This section of the site will acquaint you with wonderful examples from a special section of the literary language - with aphorisms, catchwords and expressions.

APHORISM (from the Greek aphorismos - literally translated dictum) - e that laconic, vivid statement, containing a complete thought, distinguished by accuracy and unexpected judgment.

These short, succinct phrases contain wise advice or truths, they are often paradoxical and even ironic.

Aphorisms almost always have specific authors. For instance:

• « A friend who knows it whenever you need him»
(Jules Renard - French writer and playwright)

(Benjamin Franklin - American politician, diplomat, inventor, writer, journalist, scientist)

At first, aphorisms were an integral part of folklore and were transmitted orally, and with the advent of writing, they began to be published in the form of separate collections.

The first written mention can be found in Hippocrates, in his medical treatise. The word "aphorism" has been known in Russia since the 18th century; it has appeared in dictionaries since 1789.

The role of these sayings in our life has been noted (and also in the form of aphorisms!) By many famous people.

Here are just two examples:

• « Short speech, like pearls, shines with content. True wisdom is laconic»
(Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a great Russian writer)

• « Since ancient times, people have wise and beautiful sayings, we should learn from them»
(Herodotus is an ancient Greek historian)

Brief quotations, figurative expressions that have become common nouns of literary and mythological characters, which have firmly entered our speech.

This name is often found in the poems of the great Homer "Iliad" and "Odyssey" (for example, "He uttered the winged word").

Krylaty expressions are widespread in everyday life, they often become popular and, and their authors are no longer always known or are not remembered when using quotations.

For example, many quotes from the fables of Ivan Andreevich Krylov or the comedy of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" have long been perceived as folk proverbs and sayings: "", "Bah! All familiar faces! "

And mythological characters, for example, are often used to characterize specific people.

And phorisms and winged words are a constantly replenishing section of the language, because there is no limit to human thought and. You, dear readers, can also contribute to this wonderful piggy bank if you get creative with the study of your native language and literature.

In this section you will find a large number of aphorisms, catchwords and expressions. Learn their interpretation and history of origin. Visual drawings that explain the meaning of expressions will not leave indifferent either adults or children.

This fascinating journey into the world of aphorisms will acquaint you with the wise sayings of famous people and winged words, expand your horizons and erudition, awaken interest in reading good books and studying the culture of the peoples of the world.

This is a wonderful assistant in the lessons of the Russian language and literature at school. Good luck!

FOREWORD

Winged words have been known to us since childhood. Indeed, who of us has not heard: "A healthy mind in a healthy body" or: "Appetite comes with eating"? And the more mature, well-read, educated a person becomes, the richer is his baggage of winged words. These are literary quotes. and historical phrases, and common words-images.

But here there is also a problem: flashing someone's thought or a good turn, people usually or embarrassedly say: “I don’t remember who said that ...”, or refer to a certain poet (without indicating his name - “as the poet said. .. "), or even hesitating at all. every vivid expression is attributed to Napoleon.

But behind every word or statement there is its author (quite a definite person - a philosopher, poet, historical figure, etc.) or some specific source, for example, the Bible. This is what distinguishes the proper winged words from stable phraseological phrases ("shout at the whole Ivanovskaya", "Kolomenskaya versta", etc.), which are of anonymous or folklore origin.

And it is very interesting (and also useful) - to get accurate answers to the following questions: Who said it? When? For what reason? AND discover, what, actually did the author mean?

AND interesting discoveries are possible here.

It is not for nothing that at one time the famous American satirist Ambrose Bierce joked: "A quote is a wrong repetition of someone else's words." Indeed, isn't that what happens with many "classic" catchwords? After all, if we turn to history, for example, the same expression "in a healthy body - a healthy mind", it turns out that the author of this phrase - the Roman satirist Juvenal - put into it a completely different meaning, or rather, the exact opposite of what is now generally accepted ... In his 7th satire, he wrote that "one must pray to the gods that the spirit be healthy in a healthy body ...". A famous Roman proverb, based on this Juvenal line: "In a healthy body, a healthy mind is a rare success" dotted the "i". And then: you never know our contemporaries - very healthy young people of a known type? And are they the living embodiment of a healthy spirit? No, rather, directly according to Juvenal - exactly the opposite ... But in Russian speech this phrase entered in a truncated, and therefore distorted form.

It also turns out that the Bible by no means "permits" certain types of lies ("lies for salvation"), and Napoleon, Talleyrand and other celebrities did not utter what was attributed to them ...

It is this historical injustice that the author-compiler of this edition tried to partially correct, trying to ensure that the book had a dual meaning - both cognitive and purely applied, practical. I wanted it not only to carry information about the origin (history) of each winged word, its exact interpretation, but also recommendations on its correct use, that is, to contribute to the real enrichment of modern public Russian speech.

Of course, collections of winged words have been published in Russia before. The first to do this was S. G. Zaimovsky, who published in 1930 his reference book of quotations and aphorisms called "The Winged Word". The author began this work in 1910 and worked on the book for 20 years - "with inevitable interruptions", single-handedly processing 90 percent of all information contained in it. But after the publication of this book in the USSR, it was not reprinted, apparently because the preface to it was written by the “right deviator” and “the head of the right opposition” LB Kamenev.

In 1955, Winged Words by the literary scholars M.G. and N.S. Ashukins, who in many ways developed and supplemented the work of Zaimovsky. Since that time, their book has been reprinted five times and now remains a bibliographic rarity.

But the Russian language ("alive as life") does not stand still - it changes, develops, and enriches itself. It is clear that we will not find many popular expressions that are popular today in the works of Zaimovsky and Ashukins - a lot of time has passed, and many, many changes have happened in our life. There is an obvious need to offer the interested reader a more complete collection of winged words that have entered the Russian language over the last two centuries - XIX and XX - and are used now - at the beginning of the XXI century. Let us consider this edition as a beginning, an approach to achieving this goal.

We hope that this book will interest many: our politicians of different ranks and levels (we have not heard from the rostrum a bright, imaginative speech, rich in literary quotes and historical allusions for a long time), and journalists, and our teachers (both secondary and higher schools) , and students, and, of course, parents of inquisitive children - "why" - in a word, everyone who appreciates literate, expressive speech and "self-talk" Russian word.

Explanatory translation dictionary. - 3rd edition, revised. - M .: Flinta: Science... L.L. Nelyubin. 2003.

See what a "dictionary of winged words and expressions" is in other dictionaries:

Dictionary of winged words - the type of dictionary, in which the winged words are collected and explained. In the history of Russian. lexicography dep. winged words were included in explanatory dictionaries, in phraseological units. dictionaries, in dictionaries and sat. proverbs and sayings. Naib. well-known S. K. S. are reference books ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Song without Words - From German: Liederohne Worte. Literally: Songs without words. The title of a collection of pieces of music by the German composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdi (1809 1847). An analogue of the expression "there are no words" (from delight, confusion, surprise, etc.). Sometimes ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

There are many noble words, / L deeds are not visible noble ... - There are many noble words, / L no noble deeds are seen ... From a poem without a title ("Self-satisfied talkers", 1856) N.А. Nekrasov (1821 1877): Self-righteous talkers, Hunters for fashionable disputes, Where there are many noble words, But deeds are not visible ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

I'm an old soldier and I don't know the words of love - From the film "Hello, I'm Your Aunt" (1975), directed by Viktor Titov, based on the play "Charley's Aunt" (1892) by the English playwright Brandon Thomas. Colonel Francis Chesney's words: Donna Rosa, I am an old soldier and I don't know the words ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

There are many noble words, / And no noble deeds are visible ... - There are many noble words, / And no noble deeds are visible ... From a poem without a title ("Self-righteous talkers", 1856) N. A. Nekrasov (1821 1877): Self-righteous talkers, Hunters before fashionable disputes, Where there are many noble words, And no business in sight ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

Oh, if only one could express one's soul without words! - From the poem "Like midges will dawn ..." (1844) by the poet Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (1820 1892). Allegorically: it is impossible to express in words complex, contradictory feelings. Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. M .: Lokid Press. ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

Once upon a time there lived a gray goat at my grandmother's - “There lived a gray goat with my grandmother” Song Songwriter Folk song “There lived a gray goat with my grandmother ...” a famous Russian folk song for children. The author of the words is unknown. According to the Quartet "Skaz" a modified landler's melody ... ... Wikipedia

Newspeak - (English Newspeak) fictional language from George Orwell's dystopia novel "1984". In the novel, Newspeak is the language of a totalitarian society, disfigured by party ideology and party bureaucratic lexical phrases, in which ... ... Wikipedia

Themistocles - Greek. Θεμιστοκλῆς ... Wikipedia

Hannibal - Request "Hannibal" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Hannibal Barca Bust of Hannibal found in Capua ... Wikipedia

Books

• Buy for 1780 UAH (only Ukraine)
• Dictionary of winged words and expressions of the Russian language, Collection. The Russian language is constantly replenished with winged expressions that are generously given to us by writers, philosophers, politicians and literary characters. On the pages of this book, readers will find a lot of useful things ...

And Vaska listens and eats

A quote from the fable of I. A. Krylov (1769–1844) "The Cat and the Cook" (1813). It is used when it comes to a person who is deaf to reproaches and, despite any admonitions, continues to do his job.

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down,
Everyone is not good for musicians

Quote from the fable of I. A. Krylov "Quartet" (1811). It is used in relation to a poorly working team, in which things are not going well because there is no unity, agreement, professionalism, competence, an accurate understanding of each of his own and common tasks.

And the chest just opened

Quote from the fable of I. A. Krylov "Casket" (1808). A certain "mechanic sage" tried to open the casket and was looking for the special secret of his castle. But since there was no secret, he did not find it and "lagged behind the casket."

And I didn't know how to open it,
And the chest just opened.

This phrase is used when they talk about a case, an issue, in the resolution of which it was not necessary to look for a complex solution, since there is a simple one.

And he, rebellious, asks for the storm,
As if there is peace in the storms!

Quote from the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov (1814-1841) "Sail" (1841).

And who are the judges?

Quote from the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov (1795-1829) "Woe from Wit" (1824), words by Chatsky:

And who are the judges? - For antiquity years
Their enmity is irreconcilable to a free life,
Judgments are drawn from forgotten newspapers
The times of Ochakov and the conquest of the Crimea.

The phrase is used to emphasize contempt for the opinions of authorities who are no better than those whom they are trying to teach, condemn, criticize, etc.

And happiness was so possible
So close!

A quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" by A. Pushkin (1799-1837), ch. 8 (1832).

Administrative delight

Words from the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky (1821-1881) "Demons" (1871). An ironic expression meaning the rapture of power.

Ay, Pug! to know she is strong,
What barks at an elephant

Quote from the fable of I. A. Krylov "The Elephant and the Pug" (1808). It is used when it comes to someone's senseless attacks on someone who knowingly surpasses his "opponent" (critic, detractor, aggressor, etc.).

Alexander the Great is a hero, but why break chairs?

A quote from the comedy of Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852) “The Inspector General” (1836), the words of the Governor about the teacher: “He is a learned head - it can be seen, and the information has picked up darkness, but only explains with such fervor that he does not remember himself. I once listened to him: well, while I was talking about the Assyrians and Babylonians - nothing else, but when I got to Alexander the Great, I can't tell you what happened to him. I thought it was a fire, by God! I ran away from the pulpit and, as I had the strength, to grab the chair on the floor. It is, of course, the hero of Alexander the Great, but why break the chairs? " The phrase is used when someone oversteps the measure.

Afanasy Ivanovich and Pulcheria Ivanovna

The heroes of Nikolai Gogol's story "Old World Landowners" (1835), elderly spouses, kind and naive inhabitants, leading a calm, measured, serene life, limited by purely economic concerns. Their names have become common nouns for people of this type.

Oh my god! What will Princess Marya Aleksevna say

A quote from the comedy of A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), the words of Famusov, which end the play. Used to denote a cowardly dependence on a walking, sanctimonious morality.

