On a sultry hot day, it can be pleasant to relax in the shade of an old spreading linden tree - and a beautiful tree that has a lot of valuable properties and qualities. Do we often wonder what a tree like linden is?
Decorative species: dark green and begonial.
The species is widespread in the broad-leaved forests of Crimea and is a natural hybrid of Caucasian and small-leaved linden.
The height of the tree can be up to 20 meters. The crown is oval, dense. The branches are drooping.
The leaves are 12 cm, oval, dark green on the outside and dull on the inside, with tufts of brown hairs at the corners of the veins.
Flowering time is early June, duration is two weeks. Flowers have 3-7 pieces in an inflorescence.
A young tree grows slowly; as it matures, growth accelerates.
It is resistant to frost and drought, and easily tolerates shade.
Distributed in the forests of Europe, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Caucasus. 
The trunk is up to 35 meters high and reaches a diameter of up to 6 meters. The crown is spreading and has the shape of a wide pyramid. Young shoots are brownish-red, pubescent, young shoots are glabrous.
The oval 14-centimeter leaves are fleecy, dark green on the outside, light on the inside, with hairs at the corners of the veins.
Flowering occurs in July, the flowers are yellow or cream, from 2 to 5 pieces in an inflorescence. The fruit is nut-shaped, round, ribbed.
The tree grows quickly and loves fertile soil. Moderately resistant to frost and gas contamination.
It is distinguished by its durability: it can live up to 500 years of age, some specimens live for more than a thousand years.Decorative types of large-leaved linden: golden, grape-leaved, pyramidal, dissected.
Grows in the southern regions of the Far East. 
The tree grows up to 20 meters. Often multi-stemmed, black bark, cracked.
Its crown has the shape of a wide oval. It has exceptionally large, up to 30 cm, leaves, pubescent on the underside.
It blooms in July, flowering lasts about three weeks. Flowers are 1-1.5 cm in diameter, powerful inflorescences, 8-12 flowers, drooping.
Did you know? Thanks to the drooping type of inflorescences, nectar is not washed away during rain, and bees can do their work even in rainy weather.
Densely pubescent nuts with a diameter of 1 cm ripen in August.
A very decorative tree with high frost resistance.
It grows in the Crimean-Caucasian region, in the European part of Russia, as well as in Siberia and Western Europe. Another name - heart-shaped linden - was given to the shape of the leaves.
Reaches 30 meters in height, the trunk is more than a meter in diameter, and is cylindrical in shape. The young bark is gray and smooth, the old bark darkens and becomes rough. 
The diameter of the tent-shaped crown is 10-15 meters.
Did you know? The small-leaved linden has an interesting design: the upper branches grow upward, the middle ones approach a horizontal position, and the lower ones hang down to the ground.
The leaves are small (3-6 cm), heart-shaped, the upper part is green, shiny, the lower part is gray.
It blooms for about two weeks at the end of June or early July. The flowers are small, yellow-white, with 5 to 7 flowers in each inflorescence. The fruits, round smooth nuts, ripen by August.
An exceptionally frost- and drought-resistant tree, it loves fertile, light soil, but also improves it itself.
It grows slowly at first, 30 cm per year. Used for planting along alleys, in parks, good in single plantings and as a quality plant.
Life expectancy is more than 500 years.
Small-leaved linden and large-leaved linden have much in common in their biological characteristics, but there are some differences:
- Small-leaved leaves bloom two weeks earlier;
- small-leaved blooms two weeks later;
- the large-leaved flowers are larger, but there are fewer of them in the inflorescence;
- small-leaved is less demanding on soil fertility and quality;
- large-leaved plants tolerate drought better;
- large-leaved is more suitable for urban conditions.
Linden (Tilia x vulgaris Hayne)
This species is a natural hybrid of small-leaved and large-leaved lindens. 
Its characteristics resemble the first one, but it has some differences:
- blooms two weeks earlier than small-leaved linden;
- grows faster;
- more resistant to frost;
- tolerates urban conditions better;
- the leaves are larger, the crown is wider.
It grows in Western Siberia, loves solitude, but sometimes forms “linden islands” in forests, the description of which mentions the presence of aspens. 
The growth reaches 30 meters, the trunk has a diameter of 2 - 5 meters. Young bark is brown, with scales, old bark is dark, with cracks.
The leaves are small, up to 5 cm long, round, green on top, light on the bottom, with hairs.
Flowering takes two weeks at the end of July. The flowers are white with yellowish tint and form a spherical ovary. The fruit is a pear-shaped nut with 1 to 3 seeds, ripens in September.
Loves moist soddy-podzolic soil with lime and light, tolerates shade. Completely incompatible with marshy soils. Accepts urban conditions favorably.
It grows slowly and is a long-livers: it can live for a thousand years.
It grows in East Asia, in deciduous subtropical forests. 
The height of the tree is up to 20 meters, the young bark is smooth, brown, the old bark is grooved, dark. The crown is located high, has an oval shape, and is compact.
The leaves are small, 5-7 cm, oval, often symmetrical, green on the outside, bluish on the inside with hairs at the corners of the veins.
Flowering occurs in July or August for two weeks. The flowers are small (1 cm), collected in large numbers in drooping inflorescences.
The fruits - round, smooth, pubescent nuts - ripen by September.
Japanese linden grows slowly. It is frost-resistant and is an exclusively honey plant. Tea containing Japanese linden leaves is very valuable.
It is impossible to fit into the framework of one article everything that should be told about the linden - a wonderful and amazing tree, literally all parts of which benefit people. There are more than 40 varieties of it. Cultivated linden, the species of which are described in this article, is selected and used for various purposes in urban plantings and private farms.
