. On the shoot side the buds are flat, and on the outside they are convex.

The general outline of the leaf blade is ovate or round-ovate. On young, sprouting and sterile shoots, the length of the leaves reaches 12 cm, width - 10 cm. On other shoots they are much smaller. The leaf blade often has three lobes and three main veins. Often there are leaves in which the width exceeds the length. The side blades deviate to the sides almost horizontally. The middle blade is usually elongated. The tops of all blades are pointed into an elongated point. The base of the leaf is round, heart-shaped, wedge-shaped or truncated. The edge of the lobes is unevenly coarse-toothed or notched-toothed. On sterile shoots, the upper leaves often do not have teeth. They are entire and narrowly elliptical. The leaves are dark yellow-green, glabrous above, light green below, pubescent. The petioles are longer than those of the common viburnum and reach 2-3.5 cm in length. They are covered with large disc-shaped glands and have two subulate-shaped stipules.

Sterile flowers with a white zygomophorous corolla 1.5-3 cm in diameter and on long pedicels. The free lobes of the corolla are unequal and obovate. The bisexual flowers are creamy white, sessile. The obtuse lobes of the corolla are equal in length to the corolla tubule. Stamens with purple anthers on filaments are 1.5 times longer than the corolla tube. Rare glands are located on the filaments. The stigma of the ovary is two-lobed. The inflorescence is a complex umbrella with sterile flowers along the edge up to 7-11 cm in diameter, on peduncles 2-6 cm in length.

Sargent's viburnum usually blooms in May, sometimes in early June (in Khabarovsk from June 10 to June 25), for 15-20 days. The leaves bloom from the second ten days of May. The crimson autumn color of the leaves appears at the end of September and lasts until the second half of October.

The fruits are orange-red, almost spherical drupes, 7-9 mm in diameter. The taste is very similar to the fruits of viburnum. The seed is round, 5-7 mm in diameter, with an uneven lateral surface. The fruits ripen in early September and can hang on the bushes until the snow, and sometimes much longer, but most often they are quickly pecked by birds. The seed ripening period extends to 25 days. Berries should be picked between September 20 and October 30.

Within this species of viburnum, seven forms have been described. Three of them differ only in the nature of leaf pubescence.

1. Fluffy shape. Shrub or small tree with pubescent leaves and stalks of inflorescences. This form was previously described as an independent species of downy viburnum.

2. Bearded nervous form. Shrubs classified as this form have almost bare leaves, with only hairy beards at the corners of the veins.

3. Intermediate form. Isolated and described by the Japanese botanist Nakai and occupies an intermediate position between the first two. On the leaves, hairs are located only along the main vein.

The remaining forms of Sargent's viburnum are distinguished by the color and shape of the leaves and by the color of the fruits and the shape of the inflorescences. This determines their economic importance when used in green construction.

4. Sterile form. Very similar to the sterile form of Viburnum. Its inflorescences also consist of only sterile flowers and are very beautiful. It is quite rare and is rarely used in landscaping.

5. Yellow-flowered form. The flowers of shrubs of this form have a yellowish corolla and therefore it also deserves wider use in plantings on the streets and squares of cities and villages.

6. White-flowered form. Characterized by flowers having pure white petals.

7. Yellow-fruited form. Identified by the original yellow color of the fruit. Decorative and worthy of wide adoption in green building, especially in places in need of autumn decoration.

Viburnum Sargent grows in the undergrowth of coniferous-deciduous and deciduous forests (cedar-broadleaf, black fir-broadleaf, ash-broadleaf, ash-elm, oak, etc.), as well as adjacent types of vegetation. It grows in the southern part of the Far East (Primorsky Territory, southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory, southern regions of the Sakhalin and Amur regions) and in the south of Eastern Siberia (southern Chita region).

All these areas are mountainous and therefore it is very difficult to draw the boundary of the Sargent viburnum distribution area. For example, in the Primorsky Territory, where viburnum is distributed almost everywhere, in the mountains above 600 m above sea level. m. it is not even in the very south of Primorye. Under these conditions, it is possible to roughly outline only the most extreme points of the northern and western limits of the distribution of Sargent's viburnum.

On the east coast of. Sakhalin, the distribution boundary of Sargent's viburnum lies in the upper reaches of the river. Nabil (Kabanov, 1940), and on the west coast - south of the city of Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky. In the central part of Sakhalin, on the two Sakhalin ridges (western and eastern), there is no viburnum; here the border shifts a considerable distance to the south. But between the ridges on the Tym-Poronayskaya plain, the border of the range runs at almost the same latitude as on the coast. Sargent's viburnum also grows on the southern Kuril Islands (Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup).