Ah, evil tongues are scarier than a pistol

Quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), words by Molchalin.

B

Bah! all familiar faces

Quote from the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), words by Famusov:

Bah! all familiar faces!
Daughter, Sofya Pavlovna! shame!
Shameless woman! Where! with whom!
Neither give nor take, she
Like her mother, a deceased wife.
I used to be with my dearest half
Slightly apart - somewhere with a man!

The phrase is used to express surprise when meeting someone unexpectedly.

Grandma said in two

So they say that it is not known whether it will come true. The expression is formed by a truncation of the proverb "Grandma said in two: either rain, or snow, or there will be or not."

Bazarov. Bazarovshchina

By the name of Bazarov, the hero of the famous novel by I.S.Turgenev (1818–1883) "Fathers and Sons" (1862). Bazarov is a representative of a part of the Russian raznochin students of the 60s. XIX century, which was carried away at that time by Western European materialist philosophy in its simplified, primitive interpretation.

Hence "bazarovism" is a collective name, meaning all the extremes of this kind of worldview, namely, fascination with the natural sciences, crude materialism, emphasized pragmatism of behavior, rejection of traditional art and generally accepted rules of behavior.

The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life!
To the madness of the brave we sing a song

Quote from "Song of the Falcon" (1898) by M. Gorky (1868-1936).

Beat the thumbs up

The expression is used in the meaning: to spend time idly, to do trifles, to sit back. Baklusha - a stump of wood, processed for the manufacture of various objects (spoons, cups, etc.). In the handicraft industry, to beat the thumbs up - to chop off logs from a log for the manufacture of wooden handicrafts. The figurative meaning is explained by the fact that making baklush was considered by the people to be easy, requiring no effort and skill.

To beat with a forehead

The word “brow” in Old Russian means “forehead”. In ancient Russia "brow", that is, forehead, beat on the floor, falling in front of the nobles and kings in bows to the ground... This was called "bowing in great custom" and expressed the utmost respect. This is where the expression "hit with the forehead" came from, meaning: to address the authorities with a request, to make a petition. In written requests - "petitions" - they wrote: "And on this, your servant Ivashko beats you with his forehead ..." Even later, the words "beat with his forehead" began to simply mean: "welcome."

Bet

Means: to argue about something. In Russia, a pledge was called a pledge, as well as a bet, a dispute over a win or the bet itself. To fight meant "to bet, to argue."

Blessed is he who believes, warmth to him in the world!

Quote from the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from the mind " (1824), the words of Chatsky. The expression is used to denote unnecessarily, groundlessly gullible people or those who are too deceived by their bright plans and hopes.

Shoe a flea

The expression became winged after the appearance of the story by N. S. Leskov (1831–1895) "Lefty" (1881), which was created on the basis of a popular joke: "The British made a flea from steel, and our Tula shod it and sent it back." Used in the sense: to show extraordinary invention in some business, skill, exquisite workmanship.

Petrel

After the appearance in print of "Song of the Petrel" (1901) M. Gorky in literature, the petrel became a symbol of the coming revolutionary storm.

There was a case near Poltava

This expression is the first line of a poem by IE Molchanov (1809–1881), published in the 40–50s of the 19th century. and became a popular song. So jokingly or with boast they talk about some incident.

You can be a smart person
And think about the beauty of nails

Quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin. Cited as a response to accusations of excessive concern for their appearance.

IN

You won't go anywhere in the carriage of the past

A quote from the play by M. Gorky "At the Bottom" (1902), words by Satin. Instead of "nowhere", "far" is often quoted.

To Moscow, to Moscow, to Moscow!

In the play by A. P. Chekhov (1860-1904) Three Sisters (1901) this phrase is repeated with anguish by the sisters, suffocating in the mud of provincial life, but having no will to get out of it. This phrase is used as a characteristic of fruitless dreams.

In a certain kingdom, not in our state

The traditional beginning of many Russian folk tales. Used in the sense: somewhere, no one knows where.

There is no truth at the feet

Now used as a playful invitation to sit down. There are several options for the origin of this phrase:

1. according to the first version, the combination is due to the fact that in the XV-XVIII centuries. in Russia, debtors were severely punished, beaten with iron rods on their bare feet, seeking to repay the debt, that is, "truth", but such a punishment could not force those who did not have money to repay the debt;
2. according to the second version, the expression arose due to the fact that the landowner, discovering the loss of something, gathered the peasants and made them stand until the guilty one was named;
3. the third version reveals a connection between expression and righteousness (severe punishment for non-payment of debts). If the debtor was fleeing from the law, they said that there was no truth at the feet, that is, it was impossible to knock out the debt; with the abolition of the rule of law, the meaning of the saying changed.

You can't harness one cart
A horse and a quivering doe

Quote from Alexander Pushkin's poem "Poltava" (1829).

Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts

Quote from the play by A. Chekhov "Uncle Vanya" (1897); these words are pronounced by Dr. Astrov. Often only the first half of the phrase is quoted.

Great, mighty, truthful and fluent Russian language

Quote from the poem in prose by I. S. Turgenev "Russian language" (1882).

Master of doom

An expression from the poem by A. Pushkin "To the Sea" (1825), in which the poet called Napoleon and Byron the "masters of thoughts". In literary speech, it is applied to great people whose activities have had a strong influence on the minds of their contemporaries.

The reign of darkness

The expression, which became a figurative definition of ignorance, cultural backwardness, became winged after the appearance of the drama by Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) "The Power of Darkness, or Claw Stuck - The Whole Bird Is Abyss" (1886).

You are good in all of you, Darling,

Quote from the poem by IF Bogdanovich (1743-1803) "Darling" (1778):

In all of you, Darling, you are good at outfits:
What kind of queen are you dressed in,
Do you sit like a shepherd near the hut,
In all you are a wonder of the world.

This line is better known thanks to A. Pushkin, who used it as an epigraph to his story "The Young Lady-Peasant Woman" from the cycle "Belkin's Tale". Used humorously and ironically as a ready-made compliment in response to women's requests to evaluate a new dress, hairstyle, etc.

All over Ivanovo

The expression "in full Ivanovo (shouting, yelling)" is used in the meaning: very loudly, with all his might. Ivanovskaya is the name of the square in the Moscow Kremlin, on which the Ivan the Great Bell Tower stands. There are several versions of the origin of this expression:

1. on Ivanovskaya Square, the Tsar's decrees were sometimes read publicly, in a loud voice (all over Ivanovskaya Square). Hence the figurative meaning of the expression;
2. clerks were also sometimes punished on Ivanovskaya Square. They were mercilessly beaten with whips and batogs, which made them shout throughout Ivanovskaya Square.

Troublemaker

This is the title of the novel (1940) by L. V. Soloviev (1898–1962) about Khoja Nasreddin - the hero of folk jokes among Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, Armenians, peoples of the North Caucasus, Persians and Turks. The expression "troublemaker" has become a winged characterization of people rebelling against indifference, bureaucracy, and various manifestations of social injustice.

The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea.
Horses eat oats and hay

Quote from the story of AP Chekhov "Teacher of Literature" (1894). These phrases are repeated in his dying delirium by the teacher of history and geography Ippolit Ippolitovich, who all his life expressed only generally known, indisputable truths. Used in the sense: well-known banal statements.

In borrowed plumes

The expression arose from IA Krylov's fable "The Crow" (1825). The crow, sticking its tail with peacock feathers, went for a walk, confident that she was Pavam's sister and that everyone would look at her. But the Peaks plucked the Crow so that not even her own feathers were left on it. The crow rushed to her, but they did not recognize her. "A crow in peacock feathers" - they say about a person who assumes other people's dignity, unsuccessfully tries to play a high, unusual role for him and therefore finds himself in a comic position.

Get roped

The expression is used in the meaning: to be in an unpleasant, awkward or disadvantageous position due to one's oversight or ignorance. The adverb "trashed" was formed as a result of the merger of elements in the combination "into a trap". Prosak is a spinning mill, a rope loom, on which ropes were twisted in the old days. It was a complex network of ropes that stretched from the spinning wheel to the sled, where they twisted. The camp was usually located on the street and took up considerable space. For a spinner, getting into a hole with clothes, hair or beard, that is, into a rope camp, meant, at best, seriously injuring himself and tearing his clothes, and at worst, losing his life.

Vralman

The protagonist of the comedy by DI Fonvizin (1744 / 1745-1792) "The Minor" (1782), an ignorant German, a former coachman, one of the teachers of the landowner's son, an ignorant Mitrofanushka. His surname, made up of the Russian "liar" and the German "Mann" (man), which fully characterizes him, has become a common name for a braggart and a liar.

Seriously and for a long time

Expression of V. I. Lenin (1870-1924) from a report at the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets. VI Lenin said about the new economic policy: "... we are pursuing this policy seriously and for a long time, but, of course, as has already been correctly noted, not forever."

Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees

Quote from a poem by Sergei A. Yesenin (1895-1925) "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry ..." (1922):

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
Fading gold covered,
I won't be young anymore.

It is quoted as a consolation, as advice to take life calmly, in a philosophical way, since everything passes - both good and bad.

Everything mixed up in the Oblonskys' house

A quote from Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina (1875): “Everything was confused in the Oblonskys' house. The wife found out that her husband was in touch with a French governess who was in their house, and announced to her husband that she could not live with him in the same house ... The wife did not leave her rooms, her husband was not at home for the third day. Children ran all over the house as if lost; the Englishwoman quarreled with the housekeeper and wrote a note to a friend, asking her to look for a new place for her; the cook left the yard yesterday during dinner; the black cook and the coachman asked for a calculation. " The quote is used as a figurative definition of confusion, confusion.

All is well, beautiful marquise

Quote from a poem (1936) by A. I. Bezymensky (1898-1973) "Everything is good" (French folk song). The Marquis, who has been away for fifteen days, calls her estate on the phone and asks one of the servants: "Well, how are you doing?" He answers:

All is well, beautiful marquise,
Things are going and life is easy
Not a single sad surprise
Except for a trifle!

So ... nonsense ...
Empty business ...
Your mare is dead!

All is well, all is well.

The coachman to the question of the marquise: "How did this death occur?" - answers:

With the mare what:
Empty business!
She burned down with the stable!
But otherwise, beautiful marquise,
All is well, all is well.

But otherwise,
beautiful marquise,
Everything is good, everything is good!

All this would be funny
Whenever it’s so sad

Quote from M. Yu. Lermontov's poem “A. O. Smirnova "(1840):

I want to tell you a lot without you
With you, I want to listen to you ...
What can I do? .. In an unskilful speech
I am not given to occupy your mind ...
All this would be funny
Whenever it was so sad.

It is used as a commentary on an outwardly tragicomic, funny, but inherently very serious, alarming situation.

Wash dirty linen in public

Used in the meaning: to divulge troubles, quarrels concerning only a narrow circle of people. The expression is usually used with negation, as an appeal not to disclose the details of such quarrels (no need to wash dirty linen in public). It is associated with the ancient custom not to take out the trash out of the hut, but to burn it (for example, in a stove), since an evil person supposedly could send trouble to the owner of the hut by pronouncing special words over the trash.

D

Gallop across Europe

This is the title of the travel sketches of the poet AA Zharov (1904–1984), reflecting the fleeting impressions he made from his trip to Western Europe (1928). The title is explained by the fact that Zharov and his companions, the poets I. Utkin and A. Bezymensky, had to shorten their stay in Czechoslovakia and Austria at the request of the police.

M. Gorky, in his article "On the Benefits of Literacy" (1928), used Zharov's expression "galloping across Europe", but already at the address of some authors of frivolous essays about life abroad, which give readers incorrect information. The expression is used as a definition of superficial observations in general.

