Is it possible to leave a disabled person at work? List of diseases that give the right to receive a disability What does it mean to be engaged in labor activity partially.

The employee was assigned a 2nd disability group. The individual rehabilitation program states that the employee can work part-time. There are no recommendations on employment and recommendations on working conditions in the new form of an individual rehabilitation program. At the same time, a sick leave is not issued to an employee after the establishment of disability of group 2, and according to the doctor, the employee must continue treatment in a hospital for a long time, i.e. health condition does not allow her to start work. How should we deal with the worker in this case? Under what article to dismiss?

Answer

Answer to the question:

In this situation, you need to make a request to the institution that issued the rehabilitation program with a request to clarify whether the employee can continue to work in his position.

If a doctor says that an employee needs treatment, this should not be expressed verbally, but in the form of a medical report.

The basis for terminating the employment contract, in this situation, will be precisely the medical conclusion that it is impossible to continue working.

If the position of the employee provides for preliminary and periodic medical examinations, then you can be sent for a periodic medical examination in order to obtain a medical opinion.

According to Art. 73 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, an employee who needs to be transferred to another job in accordance with a medical report, with his written consent, the employer is obliged to transfer to another job he has that is not contraindicated for the employee for health reasons.

If an employee who, in accordance with a medical report, needs a temporary transfer to another job for up to four months, refuses to transfer or the employer does not have the corresponding job, the employer obliged for the entire period specified in the medical report remove the employee from work with the preservation of his place of work (position).

If, in accordance with the medical report, the employee needs to be temporarily transferred to another job for more than four months or in permanent transfer , and there are no vacancies or the employee’s consent to the transfer, then the employer should formalize the dismissal of such an employee in accordance with clause 8 of part 1 of article 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Dismissal on the specified basis is aimed at protecting the health of the employee and is not considered a violation of his rights. The employer needs to have documents indicating the presence of relevant vacancies (positions) or their absence. Upon dismissal on this basis, the employee is paid a severance pay in the amount of two weeks' earnings.

Sample documents are given in the materials of the System.

Details in the materials of the System Personnel:

1. Shape

Offer of transfer to another job in accordance with the medical report

Job transfer offer

according to medical opinion

Moscow 18.08.2010

list of vacancies currently existing in "Alpha" and not

contraindicated for health reasons. We offer to take one of them according to your

choice.

If you agree or disagree, please mark in the appropriate box of this

suggestions.

List of vacancies as of 18.08.201 0

Director A.V. Lviv

Offer to transfer to another job in accordance with the medical report

awarded,

18.08.2010 Yu.I. Kolesov

Sample Notice

NOTIFICATION

About the absence of vacant positions of the relevant

medical report

By the conclusion of the medical and social examination No. 4281916 dated September 10, 2012, you were assigned the second disability group. In accordance with the Individual Program for the Rehabilitation of a Disabled Person, card No. 1611 to the certificate of examination No. 1682 dated September 10, 2012. Work with severe psycho-emotional stress, heavy physical labor, work, the sudden cessation of which is dangerous for others, lifting and carrying heavy loads were contraindicated for you work at height and in extreme conditions. These recommendations are contraindications to work as a bus driver. In this regard, we inform you that as of September 10, 2012, there are no vacancies in Passenger Transportation LLC that meet the above recommendations.

We inform you that due to the lack of vacancies, the employment contract with you will be terminated in accordance with paragraph 8 of the first part of Article 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Unified form No. T-8

Approved by the resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation

(order)
on termination (cancellation) of an employment contract with an employee (dismissal)

if the employer does not have other work required in accordance with the medical report,

Motivated opinion of the elected

trade union body in writing

(from “

”

No.

) reviewed

Work book (fragment). Registration of dismissal if the employer does not have a job corresponding to the medical certificate issued to the employee

Approved

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

Job details

records	date of			information about hiring, transfer to another permanent jobs, qualifications, layoffs clause of law)	Name, date and room document, based whom entry made
records	number	month	year
1	2			3	4
				Closed Joint Stock Company Alfa (CJSC Alfa)
1	11	01	2006	Hired in the technical department masters of industrial training	Order from 11.01.2006 No. 4-to
2	28	02	2013	Dismissed due to absence from the employer other work required in accordance with medical opinion, point 8 of part 1 article 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federations Supervisor personnel department E.E. Gromov Worker	Order from 28.02.2013 № 16

2. Answer: How to issue a transfer or dismissal on a medical report if there are medical contraindications to the work performed by the employee

In some cases, the administration of the organization is obliged to transfer the employee to another job. For example, when a medical report officer is unable to perform their previous work. With the consent of the employee, the administration must transfer him to another job that is not contraindicated for him for health reasons. An offer with a list of vacant positions that are in the organization is made in any form. These positions must comply with the restrictions on work, which are reflected in the medical report of the employee, and be suitable for his health condition. The employee must answer the proposal in writing whether he agrees to the transfer or refuses it. This follows from part 1 of article 73 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

If the employee agrees to the transfer, draw up in the general manner an additional agreement to the employment contract, an order (in form No. T-5 or a self-developed form) and make the appropriate entries in the work book and personal card of the employee (clause 10 of the Rules approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2003 No. 225, instructions approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated January 5, 2004 No. 1).