In the mainland of the Far East, small groups of plants are found in the lower reaches of the river. The Amur River is not far from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, to the west the border goes north of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, not far from Lake Evoron and further south of the city of Chegdomyn it goes into the territory of the Amur region. Here the border passes through Abakan, r. Zeya and the upper reaches of the river. Nkzhi, and then leaves the Far East for the Chita region. The southern border of the range of Sargent's viburnum is located on the territory of the Korean Peninsula and the People's Republic of China.

Outside its natural distribution area, Sargent's viburnum is grown throughout almost the entire territory of the European part of the USSR. The northernmost disengagement points are located in Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Solikamsk, Berezniki, and Ufa.

In terms of its ecological properties, Sargent's viburnum is close to common viburnum. It is shade-tolerant and also bears fruit well in open areas or under the canopy of thinned tree stands. In relation to winter cold, it is somewhat superior to its western relative. Viburnum Sargent grows and develops normally in the Lower Amur and north of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, where winter frosts reach -50°C or more. It has adapted especially well to temperature fluctuations. In early spring, an extremely unfavorable temperature regime develops in the south of Primorsky Krai, when temperature differences between day and night are very large and reach almost 20°C. Such temperature changes are often the main cause of death of many varieties of fruit trees imported from other regions of the Soviet Union. Viburnum Sargent is also characterized by the resistance of its roots to winter frosts. In the southern half of the Primorsky Territory, snowless winters are quite common and then the roots of woody plants are exposed to low air temperatures, which in these areas drop to -30°C and below.

Viburnum is demanding in terms of soil richness (Solodukhin, 1962), although some literary sources indicate its low demands (Usenko, 1969). There has been some confusion here. It is known that the same soils in the mountains can be infertile for tree species and fertile for shrubs. For example, a fairly common indicator of fertile soils - wood sorrel in the Far East is often found and grows normally in pine forests of class IV. On mountain slopes, soil fertility for trees is often determined by the thickness of the root-inhabited soil layer and its skeletal structure (Solodukhin, 1965). For shrubs under these conditions, soil chemistry plays an important role, since their roots usually spread in the surface horizon. Viburnum Sargent is more often found on loamy and clayey soils containing a significant amount of humus in the fine-grained part, although shallow, skeletal soils. It is less demanding on the moisture content in the soil than common viburnum. In places where Sargent's viburnum is distributed, the lack of moisture in the soil is compensated by its high content in the air, especially in coastal areas.

Unlike the common viburnum, the Sargent viburnum fruits are easier to harvest due to the fact that its main thickets are confined to the lower parts of mountain slopes and river valleys. There are fewer crossings and it is easier to find bushes. This is also evidenced by the average data on the number of fruits harvested by a picker during an 8-hour working day - 9 kg. When harvesting, clusters of fruit are cut off with pruning shears and garden shears, or picked off by hand. Their collection usually begins in the third decade of September and continues for 40 days.

The collected fruits are separated from the stalks, washed and used to extract juice. For this, a press is used, and for small batches, a regular juicer. Then the seeds are washed from the remaining mass and dried. The yield of pure seeds from fruits is 8-12% (on average about 10%). When stored in any unheated warehouse, according to A.G. Emlevskaya, N.V. Krechetova, G.V. Senchukova and V.I. Shteinikova (1964), seeds remain viable for 5 years. Seed germination usually ranges from 70 to 80%. The seeds of Sargent's viburnum are larger than the seeds of the common viburnum, the average weight is 1000 pieces. equal to 33 g. Duration of stratification is 4-5 months. Typically, seeds are placed in stratification immediately after harvesting the fruits. If they begin to germinate before sowing can be done, they are kept under snow.

Sargent's viburnum began to be grown in the Far East a long time ago and over large areas. Viburnum seeds were easier and easier to prepare than seeds of many other species, especially conifers. Its bushes grew in river valleys, near roads and settlements, and sometimes next to a nursery. Viburnum often died off due to inappropriate soil conditions (lack of moisture and nutrients). Now Sargent's viburnum is bred mainly for green construction.

Viburnum Sargent produces abundant stump shoots and rarely root shoots. It is propagated by seeds, layering, winter and summer cuttings. When growing seedlings, 240 pieces, or 8 g of grade I seeds, are sown per 1 m of seed line. Planting depth is 3 cm. The best sowing time is early spring. The placement of rows is usual for deciduous shrubs. From 1 hectare 600-700 thousand seedlings are obtained.

Viburnum Buryat(Viburnum burejaeticum Rgl. et Herd). Some sources (Kachalov A.A. Trees and shrubs. M., Forestry Industry, 1970) give another name - viburnum bureinskaya. Buryat viburnum, in the best growing conditions, reaches the size of a small tree up to 5 m high and up to 7 cm in diameter.