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| Life form: | Tree |
| Dimensions (height), m: | 18-25 |
| Crown diameter, m: | 10-15 |
| Crown shape: | Wide-pyramidal or tent-shaped. The bark at a young age is gray, smooth, in old age it is dark, longitudinally furrowed |
| Growth pattern: | Grows slowly in the first years |
| Annual height gain: | 30 cm |
| Annual increase in width: | 25 cm |
| Durability: | Up to 500 years or more |
| Leaf Shape: | Heart-shaped 3-10 cm long |
| Summer coloring: | Dark green above, light green below |
| Autumn color: | Lemon yellow |
| Flowers (color): | Yellowish, medium in size with a fragrant odor, collected in inflorescences of 5-11 pieces |
| Beginning and end of flowering: | At the end of June July |
| Fruit: | small nuts |
| Decorative: | Most decorative during flowering |
| Application: | Single plantings, groups, arrays, alleys, tall, trimmed hedges |
| Relation to light: | Shade-tolerant |
| Relation to moisture: | Tolerates temporary excess or lack of moisture |
| Relation to soil: | Demanding on soil fertility. Grows best in fresh, fertile sandy loams and loams |
| Frost resistance: | Very frost-resistant |
| Note: | Tolerates cutting and shaping well |
Small-leaved linden
Small-leaved linden- a tree up to 25-30 m high and a trunk in diameter over 1 m, with a wide crown and dark gray bark on the trunk and old branches. Young shoots are reddish-brown, glabrous, shiny with small lentils. The buds are obliquely ovate, 3-8 mm long, brown-carmine or brownish-red, glabrous, glossy, lateral - well spaced from the shoot. The buds consist of 3 scales, the lower of which is longer than the middle of the bud. The core is round, light reddish or white with a pinkish tint. The leaves are heart-shaped, 4-8 cm long, dark green above, lighter below. The base is notched, the apex is elongated. The edges are jagged. In the corners of the veins there are tufts of reddish hairs. Inflorescences are semi-umbrellas of 5-10 flowers, with an elongated, light-colored covering leaf. The flowers are yellowish-white and very fragrant. Small-leaved linden blooms in June-July. The fruits ripen in August-September.
Distributed small-leaved linden in the forest zone of Europe and the Caucasus, in the western regions of Western Siberia in the middle and lower reaches of the Irtysh and adjacent areas. The life form of linden varies depending on environmental conditions. It can be a single-trunk, straight, powerful tree with a diameter of up to 2 m, the age of which is 300-400 years, and in shaded areas and on poorer soils it can take on a shrub form, which is distinguished by its ability to grow vegetatively and reproduce, thanks to the formation of peculiar perennial woody rhizomes . Small-leaved linden often forms abundant growth from a stump after felling, and this ability remains in it until old age.
Small-leaved linden widely known as a medicinal and honey plant. It is resistant to air pollution, so it is widely used in urban landscaping. The leaf litter of small-leaved linden significantly improves the soil and increases its fertility. It increases the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements, which linden extracts in deep soil horizons (2-3 m) and “transfers” to the upper surface layers. This creates favorable conditions for the appearance of undergrowth of other woody plants. Small-leaved linden wood is white or reddish-white, without a dark core (kernel), soft and light. Small-leaved linden cuts and splits well. It is highly valued in carpentry, despite the fact that it is not durable. Wooden utensils, iconostases, and harmonicas are made from it. Basts are made from the bark (bast) of young trees, and the bast of young sticky trees produces bast, from which bast shoes, baskets and other useful items used to be woven.
Small-leaved linden You can buy seedlings in Krasnoyarsk from us!
Linden leaf
The leaves of the linden tree, like the flowers, have the same medicinal properties, only they are not as pleasant to the taste, but they are several times cheaper. An excellent soothing agent for external use and more.
Manufacturer: Ivanovo herbs - plants collected by the hands of herbalists
Shelf life: 24 months
Collection date: June 2018
Ingredients: northern linden leaf 100%
Found under the names: Lutoshko, lmpina, lubnyak. Latin name: Tilia
Description of the Linden product and its packaging
Linden leaves are hand-picked from wild linden trees and are suitable for brewing into tea
The package contains whole linden leaves and may contain flowers. Packaging is carried out only after payment for the order. The medicinal plant is sold by weight, at least 30 grams.
The linden is packed in a craft paper bag.
Storing linden leaf: Store in a dark and dry place, no later than the date indicated on the label.
The cordifolia or northern linden is the most famous species of Tilia in our country; almost everything from this tree, from the leaves to the bark with flowers, is taken for medicinal purposes; only after about 20 years of life does the tree become maximally medicinal; young plants contain a lower concentration of beneficial substances.
Use of linden leaves
Science has proven that linden bark leaves and flowers remove toxins from the body well and have a diaphoretic effect. A thick decoction of linden leaves can be used to moisten wounds and burns for speedy healing; compresses from such a decoction are good for relieving headaches.
Baths with a decoction of flowers or leaves are considered healing (but the latter are less expensive), such baths soothe, fight skin problems, eliminate joint pain, it is especially useful to take them at night, this will relieve insomnia.
Golden linden - planting and garden care
Linden is actively used in phytocosmetology for hair care.
A separate type of medicinal raw material is linden charcoal; we have it as a separate product and produced to order.
Compress on linden leaves to treat joints
Pour hot water over linden leaves (20 grams per half liter of water), brew for half an hour and apply to sore joints, wrap the compress with cling film and a towel to retain heat and moisture. Keep the compress for 1-2 hours. This leaf brew can be used as a hand bath to eliminate skin problems.