Hamburg account

In 1928 A collection of literary-critical articles, notes and sketches by V. Shklovsky (1893-1984) was published under the title "Hamburg Account". The meaning of this name is explained in a short programmatic article that opens the collection: “The Hamburg account is an extremely important concept. All fighters, when they are fighting, cheat and lie on their shoulder blades at the order of the entrepreneur. Once a year, wrestlers gather in the Hamburg tavern. They fight with closed doors and curtained windows. Long, ugly and hard. Here the true classes of wrestlers are established - so as not to get fooled. The Hamburg account is essential in literature. " In conclusion, the article lists the names of several well-known contemporary writers who, in the author's opinion, do not stand up to the Hamburg count. Subsequently, Shklovsky recognized this article as "cocky" and incorrect. But the expression "Hamburg account" at the same time became winged, initially in the literary environment, as a definition of the assessment of any work of literature or art without discounts and concessions, and then became more widespread and began to be used in the assessment of certain social phenomena.

Hero of our time

The title of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov (1840), possibly inspired by the "Knight of Our Time" N. M. Karamzin. Allegorically: a person whose thoughts and deeds most fully express the spirit of modernity. The expression is used in a positive sense or ironically, in accordance with the personality of the person to whom it is applied.

The hero of not my novel

Chatsky

But Skalozub? What a lovely sight!
There is a mountain behind the army,
And the straightness of the camp,
In face and voice - a hero ...

Sophia

Not my novel.

The expression is used in the meaning: not to my taste.

Burn people's hearts with the verb

A quote from the poem by Alexander Pushkin "The Prophet" (1828).
Used in the sense: fervently, passionately preach, teach.

Eye gauge, speed, onslaught

Aphorism of the great Russian commander A. V. Suvorov. With these words, in his Science of Victory (written in 1796, first edition 1806), he defined the “three martial arts”.

The stupid penguin timidly hides its fat body in the cliffs

Quote from "Song of the Petrel" (1901) by M. Gorky.

Rotten liberalism

The expression of ME Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826–1889) from the satirical essay (1875) "The Lord of Molchalina" (from the cycle "In the midst of moderation and accuracy"), which has become synonymous with unscrupulousness, conciliation, connivance.

Hunger is not aunt

So they say about severe hunger, forcing them to take any action. These words are part of an extended expression, recorded back in the 17th century: hunger is not an aunt, she will not slip a pie, that is, an aunt (godmother, mother-in-law) will help in difficult cases, nourishing and tasty food, and hunger can only push on many undesirable actions.

Woe from Wit

The title of the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov.

D

Was there a boy?

One of the episodes of M. Gorky's novel The Life of Klim Samgin (1927) tells about the skating of the boy Klim with other children. Boris Varavka and Varya Somova fall into the wormwood. Klim gives Boris the end of his gymnasium belt, but, feeling that he is being pulled into the water, he releases the belt from his hands. Children are drowning. When the search for the drowned begins, Klima is struck by “someone’s serious incredulous question:“ Was there a boy, maybe there wasn’t a boy? ”The last phrase became winged, as a figurative expression of extreme doubt about something.

Yes, only things are still there

Quote from the fable by I. A. Krylov "Swan, Pike and Cancer" (1814). It is used in the sense: the matter does not move, it stands still, and fruitless conversations take place around it.

The lady is pleasant in every way

An expression from Nikolai Gogol's poem “Dead Souls” (1842): “Whatever name you come up with, there will certainly be found in some corner of our state, - the good is great, - someone wearing it, and will certainly get angry ... and therefore We will call the lady to whom the guest came, as she acquired in a legal way, for, as if, she did not regret anything in order to become courteous in the last degree, although, of course, through courtesy, wow, what a nimble agility of a woman's character crept in! and although sometimes in every pleasant word she stuck out oh what a pin ... "

Give oak

Used to mean "die". There are two versions of the occurrence of this expression:

1. The turnover arose on Russian soil and is associated with the verb zadubet - "cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard."
2. The expression originated in the south of Russia. It can be assumed that the dead were buried under an oak tree.

Twenty two misfortunes

So in the play by AP Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" (1903) they call the clerk Epikhodov, with whom some comic trouble happens every day. The expression is applied to losers with whom some kind of unhappiness constantly occurs.

Noble Nest

The title of the novel by I.S.Turgenev (1859), which has become synonymous with a noble estate. This expression was used by Turgenev even earlier, in the story "My neighbor Radilov" (1847).

The deeds of days gone by
Legends of deep antiquity

A quote from Alexander Pushkin's poem Ruslan and Lyudmila (1820), which is a close translation of the verses of one of Ossian's poems created by the English writer James Macpherson (1736–1796) and attributed to this legendary ancient Celtic bard. Allegorically about long-standing and unreliable events that few people remember.

In the bag

When they say "it's in the bag", it means: everything is in order, everything ended well. The origin of this expression is sometimes explained by the fact that in the time of Ivan the Terrible, some court cases were decided by lot, and the lot was drawn from the judge's hat. There are other explanations for the origin of the expression. Some researchers argue that clerks and clerks (they were the ones who were involved in all kinds of litigation), when examining court cases, used their hats to receive bribes, and if the size of the bribe suited the clerk, then "the case was in the hat."

Helping the drowning is the work of the drowning themselves

The satirical novel by I. Ilf (1897-1937) and E. Petrov (1902-1942) "Twelve Chairs" (1927) mentions a poster with such a ridiculous slogan, hung in a club at an evening of the Water Rescue Society. This slogan began to be used, sometimes in a slightly modified version, as a playful aphorism about self-help.

Business time and fun hour

In 1656, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629–1676), the “Book spoken by the sergeant: a new code and arrangement of the rank of the falconer's way” was compiled, that is, a collection of rules for falconry, a favorite fun of that time. At the end of the preface, Aleksey Mikhailovich made his own handwritten postscript: “A book adverb or his own; this is a parable to the soul and body; but do not forget the truth and judgment and merciful love and the military order: time for business and time for fun. " The words of the postscript have become an expression that is often interpreted not quite correctly, understanding the word "time" for a large part, and under the word "hour" - a smaller part, as a result of which the expression itself is changed: "business is time, and fun is an hour." But the king did not even think about giving only an hour of fun out of the whole time. These words express the idea that everything has its time - both business and fun.

Demyanov's ear

The expression is used in the meaning: violent excessive treats against the wishes of the treated; in general, something persistently proposed. It arose from the fable of I. A. Krylov "Demyanov's ear" (1813). Neighbor Demyan so treated his neighbor Foku's ear that he

No matter how I loved the ear, but from such a misfortune,
Grabbing in an armful
Sash and hat,
Hurry home without memory -
And since then, Demyan has never been a foot.

Derzhimorda

The character of Nikolai Gogol's comedy "The Inspector General" (1836), a rude police officer, who, according to the Gorodnichy, "puts lights under the eyes of everyone for order, both right and wrong." His surname entered literary speech in the sense of: rude, blindly executing orders from above, guardian of order.

Catch up and overtake

The expression arose from an article by V. I. Lenin "The impending catastrophe and how to deal with it" (1917). In this article, V. I. Lenin wrote: “The revolution did what in a few months Russia, in its own way political ranks have caught up with the advanced countries. But this is not enough. The war is relentless, it raises the question with merciless harshness: either perish, or catch up with the advanced countries and overtake them as well economically". The same slogan is "catch up and overtake America!" - was again nominated in the 1960s. First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU NS Khrushchev (1894-1971). Cited as a call to win a competition (usually economic) with someone. Used both literally and ironically.

Dr. Aibolit

The hero of the fairy tale by K. I. Chukovsky (1882-1969) "Aibolit" (1929). The name of the "good doctor" Aibolit began to be used (first by children) as a playfully-affectionate name for a doctor.

Domostroy

"Domostroy" is a monument of Russian literature of the 16th century, which is a collection of everyday rules and moral teachings. These rules, set out in more than sixty chapters, were based on a well-established worldview, developed under the influence of the church. "Domostroy" teaches "how to believe", "how to honor the tsar", "how to live with wives and with children and with household members", normalizes domestic life and economy. The ideal of any economy, according to Domostroi, is hoarding, which should help to acquire wealth, which is achievable only under the condition of the absolute rule of the head of the family. The husband, according to "Domostroy", is the head of the family, the master of the wife, and "Domostroy" specifies in detail in what cases he should beat his wife, etc. Hence the word "Domostroy" means: a conservative way of family life, morality, affirming a slave position of a woman.

Fuck like a Sidorov goat

It is used in the sense of: hard, cruel and mercilessly flogging, hitting someone. The name Sidor in the people was often associated with the idea of \u200b\u200ban evil or grumpy person, and a goat, according to popular beliefs, is an animal with a harmful character.

Darling

The heroine of the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov (1899) is an ingenuous woman who changes her interests and views as her lovers change, through whose eyes she looks at life. The image of Chekhov's "darling" is also characterized by people who change their beliefs and views depending on who is currently influencing them.

Breathe in incense

So they say about a thin, weak, sickly-looking person who has not long left to live. The expression is based on the religious symbolism of the word incense. In the church, incense is burned (they swing the vessel containing the incense). This rite is performed, in particular, in front of the dead or dying.

E

There is life in the old dog yet

Quote from Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (1842). Allegorically about the ability to accomplish a lot more; about good health, well-being or the great potential of a person capable of many significant things, although those around him no longer expect this from him.

There is something to come to despair from

Quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824). Chatsky, interrupting Repetilov's lies, says to him:

Listen, lie, but know the measure;
There is something to come to despair from.

There is rapture in battle,
And the dark abyss at the edge

Quote from the dramatic scene of Alexander Pushkin "Feast during the plague" (1832), song of the chairman of the feast. Used as a formula to justify unnecessarily risky behavior.

F

Alive Smoking-room

Expression from a folk song for children, performed while playing the "Smoking room". The players sit in a circle and pass each other a burning splinter with a chorus: "Alive, alive Smoking room, legs are thin, soul is short." The one in whose hands the splinter will go out comes out of the circle. This is where the expression “smoking room is alive” came from, used as a joking exclamation when referring to the continuing activity of insignificant people, as well as the continuous activity of someone in difficult conditions.

Living water

In Russian folk tales - magic water that revives the dead, giving heroic strength.

Live and live let others

The first line of the poem by G. R. Derzhavin (1743-1816) "At the birth of Queen Gremislava" (1798):

Live and let others live
But not at the expense of the other;
Always be happy with yours
Don't touch anything else:
Here is the rule, the path is straight
For the happiness of everyone and everyone.

Derzhavin is the author of this poetic formula, but not the very thought inherent in it, which has long existed as a proverb in different languages. Its French version, Vivons et laissons vivre les autres, was also widely known in Russia. The authorship of this thought is unknown. But in any case, its Russian translation became an aphorism thanks to G.R.Derzhavin.

By Tsarina Gremislava, the poet means the Russian Empress Catherine the Great. According to legend, the expression “live and let others live” was her favorite saying.

Allegorically: a call to be attentive to the interests of other people, to seek a compromise with them, a certain formula of coexistence that suits everyone.

Living Dead

The expression received wide circulation after the appearance of the drama "Living Corpse" (1911) by L. N. Tolstoy, whose hero, Fedya Protasov, feigning suicide, hides from his wife and people of his circle and lives among the dregs of society, being in his own eyes a "living corpse" ... Now the expression "living corpse" is used in the sense: a person who is degraded, morally devastated, as well as anything in general that has become dead and has become obsolete.

3

Out of reach

The expression belongs to Admiral FV Dubasov (1845-1912), known for the brutal suppression of the Moscow armed uprising. In his "victorious" report to Nicholas II of December 22, 1905, Dubasov wrote: "Retreating, the rebels, on the one hand, tried and managed to quickly remove them from the reach of the elected leaders, on the other, they left on the theater of action, although scattered, but the most implacable and embittered fighters ... I cannot recognize the rebellious movement as completely suppressed. "

For distant lands.
Far away [thirtieth] kingdom

An expression that is often found in Russian folk tales in the meaning of: far, in an unknown distance.

Forget and fall asleep!

A quote from a poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "I go out on the road alone":

I do not expect anything from life,
And I do not regret the past at all;
I am looking for freedom and peace!
I would like to forget and fall asleep!

