Military case Chukchi (mid XVII-beginning XX century) Nefedkin Alexander Konstantinovich
Guiding war
Guiding war
War and Peace
Causes of war Chukchi with various ethnic groups were different, the most early of them were social: disputes, abduction of women, quarrels with a fatal outcome and followed the blood revenge. Also in the early era, military actions could begin with disputes about hunting grounds, which was particularly often encountered among seaside residents during their fishery on Baidara. Baidar crew usually swimmed in difficult climatic conditions on someone else's territory and then captured, sometimes it was killed, because of which the seaside residents were bent among themselves (Babinsky 1958. No. 67: 164? 167; Sergeeva 1962: 82? 85; 103? 104; Menovshchikov 1985. № 56: 125? 127; 1987. No. 1: 25? 27; Wed: Krupnik 2000: 437). The reason for the beginning of hostile actions could have served and gross violation of the norms established by the usual norms, such as, for example, the murder of the Messenger (Babinsky 1958. No. 100: 242). All these and similar conflicts were then poured into the blood revenge, which was the usual reason for the subsequent war (Zakoboinikov, Menovers 1959: 437; 1974. № 19: 106? 107; No. 30: 135? 136; No. 83: 293; 1988. № 99; 100; 130).
In the second half of the XVII - early XVIII century. Chukchi led large wars against the Nizhneekol and Anadyr Cossacks, stubbornly trying to impose Yasak on them and urge into the Russian citizenship, that is, the war acquired a political character. Relationships of Russian and Chukchi in the last third of the XVII century. Pentecostal M. Wheels from Nizhnekolomsky Ostrog (1679): "And the Lower Yasachny Zimovy, Nimir Chuhchi People rushed and live from wintering in the bottom, and Karalyat Russian people and Yasakny, and how they grab, and those people with all sorts of different flour torment, And in the death of a shameful death "(Give. 1862. T. VIII, № 3? 4: 9). Chukchi were not a better opinion about the service. This is how in one Chukchi fairy tale, their behavior is described during the collection of Yasaka: "There was a bad time. On the shores of Limana, there was a big cable. Often came tanggy there with terrible faces. They shouted loudly. They demanded that the people of the cereals on them worked and all the extraction from hunting were given to them "(Kozlov 1956: 27).
In the XVIII century The causes of the war change - the process of evolution goes further - there are still mercenary (economic) motives. With nomadic cakes in the XVIII century. There was a permanent war due to deer herd. As I. S. Vdovin proves (1944: 261), until the beginning of this century, Chukchi came into contact with the cakes only at the mouth of Anadyr (along the river themselves, they were divided by yukagira here), only the active participation of Koryakov in Russian expeditions, starting with 1702, led to the beginning of the Koryuko Chukchi wars. However, it should be noted that the rare Yukagir population on this river was unlikely to serve as a barrier for the hikes of Chukchi to Koryakov, because in the years of the last XXIX in the early XIX century. There was information about the extermination of Chukchi Koryakov, with the exception of several families long before joining the edge of Russians (Meshav 1809: 22; Wed: Beretti 1929: 5? 6). Back in the middle of the XVIII century. A merchant N. Shalaurov specifically laid responsibility for raids on the mercenary leaders of Anadyr Chukchi (Belov 1954: 179). Moreover, raffered on nomadic koryakov, whereas with settled to mutual benefits were preferred to trade. I. S. Vdovin (1950: 83) It believes that the first raid of Chukchi on deer Koryakov occurred in 1720 (see: NUL ... 1866. No. 17: 4; Contra: Gurvich 1982: 202). However, A. S. Zuev (20026: 248) leads to the testimony of deer koryaks from April 5, 1711, according to which Chukchi attacked Penzhinsky Koryakov and cooked deer. Since the deer koryaks were for this time, the Russians who carried out a number of expeditions were encouraged for them, as for their subjects, the Russians who carried out a number of expeditions were encouraged in order to bring to humility and complaining of Chukchi (Wed: from Irkutsk ... 