Linden leaves for beautiful hair
This recipe is not much different from the previous one, you just need 10 grams per 0.5 liter of water. Strain the resulting broth, cool and rinse your hair with it every time after washing.
You can buy linden leaves, bark, color and charcoal from us.
Properties and contraindications of linden leaf
Effect on the body: diaphoretic, antioxidant, choleretic, analgesic, hemostatic
Contraindications for use: Serious heart disease, personal intolerance (allergies).
It is not a medicine! Consult a specialist before use
In stock, delivery is possible to your city, the plant is currently being collected, you can buy it fresh, or order collection and drying especially for you!
Buy dried linden leaf
Price 14 rubles Weight: 10 g Quantity:
Home / Information / Tree species / Linden
Linden
- General information, places of growth
- Use of linden
General information, places of growth
Linden (Tilia). The first information about linden as a subject of study is found already in 370-285. BC e. The Greek name for linden, according to Stromberg, means “tree loved by bees” or “tree that attracts swarms of bees.” And the botanical name of linden comes from the Greek word ptilon (wing) after the wing-shaped bract attached to the inflorescence.
Carl Linnaeus in 1753 divided the genus Linden into two independent species: European linden and American linden. In 1763, the English botanist Miller first described an independent species of linden, and the German botanist Earhart gave it a little later the name - small-leaved linden. In the linden family there are up to forty genera, uniting about 500 plant species, distributed on all continents of the globe, but mainly in the tropical countries of Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and Brazil. The genus Linden includes up to 45 species of linden, found in the temperate and partially subtropical climate of the Northern Hemisphere.
We have 16 species of linden growing naturally and 11 exotic species. In Ukraine and Moldova you can find European, large-leaved, tomentose, or Hungarian (silver) lindens, and in the Caucasus and Crimea - Caucasian, or Crimean, pubescent columnar, Ledebura lindens. In some areas of the European part, American or black linden is cultivated; abandoned, variegated - all native to North America. In the Far East, linden is also not uncommon: Amur, Komarova, spreading, Take, Manchurian, Korean, Chinese, and Olivera lindens are common there.
Significant contributions to the diverse study of the linden genus were made by travelers and many scientists, mainly foresters and botanists. Most Russian and foreign authors recognize the very significant study of linden in Russian conditions. At the same time, emphasizing that the methods of studying and systematizing the linden genus by Russian scientists are more reliable than the corresponding data of foreign authors.
In terms of habitat, linden belongs to both forest species and trees cultivated artificially on city streets, along roads and alleys, in squares and parks, around fields, gardens, apiaries and ponds, in various hedges.
The small-leaved linden, which has a very similar species in Western Siberia - the Siberian linden, is distinguished by its greatest popularity, more significant economic significance and very wide natural range compared to other species.
Linden is a very durable tree, usually living up to 400-600 years, and sometimes up to 1100-1200.
For example, in Nuremberg there are trees dating back seven or eight centuries. In Kyiv, near the Church of the Tithes, a giant tree, whose age is close to a thousand years, is still preserved. On the streets of large cities, linden lives for about 80-100 years. However, this is not considered the limit, since in different cities there are known linden plantations that are more than 300 years old. The life expectancy of linden in Western Siberia does not exceed 300 years. Trees growing in the first tier with a small crown density are distinguished by the greatest durability. In the second tier, linden lives up to 100 years, and in the undergrowth - up to 25.
Small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) is a tree of the first size, reaching a height of more than 30 m and more than 1 m in diameter. In unfavorable growing conditions, especially under a dense canopy of plantings, it is found in the form of an undergrowth shrub (for example, in pine forests) or in the second tier (in sandy loam subbords).
Small-leaved linden, growing in various forest growth zones, is characterized by polymorphism. Under certain environmental conditions and general properties, this species is characterized by individual variability and the identification of ecological forms. The natural range of small-leaved linden is quite wide compared to other types of linden, which are found less frequently and mainly in the form of artificial plantings. It covers a vast territory of Europe and part of Asia. However, the distribution of linden is very uneven and depends on the diversity of natural conditions and human activities. Small-leaved linden naturally grows in the south, west and southeast of England, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the northeastern part of Iran, northern Italy, Spain, and along the Carpathian islands. In our country, small-leaved linden grows in ravine oak groves of the steppe, in oak groves and pine forests of forest-steppe, in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, and partly in the taiga zone (southern and middle taiga). Occasionally, small-leaved linden can be found in the Crimea and the Caucasus, where it rises into the mountains up to 1800 m above sea level. In Siberia it is found in islands almost up to the Irtysh. In Altai there is the Siberian linden. And in the Far East, small-leaved linden is replaced by Manchurian and Amur.
In closed forest stands, linden trees have a relatively straight, thin, highly branched trunk with a highly raised, usually not very dense crown. In a relatively free state, the linden crown is dense and raised low. Its lower branches extend downwards from the trunk and rise at their tops. The middle branches extend from the trunk horizontally, and the upper ones at an upward angle. With such branching, its shoots are densely covered with dark green foliage with hanging semi-umbrellas of yellow-white flowers with yellow-green bracts, forming a tent-shaped, very decorative crown. When free, the trunk is covered almost to the base with branches. The crown reaches full development by the age of 40.
The bark of the linden trunk in youth is smooth, but in old age it becomes thick, deeply furrowed, with longitudinal cracks, dark gray in color, with a strongly pronounced crust.
The ovoid-shaped buds are arranged in two rows, smooth, reddish-brown in color, covered with two scales of unequal size. The length of the buds is 5-6 mm, width - 3-4 mm. They are dry on the outside. At rest, the bud has 5 leaves with stipules and two rudimentary leaves in the form of tubercles on the growth cone. Young leaves are densely hairy and folded in half along the midrib. Each leaf, located between two stipules, is covered with covering scales containing a mucous substance inside that protects the leaves from drying out and frost. Linden shoots are shiny reddish-brown in color, geniculate, covered with lentils.