Shabby view

This expression appeared under Peter I (1672-1725). Zatrapeznikov is the name of a merchant whose factory produced very coarse and low-quality fabric. Since then, they say so about a slovenly dressed person.

Abstruse language. Zaum

Terms created by the poet and theorist of futurism A.E. Kruchenykh. In the "Declaration of the word as such" (1913), the essence of "zaumi" is defined as follows: "Thought and speech do not keep pace with the experience of the inspired, therefore the artist is free to express himself not only in a common language ... but also in his personal ... having no definite meaning ... abstruse. On the basis of this far-fetched false theory, the futurist poets created words devoid of any substantive and semantic meaning, they wrote, for example, the following verses: “Serge melepeta senyal ok rizum meleva alik”. Therefore, the terms "zaum", "abstruse language" began to be used in the meaning: a language incomprehensible to the broad masses, in general - nonsense.

Hello, young, unfamiliar tribe!

A quote from the poem by Alexander Pushkin "I visited again / That corner of the earth ..." (1835):

Hello tribe
Young, unfamiliar! not me
I will see your mighty late age
When you outgrow my acquaintances
And you will overshadow the old head
From the eyes of a passer-by ...

It is used as a playfully-solemn greeting addressed to young people, young colleagues.

Green grapes

The expression entered into wide circulation after the appearance of IA Krylov's fable "The Fox and the Grapes" (1808). The fox who cannot reach the high-hanging bunches of grapes says:

He looks good,
Yes, green - the berries are not ripe,
Immediately set your teeth on edge.

Used to denote a perceived contempt for something that cannot be achieved.

Hot spot

Expression from the Orthodox funeral prayer ("... in a dark place, in a place we will rest ..."). This is how paradise is called in the texts in Church Slavonic. The figurative meaning of this expression is "a fun place" or "a satisfying place" (such a place in old Russia could have been a tavern). Over time, this expression acquired a negative connotation - a place where they indulge in revelry, debauchery.

AND

And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us

Quote from the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), the words of Chatsky, who returned from the trip. Sarcastically recalling old Muscovites, he says:

I am destined to see them again!
You will get tired of living with them, and in whom you will not find stains?
When you wander, you return home,
And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us.

The last phrase in Griboyedov's work is a not quite accurate quote from the poem Harp by G. R. Derzhavin (1798):

Good news to us about our side:
Fatherland and smoke are sweet and pleasant to us.

Derzhavin's phrase entered into wide circulation, of course, as a quote from Griboyedov's comedy. Allegorically about love, attachment to one's homeland, when even the smallest signs of one's own, one's own, cause joy, tenderness.

And in a hurry to live and to feel in a hurry

A quote from the poem by P. A. Vyazemsky (1792–1878) "First Snow" (1822). Taken by AS Pushkin as an epigraph to the 1st chapter of "Eugene Onegin". Allegorically: 1. About a man who, although in a hurry, cannot bring anything to the end. 2. About who seeks to take from life as much as possible, to enjoy everything, without thinking too much about the price that will have to be paid for it.

And boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand

A quote from M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "Both boring and sad" (1840):

And boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand
In a moment of mental adversity ...
Desires! What is the use of wanting in vain and forever?
And the years go by - all the best years ...

Allegorically about loneliness, the absence of loved ones.

And fight again!
Rest only in our dreams

A quote from the poem by A. A. Blok (1880-1921) "On the Kulikovo field" (1909). Allegorically about the determination to fight further to achieve the goal.

And the one who walks through life with a song,
He will never disappear anywhere

The chorus of the popular march from the movie "Merry Fellows" (1934), lyrics by V. I. Lebedev-Kumach (1898-1949), music by I. O. Dunaevsky (1900-1955).

Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforov

Characters "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" (1834) by N. V. Gogol. The names of these two Mirgorod inhabitants have become common nouns for people who are constantly quarreling with each other, synonymous with squabbles, gossip.

Ivan Nepomniachtchi

IN In tsarist Russia, the captured fugitive convicts, hiding their past, hid their real name and surname, called themselves Ivan and said that they did not remember their kinship; in the police they were recorded as "not remembering kinship", hence their nickname "Ivan Nepomniachtchi".

I go to you

Prince Svyatoslav, starting the war, announced to the enemy in advance: "I want to go." NM Karamzin (1766–1826), transmitting the chronicle legend, quotes Svyatoslav's phrase in the form: "I'm coming at you!" The phrase received the wingedness in the editorial office: "I'm going to you." Used in the sense: I intend to enter into a confrontation, dispute, dispute, etc.

A spark will ignite a flame

A quote from a poem by the Decembrist poet A.I. ... ").

Allegorically about the belief in success, the victory of your cause, despite its difficult beginning.

For the love of art

Expression from vaudeville by DT Lensky (1805-1860) "Lev Gurych Sinichkin" (1839). One of the vaudeville characters, Count Zefirov, drags after pretty actresses, playing the patron of the local troupe. His favorite expression, which he repeats every minute: "For the love of art."

Used in the sense: out of love for the work itself, occupation, without any selfish goals.

From a beautiful far away

Expression from N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" (1842): "Russia! Russia! I see you from my wonderful, beautiful far away, I see you ”(almost the entire 1st volume of“ Dead Souls ”was written by Gogol abroad). Quoted as a playfully-ironic designation of a place where a person is freed from ordinary worries, difficulties, problems.

A hut on chicken legs

In Russian folk tales, Baba Yaga lives in such a hut. This figurative name comes from those wooden log cabins, which in the old days, in order to protect them from decay, were placed on stumps with chopped off roots.

Zest

The expression arose from a popular proverb: "Kvass is not expensive, a zest is expensive in kvass." It became winged after the appearance of Leo Tolstoy's drama The Living Corpse (1912). The hero of the drama Protasov, talking about his family life, says: “My wife was an ideal woman ... But what can I tell you? There was no zest - you know, there is a zest in kvass? - there was no game in our life. And I needed to forget. And you won't be forgotten without a game ... ”Used in the sense: something that gives a special taste, attractiveness to something (a dish, story, person, etc.).

TO

Kazan orphan

This is the name of a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to arouse the sympathy of compassionate people. With this expression during the time of Ivan the Terrible (1530–1584) jokingly called the Tatar princes, who adopted Christianity after the conquest of Kazan and sought honors at the royal court. In their petitions, they often referred to themselves as orphans. Another option is also possible: after the conquest of Kazan, many beggars appeared who pretended to be victims of the war and said that their parents died during the siege of Kazan.

Like a squirrel in a wheel

Expression from the fable of I. A. Krylov "Squirrel" (1833):

Look at another businessman:
He bothers, rushes, everyone marvels at him:
It seems to be torn from the skin,
Yes, only everything does not move forward,
Like a squirrel in a wheel.

The expression is used in the meaning: constantly fussing, bustling without visible results.

No matter what happens

The words of the teacher Belikov from the story of AP Chekhov "The Man in the Case" (1898). Cited as a definition of cowardice, alarmism.

How did you come to this life?

Quote from a poem N. A. Nekrasova (1821–1878) "Poor and elegant" (1861):

Let's call her and ask her:
"How did you come to such a life? .."

It is used to express bewilderment, regret over the troubles that have befallen a person.

As under each leaf of her
Both the table and the house were ready

Quote from the fable "Dragonfly and the Ant" (1808) by I. A. Krylov. The expression is given to characterize easily, easily achieved material security.

Like water off a duck's back

Due to the grease of the feathers, water rolls off the goose easily. This observation led to the appearance of this expression. It is used to denote a person who does not care about everything, nothing about.

How good, how fresh the roses were ...

This line is from the poem by IP Myatlev (1796–1844) "Roses". It is used when sadly remembering something joyful, light, but long past.

Capital to acquire and innocence to observe

An expression popularized by ME Saltykov-Shchedrin (Letters to Aunty (1882), Little Things in Life (1887), Mon Repos Shelter (1879), etc.). Used in the sense: to satisfy their own selfish interests, while trying to preserve the reputation of a man-unmercenary, altruist.

Karamazovshchina

A word that came into wide use after the publication of the novel by FM Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879-1880). This word denotes the extreme degree of moral irresponsibility and cynicism ("everything is allowed"), which are the essence of the worldview and morals of the main characters.

Karataev.
Karataevshchina

Platon Karataev is one of the heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace (1865–1869). His humility and meek and gentle attitude towards any manifestation of evil ("non-resistance to evil") expresses, according to Tolstoy, the essence of the Russian peasantry, genuine folk wisdom.

Young lady [girl]

Apparently, for the first time this expression was included in literary speech from the novel by NG Pomyalovsky (1835–1863) "Bourgeois Happiness" (1861). Used in the sense: cutesy, effeminate girl, with a limited outlook.

Wedge knock out wedge

Means "to get rid of something (bad, heavy), acting as if it does not exist, or resorting to exactly what caused it." The expression is associated with chopping wood, in which the logs are split, driving a wedge into a slot made with an ax. If the wedge gets stuck in the wood without splitting it, then it is possible to knock it out (and at the same time split the log) only with a second, thicker wedge.

Kolomenskaya verst

This is the name for long and thin people. In the 17th century, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, on the "pillar" road (that is, the road with milestones) between Moscow and the Tsar's summer residence in the village of Kolomenskoye, the distances were measured anew and "versts" were installed - especially high milestones, from which and this expression went.

Who lives well in Russia

The title of the poem by N.A.Nekrasov, the first chapter of which was published in 1866. Seven peasants arguing about

Who has fun
Freely in Russia, -

they decide not to return home until they find an answer to this question, and they walk around Russia in search of someone "who lives well in Russia." Quoted as a jokingly ironic commentary on all kinds of sociological research, polls, their results, etc.

Kondrashka had enough

So they say in case someone died suddenly, died (about apoplectic stroke, paralysis). There are several versions of the origin of the turnover:

1. the phraseological unit goes back to the name of Kondraty Bulavin, the leader of the popular uprising on the Don in 1707;
2. Kondrashka is a euphemistic name for death, serious illness, paralysis, characteristic of popular superstition.

Ends in water

The expression is associated with the name of Ivan the Terrible. Repressions against the population under this tsar sometimes took on such a scale that even Ivan himself was embarrassed. In such cases, in order to hide the true scale of the executions, people who died from torture were secretly thrown into the river. To hide the ends in the water means to cover up the traces of the crime.

The horse did not roll

Used in the sense: nothing has been done yet, it is still far from the start of the case. The origin of the turnover is associated with the habit of horses to wallow before being allowed to put on a collar or saddle, which delayed work.

Box

The character of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" (1842): "... one of those mothers, small landowners who cry for crop failures, losses ... and meanwhile they are gaining a little money in variegated bags placed on the drawers of dressers. In one bag they take all the rubles, in the other half a ruble, in the third quarter, although it looks like there is nothing in the chest of drawers except linen, and night jackets, and thread hanks, and a ripped cloak, which then has to turn into a dress if the old will somehow burn out during the baking of holiday cakes with all sorts of yarn or will be isolated by itself. But the dress will not burn out and will not wear out by itself; the old woman is thrifty, and the cloak is destined to lie unfolded for a long time, and then, according to the spiritual will, it will be given to the grand-sister's niece along with all the other rubbish. " The name of Korobochka has become synonymous with a person living with petty interests, a petty skopidon.

Blood with milk

So they say about a ruddy, healthy person. An expression from Russian folklore, where folk ideas about the beauty of color are combined: red as blood and white as milk. In Russia, a white face and a blush on the cheeks have long been considered a sign of beauty, which was evidence of good health.

The cuckoo praises the rooster
For praising the cuckoo

A quote from the fable of I. A. Krylov "The Cuckoo and the Rooster" (1841):

Why, not being afraid of sin,
Is the cuckoo praising the rooster?
For praising the cuckoo.