When an employee is transferred for medical reasons, the new job can be both higher paid and lower paid. If an employee was transferred to a lower-paid job, then within a month from the date of the transfer, he must keep his average earnings from his previous job. If the transfer is due to the fact that the employee has received an injury or an occupational disease, then the average salary is kept for him until the employee recovers or the doctors establish his disability. This procedure is established in article 182 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

If the employee refused the transfer or there are no vacancies. Then the organization starts from the period for which, in accordance with the medical report, the employee must be transferred to another job. If an employee requires a temporary transfer for a period of up to four months, then suspend him from work for the entire period specified in the medical report. At the same time, the employee must retain his place of work (position). Do not accrue wages or other social benefits for this period, unless otherwise provided by the labor (collective) agreement or legislation (for example, clause 2 of article 33 of the Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ). This is evidenced by part 2 of article 73 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

If an employee needs a temporary transfer for a period of more than four months or a permanent transfer, then in case of refusal of a vacancy or in the absence of vacancies in the organization, he is fired (part 3 of article 73 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). The basis for dismissal is clause 8 of part 1 of article 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, it is possible to dismiss an employee on this basis during the period of illness, since such a dismissal is not a dismissal at the initiative of the organization. The legitimacy of this approach is also confirmed by the courts (see, for example, the appeal ruling of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Court dated January 20, 2014 No. 33-121).

If a translation on a medical report is needed by the management of the organization. A special procedure for dismissal in case of refusal of a vacancy or lack of vacancies in the organization when transferring for medical reasons exists for managers, their deputies and chief accountants (part 4 of article 73 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Even if the transfer period is less than four months, the organization has the right to dismiss such employees under clause 8 of part 1 of article 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. However, with the written consent of the employee, the employment contract with him can not be terminated, but only removed from work for a period determined by agreement of the parties. Do not accrue wages or other social benefits for this period, unless otherwise provided by the labor (collective) agreement or legislation (for example, clause 2 of article 33 of the Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ).

From the answer "How to arrange the transfer of an employee to a permanent job within the same organization"

Ivan Shklovets, Deputy Head of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment

With respect and wishes for comfortable work, Ekaterina Zaitseva,

Expert Systems Personnel

Labor is a fundamental form of human activity, in the process of which the entire set of objects necessary for satisfying needs is created.

Labor activity is one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming the natural world and creating material wealth.

In the structure of labor activity, there are:

production of certain products;
materials, the transformation of which is aimed at;
devices with the help of which objects of labor are subjected to transformation;
techniques and methods used in the production process.

The following parameters are used for characterization:

labor productivity;
Labor efficiency;
The level of division of labor.

General requirements for a participant in labor activity:

professionalism (the employee must master all the techniques and methods of production);
qualification (High requirements for the preparation of a participant in the labor process);
discipline (the employee is required to comply with labor laws and internal labor regulations).

Labor relations and their legal regulation

Labor is a purposeful process of creating material and spiritual values in society. Being engaged in labor activity, receiving for it a part of the social product in the form of profit, salary, a person creates conditions for satisfying his material and spiritual needs.

The right to work is one of the fundamental human rights and freedoms and is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The main labor activity of most people is work at enterprises that can be based on private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership. The labor relations of an employee with an enterprise are regulated by labor legislation.

If a person is suitable for the enterprise, then an employment contract (contract) is concluded between them. It defines mutual rights and obligations.

An employment contract is a voluntary agreement, which means that both parties have made their choice, that the qualification of the employee suits the company, and the conditions offered by the company to the employee.

An employee, together with other employees, can participate in the conclusion of a collective agreement with the administration of the enterprise, which regulates socio-economic, professional relations, issues of labor protection, health, and social development of the team.

labor law

Labor law is an independent branch of Russian law that regulates the relations of employees with enterprises, as well as derivatives, but other relations closely related to them.

Labor law occupies a special place in the system of Russian law. It determines the procedure for hiring, transferring, dismissing employees, the system and norms of remuneration, establishes incentives for success in work, penalties for violation of labor discipline, labor protection rules, the procedure for considering labor disputes (both individual and collective).

The sources of labor law are understood as regulatory legal acts, i.e. acts in which the norms of labor law of the Russian Federation are fixed. The most important source of labor law is the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation. It contains the fundamental principles of legal regulation of labor (articles 2, 7, 8, 19, 30, 32, 37, 41, 43, 46, 53, etc.).

In the system of sources of labor law, after the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Labor Code (Labor Code) occupies an important place. The Labor Code regulates the legal relations of all employees, contributing to the growth of labor productivity, improving the quality of work, increasing the efficiency of social production and raising on this basis the material and cultural standard of living of workers, strengthening labor discipline and gradually turning labor for the benefit of society into the first vital need of everyone. able-bodied person. The Labor Code establishes a high level of working conditions, all-round protection of the labor rights of workers.

Labor contract

Of the various forms of realization of the right of citizens to work, the main one is an employment contract (contract).

In accordance with Article 15 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, an employment contract (contract) is an agreement between workers and an enterprise, institution, organization, according to which the worker undertakes to perform work in a certain specialty, qualification or position subject to internal labor regulations, and the enterprise, institution, organization undertakes pay the worker wages and ensure the working conditions provided for by labor legislation, the collective agreement and the agreement of the parties.