Under the canopy of tree stands it grows in the form of a low bush. Young shoots are covered with star-shaped hairs, one-year-old branches are smooth, glabrous, with light gray or yellowish-gray bark. On old branches and stems, the bark becomes darker in color, cracks and becomes corky.

The leaves are elliptical, ovate, 4-9 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, sometimes elliptical-obovate leaves are found. The apex of the leaf blade is often sharp, less often short-pointed or blunt. The base of the leaf is obtuse, wedge-shaped or rounded and very rarely heart-shaped. 5-6 pairs of lateral veins extend from the main vein. The leaves are dark green above, lighter below, evenly toothed along the edges. The main vein is covered with sparse simple appressed hairs, stellate below. By the end of summer these hairs fall off. The petiole is short (3-8 mm long), covered with dense stellate hairs.

The flowers are small with a yellowish-white, almost wheel-shaped corolla, the oblong lobes of the petals of which are twice as long as the corolla tube. Stamens with bare filaments are much longer than the corolla tube. The ovary is cylindrical, covered with stellate hairs. The flowers are collected in dense five-rayed umbrella-shaped panicles, 3-7 cm in diameter, peduncles 1-3 cm long. Blooms in May - June. The flowering period lasts 10 days.

The fruits are ellipsoidal, initially green, then red and finally black, somewhat narrowed at the upper end, rounded at the base, up to 1 cm long. Seeds are ribbed stones 8-10 mm long, with two grooves on the dorsal side and three on the ventral side . The fruits ripen in late August - early September.

Buryat viburnum is common in the southern half of the mainland of the Far East. Within this general area of distribution there are many areas in which it is not found at all. Its thickets are quite common in the forests of Southern Primorye and the Middle Amur. In the west, its range reaches the lower reaches of the river. Storm. A separate habitat was found by G.F. Starikov (1961) on the Lower Amur, in the area of the village of P. Osipenko. It usually grows in the undergrowth of deciduous, mainly broad-leaved, and mixed forests, mainly along the edges of plantations and under the canopy of sparse tree stands.

Buryat viburnum is a plant that is more light-loving than the red-fruited viburnums described above. In relation to heat, it is characterized by almost the same indicators as Sargent's viburnum. Although, when bred in the European part, in the same areas as Sargent's viburnum (Moscow, Leningrad, Ufa and the Estonian SSR), it sometimes freezes, while the latter successfully grows and bears fruit. In terms of soil requirements, it is somewhat inferior to red-fruited viburnums and comes closer to the pride. Under natural conditions it usually grows on loamy and clayey, often very shallow and rocky soils. It is also less demanding on the moisture content in the soil, but is found along the banks of forest rivers and rivulets. Demanding on air humidity.

Harvesting the fruits of Buryat viburnum is more labor-intensive than harvesting the fruits of the types of viburnum already described above. This is explained by small yields of berries on one bush, fewer fruits themselves formed on one inflorescence, and their less noticeable color. This disadvantage is compensated by the large participation of Buryat viburnum in the undergrowth. Typically, during an 8-hour working day, a picker collects about 4 kg of fruit.

Berries from the bushes are picked by hand and only when harvesting fruits from tall plants are pruning shears mounted on a pole used. After harvesting, the fruits are ground with various fruit-grating machines or hand-held devices, and sometimes they are simply dried and stored in this form. The pureed fruits are washed from the pulp in water. The yield of pure seeds from fruits ranges from 20 to 25%. 1 kg contains 20-30 thousand seeds. The weight of 1000 seeds is 33-50 g. You can also harvest dry fruit pulp for use in the confectionery industry, as is done with the fruits of other plants.

Sown in the fall, immediately after harvesting the fruits, the seeds germinate in the spring of the following year. For spring sowing, seeds are stratified for 3-4 months. When stored in ordinary unheated warehouses, seed germination is maintained for two years.

Viburnum is bred by seeds, root suckers, layering and cuttings. Experience in breeding Buryat viburnum is extremely insignificant.

At a young age, Buryat viburnum grows quickly and therefore annual seedlings are used as planting material. Seeds are sown in early spring. In forestry practice, autumn sowings have not become widespread due to the heavy mechanical composition of the soils, which form a crust in the spring. The seeding depth is 3-4 cm. 9-10 g of grade I seeds are sown per 1 m of seed row. Otherwise, growing Buryat viburnum seedlings does not differ significantly from other deciduous shrubs.

Viburnum Mongolian. Low (1-1.5, rarely 2 m) shrub with spreading branches. Young shoots are thick, densely drooping with star-shaped hairs. Annual shoots are yellow-gray in color and glabrous. The bark on old branches and trunks is light gray and wrinkled.