The leaves are simple, leathery, pointed, with a heart-shaped base, doubly and finely toothed at the edges, dark green glabrous above, and bluish-light green below with reddish hair beards in places where large veins branch. The petiole is 1-3 cm long with tomentose pubescence, bare and reddish by autumn. The arrangement of the leaves is regular. The leaf blade is asymmetrical. The densely leafy crown of the linden creates a large assimilation surface. With an average relative fullness of the first tier at the age of 100-120 years and an average diameter of 30-40 cm, there are up to 50 thousand leaf blades on one tree.
Linden leaves contain a huge amount of calcium, which promotes the rapid decomposition of litter without the formation of coarse humus, creating better physical properties of the soil and, ultimately, increasing its fertility. In one year of decomposition, the decrease in the dry mass of linden leaves from the original is 60%, i.e. significantly higher than that of hazel, elm, ash, birch and many other species. This decrease in leaf mass during decomposition occurs mainly during the spring-summer period, which is most favorable for the development of microorganisms and soil-litter invertebrate animals. Freshly fallen linden leaves contain about 10% ash, of which more than 3% is calcium. They are rich in potassium (about 1.3%), nitrogen (more than 1.9%), sulfur (0.5-1.0%).
The root system of linden on loose and fertile soils is deep, powerful, well developed, has a deep taproot and highly developed lateral roots. Due to this, windblown trees are rare. In addition, the linden root system has a tiered structure, which allows it to use nutrients from all soil horizons and, most importantly, the underlying loam. When mixed with oak, its roots are located mainly in the upper horizons of the soil, making up the upper tier of the root system. Thanks to its depth and power, linden draws a large amount of ash elements from the underlying loam into the biological cycle, enriching the upper layers of the soil with them. Being plastic, the linden root system contributes to a more complete use by the plant of moisture and food elements contained in the soil layer. It also has a superficial root system, which is formed by lateral adventitious roots.
Linden flowers are bisexual, regular, 5-membered, small, in false umbels, collected in racemes; 5 sepals, 5-petalled corolla, 1 pistil, many stamens. The ovary is superior, 5-locular with two ovules in each ovule. In different conditions, small-leaved linden blooms in late June-early July, the average flowering time is 12-14 days.
Linden of seed origin in plantations begins to bloom, as a rule, from 20-25 years or 5-10 years earlier than trees of coppice origin. With age, the number of flowers on a tree increases, and the sugar content in them changes slightly.
Flowering and nectar production in linden are determined by a number of geographical, climatic, biotic, ecological, edaphic, orographic, silvicultural-agrotechnical and many other specific features. The need to take them into account is explained by the fact that the linden tree begins to bloom when the bees have the opportunity to use its nectar most effectively.
Linden is a non-nectary plant. In its flowers, nectar is secreted by a special nectar-bearing tissue (the base of the petals of the calyx) and is held on the fleshy sepals on the inside. The nectar released in this way is not reabsorbed. To release nectar from such a “nectary” it is necessary that all parts of the plant are fully viable, elastic and contain a sufficient amount of water.
The linden tree reaches maturity at 20-30 years old and produces a large number of seeds almost every year. In open areas, fruiting begins at the age of 10, and in plantations - at 25 years and older, depending on the canopy density, and continues up to 200 years or more. Fruiting in older trees is rare and there are very few nuts on them. Linden seeds ripen in the fall and are collected from October throughout the winter.
The linden fruit is represented by 1-2 (less often 3)-seed nuts with 4-5 longitudinal, barely noticeable ribs. The shape is spherical or slightly elongated. A dense, water-impermeable shell covers the seeds. Without the shell, they contain more than 30% fat. Distribution of ripened linden seeds occurs with the help of the wind, especially over snow crust, or by animals (rodents) or birds. A distinctive feature of the seeds is low soil germination.
What a linden tree looks like and how it blooms
Their germination rate is sharply reduced due to the fact that ripened seeds in the fall often remain hanging on the branches until the spring of next year, exposed to winter frosts.
Linden is a typically shade-tolerant species. In this it is second only to beech, spruce, fir, and hornbeam. Linden seedlings are considered especially shade-tolerant, growing successfully under the cover of broad grass, and even requiring shading in open areas. Moreover, it is shade-tolerant under the forest canopy and itself greatly shades the soil.
Small-leaved linden is classified as a frost- and cold-resistant species. It belongs to the group of broad-leaved species that accompany oak, penetrates farthest to the north and grows in harsh climatic conditions. It is not afraid of frosts, as it blooms late. The frost tolerance of linden is explained by the short period of shoot growth, the high water-holding capacity of the leaves and their low respiration rate, especially in the first half of the growing season, as well as the high oil content in young branches. Due to the fact that linden fats contain unsaturated linolenic acid, which can easily and quickly oxidize with the release of heat, linden tolerates frosts down to 48 degrees during winter dormancy.
Frost cracks on the trunks of linden trees growing in closed plantations are very rare. More often they are visible on the southern side of the trunk and on the branches of separately growing trees and, apparently, are associated with a sharp change in air temperature in the spring. In severe winters with little snow, frosting of annual linden shoots and roots is observed, especially at a young age. Frost resistance is greatly reduced when the suction and skeletal roots are pruned. In linden seedlings it decreases due to a decrease in soil moisture at the end of the growing season. Sometimes the reasons for the death of linden in landscaping, along with others, are the lack of insulation of the coma with a layer of snow and the drying out of the roots in the coma. Linden is extremely sensitive to frost and snow accumulation, especially in the undergrowth.