The definition of the concept of an employment contract allows us to distinguish the following distinctive features:

an employment contract (contract) provides for the performance of work of a certain kind (in a certain specialty, qualification or position);
involves the subordination of the employee to the internal labor schedule established at the enterprise, institution, organization;
the obligation of the employer to organize the work of the employee, create normal working conditions for him that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene.

As can be seen from the definition of an employment agreement (contract), one of the parties is a citizen who has entered into an agreement on work as a specific employee. As a general rule, a citizen can conclude an employment contract (contract) from the age of 15.

In order to prepare young people for productive work, it is allowed to hire students from general education schools, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions to perform light work that does not harm health and does not disrupt the learning process, in their free time after they reach 14 years of age from consent of one of the parents or a person replacing him.

The second party to the employment contract (contract) is the employer - an enterprise, institution, organization, regardless of the form of ownership on which it is based. In some cases, the second party to the employment agreement (contract) may be a citizen when, for example, a personal driver, housekeeper, personal secretary, etc. is accepted.

The content of any contract is understood as its conditions that determine the rights and obligations of the parties. The content of the employment agreement (contract) is the mutual rights, obligations and responsibilities of its parties. Both parties to the employment agreement (contract) have subjective rights and obligations determined by the employment agreement (contract) and labor legislation. Depending on the procedure for establishing, two types of conditions of an employment contract (contract) are distinguished:

derivatives established by the current legislation;
direct, established by agreement of the parties when concluding an employment contract.

Derivative conditions are established by the current labor legislation. These include the conditions: on labor protection, on the establishment of a minimum wage, on disciplinary and material liability, etc. These conditions cannot be changed by agreement of the parties (unless otherwise provided by law). The parties do not agree on derivative conditions, knowing that with the conclusion of the contract, these conditions are binding by law.

The immediate conditions, which are determined by the agreement of the parties, are divided in turn into:

necessary;
additional.

Necessary conditions are those in the absence of which the employment contract does not arise. These include the conditions:

about the place of work (enterprise, its structural subdivision, their location);
about the labor function of the employee, which he will perform. The labor function (type of work) is determined by the establishment by the parties of the contract of the profession, specialty, qualification for which a particular employee will work;
terms of remuneration;
duration and type of employment contract (contract).

In addition to the necessary conditions, the parties may establish additional conditions when concluding an employment agreement (contract). From the name itself it is clear that they may or may not be. Without them, an employment contract (contract) can be concluded. Additional conditions include: on the establishment of a probationary period for employment, on the provision of out of turn places in a preschool institution, on the provision of living space, etc. This group of conditions may relate to any other labor issues, as well as social and welfare services for the employee. If the parties have agreed on specific additional conditions, then they automatically become mandatory for their implementation.

The procedure for concluding an employment contract (contract)

Labor legislation establishes a certain procedure for admission and legal guarantees of the right to work upon admission. Employment in our country is based on the principle of selection of personnel for business qualities. Unjustified refusal to hire is prohibited.

An employment contract (contract) is concluded in writing. It is drawn up in two copies and kept by each of the parties. Employment is formalized by order (instruction) of the administration of the organization. The order is announced to the employee against receipt. The current legislation prohibits the requirement for employment documents, in addition to those provided by law.

Employment contracts (contracts), according to the time for which they are concluded, are:

perpetual - for an indefinite period,
urgent - for a certain period of time,
while doing a certain job.

A fixed-term employment contract (contract) is concluded in cases where labor relations cannot be established for an indefinite period, taking into account the nature of the work to be done, subject to its performance, or the interests of the employee, as well as in cases directly provided for by law.

When hiring, by agreement of the parties, a probationary period may be established in order to verify the compliance of the employee with the work assigned to him.

During the probationary period, the employee is fully covered by labor legislation. The test is established for a period of up to three months, and in some cases, in agreement with the relevant elected trade union bodies, for a period of up to six months. If the employee did not pass the test, then he is dismissed before the end of the specified period.

The work book is the main document on the work activity of the employee. Employment records are kept for all workers who have worked more than five days, including seasonal and temporary workers, as well as non-staff workers, provided that they are subject to state social insurance. Filling in the work book for the first time is carried out by the administration of the enterprise.

Salary

Issues of remuneration are currently resolved directly at the enterprise. Their regulation, as a rule, is carried out in a collective agreement or other local regulatory act. The tariff rates (salaries), forms and systems of remuneration established at the enterprise may be periodically reviewed depending on the achieved production and economic results and the financial situation of the enterprise, but cannot be lower than the established state minimum.

The regulation of remuneration of employees in the public sector, employees employed in representative and executive authorities, is carried out centrally on the basis of the Unified Tariff Scale.

In an employment agreement (contract), it is advisable to indicate the amount of the tariff rate (official salary) of an employee by profession (position), qualified category and qualification category provided for in a collective agreement or other local regulatory act.

The salary of each employee should depend on the complexity of the work performed, personal labor contribution.

By agreement of the parties, a higher wage rate may be established than in the relevant act (agreement), if this does not contradict local regulations in force at the enterprise.

Establishing on an individual basis a higher wage should be associated with the high qualification of the employee, the performance of more complex tasks, programs and ensure equal pay for an equal quantity and quality of work.

In addition to the size of the tariff rate (official salary), the employment contract may provide for various additional payments and allowances of an stimulating and compensatory nature: for professional skills and high qualifications, for class, for an academic degree, for deviation from normal working conditions, etc.