The leaves are broadly ovate or elliptical, small, the length of the leaf blade is 3-6 cm, the width is 1-4 cm. In most cases, the leaf apex is obtuse or rounded, rarely slightly pointed. The base of the leaf blade is rounded or slightly notched. The leaf margin is uniformly finely sparsely serrated. The leaves are dark green above, covered with sparse hairs (simple over the entire surface of the leaf blade and star-shaped along the veins), lighter below with sparse star-shaped hairs. The petiole is very short, 3-8 mm long. It is also covered with sparse stellate hairs.

The flowers are bisexual with a yellowish-white, tubular-funnel-shaped corolla, 5-7 mm in diameter, with blunt semicircular lobes, the limb of which is half as long as the corolla tube. The stamens are also shorter than the corolla and are therefore not visible from the flower. The filaments are bare. The ovary is also glabrous, with a very short conical style and almost spherical, with a 3-lobed stigma. The flowers are collected in few-flowered umbrella-shaped inflorescences, very small, 2-4 cm in diameter. The axes of the inflorescences branch only at the tips. Mongolian viburnum blooms in May - June.

The fruits are initially green, then gradually turn red and become black when fully ripe. Each berry has one flat seed with two grooves on the dorsal side and three on the ventral side. The fruits usually ripen earlier than other types of viburnum, in August-September.

Viburnum Mongolian on the territory of the Soviet Union is distributed only over a small area in Eastern Siberia, the eastern part of the river basin. Arguni, and outside our country - in Mongolia and Tibet. Due to the frost resistance of the Mongolian viburnum, attempts to breed it were made 200 years ago.

Mongolian viburnum is a plant of a very harsh climate. In the territory of its distribution, the air temperature in winter quite often drops to -50°C and below, and its daily fluctuations are significant. It would seem that this is a promising species for landscaping northern cities and villages, but its shoots freeze at significantly lower air temperatures in the North-West of the USSR, in the city of Leningrad, Estonian SSR. This is where the influence of different daylight hours comes into play. Mongolian viburnum, as a southern plant, has adapted to short days, and in the north, in conditions of longer days, it does not have time to prepare for the winter cold. In its homeland, it is light-loving and usually grows in clearings and open spaces.

Mongolian viburnum is less demanding regarding the richness of the soil than other representatives of this genus of plants that naturally grow in our forests. It can often be found on rocky and shallow soils on mountain slopes, sometimes among scatterings of stones.

In this regard, some researchers characterize Mongolian viburnum as a species that is undemanding (in fact, this is not true) in terms of moisture content in the soil. This conclusion sometimes leads to failure when breeding it in dry places. Mongolian viburnum grows in areas with harsh climatic conditions, in which water consumption for physical and physiological evaporation is small. In addition, in mountainous conditions, moisture reserves are replenished by condensation from the air.

Mongolian viburnum is included in the same section with Buryat viburnum and Gordovina, and therefore many of its other bioecological properties are close to those of these two species. It reproduces by seeds, shoots and root suckers; it is propagated by seeds, stem and green cuttings and layering.

The collection and processing of fruits, the storage of seeds, methods of preparing them for sowing and the cultivation of planting material are carried out using the same methods that are used for its closest relatives - Buryat viburnum and Gordovina.

Mongolian viburnum is bred as an ornamental breed to decorate parks, squares and streets of settlements in the south of Western and Eastern Siberia. Mongolian viburnum is one of the most promising species for green construction in these harsh climatic conditions.

Viburnum fork(Viburnum furcatum Blume ex Maxim). A small shrub (1.5-2 m tall), rarely, in the best growing conditions, reaching a height of 4 m, with shoots directed upward and forked branching, for which it received its specific name. Young branches are smooth with reddish or grayish-brown bark. The shoots are covered with yellowish star-shaped pubescence, which is one of the characteristic features for all species of this section. The leaves are deciduous, toothed, the apical umbellate inflorescences are sessile with internal bisexual flowers. The outer flowers are sterile. The fruits are bluish-black or purple drupes.

On the territory of the USSR, this section of the genus Viburnum is represented by only one species - forked viburnum. The leaves of viburnum fork are round or round-ovate, 6-15 cm long on short shoots, up to 25 cm on elongated shoots, with a pointed or blunt tip. The base of the leaf is shallowly cordate, the edge of the leaf blade is medium-toothed. On top, the leaf blade is dark yellowish-green, bare and covered only along the veins with a few branched hairs. Young leaves below are completely covered with felt pubescence. Then the pubescence becomes noticeably thinner. Yellowish, short star-shaped hairs are preserved only along the veins, and in the corners of the attachment of the lateral veins to the main vein, from which 9-10 pairs of lateral ones extend. The petiole is short (1-2 cm), pubescent and greatly expanded at the base. In autumn, the leaves take on a beautiful purple-crimson color.