In areas with strong spring winds, young sticky trees sometimes die from drying out. Due to the presence of a small number of stomata in the leaves, linden easily tolerates droughts, and in very severe droughts it only reduces growth. In strong sunshine, it is able to combat the relative dryness of the climate with its mosaic arrangement of leaves, the outer row of which forms a kind of solid green ball, shading a large area with the root system.
Linden does not tolerate flooding. It can withstand channel and nearby lake-channel flooding with cool waters for 10-20 days.
Linden is considered a smoke-resistant species and does not tolerate air pollution by gases well. In shady groups, on fertile soils with good moisture, its gas resistance increases. At a young age, sensitive to fire. During ground fires and light continuous spring fires, young growth is damaged in clearings. It produces many new shoots. Frequent ground fires in the forest weaken the growth ability of linden trees.
Small-leaved linden is able to adapt and grow in a variety of soil conditions, except for swampy, saline and dry soils. It grows best in loose, fresh, humus-rich soils.
In the zone of podzolic soils, the presence of linden at least in the undergrowth indicates high soil fertility. In the forest-steppe zone, the participation of linden in the composition of plantings indicates leaching of soils and average productivity growing conditions. The participation of linden in the undergrowth of pine forests in the southern forest-steppe also characterizes highly productive conditions. This is explained by the fact that linden litter prevents the formation of coarse humus in coniferous plantations and increases their productivity even when the linden itself develops poorly. The litter formed from the litter of leaves, pine needles, branches, bark, etc., with linden, decomposes and forms neutral humus. This litter contains a minimum of ash elements, which helps neutralize humus acids, reduces the acidity of the soil solution, and increases the degree of soil saturation.
After cutting down a tree, growth from the stump, as a rule, appears around the neck of the root, and due to its strong shade tolerance, its thinning occurs very slowly. The ability of the linden tree to produce abundant growth from the stump persists until old age. However, with age, this ability decreases, but remains quite high up to 100-110 years. It is no coincidence that all the logging areas of the linden farm are replanted with linden without changing the species. This plays an important role in the formation of modern linden forests.
After clear cutting, linden shoots densely populate the cutting area and drown out the self-seeding and undergrowth of conifers.
The natural regeneration of linden varies in different types of forest. The largest amount of linden regrowth, mainly coppice, is observed in oak-snow linden forests, in sorrel and pine oak forests, and comparatively less in ash oak forests.
Linden tolerates pruning well; its crown can be given any shape - ball, oval, cube and cone. No wonder the tree is considered the queen of parks and alleys.
Artists and poets pay tribute to her beauty. In our green spaces, the linden tree is revered no less than the Arabs – the palm tree, the Greeks – the olive tree, and the Hindus – the fig tree.
Use of linden
From its moist linden bark, rich in durable fiber, bast was obtained, which was necessary for weaving bast shoes and making matting. Linden bast is a wonderful material for work - durable, light, flexible. Shoes made from bast were very cheap. In Russia, 100-200 years ago, up to 50 million bast shoes were woven per year. Strong ropes, fishing nets, and brushes were made from bast fibers. Carpenters stuffed upholstered furniture with bast made from bast.
The main importance of linden is its honey production: in ripe age, one hectare of linden yields up to a ton of fragrant and healing honey. Linden honey is very useful for diseases of the liver, throat, and cardiovascular system. Dried flowers of the tree are also used in folk medicine: decoctions and infusions as a diaphoretic and antipyretic for colds, as a sedative and analgesic for coughs, pain in the stomach, intestines, as a gargle for sore throats. Linden bark and leaves, juice and coal also find their use. For example, the leaves are used to prepare special vitamin infusions, and very young leaves are used to make a healthy salad rich in vitamin C. Coal is used for painting and powder making, bark for bast and bast, and oil is squeezed out of linden grains.
Linden wood is white with a pinkish tint. A dispersed porous material of homogeneous structure, it is known for its lightness, softness, elasticity, and durability. The wood is well cut, split, polished, impregnated with dyes, and holds nails firmly.
Plus, linden wood is resistant to loss of volume and cracking. Doesn't warp.
Linden wood is used to make both simple wooden dishes and dishes with the famous “golden” Khokhloma painting, as well as accordions, various toys, tubs, beehives, troughs, and plywood. Used in the production of models for parts in the casting of turning products, drawing boards. Used for cladding houses.
Plywood is not beautiful, like, for example, oak or ash, but it has positive qualities - it is well polished, impregnated, etc. Linden shavings are a good packaging material for many products and products. Match and plywood factories have a special demand for linden.
A lot of wood is used for construction, heating and renovation of residential and commercial buildings, especially in rural areas.
The harvesting and use of thin linden branches with leaves as branch food for domestic animals, especially in winter, is gaining some interest.
all tree species
The tree is 30-36 (40) meters high and up to 1.5 m in diameter. Lives 400-500 (1500) years. The crown is highly developed, large branched. This tree grows 22-27 (33) meters high and up to 120 cm in diameter, lives 220-250 (350) years. The crown is openwork, spreading, rounded, short, sometimes with several separate tiers of branches.
Such leaves must be collected carefully and stored carefully, in boxes, separately from other materials, in a not very dry and warm room so that they do not dry out. 17). For work, it is recommended to collect seeds of linden, maple (common and Canadian), and ash. They need to be collected in the fall, when they ripen and begin to fall from the trees. However, you should not delay collecting them, otherwise they will dry out and begin to collapse.
