Areas with difficult terrain, as well as narrow sections, unfortunately, are located in the most attractive places for recreation and leisure in the world - on the coast and in the foothills. And often a plot of land in such a wonderful place combines both of these qualities - it can be both narrow and embossed, very inconvenient for construction.
It is quite difficult to pick up a cottage project on a relief. Building a house you like on a high plinth is, of course, a way out. But not the best, because it will be possible to enter the premises only from the mountain, and from the valley side you will get a high technical floor. It is sometimes needed, but it is much better to use this building volume "on business", for living rooms. Therefore, in projects of houses for plots with a slope, not even pronounced, it is advisable to arrange rooms with a difference of several steps.
Projects of houses for plots with a slope, collected in this section of ours, are divided into two types - some have a staircase in the center of the house, and the rooms are located around it with an offset of half a floor, others have a high living room in the middle, and bedrooms with small ladders on both sides of it (from the mountainous side there is an ascent to one bedroom, from the valley side - a descent into one room, and an ascent to another). With such schemes of buildings, the building volume is used as efficiently as possible, and from all the rooms you can make a convenient exit to the garden terraces.
We would like to draw your attention to the fact that, when buy a house project for a plot with a slope, you need to check whether the configuration of the selected cottage is suitable specifically for your site. You can do this quickly and free of charge by sending us a topographic plan of your allotment and the name of your chosen house project for a plot with a slope (of course, this applies only to Invapolis projects). In some cases, design adjustments may be required.
Building a house is troublesome, and if the terrain of the site is not even, this causes additional difficulties. But a competent designer can still make it a winning moment.
A house on sloping terrain always requires more care and protection. It is more exposed to atmospheric phenomena than others and therefore an important design stage is the development of natural and artificial protection. Landscape design should be thought out, which, in addition to the aesthetic function, will also carry a protective one - to strengthen the slopes and partially protect from the wind.
The best option when choosing a site would be the highest point on the hill. This will protect your home from excessive moisture due to groundwater, which is quite important. Indeed, with a large number of them, constant reconstruction of the building will be necessary, which entails serious costs.
In addition, the soil in such places is very wet, which greatly increases the cost and complicates the excavation work, and the construction of a strong reliable foundation makes it unlikely.
Also, the advantage of building a dwelling in elevated areas is that in the lowlands there is often such a thing as a pocket of cold. This is due to the obstruction of air circulation in the lower parts of the hills, due to which cold air accumulates in one place. This can lead to a significant drop in temperature, which is highly undesirable for a residential building.
Another advantage of choosing a site for building a house higher is the ability to avoid the problem of drainage. If the base is sandy, surface drainage will suffice, but if it is clay, then it is necessary to take care of the drainage of the foundation.
Project of a house on a mountainside, difficulties that may be encountered
Building a house on a site with difficult terrain has a number of limitations, which significantly affects the cost, but it's worth it. If, at the design stage, the location of the object, the layout of the local area and design features are thought through to the smallest detail, then such a house will delight its owners for many years.
In order for the construction of a cottage on a slope to be optimal, there are several ways to plan a construction site and design options for a house. The most popular of them is the construction of a cottage with a basement, which is cut into the slope. Usually the construction of such a house requires an individual project.
In addition, the building site can be leveled by adding soil. This option is quite economical and will not hamper the possibilities at the design stage. Another way is to cut the soil layer. But it is better not to resort to such a cardinal measure, since the natural structure of the relief will be violated, which can lead to a lot of negative consequences.
An excellent choice would be to build a house at different levels, in which the natural relief is not disturbed. In the hands of an experienced architect, this can become a great design project, very ergonomic, filled with many non-standard solutions.
House designs for sloping plots the best choice of location
Regardless of what surface structure the relief has, whether it be mountains or depressions, in any case it is always determined by the magnitude of the slope. Slope is the difference between two points that are located on opposite sides of the building site, which is the percentage between the highest point of the slope and the width of the plot. Depending on its size, the following types of slopes and options for house projects can be distinguished:
- Projects of houses on a site with a slope of up to 3% - can be both standard and individual
- From 3% to 8% requires an individual project, or a significant change in the standard, taking into account all the individual features of the relief
- Bolen 8% - only an individual project
A slope of 3% is considered flat terrain for development and is even a positive thing. On the issue of sewerage, this is the best option, which is often created artificially. From 3% to 8% - a small slope. The best solution would be to build a house without a basement. This type of relief is optimal for designing a house with a basement, which can be very successfully cut into a slope. If the value of the average steepness (from 8% to 20%) then the project is developed individually. A good solution would be to create a dwelling with several tiers, separate entrances to each of them and terraces. This is a great field for the implementation of creative projects and the creation of your dream home. When a value of more than 20% is a very steep slope, designing and building a house requires a large material investment and unlimited time. Most likely, the cottage will consist of several terraces, each of which is individually reinforced and fixed with retaining walls.
Projects of houses on a slope with a basement
The most popular type of structures on the slopes. Most likely, from the outside it will be visible from one side and have an asymmetric shape, since part of the floor will cut into the slope. However, if you try, you can design an excellent functional rectangular room. It is better to build houses with a basement at a low groundwater level, otherwise there is a risk of flooding or, at least, constant high humidity. In any case, high-quality waterproofing is necessary.
In addition to all that has been said, it is worth noting that, in addition to steepness, the orientation of the terrain is an important circumstance. The most suitable for the construction of residential buildings are the southern and southeastern slopes of the hills. This is due to optimal insolation and savings on heating, because the winds from the south side are softer. Accordingly, when building a house on the northwest side, solar lighting will be insufficient and additional heating will be required.