By agreement of the parties in the employment agreement (contract), these allowances are specified and, in some cases, can be increased in comparison with the general norm provided for at the enterprise, if this does not contradict local regulations in force at the enterprise.

The employment agreement (contract) indicates the amount of additional payments for combining professions or positions. The specific amount of additional payments is determined by agreement of the parties based on the complexity of the work performed, its volume, the employee's employment in the main and combined work, etc. Along with additional payments, the parties may also agree on other compensations for combining professions (positions), for example, additional leave, an increased amount of remuneration for the year, etc.

Various types of incentives for employees operating in an organization can also be reflected in an individual labor agreement (contract), for example, bonuses, remuneration at the end of the year, payment for length of service, payment in kind.

Types of working hours

Working time is a period of time established by law or on its basis, during which the employee must perform work duties, while obeying the internal labor regulations.

The legislator establishes three types of working time.

Normal working hours at enterprises, organizations, institutions not exceeding 40 hours per week.
Reduced working hours. The legislator establishes such a duration, taking into account the conditions and nature of labor, and in some cases, the physiological characteristics of the body of certain categories of workers. The reduction in working hours does not entail a reduction in wages.
Part-time work.

Reduced working hours apply:

for employees under 18:

age from 16 to 18 years implies employment of no more than 36 hours per week;
age from 15 to 16 years old, as well as from 14 to 15 years old, students (working during the holidays) - no more than 24 hours a week;

for workers in production with harmful working conditions - no more than 36 hours a week;
a shorter week is established for certain categories of workers (teachers, doctors, women, as well as those employed in the agricultural sector, etc.).

part-time work

By agreement between the employee and the administration, part-time work or part-time work may be established (both at the time of employment and subsequently). At the request of a woman, women with children under the age of 14, a disabled child under 16; at the request of a person caring for a sick family member (in accordance with the available medical document), the administration is obliged to establish part-time work or part-time work for them.

Payment in these cases is made in proportion to the hours worked or depending on the output.

Part-time work does not entail any restrictions for employees on the duration of annual leave, the calculation of seniority and other labor rights.

Overtime work

Establishing a specific measure of labor in the form of a norm of working time, labor legislation at the same time allows for some exceptions, when it is possible to involve an employee in work outside this norm.

Overtime work is work in excess of the established working hours. As a rule, overtime work is not allowed.

The administration of the enterprise can apply overtime work only in exceptional cases provided for by law. Overtime work requires the permission of the relevant trade union body of the enterprise, institution, organization.

Certain categories of workers may not be involved in overtime work. Overtime work of each employee must not exceed four hours on two consecutive days and 120 hours per year.

Almost everyone works to secure and improve their lives. The work uses mental and physical abilities. Today, in the modern world, work activity is more extensive than it was before. How is the process and organization of work? What types are there? Why does a person refuse to work? Read more for answers...

The concept of labor activity

Work is the mental and physical effort applied to achieve a certain result. A person uses his abilities for consistent work and its conclusion. Human work is aimed at:

1. Raw materials (a person works with them to bring them to the final result).

2. Means of labor are transport, household equipment, tools and equipment (with their help, a person makes any product).

3. The cost of living labor, which is the salary of all personnel in production.

A person's work activity can be both complex and simple. For example, one plans and controls the entire process of work - this is mental ability. There are workers who write down the indicators on the counter every hour - this is physical work. However, it is not as difficult as the first one.

Labor efficiency will be improved only when a person has certain work skills. Therefore, they accept people for production not those who have just graduated from a university, but those who have experience and skill.

Why does a person need a job?

Why are we working? Why does a person need a job? Everything is very simple. To fulfill human needs. Most people think so, but not all.

There are people for whom work is self-realization. Often such work brings a minimum income, but thanks to it, a person does what he loves and develops. When people do things that they like, then the work is better. Career also refers to self-realization.

A woman who is completely dependent on her husband goes to work only in order not to degrade. Home life often “eats up” a person so much that you start to lose yourself. As a result, from an interesting and intelligent personality, you can turn into a home "hen". Surrounding such a person becomes uninteresting.

It turns out that the labor activity of the worker is the essence of the personality. Therefore, you need to evaluate your abilities and choose the work that not only brings income, but also pleasure.

Varieties of labor activity

As mentioned earlier, a person applies mental or physical abilities for work. About 10 types of labor activity were counted. All of them are varied.

Types of labor activity:

Physical labor includes:

manual;
mechanical;
conveyor labor (work on the conveyor along the chain);
work in production (automatic or semi-automatic).

Types of mental work include:

managerial;
operator;
creative;
educational (this also includes medical professions and students).

Physical work is the performance of labor with the use of muscle activity. They may be partially or completely involved. For example, a builder who carries a bag of cement (the muscles of the legs, arms, back, torso, etc. work). Or the operator records the readings in the document. The muscles of the hands and mental activity are involved here.

Mental work - reception, use, processing of information. This work requires attentiveness, memory, thinking.

Today, only mental or physical labor is a rarity. For example, they hired a builder to renovate the office. He will not only make repairs, but also calculate how much material is needed, what is its cost, how much work costs, etc. Both mental and physical abilities are involved. And so it is with every job. Even if a person works on a conveyor. This work is monotonous, the production is the same every day. If a person does not think, then he will not be able to perform right actions. And this can be said about any kind of work activity.