Ash - a tree of rebirth and renewal
You can use them to make bird heads. They drill well and remain in the product. And it must be placed in layers in a box, separately from other natural materials. Store linden, maple, and ash seeds in any not very dry room. Each flower contains several red stamens, which distinguishes the tree from other species. Flowering begins in May, before the leaves appear. The fruit is a lionfish 4-5 cm long, first green, then brown, narrow, slightly widened at the top, with a small notch, collected in several pieces into an inflorescence - a panicle.
They stay on the tree throughout the winter. Widely distributed in Europe, Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. There are quite a few places where ash grows in Russia; its range covers the European part of the country.
Grows in Crimea, Moldova, Ukraine and the Caucasus. It very rarely forms pure stands. It is found in deciduous and mixed forests as an admixture. Thanks to its rapid growth and unpretentiousness, common ash is considered a valuable tree for landscaping cities, creating parks, alleys, and lining roads. Looks good in complex compositions.
The wood of this tree is light, with a dark core, and a beautiful texture. Reminiscent of oak wood, it has the same density and strength. For peaceful purposes, ash was used to make sleighs, rocker arms, wheels, small crafts, and souvenirs. It was not varnished, painted or patterned. The only decoration was the light, shiny wood grain.
In the modern world, the scope of application of ash has expanded significantly. It is used to make stair railings and tool handles, furniture and plywood. Ash fruits contain fatty oils and are eaten. In the Caucasus, unripe fruits are cooked with vinegar and salt. After collection, they are carefully crushed and then preserved.
Where does the ash tree grow in Russia?
Powder from the seeds is used as a diaphoretic and diuretic. Infusion from the kidneys is used for gout, bladder diseases and women's diseases. The bark and leaves are harvested in early spring or early summer. Dry in the shade at a temperature not exceeding -40°C. The roots are harvested in the spring. Fruits are in autumn. The distance between seedlings should be at least 5 m. When the plant is placed in a hole, the root is placed 20 cm above the soil level, since after planting the soil compacts and settles.
If necessary, prune dry and damaged branches and remove top shoots from the trunk. The leaves of ash trees are often damaged by Spanish fly. The beetles eat them completely, leaving only petioles and veins. Complete eating of the crown leads to the death of the young plant. The caterpillars penetrate the buds and petioles of leaves, and after a few days they develop into shoots. Ash fruits are affected by the seed-eater weevil. In winter, the seeds often serve as food for bullfinches and squirrels.
People call this tree “holly”, “ash tree”, “ash tree”.
Linden heart or European
It is adjacent to elm, maple, but more often with oak. Watching the oak and ash trees in the spring, people noted: “If the oak leaves its leaves earlier, the summer will be dry.”
In Rus', the bark of the tree was used as an antimalarial and antifever agent. It was called the “tree of knowledge” and was considered a symbol of wisdom and life. In Ukrainian folklore, he personifies suffering.
Russian open spaces are characterized by oak and beech forests. For example, oak-ash floodplain forests (Querceto roboris-Fraxinetum) are typical for the Tisa, Borzhava and Latoritsa terraces. In addition, oak forests are also common in higher elevations.
Medicinal and other properties
The bark of the trunk is grayish-brown with dark, thick, in old age with deep cracks. The flowers are predominantly white, fragrant, collected in multi-flowered drooping racemes 10-20 cm long. Blooms after the leaves bloom, profusely and annually (within 2 weeks). The fruit is a flat, bare, dark brown bean 5-12 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. Seeds (5-15 pieces) ripen in August.
What else can you learn about ash fruits?
Its second name is white. The tree is 17-22 (25) m high and 50-60 cm in diameter. Fluffy birch is not indifferent to light, so it often grows in the 2nd layer of pine and spruce forests. Very demanding on soil moisture - does not grow on dry soils. Young trees have a narrow-conical, pointed crown, while old trees have an irregularly shaped crown. Longitudinal shoots are bare, thin and yellowish-brown. The needles are 1-4 cm long and 1.5 mm wide, light green, with a sharp yellowish tip.
The bark is light gray or gray to dark, relatively thick (5-7 cm) and soft, and deeply fissured underneath. The fruits of ash, maple and linden are similar - they are all lionfish, differing only in the shape of the structure. This breed is frost-resistant and winter-hardy. The trunk in plantations is relatively straight, highly cleared of branches, but in the wild it is strongly curved and highly branched.
The linden tree has 45 species. The average lifespan of a tree is 500 years. This is a large deciduous tree, which is famous for the aroma of its flowers and the healing properties of linden honey.
Genus: Linden
Family: Malvaceae
Class: Dicotyledons
Order: Malvaceae
Department: Flowers
Kingdom: Plants
Domain: Eukaryotes
Linden description:
The linden tree can reach a height of up to 30 meters. The crown of the tree is wide and oval. The trunk is straight and strong. The root system is quite powerful. The leaves are shaped like a heart. On the outside the leaf has a more saturated green color, and on the other side the leaf is lighter. The edges of the leaf are jagged. When the leaves bloom, there are stipules that fall off quite quickly. And nectar glands may very often be present at the base of the leaf.
When does linden blossom?
Linden begins to bloom around June-July and flowering lasts about 2 weeks. All this time, there is a pleasant aroma around the trees that fills the air.
The flowers of the tree are collected in groups of 2 or more together, forming umbrella-shaped inflorescences. The flowers are light yellow. The inflorescences emerge from a bract leaf, which is very different from ordinary leaves. The flowers have a very pleasant smell, which can spread over a fairly long distance. Linden is one of the most important honey plants. Linden honey is highly valued and considered one of the best varieties.
Where does linden grow?