L

Extraordinary lightness in thoughts

The words of the boasting Khlestakov in Nikolai Gogol's comedy The Inspector General (1836): “There are, however, many of my works: The Marriage of Figaro, Robert the Devil, Norma. I don't even remember the names; And all by chance: I didn't want to write, but the theatrical management says: "Please, brother, write something." I think to myself: "Perhaps, if you please, brother!" And then in one evening, it seems, he wrote everything, amazed everyone. I have an extraordinary lightness in my thoughts. "

Crawl on the rampage

It means: in rage and blindness to go contrary to common sense for obvious death, "run into" trouble. "Rozhny" in the Old Russian language (and now in local dialects) was a pointed stake. Hunting a bear, daredevils, walking on it, put out a sharp stake in front of them. Having run into trouble, the bear died. The same origin and the expression "shove against the devil" or, conversely, "you will not trample on the devil." Hence, there is "no shit" in the sense: there is nothing.

Extra people.
Superfluous person

From the "Diary of an Extra Man" (1850) by I. S. Turgenev. The image of the "superfluous person" was very popular in Russian literature of the 19th century. as a type of nobleman who, in the prevailing socio-political conditions, does not find a place for himself in life, cannot self-actualize and suffers from this, languishes in inactivity. The very interpretation of the "superfluous person" - precisely as a completely definite social type - served for many authors of those years as a form of indirect, non-political protest against the conditions of life prevailing in Russia.

Usually the expression is applied to people who are in some way similar to these heroes of Russian classical literature.

A ray of light in the dark realm

The title of the article (1860) by N. A. Dobrolyubov (1836–1861) dedicated to the drama by A. N. Ostrovsky (1823–1886) "The Thunderstorm". Dobrolyubov regards the suicide of the drama heroine, Katerina, as a protest against the arbitrariness and tyranny of the "dark kingdom." This protest is passive, but it testifies to the fact that the consciousness of their natural rights is already awakening in the oppressed masses, that the time of slavish obedience is passing. Therefore, Dobrolyubov called Katerina "a ray of light in the dark kingdom." Allegorically: a gratifying, bright phenomenon (a kind, pleasant person) in any difficult, depressing situation.

Less is Better

The title of the article (1923) by V.I. Lenin. The phrase is a symbol of the priority of quality over quantity.

Love for all ages

Quote from the poem "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin. Used as a playfully ironic commentary on the ardent, youthful feelings of an elderly person.

Cannibal Ellochka

“William Shakespeare's dictionary, according to researchers' count, is 12,000 words. The dictionary of a Negro from the cannibalistic Mumbo-Yumbo tribe is 300 words.

Ellochka Shchukina easily and freely got along with thirty. "

This is how chapter XXII, part II, "The Cannibal Ellochka", begins in the novel by Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov "The Twelve Chairs" (1928).

In the lexicon of the petty bourgeois Ellochka, words such as "famous", "darkness", "horror", "boy", "taxo", etc., serve to express all her wretched feelings and thoughts. Her name has become a household name for people who equip their meager speech with invented words and vulgarisms.

To sharpen the lyas

The expression "to sharpen the fringes" means "to chat about trifles, to engage in frivolous, pointless conversation." The expression comes from a simple old work - making balusters: chiseled posts for railings. Lyas - presumably the same as balusters, balusters. A baluster was a turner who made balusters (in a figurative sense - a joker, amusement, joker). The baluster craft was considered fun and easy, not requiring special concentration and giving the master the opportunity to sing, joke, and chat with others.

M

Manilov. Manilovshchina

Manilov is one of the heroes of Nikolai Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" (1842), a landowner, sugary and sugary in his dealings with his family and guests, a sentimental, fruitless dreamer.

Disservice

The expression arose from IA Krylov's fable "The Hermit and the Bear" (1808). Used in the sense: inept, awkward service, bringing harm, trouble instead of help.

Dead Souls

The title of the poem by N. V. Gogol, the main character of which Chichikov with a speculative purpose buys from the landlords "dead souls", which according to the documents were listed as alive before the next census. The expression became winged in the meaning: people who are fictitiously listed somewhere, as well as people "dead in spirit."

Bourgeois happiness

The title of the story (1861) by N. G. Pomyalovsky. Used in the sense: a life without high goals, aspirations, filled with small, everyday worries, acquisitions, etc.

A million torment

Chatsky's words in the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824):

Yes, no urine: a million torments
Breasts from a friendly grip
Feet from shuffling, ears from exclamations,
And worse than the head from all sorts of trifles.

The expression became winged thanks to the well-known article "Million of Torments" (1872) by the writer Ivan Goncharov (1812–1891), who reinterpreted in it Griboyedov's expression in the spirit of his time - spiritual, moral torment.

It is used humorously and ironically: in relation to all kinds of nervous, long, varied chores, as well as to hard thoughts, doubts about any important matter.

Pass us more than all sorrows
And the lordly anger, and the lordly love

Quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", words of the maid Liza. Allegorically: it is better to stay away from the special attention of the people on whom you depend, since it is only one step from their love to their hatred.

Mitrofan

The main character in the comedy "The Little Growth" (1782) by D. I. Fonvizin is a silly landlord's son, a spoiled little man, a lazy person, incapable of learning. His name has become a household name for people of this type.

Your gift is not dear to me
The road is your love

Expression from the Russian folk song "On the street pavement":

Oh my darling is good
Chernobrov, soul, good-looking,
Brought me a present
Dear gift,
From the hand a gold ring.
Your gift is not dear to me, -
The road is your love.
I don't want to wear a ring
I want to love my friend so much.

Meaning of expression: it is not the value and sophistication of the gift that is important, but the feelings that it is intended to express.

My Universities

The title of the autobiographical novel (1923) by M. Gorky; he calls the schools of life he has passed as universities.

The expression is often used with the replacement of the word "mine" with another appropriate to the case.

Young everywhere at we are dear

Quote from "Song of the Motherland" in the film "Circus" (1936), text by V. I. Lebedev-Kumach, music by I. O. Dunaevsky. It is used both literally and in an ironic sense, according to the situation.

Rivers of milk and jelly banks

Expression from a Russian folk tale. Used as a figurative definition of a carefree, free life.

Molchalin. Silence

Molchalin - the character in the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), a type of careerist, obsequious and modest in front of his superiors; he defines his merits in two words: "moderation and accuracy." His name and the word "silence" that arose from him became synonymous with careerism and servility.

Moscow ... how much of this sound
For the Russian heart it has merged!
How much it echoed!

Quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin. Expresses admiration for the capital of Russia, historical, national characteristics Moscow, its appearance.

We all learned a little,
Something and somehow

Quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin. It is used when it comes to amateurism, shallow, superficial knowledge in any area.

We cannot wait for favors from nature, it is our task to take them from her.

The expression belongs to the Soviet biologist-geneticist and breeder IV Michurin (1855–1935), in practice, on a large scale, who showed the ability to change the hereditary forms of organisms, adapting them to the needs of humans. Quoted ironically about the absurd, objectively harmful to the interests of mankind, plans to "conquer" nature. The phrase is a symbol of the consumer attitude towards nature.

We plowed

Quote from the fable of I. I. Dmitriev (1760-1837) "Fly" (1803):

A bull with a plow dragged himself to rest,
And the Fly was sitting on his horns,
And they met Fly on the way.
"Where are you from, sister?" - from this there was a question.
And she, lifting her nose,
In response, she says: “Where from? -
We plowed! "

The quote is used to characterize people who want to show that they took an active part in some kind of work, although in reality their role was insignificant and they ascribe to themselves other people's merits.

We were born to make a fairy tale come true

A quote from a poem by P. D. German (1894-1952) "Higher and higher", dedicated to Soviet pilots:

We were born to make a fairy tale come true
Overcome space and openness.
The mind gave us steel arms - wings,
And instead of a heart, a fiery motor ...

The poem set to music gained wide popularity, and its first line became winged. Used ironically in relation to discredited socialist doctrines and political slogans. It is also used as a humorous self-praise.

H

To grandfather's village

In AP Chekhov's story "Vanka" (1886), a nine-year-old peasant boy Vanka Zhukov, brought from a village to Moscow and taught to a shoemaker, writes a letter to his grandfather. “Vanka folded a sheet of paper covered in four and put it in an envelope, bought the day before for a penny ... After thinking a little, he dipped his pen and wrote the address:“ To the village of grandfather ”. Then he scratched himself, thought and added: "Konstantin Makarych." The expression "to the village of grandfather" is used jokingly when talking about an inaccurate address or its absence.

At the bottom

At the Bottom is the title of the play by M. Gorky, first staged at the Moscow Art Theater on December 18, 1902. The first edition of the play, published in Munich the same year, was entitled At the Bottom of Life. According to IA Bunin, Leonid Andreev advised Gorky to give the play the name “At the Bottom” instead of “At the Bottom of Life”.

These expressions are used when it comes to the lower rung of the social ladder, about the actual "dropout" from normal life.

At the dawn of a foggy youth

Quote from the poem by A. V. Koltsov (1809–1842) "Parting" (1840), set to music by A. Gurilev (1803–1858) and other composers. Used in the sense: once, a very long time ago.

Cuts the soles on the go

The expression originated from a Russian folk tale of thieves. The old thief agreed to take a young guy as his companion, but with an agreement: "I will take ... if you steal eggs from under a wild duck, you will steal it so much that she will not hear and will not fly out of the nest." - "What a curiosity!" - answered the guy. So they set off together, found a duck's nest and crawled towards it on their belly. While the uncle (the thief) was still sneaking up, the guy had already picked up all the eggs from the nest, so cunningly that the bird did not even move a feather; but not only did he pick the eggs, he casually cut out the soles of the old thief's boots. "Well, Vanka, there is nothing to teach you, you are a great master yourself!" They say so jokingly about a clever, roguish person capable of fraudulent tricks.

The song helps us to build and live

Quote from the "March of the Merry Fellows", words by V. I. Lebedev-Kumach, music by I. O. Dunaevsky from the film "Funny Fellows" (1934).

The people are silent

The tragedy of Alexander Pushkin "Boris Godunov" (1831) ends with the following scene: the boyar Masalsky, one of the murderers of Boris Godunov's widow and her son, announces to the people: "People! Maria Godunova and her son Theodore poisoned themselves with poison. We saw their dead bodies. (The people are silent in horror.) Why are you silent? Shout: long live Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich! (The people are silent.) "

The last remark, having become a catch phrase, is used when it comes to: 1. About the people’s uncomplaining obedience to power, about the lack of desire, will, and courage to defend their interests. 2. About the silence of those present when discussing an important issue.

Our regiment has arrived

The expression from the ancient "game" song "And we sowed millet", known in many versions. This expression, as a rule, is used in the meaning: there are more people like us (in some respect).

Doesn't dance

The expression is used in the meaning: it does not work out, it does not work out as it should. It arose from the story of N. V. Gogol "The Enchanted Place" (1832). The old grandfather, tipsy, started dancing, “went to wiggle the horseradish with his feet all over the smooth place, which was near the garden with cucumbers. I had just reached, however, halfway and I wanted to take a walk and throw something of my own with my feet on the whirlwind - my legs do not rise, and nothing more! .. I accelerated again, reached the middle - I won’t take it! whatever you want to do: does not take, and does not take! Feet like wood steel. “See, a devilish place! you see, a satanic obsession! .. ”He set off again and began to scratch fractionally, finely, just to look; until the middle - no! not dancing, and full of it! "

Don't tempt me unnecessarily

Quote from a poem by E. A. Baratynsky (1800–1844) "Disbelief" (1821), set to music by M.I.Glinka (1825):

Don't tempt me unnecessarily
The return of your tenderness.
Disappointed are alien
All the fantasies of the old days!

Ironically about his disbelief in someone's promises, assurances, etc.

I didn't have to go to court

So in the old days they talked about that "movable property" (especially about domestic animals), the acquisition of which ended in failure (dishes broke, the horse fell, etc.).