Motive of labor activity

What motivates a person to do a certain job? Of course, this is the financial side. The higher the salary, the better a person tries to do his job. He understands that a poorly done task is worse paid.

Motivation of labor activity is not only in monetary terms, there are also intangible aspects. For example, many people will be happy to work if you create a friendly atmosphere for them in the team. Frequent staff turnover at work cannot create warmth among employees.

Some workers need social needs. That is, it is important for them to feel the support of leaders and colleagues.

There is a type of people who need attention and praise. They should feel that their work is in demand and they are not in vain putting their efforts into work.

Certain employees want to fulfill themselves through work. They are ready to work tirelessly, the main thing for them is to give impetus.

Therefore, it is necessary to find the right approach to each employee so that they have a motivation for work. Only then will the work be done quickly and efficiently. After all, every person needs to be encouraged to work.

Organization of labor activity

Each production or enterprise has a certain system, according to which the labor activity of a person is calculated. This is done so that the work does not go astray. The organization of labor activity is planned, then fixed in certain documents (schemes, instructions, etc.).

The work planning system specifies:

the workplace of workers, its lighting, equipment and plan of activity (a person must have all the necessary materials for work);
division of labor activity;
methods of work (actions that are performed in the process);
acceptance of labor (determined by the method of work);
working hours (how long the employee should be at the workplace);
working conditions (what is the load of the worker);
labor process;
quality of work;
work discipline.

In order to have high productivity in the enterprise, it is necessary to adhere to a planned organization of work.

The labor process and its types

Each work is done with the help of a person. This is the labor process. It is divided into types:

by the nature of the object of labor (the work of employees - the subject of work is technology or the economy, the labor activity of ordinary workers is associated with materials or any details).
according to the functions of employees (workers help produce products or maintain equipment, managers monitor the correct work);
on the participation of workers in the level of mechanization.

The last option is:

The process of manual work (in labor activity no machines, machines or tools are used).
The process is in machine-manual work (labor activity is performed using a machine tool).
Machine process (labor activity takes place with the help of a machine, while the worker does not apply physical force, but monitors the correct course of work).

Working conditions

People work in different fields. Working conditions are a number of factors that surround a person's workplace. They affect his work and health. They are divided into 4 types:

Optimal working conditions (1st class) - human health does not get worse. Supervisors help the employee to maintain a high level of work.
Permissible working conditions (2nd class) - the employee's work is normal, but his health periodically deteriorates. True, by the next shift it is already normalized. According to the documents, the harmfulness is not exceeded.
Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - harmfulness is exceeded, and the employee's health deteriorates more and more. Hygiene standards exceeded.
Dangerous working conditions - with such work, a person runs the risk of getting very dangerous diseases.

For optimal conditions, the employee must breathe clean air, the humidity of the room, the constant movement of air, the temperature in the room must be normal, it is desirable to create natural lighting. If all the norms are not observed, then a person gradually receives harm for his body, which will affect his health over time.

Quality of work

This category is the most important for labor activity. After all, proper work affects the volume and quality of products. The workforce requires professional skills, qualifications and experience. These qualities make it clear what kind of work a person is capable of. Very often, people are not fired at enterprises, but first they are trained, eventually improving their qualifications.

First of all, a person himself must be aware of responsibility in work and approach it qualitatively. If you show your literacy and professionalism, then the management will decide on advanced training and promotion. Thus, the quality of work is improved.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that a person needs to work for several reasons. It is advisable to choose a labor activity according to your abilities and sympathy. Only then will the work be done with dignity and quality. Be sure to pay attention to working conditions. Always remember what your health depends on. In the process of work, be very careful, as work-related injuries are not excluded, which entail not only problems for the employee, but also for the management. For successful, high performance, adhere to all the rules and regulations by which the enterprise operates. Always leave all the problems at home, and go to work with a smile, like on a holiday. If the day starts with a good mood, then it will end the same way.

Labor activity (labor) is a special energy-consuming, generally recognized expedient human activity that requires the application of efforts and the implementation of work. Through labor activity, a person modifies certain elements of the external world and adapts them to meet his needs.

Labor is the basis of human life and development. The product of labor can be expressed in monetary terms as income or earnings received as a result of its sale.

In the process of work, a person interacts with objects of labor And means of labor, as well as with environment. The interaction of a person with objects and means of labor is predetermined by the development of technology, the level of automation of production.

labor process

A necessary condition for productive labor is its labor safety, compliance with sanitary and hygienic, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements. The problem of the relationship between man and nature has become the subject of a new scientific direction - social ecology.

Inexhaustible variety types of work can be easily classified by types and forms. So, social character of labor conditioned form of ownership to the means of production. On this basis, distinguish private labor(owner or tenant) and wage labor(organizational forms of these types of labor - individual and collective labor). The social nature of labor is manifested in the formation of ways to motivate it (desire, perceived need, coercion). Structural nature of labor determined content of labor; the main parameters here are degree of intellectualization And qualification complexity of labor functions. The degree of intellectualization of the labor function differs depending on the proportion of the elements of mental and physical labor contained in it, as well as on the proportion of creative and reproductive(uncreative) labor.