Development projects of houses and cottages on a slope quite an expensive process. Do not be stingy if you decide to take such a step. A carefully thought-out project of the cottage itself and the adjacent territory will be the key to the quick, high-quality and successful construction of your new home, which will serve you for decades.
Building a gazebo
An arbor is a structure that is constantly exposed to external influences of the environment and weather conditions, which leads to the construction of arbors using materials that are durable and resistant to external natural factors.
In most cases, wood that has undergone special antiseptic treatment is used. For the construction of gazebos, coniferous woods are most often used, such as spruce, pine, larch and cedar, a little less often - birch. Some cases concern the use of expensive decorative species.
stone gazebo
For gazebos built using stone or brick, the foundation is simply necessary, as it gives the building maximum stability.
In some cases, the construction of the gazebo provides for the presence of a foundation, which is laid using brick, natural stone, cement and any other material that is used in such a case.
Very often, during the glazing of the gazebo, a frame is used, the binding of which is made up of small cells, which allows the use of both silicate and organic glass.
To prevent the interior of the gazebo from getting rain and other precipitation into it, as well as to protect it from the wind, the gazebo is equipped with a reliable roof, which is also the final link in the construction of the structure, thereby giving it a finished look.
Foundation as the basis of the gazebo
In some cases, a gazebo or gazebo is installed on a platform paved with decorative stone tiles, which is also the floor of the gazebo (photo 2).
The need for laying the foundation appears if the soil of the site is close to groundwater, which can rise to the topsoil.
In addition, the foundation is necessary if the construction of the structure will take place on a slope.
The project of a house on a slope with a basement: the most important nuances of its implementation
Wooden gazebo on a hill
In some cases, a gazebo or gazebo is installed on a platform paved with decorative stone tiles, which is also the floor of the gazebo.
As you can see in photo 1, the foundation is simply necessary for gazebos built using stone or brick, as it gives the structure maximum stability, and the work itself will begin with laying the foundation.
After you have finally decided on the choice and marking of the site, it must be carefully leveled.
You can also remove the top layer of soil somewhere on a bayonet, one and a half. Subsequently, this soil can be used in flower beds or beds.
The next stage of construction will consist in digging a shallow trench around the perimeter of the future building (30x40 cm), building formwork and then pouring concrete into this trench.
After the final hardening of the mortar, you can begin to build walls and roofs.
The floor of the gazebo can also be poured with concrete, on which decorative ceramic or stone tiles are subsequently laid.
If the gazebo is wooden, then the design of the foundation will be different.
In the place where the support pillars will be located, pits are dug, the depth of which should not exceed 30 cm, then small brick pillars are installed in them, but so that they look out of the pits to a height of two bricks. Pits near the posts must be covered with earth and compacted.
A waterproofing pad made of fiberglass is laid on the protruding surface of the brick columns, and after its installation, work begins on laying thick beams, which serve as binding for future walls.
The next step will be the installation and fixing of the supporting vertical posts, the axis of which must coincide with the axis of the supporting brick pillars. Then work is carried out to install the log, on which the floorboards will be laid.
Photo 3. Gazebo on the slope
The foundation is necessary if the construction of the structure will take place on a slope or elevation.
In cases where the gazebo will have the shape of a hexagon, the logs should be installed so that the end of the first beam lies on the strapping beam on the first pillar, and the second end on the third brick column.
The remaining lags are installed in a similar order. Then, in accordance with the drawings, a number of vertical boards are stuffed onto the lower and intermediate strapping, which will serve as the walls of the gazebo, and only then the floor is laid from planed boards, the thickness of which should not exceed forty centimeters.
You can use not only long, but also short boards, which are laid in a symmetrical manner and connected using plug-in elements, such as tongue and groove.
In order to prevent wood decay, all wooden parts of the structure must be treated with an antiseptic composition.
The method of preparing such a composition is very simple: you need to take 4.5 liters of water and 120-130 grams of sodium fluoride. This solution is enough to process ten square meters.
In order to install a gazebo on a slope (photo 3), it is necessary to prepare a horizontal area equal to the perimeter of the building.
The foundation is done as described a little above.
Landscaping of a site on a slope
A plot on a slope almost always seems to potential buyers not the most attractive way to invest.
Naturally, unlike flat territories, it will require additional financial costs for its improvement, and such a prospect will not suit everyone.
Let's try to study in more detail the process of landscaping a site on a slope and consider its most significant stages.
Pros and cons of a site on a slope
According to experts, such, at first glance, complex territories may turn out to be quite a suitable place for building a house, arranging a vegetable garden or a picturesque garden, and all the efforts made will justify themselves as a result of the beauty and originality of the resulting landscape.
Practice shows that it is on inclined areas that it is most convenient to create colorful rock gardens and rockeries, to equip artificial waterfalls, which are built with great difficulty on flat surfaces.
Among the possible problems associated with the improvement of the site on the slope, landscape designers note the openness of the area to the wind and heavy clay soils.
All other sides of such a territory are rightfully considered to be advantageous.
Landscaping methods on a slope
For landscaping purposes, a wide range of methods are used, the most common of which are:
- Geoplastics - a method that provides for the artificial formation of relief;
- Terracing - strengthening horizontal ledges of the earth with retaining walls.
In practice, both of these methods are usually combined with each other, which allows you to achieve brilliant results.
So, a multi-level plot with artificially created terraces looks much more impressive than even backyard territories - especially if it is equipped not with classic straight lines, but with gracefully curved retaining walls.
The main stages of transformation
Landscaping of the territory going down the slope is carried out in several stages.