This expression is associated with the belief in brownies, who, in the opinion of our distant ancestors, were in charge of all the "house and yard", were their secret owners. Then "it was not to the court" meant: did not like the housekeeper.

Now the expression "did not come to court" is used in the meaning of "inappropriate, not to my liking."

Without further ado

Expression from the tragedy of Alexander Pushkin "Boris Godunov" (1831), scene "Night. Cell in the Chudov Monastery ", the words of the chronicler Pimen:

Describe, without further ado,
Everything that you will be a witness to in life.

The expression is used in the meaning: no fancy, simple.

Inspiration is not for sale
But you can sell the manuscript

A quote from the poem by Alexander Pushkin "A Conversation between a Bookseller and a Poet" (1825). Used in the sense: the artist's commercial interest does not contradict the freedom of his work.

Not salty

The origin of this expression is due to the fact that salt in Russia was an expensive and difficult to obtain product. The owner always salted the food: the one he loved and respected - more, and the ordinary visitor sometimes did not get salt at all. Today, "not having a lot of salt" means "having been deceived in their expectations, not having achieved what they wanted, having met with a bad reception."

I don't want to study, I want to get married

The words of Mitrofanushka from the comedy "Minor" (1782) by D. I. Fonvizin: "The hour of my will has come: I don't want to study, I want to get married." Quoted as an ironic commentary on the mood of idle, lazy, dull-witted teenagers interested only in entertainment.

Diamonds in the sky

Expression from the play by A. Chekhov "Uncle Vanya" (1897). Sonya, comforting Uncle Vanya, who is tired and worn out by life, says: “We will rest! We will hear the angels, we will see the whole sky in diamonds, we will see how all earthly evil, all our suffering will drown in mercy, which will fill the whole world, and our life will become quiet, tender, sweet, like a caress. "

The phrase is usually used humorously and ironically as a symbol of unattainable harmony, peace, happiness, fulfillment of desires.

Break a leg

This expression was originally used as a "spell" designed to deceive evil spirits. Thus were they admonished those who set off on the hunt; it was believed that a direct wish for good luck could "jinx" the prey. Rough answer: "To hell!" should have made the hunter even more secure.

No one will embrace the immensity

Aphorism from "The Fruits of Thought" (1854) by Kozma Prutkov.

Nothing is new [forever] under the moon

From the poem "Experienced Solomon's Wisdom, or Selected Thoughts from Ecclesiastes" (1797) by N. M. Karamzin:

Nothing new under the moon:
What is, it was, it will be forever.
And before the blood flowed like a river,
And before a man cried ...

In the first line, Karamzin used a winged Latin expression, well known in Russia both in Russian translation and in the original language: Nil novi sub luna - nothing new under the moon.

The very work of Karamzin is a poetic imitation of the well-known biblical text: “What was, will be; and what has been done will be done, and there is nothing new under the sun. There is something that they say: "Look, this is new", but this is was already in the centuries before us ... "

Nozdryov. Nozdrevshchina

One of the heroes of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" (1842): "Everyone had to meet a lot of such people. They are called broken-hearted little ones ... Something open, direct, daring is always visible in their faces. They soon get to know each other, and before you have time to look back, they already tell you "you". Friendship will be established, it seems, forever; but it almost always happens that a friend will fight them that evening at a friendly party. They are always talkers, revelers, reckless people, prominent people ... The closer he got to him, he was more likely to piss off everyone: he let loose a fable, which is more stupid than it is difficult to invent, upset a wedding, a bargain, and did not consider himself your enemy at all ... Maybe they will call him beaten in character, they will say that now Nozdryov is no longer there. Alas! those who say so will be unjust. Nozdryov will not be out of the world for a long time. He is everywhere between us and, perhaps, only wears a different caftan. " His name has become synonymous with an empty talker, a gossip, a petty swindler; the word "nozdrevshchina" is synonymous with chatter and boasting.

ABOUT

Oh my friend, Arkady Nikolaich, do not speak beautifully

An expression from Ivan Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons (1862): “Look,” Arkady said suddenly, “a dry maple leaf has come off and falls to the ground; its movements are completely similar to the flight of a butterfly. Isn't it strange? The saddest and deadliest is similar to the most cheerful and lively. " - “O my friend, Arkady Nikolaich! Bazarov exclaimed. - One thing I ask you: do not speak beautifully. Bazarov's phrase is characterized by excessive eloquence where simplicity, logical sobriety of judgment is required.

Oblomov. Oblomovshchina

Oblomov is the hero of the novel of the same name (1859) I. A. Goncharova (1812–1891), a landowner who lives a sleepy, lazy, inactive life filled with idle dreams. His friend Stolz, a businessman and practitioner, calls this life "Oblomovism."

Expressions "Oblomov", "Oblomovism", the wingedness of which was greatly facilitated by N. A. Dobrolyubov's article "What is Oblomovism?" (1859), have become synonymous with mental laziness, inactivity, passive attitude to life.

Formed

In Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina (1875), the valet encourages his master, Stepan Arkadyevich Oblonsky, who was upset by a spat with his wife, with this word. This word, used in the meaning of "everything will be settled," which became winged after the appearance of Tolstoy's novel, was undoubtedly heard somewhere by him. He used it in one of his letters to his wife back in 1866, urging her not to worry about various everyday troubles. His wife, in a reply letter, repeated his words: "Probably, all this will work out."

An ordinary story

The title of the novel (1847) by I. A. Goncharov, which shows the life of an enthusiastic dreamer-provincial who turned in St. Petersburg into a calculating official-careerist. The expression "ordinary history" characterizes routine everyday or psychological situations.

Window to Europe

Expression from the poem by Alexander Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" (1834):

Here the city will be laid
To spite the haughty neighbor.
Nature is destined for us here
Cut a window to Europe
Stand firm by the sea ...

In the first footnote to the poem, Alexander Pushkin considered it important to observe the copyright for the expression “window to Europe” and wrote: “Algarotti said somewhere:“ Petersbourg est la fenetre par laquelle la Russie regarde en Europe ”, that is,“ Petersburg - this is the window through which Russia looks to Europe ”.

My grandmother still has horns and legs

An inaccurate quote from a song by an unknown author that has appeared in songbooks since 1855:

Once upon a time there lived a gray goat with my grandmother,

Fit how! that's how! gray goat!
The goat's grandmother was very fond of ...
The goat decided to take a walk in the forest ...
Gray wolves attacked the goat ...
The gray wolves ate the goat ...
They left my grandmother with horns and legs.

It is used humorously and ironically about someone who has suffered a severe defeat, failure, etc.

Ostap Bender.
Great combinator

In the satirical novels by Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov, The Twelve Chairs (1928) and The Golden Calf (1931), the protagonist Ostap Bender, a clever rascal who commits a series of fraudulent tricks, is ironically called the Great Combiner. His name and nickname, the Great Combinator, are applied to people of this type.

From Romulus to the present day

Quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin. It is used ironically as a characteristic of a long story about something, begun from afar, and also as a definition of something that has long existed (Romulus is the mythical founder of Rome).

From young nails

The expression is found in many monuments of ancient Russian literature, for example, in the "Epistle of Nicephorus, Metropolitan of Kiev, led. to Prince Volodymyr "(XII century):" Cleanse from the young nails "and in" The Tale of Murom's Uliya ":" From the young nails of God, love God. " Used in the sense: from childhood, from a young age.

From joy in the goiter the breath stole

A quote from the fable of I. A. Krylov "The Crow and the Fox" (1808).

Where are you from, beautiful child?

A quote from Alexander Pushkin's drama "Mermaid" (1837), with these words the prince turns to the little mermaid.

The wingedness of this quote was facilitated by the opera by A.S.Dargomyzhsky (1855), written on the plot of Pushkin's drama. The quote is almost always given ironically, humorously, as a question to someone who suddenly appears.

Put on the back burner

It is used in the sense: to delay the execution of any business for an indefinite time. There are several options for the origin of phraseological units:

1. the expression goes back to the times of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a box for petitions was nailed in front of his palace, these petitions were dealt with by boyars and clerks, many remained unanswered;
2. the most insignificant and unhurried petitions and complaints were deposited into the back of the desk in the Russian chancelleries.

Fathers and Sons

The title of the novel (1862) by I.S.Turgenev, which became in the 19th century. synonymous with discord between two generations - old and young.

Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh's hat!

Quote from the tragedy of Alexander Pushkin "Boris Godunov" (1831), monologue of Boris. “Monomakh” in Greek is a combatant; a nickname attached to the names of some Byzantine emperors. In Ancient Russia, this nickname was assigned to the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir (early XII century), from whom the Moscow tsars originated. The cap of Monomakh is the crown with which the Moscow tsars were married to the kingdom, a symbol of royal power. The quotation above describes a difficult situation.

Wanderlust

Anxiety seized him
Wanderlust
(A very painful property,
Few voluntary cross).
He left his village,
Forests and cornfields solitude ...
And he began to wander without a goal.

P

Wash the bones

Used in the sense: to discuss someone in his absence. The expression goes back to the forgotten rite of reburial: three years after the death, the deceased was removed from the grave, the bones were cleaned of decay and buried anew. This action was accompanied by memories of the deceased, an assessment of his character, deeds and actions.

Pechorin. Pechorinism

The main character of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" (1840) by M. Yu. Lermontov, the embodiment of the social type, characteristic, in the author's opinion, of his time, when deep, strong people could not find a decent way of self-realization for themselves. The critic V. G. Belinsky wrote about this hero of the post-Decembrist timelessness that he was characterized by "a contradiction between the depth of nature and the pitiful actions."

The name Pechorin has become a household name for the Russian romantic hero of the Byronic type, which is characterized by dissatisfaction with life, skepticism, a search for oneself in this life, suffering from misunderstanding on the part of others and, at the same time, contempt for them. Hence the "Pechorinism" - the desire to imitate Pechorin, "to be interesting", to play the role of a mysterious, fatal personality.

Feast in Time of Plague

The name of the dramatic scenes (1832) by Alexander Pushkin, based on a scene from the poem by the English poet John Wilson "The Plague City" (1816). Used in the sense: a feast, a cheerful, carefree life during a public disaster.

Bad soldier who does not think to be a general

In the work of A. F. Pogossky (1816-1874) "Soldier's Notes" (1855), among the aphorisms, modeled on proverbs, is: "A bad soldier who does not think to be a general, and even worse is one who thinks too much that it will be with him. " Dahl's dictionary contains a proverb: "A thin soldier who does not hope to be a general" (cf. "Every French soldier carries a marshal's baton in his knapsack"). It is usually used to cheer, encourage someone in his venture, bold plan, idea.

Plyushkin. Plushkin

One of the heroes of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" (1842), a miser landowner, whose avarice reached mania. His name has become a household name for people of this type, and the word "plushkinism" is synonymous with morbid avarice.

According to the pike's command, according to my desire [request]

An expression from a Russian folk tale: the wonderful pike caught by Emelya was set free by him, for this she made sure that any of his wishes came true, as soon as he said: “By the pike's command, according to my wish, let this and that Something ". Used in the sense: miraculously, as if by itself.

Success is never blamed

These words are attributed to Catherine II (1729–1796), who supposedly expressed herself in this way when A. V. Suvorov was put on trial for the assault on Turtukai in 1773, undertaken by him against the orders of Field Marshal Rumyantsev.

However, the story about the arbitrary actions of Suvorov and about his bringing him to trial is refuted by serious researchers and belongs to the field of anecdotes.

Believe harmony with algebra

Expression from the tragedy of Alexander Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" (1832), from Salieri's monologue:

Craft
I put the art under the feet:
I have become a craftsman: fingers
Gave an obedient, dry fluency
And loyalty to the ear. Having killed the sounds,
I dispersed the music like a corpse.
I believed harmony with algebra.
Then I already dared, sophisticated in science,
To indulge in the bliss of a creative dream.

Used ironically about a hopeless attempt to judge artistic creation based only on the rational principle, excluding feelings.