Sterile flowers with a white zygomorphic corolla, 1-3 cm in diameter, on long pedicels, located in a strip along the edge of the inflorescence. Fertile flowers with a wheel-shaped corolla, 7-8 mm in diameter. The lobes of the petals have pointed ends. They are longer than the corolla tube. The filaments are bare, half as long as the tubular part of the corolla. The ovary is cylindrical, glabrous with a thick style and a short 3-lobed stigma. The flowers are collected in a complex 4-6-rayed umbrella-shaped panicle, reaching 8-10 cm in diameter. All parts of the inflorescence are initially covered with stellate hairs, then a significant part of the hairs fall off. Flowers are located on axes of the third or fourth order. Inflorescences form at the ends of two-leaved young branches. Blooms in May - June.

The fruits are elongated-ovate-ellipsoidal with mealy pulp, 8-11 mm long, at the beginning of ripening they acquire a red color, and when fully ripe they become black. The stone is ellipsoid or ovoid with deep grooves on each side, with a flat ventral side and a curved dorsal side. The fruits ripen in August. Abundant fruiting is observed after 1-2 years.

Viburnum fork is common in southern Sakhalin and on the two southern Kuril Islands - Kunashir and Iturup. The northern border of its distribution area on Sakhalin runs almost along 49° N. sh., north of the city of Makarova on the east coast and south of the city of Uglegorsk - on the west. The southern border is located outside the territory of the Soviet Union - on the Japanese mainland and on some islands. In addition to the Far East, forked viburnum, like another Sakhalin species - Wright's viburnum, is found only in botanical gardens, dendrological parks and special scientific institutions. In the north of the European part, shoots often freeze due to the influence of the length of daylight hours.

Viburnum fork is a heat-loving breed. It grows in places where evergreen plants live, such as holly (throughout the entire range) and magnolia obovata (in the southernmost part of the range). It is resistant to winter frosts in these conditions. It is characterized by greater photophilia than other types of viburnums. It is found mainly in clearings, meadows under the canopy of sparse deciduous stands (usually oak - dentate and curly oak). A breed of mild monsoon climate, demanding air humidity. It is less demanding on soil richness than red-fruited viburnums. It is even less demanding on the moisture content in the soil.

Viburnum fork reproduces by seeds, it is renewed by stump shoots and root suckers. Propagated by seeds, layering and stem cuttings. It is not of particular economic importance for the Sakhalin region, where many other more ornamental shrubs grow. It is usually recommended by all researchers of the vegetation of Sakhalin as an ornamental shrub for the south of the European part of the USSR.

Kalina Raita(Viburnum wrightii Miq). A small bushy tree up to 3 m high, sometimes a shrub. Thin branches usually point upward. Young shoots are bare or covered with sparse hairs. On old branches and stems the bark is grayish-brown. The only closest relative (by section) on the territory of the Soviet Union is the eastern viburnum, which grows in Transcaucasia. Life expectancy is 40-50 years.

Buds with two pairs of scales, the outer ones are bare, the inner ones are hairy. The leaves have different shapes and sizes on shortened and elongated shoots. On the first they are almost round or broadly obovate, with a leaf blade 6-14 cm long, on the second they are rounded-obovate and broadly ovate, larger. The apex of the leaf is often drawn into a thin pointed point, less often rounded. The base of the leaf is rounded or broadly wedge-shaped. The edge of the leaf blade is coarsely toothed. 6-9 pairs of lateral veins extend from the main vein. The leaves are bright green above, with sparse hairs, lighter below and with long, upward-pointing hairs, which form beards at the corners of the veins. There are pinpoint glands on both sides of the leaf blade. The petiole is short (6-20 mm long) without stipules.

The flowers are small (5-7 mm in diameter), bisexual with a white wheel-shaped corolla. The bent lobes of the petals are villous along the edge. Stamens with yellow anthers, longer than corolla. The column is conical and thick. The inflorescence is a five-rayed umbrella-shaped panicle 5-10 cm in diameter, consisting only of bisexual flowers. The peduncle is 1-2.5 cm long. All parts of the flower are pubescent. Blooms in June-July.

The fruits are bright red, almost spherical, about 1 cm in diameter with a pointed tip, juicy pulp, and bitter. The seed is spherical-ovate, narrowly flattened with two grooves on the dorsal side and three, unclearly expressed, on the ventral side. The lateral surface of the seeds is uneven. The fruits ripen in September - October.