Hillside house projects
Previously, experts determine the slope of the site, based on the ratio of its height to the horizontal plane of the base. Further, the territory is marked on the plan, breaking it into separate lanes - the so-called. "platforms-terraces", the dimensions of which make it possible to place a house, outbuildings, a vegetable garden, a garden, a flower garden and other objects in their space.
They unite the disparate space into a single whole with the help of small wide stairs and the already mentioned retaining walls, which not only protect the earth from slipping, but also act as a spectacular decoration of the terraces themselves.
The arrangement of terraces begins from the highest point of the site, gradually moving down the slope.
At the same time, the land cut from the upper platforms is transferred down, using it to create terraces of the second and third levels.
Each platform is fixed with retaining walls that prevent soil from sliding and serve as the basis for the underlying terrace. The material for these structures can be:
- massive logs, wooden beams;
- gabions - containers made of durable metal mesh, filled with rubble, large gravel, pebbles, etc.;
- pergons - lattice welded structures with the same filling as that of gabions;
- concrete and decorative slabs.
Small (up to 1 m), vertical walls are usually erected from durable logs, the lower part of which is pre-treated with antiseptics and anti-rot agents.
A retaining wall made of wood is installed in the ground to a depth of 45-50 cm, after which it is covered with a waterproofing material from the side of the backfill and proceed to the arrangement of the terrace. It is desirable that the slope of the wall varies within 8-10°, which will allow the structure to maintain the ground pressure of the erected site.
In recent years, pergons and gabions are used more and more often in the improvement of sites on the slopes - lattice and wire boxes, the space of which is filled with stone (read more in the article Gabions with your own hands).
Such structures not only successfully cope with their primary function - holding the soil on the terraces, but also act as their spectacular decoration.
The areas reinforced with retaining walls made of rubble stone, horizontal beams and wooden saw cuts look original. Another option popular with landscape designers is concrete retaining walls lined with pellet or sandstone. In this case, the method of laying the wall is very interesting, which involves facing with stones, similar to the principle of laying tiles.
All stone fragments of such masonry are held together with a mixture of earth, sand and cement.
In the future, in the spaces between the stones, shaving, garden saxifrage and other unpretentious plants that can adequately decorate the landscape will be able to take root.
The advantage of concrete and stone structures is also that, due to their strength characteristics, the height of retaining walls can be increased up to two meters (although many designers do not recommend exceeding the optimal limit of 0.6-1 m).
When erecting retaining walls made of stone or concrete, a foundation must first be laid under them, thanks to which the finished structure will gain additional strength and durability.
Another important stage of improvement is the organization of a drainage system that protects the soil from erosion.
It is logical that during heavy rains and spring floods, water flows inevitably form on the top of the slope, which, rushing down the terraces, wash out the soil.
In addition, the water stagnant behind the retaining walls becomes swampy, which over time can lead to their deformation and destruction. To prevent this from happening, a drainage system is equipped in the walls, one of the following types, namely:
- Underground drainage.
- Ground drainage.
- Filtration holes.
In addition, the terraces are equipped with storm sewers and drainage systems, the projects of which are developed in advance.
In parallel with the construction of retaining walls, staircases made of stone, monolithic concrete or brick are erected on steep slopes.
The simplest option is a staircase made of wooden boards or logs, reinforced with stringers - inclined beams, to which risers are nailed.
Choosing Plants for Slope Plots
So, from large bushes, whose roots are able to "hold" the soil, barberries, terry and semi-double wild roses, euonymus, sods have won the greatest popularity. Of the conifers, cotoneasters, junipers, globular arborvitae and dwarf spruces are perfect.
Do not forget that the process of landscaping a site on a slope requires specific knowledge and skills, so before starting any work, contact the experts for advice and assistance in implementing the tasks.
Editing a place on a slope: video + instructions!
The difference between a city on a slope and a flat landscape lies in the fact that its development includes a careful study and consideration of natural features that are directly related to the relief.
Land plot design on a slope
Sloping areas have undeniable advantages - as a rule, there are no problems with high groundwater, and such a site cannot be called boring and some disadvantages.
These include a large amount of required land and less freedom to choose where to build. To ensure that the outcome of a landscape design has been satisfactory for many years, you must approach its creation thoroughly.
It is especially important to consider the following characteristics of the area:
- · Orientation of the slope to the cardinal points.
- · How to tilt.
- Direction and strength of prevailing winds.
The first item in this list will tell you the brightness of the page.
It is exactly what kind of lighting regime has been determined on your slope that will play a decisive role in the choice of plants. On the southern slope, the sun shines from morning until late evening.
Here the snow is broken early, but the soil is drier and many plants in the southern latitudes are warming up.
Building a House on a Slope: An Overview of Projects, Methods and Erection Characteristics
The northern slope is less prone to isolation, which limits the use of lighter plants. The western and eastern slopes are very favorable for the placement of green spaces, it is only necessary to take into account the direction of the shadow.
Bias angles largely determine the area of the area, as well as the need to build stairs, terraces, supporting walls.
These engineering objects not only make the site harmonious and comfortable. The higher the slopes, the higher the soil erosion when the top layer is washed out.
Creating steps interferes with this process.
An inconvenient feature of the sloping terrain is the movement along the slope of the air masses. Cold air flows down, stagnates in natural or artificially created cavities. Late frosts are possible in these areas. The warm wind that rises, the hot months hardens.
When constructing buildings and recreational areas on a sloping site, the prevailing winds must be taken into account.
Where to start slope development
Website design model
To represent the sloping part of the fruit, it is very easy to draw a plan on paper. It is easier to create a 3D model.