1814: 3). Here's how the position of Captain T. I. Shmalev was described in his note (1778): "Chukchi, with loyal imperial Majesty, had disagreements for a long time: he was walking towards each other and reinforced mortal murders and robbery than Russian military people, obliged to defend Koryakov, prevained anxiety "(Shakhovskaya 1866: 307). However, the Anadyr team still could not successfully confront the raids of Chukchi due to large areas that serve should have been controlled. Usually they carried Karaul, prevented the transition of Chukchi through Anadyr or, on the contrary, caught up with the raiders (Shashkov 1864: 77; Wed: Lindenau 1983: 103; Belov 1954: 180? 181). The enmity of Chukchi and Koryakov went so deeply, which was projected on the afterlife: Koryaki in 1777 explained the red spots in the sky during the Northern Lights by the fact that these blood of their ancestors who are fighting in the sky on the spears with Chukchi (Alekseev 1958: 56 ). So it continued until 1771, when Anadyr Ostrog was finally abolished, and Chukchi in search of new pastures began to move anadyr and settle in the southern territories where Koryaki lived (Vddin 1962: 154? 155). Although Chukchi themselves argued that they went hiking for Koryakov for the sake of deer mining, but, according to Russian documents of the XVIII century, they did it for the sake of pastures (Vddin 1965: 67; Wed: Vdovin 1970: 22? 23 (Song of the Wiery); Iochilson 1997: 223). Apparently, here the consequences are given instead of the cause: as a result of the departure of Koryakov Chukchi occupied pastures south of Anadyr. After 1771, the northeast of the nomadic Koryakov was left alone with the enemy, while others for the winter (the most dangerous time) were involved in the Gizhihi fortress, hoping that in the event of Chukchi attack, the Russians would come to their aid (Cosin 1962: 282? 283; 287; Wed: AII, F. 36, OP. 1, No. 643, l. 585). However, in the 1770s. Outproof detachments were sent out of the progress for the protection of koryaki from Chukchi (Gurvich 1966: but). Only in 1781, the Giugini authorities agreed with Anadyr Chukchi about the cessation of the attacks of the latter on Koryakov, who, after the conclusion of the world, disappeared to conjugate from the fortress to Anada and Kamchatka only in 1800 (Shakhovskaya 1822: 288). However, if large raids ceased, the female was not forgotten. In 1808, Kamchatka Commander Major General I. G. Petrovsky argued that Chukchi "is indisputable almost fighting with their neighbors, deer koreas, in ancient, some irreconcilable enmity" (Semivsky 1817: 77, notes. (Second pagination) ; Wed: Lessps 1801. Part II: 155). Later, in 1867, Maidel (1925: 25) noted: "The bloody clashes have not happened for a long time, but all sorts of robberies and theft in the go in places in which Chukchi camps are located near Koryak's camp and so they try to live away from each other?. Thus, in the middle of the XIX century. In the border area there were small robbing raids on neighboring koryaks, so both people preferred to have a neutral strip of land.
According to legends, in more ancient times, only Yukagira Alai fought with Chukchi, and Omoki and Kolymats did not come across them (Iochilson 1900A: 186; 1900. No. 96: 210? 211; Gurvich 1966: 53). Clashing Chukchi with Yasachai Yukagira and Chudans also occurred due to the fact that the latter delivered auxiliary contingents in Cossack detachments (the second half of the XVII - middle of the XVIII century), although peaceful relations were prevailed between them. Chukchi attacked Yukagirov for the purpose of robbery, in captivity of women and children, theft of deer (AII, F. 36, Op. 1, No. 643, l. 583? 583 vol.; Merck 1978: 120; Dyachkov 1893: 37? 38 , 133; Bogoras 1918. № 23: 95? 97). This is how Chuvanaya traditions describes this war: "Chukchi, knowing the removal of the Chuvantans, everyone was introducing themselves, how to kill them with cunning, attacking surprise or at night or when they noticed them in small parties ..." Savory and cut out all, Chukchi hid even before joining Russian help (Dyachkov 1893: 37). The war with Yukagira led to their gradual extermination, and in 1763. Lieutenant Colonel F. X. Plenisner noted that Yukagira on Anada and the Apple River are interrupted by chukchi, and their wives were taken captive (Vddin 1965: 76). According to the testimony of Croral G. G. Sheikin, the 80th Yukagirov, who lived in 15 versts (16 km) from Anadyrsk, were destroyed by Chukchmi in 1756, and the remaining 10 women were resettled in Ovrog (AII, F. 36, OP. 1 , № 643, l. 583 vol.; Wed: Dyachkov 1893: 66).