Viburnum Wright is distributed in the very south of Sakhalin and the southern Kuril Islands (Kunashir and Iturup). The northern border of its range on Sakhalin runs approximately 48° N. w. and is located between Krasnogorsk and Ilyinsk on the west coast, on the east coast it passes south of the village. Eastern. In the central part of Sakhalin, due to higher terrain elevations above sea level. m. the border shifts to the south. The southern border of the distribution of Wright's viburnum is in Japan and the Korean Peninsula.

In areas not related to the Far East, Wright's viburnum is quite rare - in botanical gardens and dendrological parks, like forked viburnum. In Leningrad, Moscow and the Baltic states, shoots of Wright's viburnum bushes often freeze. Plants planted in the southern regions of the country feel much better, although they sometimes suffer from drought.

Viburnum Wright is thermophilic. Judging by the northern border of its range, it is more thermophilic than forked viburnum. It also grows in areas with a mild maritime climate, which even in these areas is characterized by cold winters (influence of the Siberian anticyclone and the cold Sea of Okhotsk). Tolerates significant shading, but like all other woody plants, the light requirement increases with age and abundant fruiting is observed only on well-lit bushes.

This is a typical breed of monsoon climate, demanding air humidity and soil richness. On Sakhalin it is usually found in the lower parts of mountain slopes and river and stream valleys. In this respect, it resembles Sargent and common viburnum. In the humid climate of the Sakhalin region. There is no special association with fresh and damp growing conditions. In other areas it may be more demanding of soil moisture content.

Wright's viburnum is propagated by seeds. It is renewed by root shoots and shoots from the stump, and by seeds. Propagated by layering and stem cuttings. It is usually recommended for use in green building for the southern regions of the European part of the Soviet Union. In irrigation conditions it can be used in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

Eastern viburnum(Viburnum orientale Pall). Shrub up to 2 m high. Young branches are initially covered with sparse hairs, then bare. The bark on the branches and stems is smooth, brown, and cracks at the base. Lives up to 50 years of age. Buds with two pairs of scales, on short stalks.

The leaves are round or oblong-ovate, 3-lobed in the upper part, 6-15 cm long, with three main palmately diverging veins. The outermost veins have 6-7 lateral veins. The leaf bases are heart-shaped or truncated. The lobes are tapered to a point or point. The lateral lobes are sometimes poorly developed. The leaf margin is coarsely and sharply toothed, rarely irregularly or notched-toothed. The leaf blade is dark green above, bare, lighter below, along the veins and, especially, in their corners with appressed hairs. The petioles are short, with thread-like stipules located at their base.

The flowers are bisexual, short-bell-shaped, with a corolla tube about 3 mm long; the free lobes of the petals have semicircular blunt ends with a bend of up to 4 mm. The stamens are longer than the corolla, as a result of which they protrude from the flower. The anthers are white. The ovary is bare, obverse-conical-cylindrical. The flowers are collected in six to eight-rayed, multi-flowered umbellate panicles 4-7 cm in diameter. Peduncles are densely covered with short hairs. Blooms in June - July.

The fruits are ellipsoidal in shape, initially green, becoming bright red as they ripen, and by the time they are fully ripe they acquire a black-purple color. The pulp is mealy. The bones are flat with two grooves on the back and three on the ventral side, up to 8-9 mm long. The fruits ripen in September.

Eastern viburnum grows in Western Transcaucasia and the northern part of Eastern Transcaucasia, in the middle and lower mountain belt, where it takes a significant part in the composition of the undergrowth in plantings. It is difficult to draw the exact boundary of its range due to the complexity of the mountainous terrain, since its latitudinal boundaries shift due to vertical zoning. Oriental viburnum has been grown experimentally since the end of the last century. It grows well only in the south - in Tbilisi, Batumi and Tashkent. A.G. Dolukhanov (1969) describes two types of beech forests with an undergrowth dominated by eastern viburnum.

Eastern viburnum is the most heat-loving of the viburnums that naturally grow on the territory of the USSR. It belongs to the same section as the Sakhalin region, which is widespread in the south. Viburnum Wright, is its closest and only relative in our country. They differ significantly in morphological characteristics, but are very similar in bioecological properties. Eastern viburnum is shade-tolerant and successfully grows and develops under the canopy of dense beech stands. Demanding on soil richness and moisture.

In green construction, eastern viburnum has not yet received significant distribution, since the shrub flora of Transcaucasia is very rich and is represented by a large number of species that surpass it in decorative properties. Favorable climatic conditions make it possible to use a rich assortment of ornamental plants from the subtropical zone to decorate health resorts and other populated areas.

Oriental viburnum reproduces by seeds and is renewed by stump shoots and root suckers. It is propagated by stem cuttings and layering. A more promising future awaits eastern viburnum when it is used in the undergrowth of many tree stands to protect slopes from erosion and convert surface runoff into intrasoil runoff. The latter will help increase the flow rate of mineral water sources.