You can do this with regular clay. By placing the layout of the site, the closest to the reality of the burden and slopes that clearly see its properties, determine the most suitable location for the house and other buildings, sidewalks, parking and recreation. At this stage, it correlates with the movement that contributes to the direction of the sun, it is necessary to consider the optimal location in the garden, tall trees, garden.
Be sure to address the issue of organizing the movement of people on the website - you may need to make a ladder. And now you need to plan the best place for rockers or an alpine garden, a dry stream - these elements that adorn the most suitable and very useful for viewing places with difficult terrain.
Formation of a land plot on a slope - photography
Then comes the kind of communication design.
Particular attention should be paid to the supply of water and sanitation. A sloped side doesn't always mean there are hidden visual corners, so all engineered spaces need to be aesthetically pleasing.
At the same level, he solves the issue of organizing drainage. Watercourses must be directed to specially marked channels, otherwise the urban economy will change over time. Some areas lying on the slopes are flooded to the bottom.
This problem is solved by equipping a pond or digging a trench.
Start planning your terraces. They are flat parts of various widths, which are located at different levels.
From the bottom of the terraces can be rebrirati specially raised supporting wall over large areas, and sometimes without a ledge. In this case, the abrupt displacement between terraces must be protected with geotextiles.
Characteristics of plant breeding
Plants for the city, located on the slope
Of course, the final selection of plants for green spaces is dictated by the tastes of the owners of the city.
However, the suitability of the selected trees and shrubs with the climatic characteristics of the site should be taken into account, and priority should be given to the poorest species with a well-developed root system.
Here are the principles for choosing plants for the slope:
- · The complex landscape of the city provides a complex plant composition of species. This means that the slopes should be a place for coniferous and deciduous trees, low bushes and flat lawns. Such diversity will lead the site straight.
- In addition to ornamental, plants perform the function of strengthening the slopes. Dense wood preserves the soil, bushes on the slope prevent the formation of landslides.
- · Plants living on slopes must tolerate a lack of moisture.
Choose from natural views, settled hills and mountain slopes.
If we are talking about places located on the hills in the central part of Russia, here we feel coniferous trees - cedar, mountain pine, juniper, spruce. Of the trees of deciduous trees, birch, hazelnut, microbial would be better, in a damp climate - willow. Shrubs suitable for cultivation on slopes are numerous. For example, barberry, white fool, lilac, the elderly, brooms - of various shapes and colors will already create a wonderful composition.
Deciduous flowering plants are indispensable - hosts, daily leaves, irises. The mosquito will create an excellent tent peak. And, of course, decorating the fixing walls of all kinds of plants for rockers - sedums, cleaners, gum.
Interesting design of a suburban area on a slope
Tilt, due to its complexity, allows you to create a unique and recognizable website design.
The main thing is to take into account natural factors, overcome soil erosion, regulate the appropriate area and visit the site with suitable plants.
Video - landscape design of a city on a slope
Such stairs on a slope or on a steep bank are cut to the ground. Measure your step (see below) to find out how many steps it will take.
Construction stages
Mark on the contours of the slopes and the dimensions of the range with a tight thread between the hooks that are driven to the ground from two sides.
Now drag the horizontal cord to define the bumps. We start with the above step, we dig the soil, make steps with original shapes and build the stairs according to our instructions.
Keep in mind that the less you step on these steps in the process, the better, so try to pack the soil from the side.
On large stairs with 10 steps or more in the ditch, it is recommended to build a concrete foundation to reinforce the position of the bottom riser and prevent it from sliding from tilting.
Raise the ditches under the first riser, it should be twice the width, 10 cm longer than the stride length and 10 cm deeper.
Fill the bottom of the ditch with gravel, pour it out and pour concrete into it. Smooth and let it dry.
Place the first foundation on a concrete foundation of bricks, blocks or stones using the basic brick technique.
Built-in slope ladder
first
Drag between the floor on the ground on both sides of the stairs with the string to determine the location of the tread bands and bumps.
second
The blade forms the initial contours of the steps and then the ground with a solid wooden stick.
3. Orient the position of the twine, give the ladder a more precise shape, taking into account the height of the lift plates and the length of the tread.
4. Place the first mast of the two types of brick walls with overflow "spoon" (if necessary - on a concrete base).
fifth
To approach, fill with detritus at the beginning of the second riser, i.e. fall asleep on the surface of the first profile, lay it down and pour it with sand.
sixth
We are building a house on a sloping lot.
Place the plates on the mortar along their circumference and straighten the bulges over the tightened string.
7. Make water by carefully lifting the plates from behind.
Use a shim to make sure the slope is the same everywhere (see page, Formwork establishment).
Scale is sometimes the only solution for connecting garden parts of different stages or for moving from one place to another. These semi-circular staircases lead from the courtyard to the courtyard, surrounded by a wooden gazebo, where the family gets into the fresh air.
How to cut bricks and blocks
For a standard "spoon" headband, you need half a brick or block at the start or end of each of the two wall types.
To break a brick or block in half prepare a flat straight line with a chisel, place it on a hard flat surface and cut the chisel that hit it with a macro.
How to measure slope height
To determine the number of stair steps, you must measure the pitch angle.
To do this, move the tick at the top of the slope, on the lower bars, and connect them to a line that should be tilted horizontally (check it with a spirit level). Now measure the height of the sticks from the ground to the twine. If you do not have the same number of steps, you will need to increase the height of the slope, blow the floor off the floor, or shed up.
How to set up the first step
Save the detritus for the first lifting body and try to mix it up, but don't try to replace the truck itself.
Add gravel to the bottom of the first tread and press again. Now you can install the first run.
Panel frame. Place the panel on the prepared substrate and compare its superiority with the first string being stressed. If he matches it exactly, he removes the plate, puts the concrete solution around the circumference of the tile or four corners sent in the middle or in a continuous layer if the stairs are used intensively.