With Euna, Chukchi faced rarely, also having a deer with them. In Evenskaya legend, these clashes are described as follows: "Chukchi and Euna have enused, hunted each other, shot each other and mercilessly chuckled with swords" (Novikova 1987: 107). However, naturally, this is an epic memory of the past, whereas in the tales themselves we are talking about small slaughter (Bogoras 1918. No. 2: 28? 29; Novikova 1987: 107? 108). Also, the shocks could also occur because of the hunting on deer, because Lamuts sometimes hunted on their home deer as a game (Midel 1894: 67? 68; Anthropova 1957: 182? 183), although in the second half of the XIX century. Chukchi looked at this "hunt" through their fingers, because they understood that their herds displacing wild deer - the main production of Lamutov (Tan-Bogoraz 1933: 242? 243).
With the inhabitants of the coast of Alaska and the islands of Bering Strait, the female was permanent. The cause of the war became simple disputes due to hunting grounds (Sauer 1802: 103; Galkin 1929: 72; Bogoraz 1934: 174? 175; Rasmussen 1952: 145; Menovrovskiyov 1980A: 215. § 107? 141; 1985. № 133: 324? 327). The inhabitants of Chukotka, as a rule, led offensive wars, and Alaskans are defensive, although the attacks on their part also happened (Rasmussen 1952: 145; Schweizer, head 2001: 31; SHEPPARD 2002: 3). At the end of the XVIII century. Asians practically made their raids every year (Sloves 1856: 20). These permanent hostile relations were interrupted by trading periods. Back in 1840, a raid was made on Eskimos (1857A argenments: 37; 1886: 30? 31; 1887. No. 2: 21; Anthropova 1957: 178). This, in essence, was one of the last wars, in the full sense of the word, which the seaside residents led.
However, since Chukchi still needed products of Americans, especially in furs and wooden products, trade was carried out with the latter. Seaside Chukchi and Eskimos float for trading on the island of Bering Strait and Alaska. This trading in the XVIII century. have not yet been interchanged in a separate industry, and was a kind of bargain-raid, and more often than a bargaining (note ... 1858: 103), because the bargaining could immediately grow into a clash due to both the quarrels and the desires of one of the parties to be bored by using favorable Moment. Therefore, without trusting the other side, Chukchi went to bargain in a large number and with weapons (Wrangel 1948: 180). Sotnik I. Kobelev describes how Eskimos met Baidara Primorsky Chukchi on about. King (Captures) in the Bering Strait (1791): "Those ukipans, seeing us in the sea that our Bajdara stopped, dressed in a cup, in the hands of a spear, onions and arrows on the growths ... For those ukipans, there is always such an appeal ..." (ethnographic Materials ... 1978: 163). K. Merk (1978: 122) described this trading in a similar way: "Residents about. Okipin meet, according to his custom, Chukchi in armor, with onions, arrows and knives, they also accompany them when departure "(Bogoraz 1934: 79). Asian Eskimos and Primorsky Chukchi had an older entity with the inhabitants of the islands and Alaska. Back in 1816, one of the inhabitants of the seaside village, seeing the image of Eskimo with labrets in the lower lip, exclaimed: "Wherever I met such a person with two bones, I would pierce it!" (Kotseb 1948: 103; Wed: Nelson 1899: 330).
I. S. Vdovin (1965: 54? 55, 63) indicates the peaceful relations of deer chukchi with Asian Eskimos in the XVII? XVIII centuries, since he did not find data on their hostility. However, at an earlier time, the war, naturally, was carried out, as preserved information in Folklore (Tan-Boganraz 1930: 69; Bogoraza 1934: 174, XXIII (about the XIIIX XIII century); Zolotarev 1938: 78? 80; Gurvich 1982: 200; Reuse 1994: 296 (XII? XVI centuries); Wed: Caven 1931: 99). This is how, for example, the Eskimo fairy tale describes the trade in Western deer Chukchi with oriental reindeer herders and settled inhabitants: "Meets with the people of the Western side, they welcomed them warmly. A friend with each other exchanged, various things were given, the news was told. Rested, opened the exchange.
The onshore and tundra people of the North side were brought for the exchange of animals, belts, soles and firing.
People of the Western side brought to the exchange of iron, knives, boilers, tobacco, tea, deer rhylad. Before the exchange, according to the customs of opponents, two deer was put against each other, then prepared prick. Whose deer head towards opponents will fall, the first must begin the war in the event of a quarrel. Here two people looked at a spear in deer. The deer of our side fell on the spot, turning his head to the side. Deer opponents fell head towards our people.