Physical work- this is one of the main forms of a simple labor process, which is characterized by the predominance of physical activity over mental. In the process of physical labor, a person uses muscle energy and strength to actuate the means and tools of labor in order to transform the object of labor into a product of labor, and partially controls this action. In the beginning, all physical labor was manual. The invention of new types of means of labor, as well as new types of energy (steam, electric, etc.) and methods of their use for the mechanization of labor has always been aimed at facilitating one or another procedure or operation of human physical labor. From this point of view, the following types of labor processes are distinguished:

- manual. They are carried out manually with the help of non-mechanized tools, for example, fixing mine workings, manual assembly of units and machines, manual molding, etc. In this type of labor processes, manual creative labor is distinguished, which differs from most manual works by an increased content of elements of creativity, artistic fantasy, individual (author's) character of performance and other qualities, for example, the production of products in the traditions of folk arts and crafts (Bogorodskaya wood carving, Msterskaya, Zhostovo decorative painting on art products, etc.), jewelry and filigree production, production of amber products, etc.;

- machine-manual. These include processes performed by machines or mechanisms with the direct participation of the worker (at the same time, the efforts of the worker and the energy of the machine are used), for example, processing parts on woodworking or metal-cutting machines with manual feed, grinding seams in the clothing industry. Machine-manual processes also include processes performed by workers using manual mechanized labor tools, such as electric drilling machines, jackhammers, electric wrenches, pneumatic rammers, etc.;

- machine. Here, the main work is done by machines, and the elements of auxiliary work are done manually or with the help of mechanisms. Machine processes, for example, include the processing of parts on machine tools with mechanized feed, etc.;

- automated. These are processes in which the main work is fully mechanized, and the auxiliary is partially mechanized (semi-automatic); the operation of the mechanisms is automatic. In these cases, the functions of workers are reduced to setting up machines, monitoring their operation and eliminating defects, and on semi-automatic machines, in addition, to the periodic supply of raw materials (blanks) and the removal of finished products. Such processes, for example, include turning parts on machine tools with program control, manufacturing products on automatic lines, etc.;

- hardware, i.e. processes carried out on special equipment (devices) by influencing the subject of thermal, electrical or chemical energy. At the same time, workers regulate the course of ongoing processes. Instrumental processes, for example, include the smelting of cast iron in cupolas and blast furnaces; annealing and carburizing of parts; most processes in the chemical and oil refining industries, etc.

When identifying types of labor on the basis of the indicated characteristics, appropriate quantitative criteria are established based on the ratio between the employment of the workplace and the employee. The hallmark of mechanized labor is a decrease in the participation of large muscle groups during the performance of work and an increase in the importance of smaller muscle groups with a significant increase in the speed and accuracy of movements. In the conditions of mechanized production, local and regional work prevails, which can be both dynamic and static. Professions of mechanized labor require the accumulation of special knowledge and motor skills necessary for the management of various tools, mechanisms, machines, etc. An example of this type of labor can be various types of machine work, straightening work, etc.

By degree favorable conditions distinguish between such types of labor as stationary and mobile; ground and underground; light, medium and heavy; attractive and unattractive; unregulated (free), regulated and strictly regulated (forced labor).

For the general characteristics of a particular labor, all the considered groups of characteristics are used in combination.

By professional sign scientific (or research), engineering, managerial, industrial, pedagogical, medical, etc. labor can be singled out. functional feature types of labor are subdivided depending on their intended purpose, scope and functional role in the economic cycle of economic activity. By industry feature distinguish such types of labor as industrial (including mining and manufacturing), agricultural (including crop and livestock), construction, transport and communication (in the manufacturing sector).

Brainwork- the second of the main forms of a simple labor process, which characterized by the predominance of mental (mental) load over physical (muscular). In the process of mental labor, a person mainly uses his intellectual capabilities. Technological progress in the field of automation and informatization of all types of activities inevitably reduces the role of physical labor in the production process and increases the role of mental labor. In this case, some problems disappear, but others inevitably arise. So, for example, the increasing responsibility of the operator for the timely recognition of signal information and making the right decision (driver, locomotive driver, aircraft pilot, dispatcher, etc.), a quick change in the situation (airport dispatcher), the ongoing monotony of reproductive labor that requires attention and concentration (supermarket cashier), and much more pose new problems of facilitating mental work.

We emphasize that the nature of work changes significantly when, instead of one person, several people begin to work together. The organization of labor of one, two, three or more people is determined by completely different tasks, which introduce their own problems into the planned implementation of a simple labor process. Here comes the problem wage labor, i.e. the labor of an employee (who owns only his own labor force) for some kind of remuneration (most often for wages) in the interests of the employer (employer), who owns the means of production on the basis of ownership or lease and acts as the organizer of production, to whom the product of labor remains. For an employee, wage labor is a source of livelihood, for an employer it is a source of obtaining the product of labor and making profit, a source of wealth.

Working conditions

Like any other activity, labor activity is fraught with dangers, including for the life and health of a person employed in a simple labor process, his working capacity and the ability to find a job. To eliminate or reduce hazards in the workplace, favorable working conditions must be created and its reliable safety ensured. Working conditions are understood as a set of factors of the labor process and the production environment that affect the performance and health of an employee (Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). The main characteristics of the labor process are the severity and intensity of labor.