Place the disk on the base plate, move it in different directions to fit the solution better.
If it is at the stage of two plates, it lies near the first second plate, stopping a small gap between them, which then must be filled with dry mixes (sand and cement in a ratio of 1: 3).
Check the alcohol level for both plates at the same level.
Don't forget about the rise of the meteor shower (1.2 cm). Gently but surely hit the front edge of the panels with a hammer to form the slope.
minor step. Bricks or blocks as tread material can be applied to the mortar in the same way as plates. Leggings, as always, should hang over the lift.
You also need to lean over the edge of the rainwater drain a little.
Building the remaining stages
The second step can be placed on the edge of the first profile or immediately after its end on a gravel bottom covered with a thin layer of sand. The master puts the mortar under the hood, placing a series of bricks or blocks as described above. Place a place for the second gravel winner as well as the first, and place the second tread.
Continue to spray and run a step to the end of the stairs.
To smoothly connect the bricks, cut off the excess mortar with a semi-circular wall.
Mix the dry mix between the door panels or fill them with grout to remove excess. The solution should be dried within a week.
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Topic 9. IMPROVING PHOTOGRAPHY ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND PLANS
9.1. TYPES AND BASIC FORMS OPEN
Relief - a series of unequal land masses, ocean floors and seas, various shapes, sizes, origins, ages and developmental history. It consists of positive (convex) and negative (concave) shapes.
home forms Relief: mountainous, hollow, ridge, hollow and saddle.
In addition to the above forms, there is also relief details. Landform details: vines, cracks, piles, dikes, excavations, glaciers, quarries, etc.
All types of shapes and relief details are composed of elements.
home relief elements These are: base (bottom), slope (slope), top (bottom), height (depth), direction of inclination and inclination, and thalweg gathering line. The main shapes, details and relief elements are shown in Fig.
Rice. 9.1. Basic forms, details and relief elements
mountain which is called the dome or conical height of the earth's surface.
The highest point of the mountain is called the peak, from which the relief decreases in all directions. The upper end of the mountain is called the peak and the plateau is called the plateau.
The side surface of a mountain is called a slope or slope. The bottom of the mountain, which is a line of skates crossing a flat surface, is called the bottom of the mountain. A small mountain up to 200 m high is called a hill. The massive hill is called hills.
hollow is a closed cone-shaped recess of the earth's surface. The lower part of the pool is called the bottom, the side surface is called the slope, the line of the lateral transition to the environment is the pond.
A small cavity is called a cave, funnel or void.
Ridge - It is an elongated one-sided hill with two opposite slopes. The line of intersection of its ice rinks, which runs along the highest points of the ridge, is called a watercourse, from which water and precipitation descend on two slopes.
Dell- deepening of an oblong shape.
The line along the cave passing through the lowest points is called the watercourse or lower belt, and the sides are called ramps, which end in a forehead. If you look at the watercourse, the excess in that direction is negative, right, left and back are positive. Wide shallow waters with gentle slopes are called valleys with a steep and rocky gorge. Water in the form of deep spots in valleys formed by the action of flowing water is called plains.
Over time, slope slopes collapse, overgrown with grass, wooded vegetation, and shaped beams.
saddle, This is the lowered part of the streams between two hills and two ditches, which differ from the saddle in opposite directions. In mountainous areas, a saddle is called a pass.
Image of the terrain at the characteristic points of places on the tops of mountains, at the bottom of the basins, rain ridges flow notches at the edge of depressions and holes in the soles of the mountains and at the point of inflection of the rays in geodesy, to determine their level, which can then be entered on the map near these points .
9.2.
IMPACT HORIZONTAL HELP IMAGE
On the maps of the depicted contours of the terrain, i.e., closed rounded lines, each of which is an image on a horizontal scale of irregularities, all points on the ground located at the same height.
To better understand the essence of the relief image with horizons, we represent the island in the form of a mountain, which is gradually filled with water.
Let us assume that the water level stops successively at equal intervals at a height equal to meters (Fig. 9.2).
Rice. 9.2. The essence of the relief image along the contour lines
Each water level, starting from the initial (AB), will have its own bank (CD, KL, MN, RS) in the form of a closed curve, the points of which have the same height.
These lines can also be viewed as a patch of uneven terrain with flat surfaces parallel to the flat sea surface from which the heights are viewed.
It follows that the distance h is between adjacent lockable surfaces section height.
If all these lines are of the same height on the surface of the earth's ellipsoid and represent the scale of the map, we obtain a picture of the mountain in terms of a system of closed curves, the lines AB, CD, KI, m, and RS.
It will be horizontal.
Depending on the nature of the contour, we can conclude that:
a) each horizontal line on the map is a horizontal projection of a line of equal heights on the ground, representing the planned construction of the inequality of the ground surface.
Thus, after drawing and the relative position of the contours, figures, the mutual position and the relationship of irregularities are visible;
b), for example, horizontally on the map at regular intervals to the height, and then the number of the sculpture on the slopes, which can be determined by the height of the ramp and exceeds each other surface points on the Earth: the more slopes on the slope, the higher;
from) padcontour lines, i.e. the distance in the plane between adjacent horizontals depends on the slope slope: the steeper the slope, the less the precipitation.
Therefore, depending on the size of the plot, we may appreciate a steep slope.
9.3. TYPES OF HORIZONTALS
Segment height The relief on the map depends on the scale of the map and the nature of the relief.