The linden tree is most common in the temperate and subtropical zones in the northern hemisphere of the planet. Loves warmth and moisture. The tree is quite hardy and is widely used in landscaping towns and cities.
Linden fruits
Linden fruits are nut-shaped. At first they are light in color and then become dark in color. They are the size of a pea. They fall in a whole bunch at once. Each such cluster has a special leaf, which spins when it falls and helps the seeds fly as far as possible from the tree to give life to a new plant.
Linden propagation
Linden can reproduce in several ways. First of all, seeds, as well as seedlings, shoots and stem cuttings. The ideal soil composition for a linden tree is 1 part turf soil and 2 parts sand with humus.
To propagate linden by stem layering, you need to lower the lower branches down and dig them into small trenches for 1-2 years. When the branches take root, they are separated from the tree and carefully transplanted to the right place. This must be done in early spring before the first buds appear.
The easiest way of propagation is propagation by shoots or root layering. The linden itself produces such layerings. All that remains is to carefully disconnect them and transplant them to the right place.
It takes years for linden to propagate from seeds. The first step is to place the seeds in sawdust or damp sand for 5-6 months in a cold place. At the same time, do not forget to moisten the sand or sawdust. This process is called stratification. It is for this reason that linden seeds do not germinate the following spring after falling to the ground. They do not have time to undergo stratification. And only after a year they are able to germinate. In the spring, when the seeds germinate, they are planted in the soil. The strongest of them germinate and turn into seedlings.
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Among the countless varieties and hybrids of sweet peppers, there are those, such as the Ramiro pepper, whose popularity is literally worldwide. And if most vegetables on supermarket shelves are nameless, and it is almost impossible to find out about their variety, then the name of this pepper “Ramiro” will certainly be on the packaging. And, as my experience has shown, this pepper is worth letting other gardeners know about it. In connection with which this article was written.
Autumn is the most mushroom time. It is no longer hot, and heavy dew falls in the mornings. Since the earth is still warm, and foliage has already attacked from above, creating a completely special microclimate in the ground layer, the mushrooms are very comfortable. Mushroom pickers are also comfortable at this time, especially in the mornings when it is cooler. It's time for both to meet. And, if you haven’t introduced yourself to each other, get to know each other. In this article I will introduce you to exotic, little-known and not always edible mushrooms that look like coral.
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What to do instead of a lawn? So that all this beauty does not turn yellow, does not get sick and at the same time looks like a lawn... I hope that the smart and quick-witted reader is already smiling. After all, the answer suggests itself - if you do nothing, nothing will happen. Of course, there are several solutions that can be used, and with their help, you can reduce the area of the lawn, and therefore reduce the labor intensity of caring for it. I propose to consider alternative options and discuss their pros and cons.
Tomato sauce with onions and sweet peppers - thick, aromatic, with pieces of vegetables. The sauce cooks quickly and is thick because this recipe contains pectin. Make such preparations at the end of summer or autumn, when the vegetables have ripened in the sun in the garden beds. Bright, red tomatoes will make equally bright homemade ketchup. This sauce is a ready-made dressing for spaghetti, and you can also simply spread it on bread - very tasty. For better preservation, you can add a little vinegar.
This year I often observed a picture: among the luxurious green crown of trees and shrubs, here and there, like candles, the bleached tops of shoots “burn.” This is chlorosis. Most of us know about chlorosis from school biology lessons. I remember that this is a lack of iron... But chlorosis is an ambiguous concept. And lightening of foliage does not always mean a lack of iron. What is chlorosis, what our plants lack during chlorosis and how to help them, we will tell you in the article.
Korean vegetables for the winter - delicious Korean salad with tomatoes and cucumbers. The salad is sweet and sour, spicy and slightly spicy because it is prepared with Korean carrot seasoning. Be sure to prepare a few jars for the winter; in cold winter, this healthy and aromatic snack will come in handy. You can use overripe cucumbers for the recipe; it is better to harvest vegetables in late summer or early autumn, when they are ripe in the open ground under the sun.
Autumn for me means dahlias. Mine begin to bloom as early as June, and all summer the neighbors peek at me over the fence, reminding them that I promised them a few tubers or seeds by the fall. In September, a tart note appears in the aroma of these flowers, hinting at the approaching cold. This means it’s time to start preparing the plants for the long, cold winter. In this article I will share my secrets of autumn care for perennial dahlias and preparing them for winter storage.
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Pinjur - Balkan-style eggplant caviar with sweet peppers, onions and tomatoes. A distinctive feature of the dish is that the eggplants and peppers are first baked, then peeled and simmered for a long time in a roasting pan or in a thick-bottomed pan, adding the rest of the vegetables specified in the recipe. The caviar turns out to be very thick, with a bright, rich taste. In my opinion, this cooking method is the best known. Although it is more troublesome, the result compensates for the labor costs.
Linden has always been respected and considered a source of vitality. This tree is an excellent cure for depression and hypochondria. Among the linden trees a person feels comfort, warmth and tranquility. Let's see if it is possible to grow a linden tree on the site and how difficult it is to plant and care for this beauty.
Choosing a place to plant linden on the site
Although linden is an unpretentious plant, it must be taken into account that it loves sunny places. The soil may not be very fertile, but well drained. Linden feels great on sandstones fertilized with humus.
Important! When choosing a place for planting, it is necessary to take into account that an adult linden tree is quite large in size.
When is the best time to plant
Although this is an unpretentious tree, the lifespan of a linden tree depends on how correctly the tree was planted. The easiest time to transplant linden seedlings is in cool, damp weather. The best time to plant linden is autumn.
You can plant seedlings in the spring, but young shoots are very sensitive to frost.