The hidden truth

Used in the sense: the true essence of something. One of the types of torture in Ancient Russia consisted in the fact that the person being interrogated was driven under the nails of needles, nails or wooden wedges to force him to tell the whole truth. The expression "learn all the ins and outs" is also connected with this.

Wait a bit,
You will rest too

A quote from a poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "From Goethe" (1840):

Mountain peaks
Sleep in the darkness of the night;
Quiet valleys
Are full of fresh haze;
The road is not dusty,
The sheets do not tremble ...
Wait a bit,
You will also have a rest.

Signed off your shoulders

Quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824). Famusov, in response to the words of his secretary Molchalin, that he brought business papers that require many inquiries, says:

I'm afraid, sir, I'm deadly alone,
So that their multitude does not accumulate;
Give free rein to you, it would have sat down;
And I have something that does not matter,
My custom is this:
Signed, off your shoulders.

This expression is applied to people who are superficially, formally related to the matter.

After the rain on Thursday

It is believed that this expression is due to the fact that in the old days Thursday was dedicated to Perun - the god of thunder and lightning. He was offered prayers for rain, especially during a drought. People believed that he should most willingly fulfill requests on "his" day, Thursday. And since these requests often remained unfulfilled, Christians began to treat this deity rather skeptically and, convinced of the uselessness of such prayers, expressed with this phrase their complete distrust of the god Perun. The expression "after the rain on Thursday" began to be applied to everything unrealizable, to the fact that it is not known when it will be fulfilled.

Confound

Used in the sense: to confuse, to put in a difficult position. A dead end is still called a "stupid", that is, a street that does not have a through passage or a passage, a lane. In rural usage, a dead end was a corner on the street formed by two wicker fences - wattle fences. Thus, a dead end is a kind of trap, which makes it impossible to either pass or drive forward.

Despicable metal

This expression was widely popularized by IA Goncharov's novel “An Ordinary History” (1847): “You have an uncle and a friend - do you hear? and if you need service, classes and despicable metal, feel free to contact me: you will always find both that, and another, and the third. "

However, the expression was in circulation even before Goncharov's novel. So, for example, it is found in "Workshop and living room" (1842) by P. Furman and in "Travel notes of the city of Vedrin" (1843) by A. I. Herzen. Used in the sense: money.

Under King Peas

An expression used in the meaning: a very long time ago, in immemorial antiquity, "when the king of Peas fought with mushrooms."

A habit is given to us from above:
She is a substitute for happiness

Quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin.

Come to nodding analysis

Indicates to come somewhere too late, when it’s already over. According to the ancient Russian custom, when entering a room or a church, men took off their hats and folded them at the entrance. Each meeting, gathering ended with the analysis of hats. The latecomer came to the analysis of the hats, that is, to the end.

Sitting down

Expression from a poem by V. V. Mayakovsky (1893-1930) entitled “Our life. Those who sat down " (1922). Allegorically about those who like to arrange long and useless meetings, conferences, etc.

The delay of death is like

In 1711 g., before the Prut campaign, Peter I sent a letter to the recently established Senate. Thanks to the senators for their activities, he demanded to continue not to hesitate with the necessary orders, "even missing time is like death irrevocably." S. M. Soloviev in "History of Russia from Ancient Times" (1851 –1879), citing the letter of Peter I dated April 8 1711 according to the original, cites his words in the editorial office: "Ponezhe missing the time of death is irrevocable." The winged words of Peter I received in a shorter form: "Delay is like death."

Bird three

Expression from N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" (1842): "Eh, three! bird three, who invented you? to know, you could only be born to a lively people, in that land that does not like to joke, and evenly scattered half the world, and go count miles until it hits you in your eyes. And not a cunning, it seems, a road projectile, not with an iron screw, but hastily, alive with one ax and a chisel, equipped and assembled you by a smart Yaroslavl man. The coachman is not wearing German jackboots: beard and mittens, and the devil knows what; and he got up and swung, and started a song - the horses like a whirlwind, the spokes in the wheels mingled into one smooth circle, only the road trembled, and a pedestrian who stopped screaming in fright - and there she rushed, rushed, rushed! something is dusty and drills the air. Is it not so you, Russia, that a brisk, unattainable troika rushing? The road smokes under you, bridges thunder, everything lags behind and remains behind. The beholder, struck by God's miracle, stopped: is it not lightning thrown down from the sky? what does this terrifying movement mean? and what kind of unknown power is contained in these horses unknown to the light? Oh, horses, horses, what horses! Are there whirlwinds in your manes? Does a sensitive ear burn in every vein of yours? We heard a familiar song from above, together and at once strained our copper breasts and, almost without touching the ground with their hooves, turned into only elongated lines flying through the air, and all inspired by God rushes! .. Russia, where are you rushing? Give an answer. Doesn't give an answer. The bell is filled with a wonderful ringing; air ripped into pieces thunders and becomes the wind; everything that is on the earth flies by, and, looking sideways, other peoples and states give way to it! "

Bird tongue

This is how the professor of astronomy at Moscow University DM Perevoshchikov (1788-1880) called the scientific-philosophical language of the 1820s-1840s, overloaded with terms and formulations obscuring the meaning.

Allegorically: incomprehensible professional jargon, inappropriate in everyday speech, as well as abstruse, artificial, broken language, alien to the rules and norms of the Russian language.

A bullet is a fool, a bayonet is a good fellow

The words of the great Russian commander A. V. Suvorov (1730–1800) from the manual for the combat training of troops, "The Science of Victory", written by him in 1796.

Throw dust in the eyes

The expression appeared in the 16th century. Now it is used in the meaning "to create a false impression of their capabilities." However, the original meaning is different: during fistfights, dishonest fighters took with them bags of sand, which they threw in the eyes of their rivals. In 1726 this technique was prohibited by a special decree.

Go all bad

Large bells in Ancient Russia were called "heavy". The expression "to strike all the hardest" meant: to strike all the bells at once. From here arose the catchword, which has become a winged one, "to go to all the trouble", which is used in the meaning: to stray from the correct path of life, to start unrestrainedly indulging in fun, extravagance, and revelry.

There is another version, asserting that “to go all out” meant “to start a litigation, a trial; sue someone. "

Let the storm come stronger!

Quote from "Song of the Petrel" (1901) by M. Gorky. Allegorically about the desire for cleansing shocks and changes.

A start in life

The title of the film based on the script (1931) by N. Eck (1902-1976) and A. Stolper (1907-1979). The plot of the film is about former street children, and now the inhabitants of the children's labor commune find, thanks to skillful educators, their way in life, become worthy members of society.

Allegorically about something that gives a person reason to hope that ahead of him awaits a full of events, an interesting, well-arranged life.

R

Broken trough

From "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" (1835) by Alexander Pushkin. The expression is used in the meaning: the loss of a brilliant position, broken hopes.

Cut to look like a nut

The meaning of “scold, criticize” arose in this phrase on the basis of the older one - “to do (something) very thoroughly and well”. In its original meaning, the expression appeared in the professional speech of carpenters and cabinetmakers and was associated with the fact that the manufacture of walnut furniture from other types of wood required a lot of work and good knowledge of the business.

Wake up, shoulder!
Swing, hand!

Quote from A. V. Koltsov's poem "Mower" (1835):

Wake up, shoulder!
Swing, hand! ..
Buzz, scythe,
Like a swarm of bees!
Lightning, scythe,
Sparkle around!
Make noise, grass,
Subcavity ...

Ironically about the desire to "cut from the shoulder", to act imprudently, in a temper.

In spite of reason, in defiance of the elements

Quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), words by Chatsky.

Used in the sense: contrary to common sense.

Spread the thought along the tree

An expression from "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", a monument of Russian literature of the 12th century, first published in 1800: "Boyan is a prophetic one, if anyone even creates a song, thought spreads along a tree, like a gray wedge on the ground, like a crazy eagle under the clouds." , ie: "After all, the prophetic Boyan, if he wanted to write a song to someone, then spread his thoughts along the tree, like a gray wolf on the ground, a gray eagle under the clouds." The expression "flowed by thought along the tree" among the commentators of "Lay" has received various interpretations. Some consider the word "thought" to be inconsistent with the other two members of the comparison - "valk on the ground", "a shy eagle under the clouds" - proposing to read "Mysia", explaining "Mys" by the Pskov pronunciation of the word "mouse"; a cape in the Pskov province was called, even in the 19th century, a squirrel. Others do not consider such a replacement necessary, "not seeing the need to bring the comparison symmetry to the utmost accuracy."

Commentators explain the word “tree” as an allegorical tree of wisdom and inspiration: “to spread thought along the tree” - to create songs, inspired poetic creations. However, the poetic image of the Lay “spreading thought along the tree” entered literary speech with a completely different meaning: to go into unnecessary details, distracting from the main idea.

Born to crawl cannot fly

Quote from "Song of the Falcon" by M. Gorky. This poetic formula of Gorky coincides with the final maxim in the fable of II Khemnitser (1745–1784) "The Man and the Cow". The fable tells how a man, having lost his horse, saddled a cow, which "fell under the rider ... no wonder: the cow did not learn to ride ... And therefore one should know: whoever was born to crawl cannot fly."

Stigma in fluff

Expression from the fable of I. A. Krylov "Fox and Marmot" (1813). The fox complains to Surk that she endures in vain and, slandered, was exiled for bribes:

- You know, I was the judge in the chicken coop,
Lost health and peace in business,
I didn’t eat a piece in my labors,
I didn't get enough sleep at night:
And for that I fell under the wrath;
And all for slander. Well, think for yourself:
Who in the world will be right if they listen to slander?
Should I take bribes? but if I get mad!
Well, have you ever seen, I will send you,
So that I was involved in this sin?
Think, remember well
- No, Kumushka; I've seen often
That your stigma is in fluff.

The expression is used in the meaning: to be involved in something criminal, unseemly.

FROM

From the ship to the ball

Expression from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin:

And travel to him,
I'm tired of everything in the world
He came back and got hit,
Like Chatsky, from the ship to the ball.

This expression is characterized by an unexpected, abrupt change in positions and circumstances.

With sweet paradise and in a hut

A quote from the poem by N. M. Ibragimov (1778-1818) "Russian song" ("In the evening, a girl is red ..."):

Don't look for me, rich:
You are not sweet to my soul.
What is to me, what are your chambers?
With a lovely paradise and in a hut!

The meaning of the expression: the main thing in family happiness is not a special household comfort, but love, mutual understanding, agreement with a loved one.

With the learned air of a connoisseur

A quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1831) by Alexander Pushkin:

He had a lucky talent
Without coercion in conversation
Touch everything lightly
With the learned air of a connoisseur
To remain silent in an important dispute ...

With feeling, with sense, with arrangement

A quote from the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824):

Read not like a sexton,
And with feeling, with sense, with arrangement.

Tradition is fresh, but hard to believe

A quote from the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824):

How to compare, yes to see
The present century and the past century:
The tradition is fresh, but hard to believe.

Northern Palmyra

Palmyra is a city in Syria that arose in the 1st millennium BC. e. In ancient times it was famous for the splendor of its buildings. Northern Palmyra is a figurative name for St. Petersburg.

Sermyazhnaya truth

The expression of Ostap Bender, the protagonist of the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Golden Calf" (1931), used by him in the meaning: deep folk wisdom (homespun - dressed in a sermyagu, peasant clothes made of rough unpainted homespun cloth).

There is no beast stronger than a cat

Quote from the fable of I. A. Krylov "The Mouse and the Rat" (1816).

- Neighbor, have you heard the good rumor? -
Running in, the Rat Mouse said: -
After all, the cat, they say, fell into the claws of a lion?
Here's to rest and it's time for us!
Do not rejoice, my light, -
To her, the Rat says in response: -
And do not hope for nothing!
If it reaches their claws,
Then, it is true, the lion cannot be alive:
There is no beast stronger than a cat! "

Megillah

The expression arose from a "boring" fairy tale, which teased children, pestering them with a request to tell them a fairy tale: “- Shall I tell you a fairy tale about a white bull? - Tell me. - You tell me, yes, I tell you, can I tell you a fairy tale about a white bull? - Tell me. - You tell me, yes I tell you, how much we will have, and how long it will be! Should I tell you a fairy tale about a white bull? " and so on, until one gets tired of asking, and the other to answer. The expression is used in the meaning: endless repetition of the same.