For flat and hilly terrain, its value is equal to a map value of 0.02 (for example, maps 01:50 at a scale of 000 to 1,100,000 or normal cross-sectional area is 10 and 20 m). On maps of mountainous terrain, the relief image is not visible due to the excessive thickness of the outline, and it would be better to read the section twice the normal height (map scale 1:25 Scale 1:50,000-10,000-20 m, 1:100,000 - 40 m, 1: 200,000 - 80 m).
On maps of scale areas 1:25,000 and 1:200,000 on a flat scale, the height of the cross section is twice that of a normal one, i.e., 2.5 and 20 m.
Horizontal lines on the map, corresponding to the height of the section specified in it, draw solid lines and are called main, or solid, horizontal lines (Fig.
9,3).
Often important terrain features are not shown on the map along the main horizontal lines. In these cases, in addition to the main contours, half (semi-horizontal), which are executed on the map at half the height of the base section.
Unlike the base, half of the horizontal lines are drawn as a dashed line.
In some places, where the necessary information about the provision of assistance is not expressed in the main and semi-circuits, they still exist. auxiliary horizontally - about a quarter of a hundred.
They are also broken with broken lines, but with shorter connections.
Rice. 9.3. Main, half and auxiliary horizontal
To facilitate counting contours when determining the height of points on a map, all continuous horizons corresponding to Five times section height, draw a thick line ( concentratedhorizontally).
The height of the main section is indicated on each sheet of the map - below the south side of its frame.
For example, the inscription "Hard horizon passing through 10 m" means that on this panel all contour lines shown in full order are multiples of 10 m and thicker ones are multiples of 50 m.
9.4. HORIZONTAL DRAWING OF MAIN DESIGN PROJECTS
In FIG. 9.4. Elemental relief forms are shown separately in outlines. The picture shows that a small mountain (hill) and a hollow view are usually the same - in the form of a system of closed surrounding horizontal lines.
Like each other and the image of the ridge and della. They differ only in the direction of the rays.
Rice.
9.4. Image by Contour
main landforms
Routing scat characters or bergstrihami, they serve as short lines arranged horizontally (perpendicular to them) in the direction of the slopes. They are located on the outer edges of the most characteristic places, especially on the peaks, saddles or at the bottom of the pools, as well as on gentle slopes - in hard-to-reach places.
Also indicate the direction of the rays heights on maps:
- horizontal marking, T.
i.e. digital signatures on some horizontal lines, which in meters indicate the height above sea level. At the top of these numbers, you are always looking at the higher ramp;
- height The most characteristic points of the terrain are the tops of hills and hills, the highest points of streams, the lowest points of valleys and remnants, the level (deepening) of water in rivers and other bodies of water,
Slope house projects, planning and building a house with a basement and a terrace
On maps 1: 100,000 and above, elevations above sea level are displayed with an accuracy of 0.1 m, map 1: 200,000 and below - up to whole meters. This should be taken into account in order not to confuse points in the definition and recognition of their characters on maps of different scales.
9.5. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FREQUENCY OF HORIZONTAL AND GORENG RELIGIONS OF HORIZONTAL PROPERTIES
Irregularities with large, well-defined and smooth shapes are most evident with contours.
The image of a flattened relief turns out to be less expressive, since the horizons here occupy a rather large distance and do not reflect much detail between the horizons of the main area. Therefore, horizontal maps are often used on maps of flat areas along with the main (continuous) contour lines.
This improves the readability and detail of a simple relief image. If we look at such a relief and determine its numerical characteristics on the map, we must pay special attention not to stop the half and auxiliary horizons with the main ones.
When considering a map of mountainous and heavily covered reliefs, a very dense distribution of contours should be considered in reverse.
With steep steep slopes, the cities are so small that it is impossible to separate all the horizontal lines here.
Therefore, when the skates shown on the maps, where the slope is greater than the maximum, the horizontal parts of the assembly one or the other or a dashed line, resulting in only two or three intermediate between the horizontal thickening of the horizontal angle instead of four. In such places, concentrated horizons should be used to determine the height of points or the slope of slopes on the map.
9.6.
USUAL SIGNS OF OPEN ELEMENTS THAT DO NOT GROW THE HORIZONTAL
Objects and relief details that cannot be represented by contours (more than 45 °) are shown on maps with special symbols (Fig.
Rice. 9.5. Relative relief symbols
Such objects include rocks, cliffs, slates, vines, cracks, walls, road embankments and excavations, a spear, caves, karst craters. The numbers that accompany the usual symbols for these objects indicate the relative height (depth) in meters.
Traditional signs of natural landforms and related characteristics, as well as horizontal ones, are printed in brown and artificial (mounds, excavations,
n.) - black.
Rice. 9.6. Fields of enriched fields (numbers are heights in meters)
Rice. 9.7. Barriers (numbers - height in meters):
a) on cards b - according to plans
Special black symbols show: cliff-remains - many separate lying stones and clusters of stones, which are milestones indicating relative height; caves, grottoes and underground works with their numerical characteristics (in the numerator - the average diameter of the entrance to the denominator - length or depth in meters); tunnels that indicate the height and width of the counter and the length in the denominator.
On the roads and roads that cross the mountain ranges, passages are marked, indicating the height and duration of the action.
The dangers of eternal snow (stoves) and glaciers are also depicted horizontally, but in blue. The same color shows all the relative signs that relate to it (ice walls, ice cracks, ice covers) and numerical signs of heights and contours.
Rice.
9.8. Promoting eternal snow and glaciers
a) field fields (eternal snow), b) glaciers, c) glacier fissures, d) moraines, e) rocky rivers. f) stone greenhouses. g) walls and rocky walls, h) steep slopes with chart scales less than 1 cm; i) steep scale slopes on the map of more than 1 cm.
j) field borders
9.7. IMMEDIATE PAPER SPECIFICATIONS 1:500,000 AND 1:1,000,000
Exceptions on a small topographic map and on maps of a larger scale are shown by contours and general signs, but in general. They show only the general nature of the relief - its structure, basic shape, the degree of its vertical and horizontal dissection.