The severity of labor load mainly on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body(cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.), which provide its activity. The severity of labor is determined by a number of indicators, labor factors in dynamic and static work:

the size of the lifted and moved cargo manually;
the number of stereotypically repetitive movements;
the nature of the working posture;
the number of deep body slopes;
the magnitude of the static load.

Labor intensity- one of the main factors of the labor process, reflecting load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, emotional sphere worker. The factors that determine the intensity of work include intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of their monotony, and the mode of work.

Under working environment factors, in which human activity is carried out, understand the most diverse conditions of this environment: from physical to socio-psychological. All safety-related hazards are classified as dangerous and harmful production factors of physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological type.

Safety- the state of working conditions, in which the impact of dangerous and harmful production factors on workers is excluded. Security Status is a state where there is no danger of an accident that could cause harm. The degree of security may change over time, since the degree of risk may change depending on objective circumstances and people's actions. Therefore, the degree of safety should be periodically checked by visual or instrumental control. After appropriate verification, preventive and protective measures are developed, the implementation of which improves working conditions and labor protection.

Safe working conditions- these are working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and (or) dangerous production factors is excluded or the levels of their impact do not exceed the established standards (Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Safe working conditions are the most important element of the organization of labor and production, a prerequisite for its effectiveness. A direct indicator of safe working conditions has not yet been invented, but as a an indirect indicator of safe working conditions is the health of workers and their highly productive work without injuries and occupational diseases. In practice, indicators are used that characterize the danger of work: the number of injuries, their frequency and severity. Obligations to ensure safe working conditions in accordance with Art. 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are assigned to the employer. Trade unions and other representative bodies of employees exercise public control over the provision of safe working conditions.

As you know, under certain circumstances, the impact of working conditions on a working person can lead to adverse events, such as fatigue, fatigue (illness).

Fatigue- this is a physiological state of the body that occurs as a result of excessively intense or prolonged activity and is manifested by a temporary decrease in the functional capabilities of the human body. There are physical, mental and emotional fatigue.

Insufficient rest time or excessive workload for a long time often leads to chronic fatigue, or overwork. Distinguish between mental and mental (spiritual) fatigue. In young people and people with a certain type of nervous system, intensive mental work can lead to the development of neuroses, which occur more often when mental fatigue is combined with constant mental stress, a great sense of responsibility, physical exhaustion, etc. Mental overwork is observed in persons who are excessively burdened with "spiritual" unrest and various kinds of duties.

Fatigue- this is a subjective experience, a feeling that usually reflects fatigue, although sometimes it can occur without real fatigue.

The causal relationship of the disease with working conditions is very complex and ambiguous. The complex of factors of the working environment that forms the working conditions, the severity and tension of the labor process have on workers as a specific (i.e. straight and clearly directed), and nonspecific ( general unfavorable) impact.

More common non-specific effects reduces the overall protective functions of the body, which leads to the development of common diseases. Since these diseases are triggered by working conditions, they are often referred to as work-related diseases. In practice, separating them from common diseases is quite difficult (and sometimes impossible).

less common specific impact associated with specific production factors and leads to the development of certain diseases caused by these factors. Since these types of diseases are caused by adverse working conditions of specific jobs in specific professions, they are called occupational diseases, which can be both acute and chronic.

Acute occupational disease This is a disease that occurs suddenly, after a single (within one working day, one work shift) exposure to harmful production factors, resulting in a temporary or permanent loss of professional ability to work. As a rule, these are inhalation poisonings.

Chronic occupational disease This is a disease that occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to harmful production factors, resulting in a temporary or permanent loss of professional ability to work. The vast majority (about 95%) of occupational diseases are chronic.

Practice shows that painful changes in the body can accumulate imperceptibly for years and suddenly manifest as severe occupational disease. Therefore, occupational diseases often lead to occupational disability workers. For example, almost all patients with pneumoconiosis 1 Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation of dust. Pneumoconiosis can occur in workers in the mining, coal, asbestos, engineering and some other industries. get an occupational disability and are forced to change their profession. In addition, the mortality of people with occupational diseases from ordinary diseases that have joined and develop under the influence of harmful production factors is ten times higher than among the population as a whole.

Another very common adverse consequence of exposure to adverse working conditions, in addition to disease, is injury, i.e. violation of the anatomical integrity or physiological functions of human tissues or organs caused by a sudden external influence. Minor cuts, sprains, and other relatively minor non-disabling injuries are often referred to as microtraumas. An injury that causes death is called fatal injury. The totality of all injuries, the very phenomenon of their receipt is called injuries.

Injury assessment requires knowledge of injury frequency, severity (medically) and long-term social consequences (social severity).

The possibility of getting a disease and (or) injury in the process of work, including fatal, adds to the biomedical consequences (injury, illness, injury, disability, death) negative social consequences. These consequences are inherently the dangers of work as a social relation. These include partial or complete loss of working capacity, professional working capacity, general working capacity.

It should be emphasized that even a small loss of the ability to work effectively can become an insurmountable obstacle to maintaining and (or) getting a job, especially when there is a surplus of labor in the labor market.

Recently, many people prefer this form of work as part-time work. This allows not only to receive funds for a living (often no less than if you sit all day in the office), but also to have much more free time.

Let's talk in this post about who is suitable for part-time work, what are the options for earning money and who can engage in such activities.