Do you have rowan trees on your property? We hope that we have convinced you of the usefulness of this crop and you will find a place on your site for the beautiful mountain ash.

Everyone loves this slender, elegant beauty. In spring it pleases us with its snow-white flowers with an almond scent, and in autumn it attracts us with clusters of red-orange fruits. And its foliage, changing color at this time from yellow to red, is also very elegant. Remember S. Yesenin: “A red rowan fire is burning in the garden...”

The word "rowan" is often used together with the word "bitter". Indeed, rowan fruits lose their bitterness only after frost or special processing. But few people know that rowan can also be sweet-fruited. The most famous variety of such rowan is Nevezhinskaya.

Gardeners who decide to grow sweet rowan should take into account that many of its varieties require cross-pollination and therefore it is better to grow 2 - 3 trees of different varieties on the site.

There are 80 species of rowan known on the globe, and here we have 34. Of these, the most common is the common rowan. It grows in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country, in the Caucasus in the mountain-wooded zone and in the mountainous Crimea.

Rowan can be found in the undergrowth of mixed and coniferous forests, in clearings, along forest edges, among bushes, near reservoirs, on rocky mountain slopes.

Its fruits contain many valuable biologically active substances useful to humans: 4-8% fructose, glucose, sorbose, sucrose; up to 2.7% acids (grape, citric, malic, succinic), pectin and tannins; vitamins - up to 200 mg%, including more ascorbic acid than in lemons, carotene - 5.5-20 mg%, vitamin P and bitter substances: the fruits contain flavonoids. The seeds have 22% fatty oil and the glycoside amygdalin.

In medical practice, rowan fruits are used mainly for vitamin deficiencies in the form of a water infusion or tea (to prepare the infusion, 1 teaspoon of the fruit is brewed with a glass of boiling water and drunk 1/2 cup 1-3 times a day). The fruits are also included in vitamin teas. Vitamin syrup, vitamin concentrate, canned with sugar - what can you make from the fruits of this plant! In addition, in the winter-spring period, when the diet lacks vitamins, we can widely use dried and canned fruits.

In folk medicine, rowan fruits and flowers are used for dysentery. Decoctions of dried fruits are used as a diuretic and hemostatic agent. There is evidence that the fruits have an antibiotic effect.

Rowan is widely used in the food industry and in everyday life, processed into jam, wine, liqueurs, liqueurs, confectionery fillings, marmalade, vinegar, and kvass.

Possessing a whole range of valuable qualities, rowan deserves the closest attention of amateur gardeners. Now there are many interesting varieties of rowan - high-yielding, winter-hardy, with large fruits and excellent taste. These are Nevezhinskaya rowan and hybrids bred with her participation, varieties of I.V. Michurin (Granatnaya, Likernaya, Dessertnaya, Burka) and his followers - A.S. Tikhonova (Titan, Krasavitsa, Rubinovaya) and T.K. Poplavskaya (Alaya large).

Rowan varieties

The variety is medium-sized (5 - 6 m). The wood is winter-hardy. The leaves are quite large and strongly wrinkled. Flower buds are slightly winter-hardy. The fruits are edible, medium in size (up to 1 cm in diameter) or large, yellowish in color, juicy, sweet and sour with noticeable bitterness, close in taste to the fruits of the rowan.

Hybrid of mountain ash and hawthorn. The tree is not tall, 3-4 m, with a sparse crown, the leaves are pinnately dissected in the upper part, elliptical in the lower part. The variety is winter-hardy and productive.

A complex hybrid of alpine sorbaronia and mountain ash. It begins to bear fruit at 2-3 years of age. The tree is short, 1.5-2.5 m. The crown is compact. The leaves are simple, odd-pinnate. The variety is highly winter-hardy. The yield is annual, stable, 40-60 kg of berries can be harvested from 1 plant. The taste is only slightly inferior to Dessert. The fruits are medium-sized, red-brown, slightly tart. Stores well for 3-4 months.

The variety was obtained by pollinating Moravian rowan with a mixture of several varieties of pear. A vigorous tree with a spreading crown. The leaves are large, odd-pinnate. The variety is winter-hardy, high-yielding (up to 150 kg per tree), bearing fruit annually. The fruits are large (1.5 g), orange-red in color. Sugar content 7-9%, acids - 2-2.5%. Used in processing.

A very interesting new variety bred by T.K. Poplavskaya, which tastes like cranberries. The variety is still little known to gardeners, but deserves special attention.

A variety of folk selection. The tree is powerful, compact, spherical, highly winter-hardy. Productivity up to 80 - 100 kg. The fruits are large, red, with orange juicy pulp, a pleasant sweet and sour taste without bitterness or astringency, ripen in the first half of September, are stored fresh until April, and stay on the tree all winter without losing their taste.