The height of the main section for displaying flat areas on both maps is set to 50 m, and for mountainous surfaces - 100 m.
In addition, the map also uses a cross-sectional height of 200 m, representing areas over 1000 m above sea level, with a scale of 1:1,000,000.
Rescue objects that do not work horizontally only show those that are necessary to mark the area or are an important milestone. They are marked with the same normal symbols as on the other cards, but smaller.
The main feature is the image of the mountainous relief.
For greater clarity, his horizontal images are complemented by the so-called washing and layered colors in height.
Rice.
9.9. Card no wash (top) and wash (bottom)
laundry, is a shadow on the slopes of the most important mountainous landforms, makes the image more distinct and graphic, which allows you to visually perceive its vast forms. The shading is done with gray-brown color according to the principle: the bigger, higher and steeper the slopes, the more washing.
For washing, the most important are the ridges and peaks, passes, peaks, deep valleys and canyons, which are the main mountainous regions and massifs.
The direction and comparative inclination of the slopes, the shape of the ridges (sharp, rounded, etc.) and the difference in height of the main mountainous areas are clearly perceived.
Plastic color on step heights visually displays the height characteristic of a mountainous relief, and increases the plastic effect of its image.
It is made in orange of different colors in accordance with the principle - higher, darker. The relief image in this case is divided into separate high-performance layers (stages), depending on the color tone, their absolute height and mutual excesses can be easily distinguished. The layer color ton is multiplied by 400, 600 or 1000 m, depending on their absolute height.
The scale scale on the map is indicated on each sheet below the south side of its frame.
Questions and tasks for self-control
- Specify the definition of "relief" "horizontal", "height of the cross section", "location", "ramp location",
- Give the main shape of the work and relief elements, give them a brief description.
- What horizontal lines are called basic?
- What is the purpose of using half and secondary horizons, and how vertical are they on the map?
- What is the purpose of the bergstrix on the map?
- What colors are used to display terrain on maps?
- What is the essence of the method of erasing relief images on maps?
- What is the essence of the hippometric method of displaying relief on maps?
- How do digital symbols sign the outline of values?
- What relief objects are marked on the maps with special conventional symbols?
- Use the outline on the drawing to indicate the mountain, ridge, saddle, caves, ravines.
- What are the characteristics of the image relief on a horizontal and flat surface?
- Specify the types of videos.
How are they displayed on maps?
- What are the characteristics of a relief image or diagram of scale 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000?
When choosing a project for a cottage or a country estate, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the relief of the site on which construction is planned. Projects of houses on a slope are suitable for implementation in the presence of elevation changes, the slope of the earth. A competent design solution will make it possible to turn such, as many believe, a disadvantage - an uneven terrain, into an advantage. Often, projects of houses on a slope have basement floors.
The slope of the construction site can be slight, medium or large. A small slope does not exceed 3-8%, and the average is a maximum of 20%. Anything above this figure is already considered a steep slope. The project of a house on a mountainside with a small slope may not provide for a basement. But from the side of the lowland, in most cases, you will need to add soil.
In what cases should the customer stop at the finished project of a house on a hillside? If the surface is uneven with a slope of more than 8%, it is recommended to equip an underground garage, equip the lower floor in another way, taking care of the waterproofing of the foundation and walls. But for a house on a steep slope, the project should be designed specifically to turn the features of an uncomfortable relief into undeniable advantages. For example, on a complex site, you can build a multi-tiered residential building with separate blocks. They will include guest rooms, a pantry, a workshop, a garage and other premises of various sizes.
It is possible to make additions and amendments to the projects of houses on a slope presented on the MEGA-STROY portal. The deadlines for each option are indicated in the description.
In the first two articles, we talked about how the terrain features affect the construction of a house and how best to place your building in the existing landscape of the site. We conclude the series of articles with a story about how exactly the direction of the slope of the terrain affects the choice of a place for a house.
The location of the house on a site with a southern or eastern slope
The southern slopes, of course, are more warmed by the sun. Therefore, you should try to orient the living quarters to the east, southeast or south. By placing the house on the southern slope, you can save resources for heating the building during the heating period. There is enough heat on the southeastern and eastern slopes. These directions are especially favorable for areas with a cold climate. For warm areas, such slopes are successful because coolness sets in here earlier. If you place the entrance to the house on the south side, then in winter there will be less snow and it will melt faster in the spring. The southern slope is less windy, and the sun warms more, illuminating the rooms and the terrace. Realizing, for example, the project of a two-story house with a garage, it is worth placing it on the southern slope closer to the eastern boundary of the land allotment.
The location of the house on a plot with a northern slope
It is not recommended to place houses on the northern slopes, unless we are talking about a site located in a hot climate. If it is necessary to determine a place for a house on the northern slope, then they build it in the middle, as close as possible to its western border.
The location of the house on a plot with a western slope
The western slopes are known for being very hot in the afternoon sun, so they are also not recommended for construction. This applies to all climatic regions. If there is a plot for construction located on the western or eastern slopes, then the house should be located at its northern border at its highest point, placing all outbuildings below.
cold pocket
When placing a house on rough terrain, one should take into account the cold air currents that go down at night. An obstacle in the form of a wall of a house that has arisen in its path contributes to the formation of a “frost pocket” or “cold pocket”, the temperature in which will be 9 degrees lower than that of the environment.