Full and part-time employment

It is unlikely that someone, honestly working "for an uncle", earns enough to live on, and then there is a desire to earn extra money somewhere else. In addition, not the entire population has the opportunity to work full time at the enterprise. We are talking about young mothers, about pensioners, about students who, spending the first half of the day studying, cannot afford to work in a company on general terms. In this case, a good option for earning will be part-time employment. This is the same labor activity, however, it is characterized by part-time work or work remote from the office.

We are accustomed to the established working standard - an eight-hour day five times a week. Of course, giving ourselves to work in this mode, we do not pay enough attention to our loved ones and household affairs. However, it is precisely 40 hours a week that the law proposes to work for people. Therefore, part-time work is work less than forty hours per week.

Who is entitled, according to the law, to part-time employment?

You will be interested to know that, according to the legislation, part-time work is suitable for:

Pregnant women and mothers who have children under the age of fourteen or a child with a disability who is in care;

Persons who care for a sick family member (this must be confirmed by a medical examination);

Persons who have retired;

Persons who, due to their state of health, are unable to work

How things really are

As you can imagine, the reality is different. Imagine a pensioner who "shakes his rights" and asks his superiors to set him a part-time work week so that he is comfortable! Most likely, after that he will simply be fired (of course, by agreement of the parties, and nothing else) and replaced by a younger and more promising staff. Yes, and situations are not uncommon when a pregnant girl works literally until childbirth, fearing to lose her place. This is very easy to explain, because the labor market is full of young professionals who are willing to work more for less money. We are not talking about true professionals in their field, to whom the boss listens, because there are very few such people. Moreover, there are one or two such positions at the enterprise, and for simple operations, you can take almost anyone.

Therefore, the law is the law, and the work schedule is set by the authorities in a way that is convenient for him. Therefore, a five-day working week of eight hours a day is the ultimate dream for many, because it often consists of six or even seven days with work from dawn to dusk. Is the money worth the sacrifice? Where and on what will you spend your income if your whole life is spent at work? In this case, a part-time job may be a worthy way out.

This is exactly the option when you choose the one that is convenient for you. At the same time, you receive money according to the hours worked or according to the fulfilled norm.

What does part-time work mean?

In Moscow, as in any other large city with a population of at least a million inhabitants, there are a lot of options for part-time jobs. What could it be? If you are young and active, you can earn money as a merchandiser, promoter, consultant in a store, or as a courier. For people who consider themselves more serious, there is a job as a real estate agent. In addition, having certain skills, you can respond to ads like “An accountant is required. Part-time employment, conduct training in the gym, do haircuts or manicures, repair equipment. In addition, there is work on the Internet, which is not a scam, but will also require certain skills.

Part-time job: merchandising and promotion

The world has long turned into a huge store where everyone is trying to either sell something or buy something. Why are there so many annoying commercials on TV?

Because there are too many goods, and buyers, that is, you and I, need to be directed in the direction the manufacturer needs. You can take part in this process and earn money while doing it. In any newspaper with job advertisements and on Internet portals, you can find a column with inscriptions: "Part-time work for pensioners and mothers", "Part-time employment for students" and the like. Do not be afraid of vacancies like "merchandiser" or "promoter", they mean working from products to store shelves) or with customers. You can work as long as it suits you, while receiving money comparable to the earnings of an accountant or office manager. At the same time, you will not be tied to an office or workplace, but will visit shops and retail outlets along a predetermined route (in agreement with the management, the route can be chosen near your home).

part time job for accountants

You can in your free time from your main job or just as a part-time job to engage in accounting. Of course, this is only possible if you are an accountant by education. Part-time employment in this case will be an excellent part-time option for mothers on maternity leave. Any company needs an accountant who can handle invoices and prepare monthly reports. In fact, this specialist is not the person who needs to be present at the workplace every day. Moreover, if you have the Internet, then you can do business without leaving your home. Knowledge of tax laws will be a huge advantage.

Part-time work for people with certain skills

If you are a good manicurist or a hairdresser, massage therapist, you know how to locksmith, then why not do what you love as a part-time job?

Place an ad, advertise yourself on social networks, notify your friends that you can get a beautiful hairstyle much cheaper than in a beauty salon. If you feel drawn to this, but are not a specialist, then professional courses will help you master the business quickly enough for a small cost.

Internet - part-time

Online work has already become the main source of income for many. We're not talking about shady ads like "make $1,000 a day with us" but rather normal jobs that you can do. There are millions of sites in the network that need content, graphic design. If you know how to write articles or do web design, then finding a job will not be difficult. What kind of money can be made this way? Of course, the more you know and know how, the more income can be - someone receives 100-200 thousand rubles a month. For others, on the Internet, part-time work is a nice addition to a salary in the form of 5-10 thousand rubles without much effort.

We cannot recommend a part-time job in the form of playing Forex or trading on the stock exchange, since this type of income has more minuses than pluses. However, there are indeed people with subtle economic flair who make real money on fluctuations in exchange rates or the rise and fall of buying interest. Be interested, search, try and find something of your own.

And finally

Part-time employment is what will help you live fully, paying due attention to family and friends. If you have certain skills or abilities, then it will not be difficult for you to find a part-time job to your liking. But even if, as you think, you know nothing, do not be discouraged. The modern world offers a lot of opportunities for those who need money. Search and you will definitely find something for yourself!