Hybrid of pear and rowan. Productive, drought-resistant. Tree of medium height. The fruits are medium in size, dark burgundy in color, and have a sweet and sour taste.

The variety is early-bearing, vigorous-growing. Fruiting is abundant, annual. The fruits are large, juicy, and have good taste.

The varietal range of rowan is quite diverse; there are also hybrids with chokeberry, medlar, pear and hawthorn.

Before you start planting plants, you need to familiarize yourself with some of the features of mountain ash. Cultivated varieties of rowan are self-sterile and require cross-pollination, so at least 2 varieties must be planted in the garden. You can limit yourself to just one, if it is turned into a “garden tree” by re-grafting with cuttings of other varieties. Rowan is also characterized by parthenocarpy, i.e. the formation of ovaries without fertilization, but this phenomenon is quite rare.

Plants of low-growing varieties (Burka, Dessertnaya, Titan) should be planted at a distance of 2-3 m from each other. They begin to bear fruit early, in the 2-3rd year, and quickly increase the yield, which reaches 15-40 kg of fruit per tree. Vigorous varieties (Nevezhinskaya, Krasavitsa, Alaya Krupny) are planted at a distance of 5-6 m; subsequently they must be carefully shaped, limiting the number of skeletal branches. In adulthood, 100-150 kg of fruit can be harvested from 1 plant of vigorous varieties, but they begin to bear fruit later (from 4-5 years old) and increase their yield more slowly.

The lifespan of rowan plants can be 80-100 years, but the productive age of most varieties is limited to 25-30 years. It is known that the age of plants affects the level of vitamin accumulation: the fruits of young trees, as a rule, contain less vitamins than plants that have reached the productive period.

Most varieties of rowan tolerate winter temperatures dropping to 45-50 °C. Rowan begins its growing season relatively early, at fairly low average daily temperatures. It blooms in mid-late May, 6-10 days later than apple and pear trees, at an average daily temperature of 12-15 °C. Rowan “escapes” late spring frosts, although the flowers are able to withstand temperatures as low as -2.5 °C. In terms of flowering times, different types and varieties of rowan under the same conditions differ little from each other, so their mutual pollination is possible. The flowering time of one variety is 6-10 days. But the fruits do not set well if the weather during the flowering period is rainy or too hot.

In rowan, the flower buds that provide next year's harvest are formed earlier than in most fruit crops. This process begins in early June and coincides with the formation of the current year’s fruits, so during this period the plants must be provided with a sufficient amount of nutrients and moisture. Rowan has a short growing season (140-175 days), leaf fall ends early, and the plants go into winter with well-formed flower buds and mature wood.

Rowan is a flexible, unpretentious plant. A variety of soil and climatic conditions are suitable for it, but plants grow and develop better in well-lit areas with fertile, moisture-absorbing and breathable soil. Protection from winds is not of great importance for rowan; pollination of flowers and preservation of ovaries are the same in both protected and open areas. Rowan does not tolerate prolonged stagnation of water; the bark becomes damp and the roots are damaged.

Rowan can be planted both in autumn and spring. Planting pits for vigorous varieties are prepared with a diameter of 100 cm and a depth of 60 cm, for low-growing varieties 80 and 50 cm, respectively. If the planting pits are well filled with fertilizers in the first 2-3 years after planting, you can limit yourself to applying only nitrogen fertilizers (30-40 g/m2) . During the period of full fruiting, the rate of organic fertilizers is 8-10 kg/m2. Tree trunk circles can be kept under black fallow or covered with sod.

Light rejuvenating pruning of rowan can begin when the growth on the tree noticeably decreases, but not less than 10-15 cm, and the harvest is still relatively high. Heavy pruning is carried out when the average growth length becomes less than 5-6 cm or there is no growth at all. Skeletal and semi-skeletal branches are rejuvenated to 5-6 year old wood.

Rowan is usually propagated by grafting. Rootstocks can be grown from seeds. Freshly harvested seeds sown in the ground in late August - early September germinate well. Rootstocks of apple, pear, quince, hawthorn and chokeberry were studied as rootstocks for rowan. More viable rowan grafts were obtained on chokeberry (aronia).

Some varieties of rowan can be propagated by green cuttings in greenhouses with artificial fog (except for varieties of Nevezhinsky rowan). Good rooting was achieved in the varieties Granatnaya, Desertnaya, Burka, Rubinovaya and others. Green cuttings taken from annual growths during the period of their active growth, i.e. from May 10-15 to June 5-10, take root better.

We hope that we have convinced you of the usefulness of this crop and you will find a place on your site for the beautiful mountain ash.

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