Winter Garden
If the house is planned to be decorated with a winter garden, then it is ideal to attach it on the north side. In addition to its main purpose, this room will serve as a thermal buffer. In addition, you can avoid the installation of sun protection devices and not be afraid that the plants will be exposed to direct sunlight. The open part of the winter garden is better to focus on the slope.
The basic rules for the location of the house on a relief plot:
- It is necessary to ensure a distance of at least 6 meters from the living rooms of the house to the buildings on the neighboring site.
- If the size of the site allows, it is worth removing animal shelters, toilets and compost pits at a distance of 15 meters from the house, placing them at the bottom of the slope.
- You can free up space for driving on the site by moving the house to the border of the territory (relevant for those who have chosen the project of a two-story garage).
Any uneven terrain complicates the preparatory work for construction:
- The project for the construction of a house must be developed individually, tying it to the existing conditions of the area.
- The project must take into account the location of the site and its slope.
- Before proceeding with the development of the project, it is necessary to perform complex calculations.
- If you prefer the project of a two-story house with a basement, special attention should be paid to the issue of isolating the surfaces of the building adjacent to the ground from the effects of groundwater.
- It may also be difficult to build terraces or excavate part of the slope for the construction of a basement.
All these factors require additional financial investments. But in many cases, uneven terrain can inspire bold experiments to create a fun modern home. Competent organization of the site for construction and the location of the house and other buildings on the ground, taking into account its features, will make the site unique.
It is not always possible to get a perfectly flat piece of land for the construction of a country house, without hills and ravines. That is why it is often necessary to build a basement on a slope, which somewhat increases labor costs and financial investments. Moreover, the projects of structures erected on the slopes differ significantly from the standard ones.
Previously, for each individual building that was supposed to be built on a slope, it was necessary to develop a project individually, and then approve it and coordinate it. Today, many construction companies offer standard designs for such structures, which saves money at the design stage, as well as during construction, because all possible nuances will be taken into account in advance.
The dependence of construction technology on the slope
The difficulty of erecting a building on slopes (in most cases) will depend on the slope. A flat area is one where the slope is no more than 3%. If the slope is not more than 8%, then it is considered small; if not more than 20%, then this is an average slope; with a slope of 20% or more, the surface is steep.
- Slope up to 8%. The terrain with such a slope is well suited for the construction of country houses with basement floors. However, during the construction process, the earth is filled with soil from the foothill part, so that it is possible to increase the size of the terrace.
- Slope over 8%. In this case, it is extremely convenient to use the natural unevenness of the terrain in order to build a basement. The site is often not leveled, but an underground floor is arranged, as if cutting out part of the soil from the slope. This construction method is very good so that you can make a garage with a convenient entrance. When implementing this solution, it is necessary to create a high-quality waterproofing layer on the walls where they will come into contact with the ground. It is best to do external waterproofing. Insulation must also be placed under the foundation before it is poured.
- Slope over 15%. In this case, it is necessary to refine the design of the building so that it is possible to take advantage of the steepness of the slope to the maximum. For example, a project with a multi-tiered building is very often chosen, as well as with several entrances to separate tiers. In addition, a steep section can be made relatively flat by placing terraces at different levels. Then one part of the building, located above, will serve as the first floor, and located below - the basement. The basement here will be small, so a garage is often made from it. With a slope of 20% or more, experts strongly recommend using a multi-tiered layout.
Which foundation to choose?
For building a house on a site with a slope, various types of foundations are suitable. Among them are the foundations described below.
Tape
When building a strip foundation, one part of the basement of the building must be immersed deeper into the slope than the other. One of the base faces will play the role of a retaining wall. The device of such a foundation is a relatively costly undertaking, but it is quite justified if a country house is supposed to be built of concrete or brick.
Work in this case is carried out in the following sequence:
- In the plane of the grillage at an angle of 90 degrees, a small part of the slope is removed.
- Then along the cut it is necessary to dig a trench.
- The formwork is mounted and the cement-sand mortar is poured.
- As soon as the solution completely hardens, a support embankment is made, due to which the slope height is leveled in any direction.
Columnar
A foundation of this type is recommended to be done in a foothill area or in a site located between hills. The basement floor in this case will be large enough. If a significant transverse load is expected, it is best not to use foundation posts, because they may not withstand. The process of building a foundation on a slope is almost similar to the technology of building a columnar foundation on a flat surface.
The foundation is arranged in several stages:
- The upper wall is erected in the form of a tape with a trapezoidal section.
- Then the lower wall is arranged in the same way.
- After that, soil is poured into the space between the walls and compacted. In addition, pits are arranged around the perimeter of the foundation.
- The pillars are poured or placed in the pits, and a beam or monolithic grillage is also arranged.
pile
This type of foundation can be used to build a building on any slope, because earthwork is not required. In this case, it will only be necessary to screw the piles to different depths, placing their tops in the same horizontal plane. As soon as the piles are installed, it is necessary to make a grillage slab. The base in this case can be of any size.
An example of a house with a pile foundation.
Construction takes place in the following sequence:
- The initial pile is screwed in at the highest point of the foundation. Its upper part will become minimal.
- The upper part of the corner lower pile is the maximum height of the base.
- The remaining piles must be screwed in or driven in so that their upper part fully corresponds to the required height.
- As soon as the installation of the piles is completed, it is necessary to fill in a monolithic grillage with a retaining bottom and all the required sides.
The basement of a house built on such a foundation can be used in different ways.
You can make a high-quality and reliable base in a building located on almost any slope. The main thing in this case is the observance of technology and the implementation of correct calculations, coupled with the professional development of the project. The basement of a country house located on a slope often acts as a garage, which is very convenient in terms of organizing the premises in the building.