Planting young linden seedlings
Linden reproduces well by seeds, stem cuttings and root shoots. However, this tree is most often propagated by seedlings.
Before planting the linden tree, holes are prepared. For standard seedlings 50-70 cm high, the hole should be 50 cm in diameter and 50 cm deep.
Drainage (10-15 cm) is poured into the bottom of the hole - pebbles, crushed stone, broken brick. This layer is covered with humus diluted with superphosphate (50-60 g).
A seedling is placed in the prepared hole and covered with soil mixture (1 part turf soil, 2 parts each humus and sand). The optimal pH level is 6.5-7.5.
If several seedlings are planted, the distance between the holes should be 3-4 meters; if a linden hedge is formed, the distance is reduced to two meters.
Although linden tolerates replanting normally, when planting seedlings you should be careful with the rhizome. The root collar of the seedling should remain at ground level. If the neck is a little lower, this is not critical for the linden. 
After planting and for the first 7-8 days, the seedlings are watered abundantly.
In order for water to accumulate at the location of the linden root system, it is necessary to form a near-trunk hole.
Did you know? Linden is the same age as dinosaurs. She withstood both the Ice Age and global warming. Lipa can be called the only witness to great events. In the Middle Ages, ladies made dates under the shade of linden trees, and in the 18th century, in honor of the great French Revolution, thousands of linden trees were planted in Paris. Since that time, the linden tree has become a tree of happiness and freedom.
Like many crops, linden has its own cultivation techniques, which include watering, fertilizing, pruning and weed removal.
Watering and fertilizing
Linden is very demanding when it comes to watering, especially at the seedling stage.
In adulthood, the tree tolerates short drought quite well. However, in dry times, additional watering is required at the rate of 1 bucket per 1 square meter. m. projections of the linden crown.
In order for the tree to delight with its beauty and lush flowering, you need to know how and what to feed the linden tree in the spring. At the beginning of spring, fertilizer is applied from mullein (1 kg), urea (15 g), ammonium nitrate (25 g), diluted in ten liters of water.
In the fall, it is enough to fertilize the linden tree with 15-20 grams of nitroammophoska.
Did you know? Linden has long been revered by the Slavs. It is not for nothing that many settlements are associated with this tree: Lipetsk, Lipnyany, Lipki, Lipovitsa, Podlipki.
Removing weeds and loosening the soil
Removing weeds is an important point when caring for a linden tree - their presence inhibits the growth of the tree. In addition, simultaneously with removing weeds, it is necessary to loosen the soil (to a depth of 10-15 cm) to ensure access of oxygen to the roots. It is optimal to carry out loosening 2-3 times per season.
Mulching
Mulching, like pruning linden, is an important point when growing a tree. Mulch the tree trunk circle with peat, fallen leaves, wood chips, sawdust or peat compost. The layer height should be 8-12 cm.
Did you know? Linden is popularly called lutoshka, lutokha, lubnyak, bastweed.
Haircut and trimming
The first pruning of seedlings can be done the next year after planting. Pruning is carried out not only to form the linden crown, but also for sanitary purposes. 
In winter and early spring, dry branches are pruned. Linden growing in the form of a hedge is pruned in the first year in early spring and late summer. Subsequently, such a haircut is carried out 4-5 times per season.
Important! During the first haircut, you cannot shorten the branches by more than 1/3.
Disease and pest control
Most often, linden is affected by diseases such as:
- perforated and black spot (control methods: destruction of fallen fruits and leaves as sources of infection, treatment of shoots with 1% Bordeaux mixture);
- white rot (copper-containing preparations, for example copper sulfate, are used to combat it).
In addition to these diseases, linden pests such as:
To combat these pests, young trees are sprayed with insecticides. In addition to insects, birds and rodents harm the linden tree.
Selection of partners and use of linden in design
Linden is widely used in landscape design. Due to the compactness of the densely-leaved crown, good shade tolerance and undemandingness to watering and soil, various types of linden are planted in city squares, parks, boulevards, forest plantations and summer cottages. Linden also takes root well in an aggressive urban environment - it tolerates dust, smoke, gas pollution and dirt well.
They like to use linden for landscaping due to its decorative value at any time of the year. In spring, delicate greenish leaves bloom on the linden tree, and in summer the dense crown provides reliable shade. Blooming linden is especially good when it is covered with fragrant flowers. In autumn, the foliage takes on a bright yellow hue, which provides warmth in cloudy weather. Against the background of snow, the linden tree amazes with the bizarre outline of its branches. 
Linden is grown as a hedge, bosquets, berso and green walls. Such forms are used today to design parks. Linden looks good in single plantings and in groups of trees of various sizes and species. When composing plant compositions, it is necessary to take into account how quickly the linden grows and what role it will play in this: to become the main accent or to highlight the advantages of other plants.
Important! In roadside plantings, linden can suffer from salt, gas pollution and dust. In such conditions, the plant is more susceptible to diseases and pests.
Most often in landscape design the following varieties of linden are used:
- American (black). The homeland of this linden is North America. It grows up to 40 meters, has a wide ovoid crown.
- Fine-grained. Homeland - Europe and Western Siberia. It is distinguished by small compact leaves and a medium-sized ovoid crown.
- Silver. A wild-growing species with original silvery foliage.
- Rubra. Tall tree with a conical crown. It is distinguished by the bright coral color of its young shoots.
- Common linden. Beautiful appearance with a large crown for single and group planting.
The question “what to plant next to the linden tree” can be given a definite answer: almost all shrubs, trees, herbs. Linden looks most harmonious with: - oak;
- beech;
- maple;
- rowan.
Since linden is a long-lived tree, its plantings can be used without renewal for up to two hundred years.