Skalozub

The protagonist of the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov (1824), a colonel, a representative of the rough army of tsarist Russia, an ignorant and self-righteous careerist. His name has become synonymous with a rude ignoramus, a soldier.

Scandal in a noble family

Under this name in 1874 an anonymous vaudeville was staged in Moscow, the plot of which was borrowed from the German comedy "Der liebe Onkel" ("Moskovskie vedomosti", 1 October. 1874 g.). Vaudeville was published, also anonymously, in 1875 in St. Petersburg. The author of the Russian vaudeville, and therefore the expression "scandal in a noble family", is N. I. Kulikov (1815–1891). This vaudeville remained in the theatrical repertoire for a long time, and its name became a catch phrase.

Skotinin

The protagonist of DI Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor" (1782), a type of ignorant and rude landowner-serf-owner, whose surname characterizes his bestial nature. His name has become a household name for people of this type.

The stingy knight

The hero of the drama of the same name (1836) by A.S. Pushkin, a synonym for the miser, the miser.

They will not say a word in simplicity, everything with a grimace

Quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), words by Famusov.

Do not notice the elephant

The expression arose from the fable "Curious" (1814) by IA Krylov. A visitor to the Kunstkamera saw small insects there, but when asked: "Have you seen an elephant?" - replies: "I didn't notice the elephant." The expression "not to notice the elephant" is used in the meaning: not to notice the most important thing.

I would be glad to serve, to serve is sickening

A quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), the words of Chatsky, who, in response to Famusov's offer to go to serve, thus defines his attitude to the service.

Laugh, really, it's not a sin
Over everything that seems funny

Quote from N. M. Karamzin's poem "Message to Alexander Alekseevich Pleshcheev" (1796):

Who calls the muses out of boredom
And gentle grace, their companions;
With verses, prose amuses
Yourself, home and strangers;
Laughs from a pure heart
(Laugh, really, it's not a sin!)
Over everything that seems funny -
The one in the world will get along with the world
And he will not end his days
Sharp iron or poison ...

Look at the root!

Aphorism (1854) by Kozma Prutkov.

Sobakevich

One of the heroes of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" (1842), a type of rude landowner.

His name has become synonymous with a money-grubber, a rude man and unfriendly to everyone, as well as a retrograde.

The sun of Russian poetry

Figurative definition of the meaning of the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin. This is an expression from a short notice of the poet's death, published on January 30, 1837 in No. 5 of the Literary Additions to The Russian Invalid: “The sun of our poetry has set! Pushkin died, died in the prime of his years, in the middle of his great career! .. We have no more strength to talk about this, and we don’t need to: every Russian heart knows the full value of this irreversible loss, and every Russian heart will be torn to pieces. Pushkin! our poet! our joy, our people's glory! .. Is it really true that we no longer have Pushkin! you can't get used to this thought! January 29, 245 pm. " The author of this notice was considered journalist A. A. Kraevsky, editor of Literary Supplements. However, from S. N. Karamzina's letter to her brother, it is clear that in reality the author of this notice is V. F. Odoevsky.

Broke!

The expression became popular after the staging (1855) of the comedy by A. V. Sukhovo-Kobylin (1817-1903) "The Wedding of Krechinsky". So exclaims the hero of the comedy Krechinsky, when all the machinations cunningly invented by him failed and the police came to arrest him.

Up the sleeves (to work)

So they talk about carelessly, with laziness, somehow being performed work. In Ancient Russia, outerwear was worn with exorbitantly long sleeves, the unrolled ends of which fell down to the knees, or even to the ground. Naturally, without raising such sleeves, there was nothing to think about work. Close to this expression is the second, the opposite in meaning and born later: “Work with your sleeves rolled up,” that is, resolutely, ardently, with zeal.

Tearing off all and sundry masks

From the article "Leo Tolstoy, as a mirror of the Russian revolution" (1908) by V. I. Lenin. Revealing the “screaming contradictions” in Tolstoy's work, he wrote: “On the one hand, the most sober realism, tearing off all and all kinds of masks; on the other hand, the preaching of one of the most disgusting things that only exist in the world, namely: religion, the desire to replace priests by official position, priests by moral conviction, that is, the cultivation of the most refined and therefore especially disgusting clergy.

Allegorically: accusatory moods and corresponding actions.

Pluck flowers of pleasure

An expression from Nikolai Gogol's comedy “The Inspector General” (1836), the words of Khlestakov: “I love to eat. After all, you live to pick flowers of pleasure. " Used in the sense: selfishly, carelessly using the pleasures of life, without thinking about your family or social duty.

Stand in front of me like a leaf in front of a grass!

Expression from a Russian folk tale. Ivanushka the fool summons his magic horse with a spell: "Sivka-burka, prophetic Kaurko, stand in front of me like a leaf in front of the grass." The expression is used in the meaning: appear instantly!

To embarrass

The word was introduced into the literary speech of FM Dostoevsky. It first appeared in his story "The Double" in 1843, used in the meaning of "shut up, wither, imperceptibly, stealthily hide."

Destiny plays a man

The phrase from the song "Rustled, the Moscow fire was burning", which is a rework of the poem "He" (ie Napoleon) by NS Sokolov (1850).

Happy who visited this world
In fatal minutes

A quote from the poem by F. I. Tyutchev (1803–1873) "Cicero" (1836). In ed. “Tyutchev. Lyrics "(1965):" Blessed is he who visited ... "

Happy hours are not observed

Quote from the comedy by A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824). This expression can be associated with the words from the drama "Piccolomini" (1800) by Schiller: "Die Uhr schlagt keinem Gliicklihen" ("Happy the clock does not strike").

Sons of Lieutenant Schmidt

The first two chapters of the satirical novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Golden Calf" (1931) tells about clever fraudsters who derive various benefits by posing as the sons of Lieutenant Schmidt, the leader of the revolutionary uprising of sailors in Sevastopol in 1905, who was shot by the verdict of the tsarist court. The name "sons of Lieutenant Schmidt", which has become winged, is applied to crooks of this type.

Cheese-boron flared up

The expression “fuss is on fire” comes from the proverb “Raw pine forest caught fire”, which means that a big trouble can arise from a mere trifle.

A plot worthy of Aivazovsky's brush

Quote from the play by A. Chekhov "Uncle Vanya" (1897). This phrase is uttered by Telegin. In response to the words of the old nanny about the quarrel between Voinitsky and Serebryakov: "Just now they raised a noise, the shooting is a shame", - he remarks: "Yes, a plot worthy of Aivazovsky's brush." Before Chekhov, this expression can already be found in journalism in the 1860s and 1870s, and in a slightly different form - “worthy of a brush” - it was used before; for example, in Pushkin, in a note in “Lit. gas. ", 1830, we read:" The image of Sorvantsov [in "A Conversation with Princess Khaldina" by Fonvizin] is worthy of the brush that painted the Prostakov family. "

T

Table of ranks

This is the name of the list of ranks of the military, civil and court departments, established by the law of Peter I (1722) on the procedure for public service in Russia. Allegorically: a comparative assessment of merits in a particular area of \u200b\u200bprofessional activity.

So he wrote dark and sluggish

A quote from the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" by A. Pushkin (1828), characterization of the poetry of Vladimir Lensky:

So he wrote darkly and listlessly,
(What we call romanticism
Although there is not a bit of romanticism here
I do not see ...)

Theater starts with a hanger

An aphorism of one of the founders of the Moscow Art Theater KS Stanislavsky (1863-1938). There is no such aphorism in his writings, but oral rumor attributes it to him. A phrase similar in thought to this aphorism is found in KS Stanislavsky's letter to the cloakroom attendants of the Moscow Art Theater on January 23, 1933. Responding “to the greeting on his 70th birthday, he wrote:“ Our Art Theater differs from many other theaters in that The performance begins from the moment you enter the theater building. You are the first to meet the visiting spectators ... "

Dark kingdom

This is the title of the article (1859) by N.A.Dobrolyubov, devoted to the analysis of the plays of A.N.Ostrovsky. Speaking about the various types of merchant tyranny depicted by Ostrovsky, Dobrolyubov made a generalization and showed the life of feudal Russia as a "dark kingdom", "a stinking dungeon", "a world of dull aching pain, a world of prison, deathly silence." “There is nothing sacred, nothing pure, nothing right in this dark world: the tyranny dominating over him, wild, insane, wrong, drove away any consciousness of honor and right ... And they cannot be where human dignity is thrown to dust and brazenly trampled by tyrants, freedom of the individual, faith in love and happiness, and the shrine of honest labor. " The expression "dark kingdom", after the appearance of Dobrolyubov's article, began to denote not only the world of merchants-tyrants or generally a dark and inert environment, but became a symbol of autocratic-feudal Russia (see Ray of light in the dark kingdom).

Timurovets

The hero of the story by Arkady Gaidar (pseudonym of A. P. Golikov, 1904–1941) Timur and His Team (1940), pioneer Timur, together with a team of peers he has assembled, decides to take care of the families of soldiers who went to the Red Army. Gaidar's story, who was able to see the extraordinary in everyday life, gave birth to a social movement among schoolchildren Timur, who in their behavior equals the brave, active, honest and generous Timur. The hero of the story became a model for many young patriots who helped the Motherland during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War.

Pip on the tongue

Pip is a small horny tubercle at the tip of the tongue in birds that helps them peck at food. Overgrowth of this tubercle may be a sign of illness. Painful, hard pimples can appear on a person's tongue; they were also called pips and were considered a sign of deceit. From these observations and superstitions, the incantatory formula was born: "Pip your tongue!" Its main meaning was: "You are a liar: let you have a pip on your tongue!" Now the meaning of this spell has changed somewhat. "Pip your tongue!" - an ironic wish to the one who expressed an unkind thought, predicted an unpleasant one.

Darkness of low truths is dearer to me

Deception elevating us

A quote from the poem by Alexander Pushkin "Hero" (1831).

Have

At the devil's place

The expression means: very far, somewhere in the wilderness. Kulichki is a modified dialect word kulizhki (from kuliga) meaning “forest glades; places burnt out, cut down and adapted for cultivation of land, as well as islets in the swamp ”. The kulizhki were, as a rule, far from the villages and villages, hence the meaning of the expression: "near the devil on the little kulichki" - very far, no one knows where.

Terrible age, terrible hearts

Quote from the drama of Alexander Pushkin "The Covetous Knight" (1836). Sometimes it is quoted inaccurately: instead of "terrible" - "iron".

The mind, honor and conscience of our era

From the article "Political Blackmail" (1917) by V. I. Lenin, in which he characterizes his party (Bolsheviks) in this way. Speaking out against the Russian press of a different, non-Bolshevik orientation, calling its journalists “blackmailers” and “slanderers,” V. I. Lenin wrote: “We will be firm in stigmatizing blackmailers. We will be adamant in the analysis of the slightest doubts by the court of class-conscious workers, by the court of our party, we believe in it, in it we see the mind, honor and conscience of our era ... "

Quoted ironically about a party claiming leadership, special moral qualities, special knowledge.

Mind chamber

The word "chamber" in the Old Russian language meant a large room in a stone building. Then it began to be applied to various institutions located in such vast buildings: the Armory Chamber, the Faceted Chamber ... All kinds of conferences usually took place in the chambers, the boyars in them "thought of the sovereign's duma." This is where the expression “the ward of the mind” arose, depicting a person whose mind was equal to the whole assembly of sages. Later, however, it acquired an ironic meaning: now they say this more often about fools than about smart people.

Moderation and accuracy

With these words, in the comedy of A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (1824), Molchalin defines his two merits.

Humiliated and insulted

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