After that, they began to exchange each other. Here, during the exchange, an argument was raised due to a small price. ... So did not agree to a quarrel.
According to custom, in the morning should start the war. During the night, they should get ready for battle, and women and children and old men send home with deer herds. If the opponents in which should attack, do not want to take battle, then, according to custom, before dawn, they can leave with their caravans. But the other side can catch up "(Menovers 1985. № 128: 310? 311). Consequently, a whole ritual of exchange has developed on Chukotka. At the same time, Western Chukchi brought Russian goods to bargaining, as well as deer skins, while the eastern nomads who joined the settled, had products seaside (Wed: Menovrovskikov 1974. No. 42: 180? 182; 1926. No. 6: 39? 42 ; Krupper 2000: 224? 230). Trading to trade, as in military expeditions, took with them women, children and herds (Wed: Lessps 1801. Ch. II: 109? 110; Schukin 1852: 14). At first both parties met and easily communicated with each other. Trade - the climax, the purpose of the whole trip. It is furnished with a special ritual, which opens with a sacrifice-fortune-seeing, who will begin the first fighting in the event of a quarrel. Consequently, quarrels, minor to the conflict, were the most common cause in such an exchange. They gadal traditionally, on the fall of the sacrificial deer. Further, the course of the events went through the military channel, according to the "civilized" method of warfare: the attack was made only the next day, the opponents had a whole night to prepare for battle, each of the parties to Volna was to take the battle or run if he did not feel the power to resist the attacker .
Internal wars between chukchami are reflected in the sources weakly, firstly, due to the lack of Russian information about this, and secondly, due to the fact that Chukchi's ethnic self-consciousness in historical time prevented the intake conflict. According to K. Merka (1978: 99), civil workers were in Chukchi in ancient times, that is, much earlier than the end of the XVIII century, this also mentions Chukotka Folklore (Bogoraz 1900. No. 145: 388889; 1934: 175; Kozlov 1956 : 19? 22). In 1741, D. Ya. Laptev mentions about the robbery raids: "The best of them [Chukchi] content and food in the part of each other or what will get from Koryakov" (Vddin 1950: 93). Obviously, we are talking about the hijacking of deer, which was in Chukchi a kind of extreme sport. Even at the beginning of the XX century. There were, although rarely, internal clashes due to various social and economic reasons. So, V. G. Bogoraz (18996: 18? 19; 1902a: 84) for three years of its observations at the very end of the XIX century. Specified at the Kolyma Chukchi about 10 murders, including one killing of the Father and two - brothers, and these murders are more often found in the seaside and Zharunny Chukchi than those of Kolyma and deer. Chukchi at the beginning of the XX century. There was no central government and written laws that could preplace the shakes and encourage the criminal to justice, there were only traditional right, according to which the crime, mainly the murder, followed blood revenge, which served as a certain barrier makes misconduct. As we see, with the termination of the external wars, the causes of collisions, and the methods of their conduct, returned to their initial state, however, they cannot be considered actually wars - these were conflicts.
The beginning of the war. Usually the war was declared in advance. It was the norm of "international relations in the region" (Menovers 1985. № 127: 309). "I will come to you as soon as the first snow falls, and kill you," says the leader of Tanitis Chukotka Hero Kunlel in one legend (Babinsky 1959. No. 103: 250; Wed: Senate Archive. 1889: 35, 36, 535; Bogoraz 1949. № 4: 139; STEBNITSKY 1994A: 104, 167). If the enemy did not prepare for battle, then he could give three days to prepare (Bogoraz 1901. No. 132: 337; Wed: Jochelson 1905. No. 6: 138). An open challenge to battle and providing an opponent of time to prepare for the battle had its own rational basis: to decide in the "general battle" the fate of the war and not to delay it up to the depletion of resources. If one side suffered a defeat, then the return raid could occur not only for the next year, but in a few years, for example, in four years (Bogoraza 1935: 175).
Since in the Chukotka and Eskimo society, as mentioned, the cult of physical strength was dominated, then, demonstrating his skill and desire to fight, it was possible to make the enemy retreat without a fight, as we see this in the Eskimo fairy tale "Amazing Mystery", where the hero of the lilac, killing The dog in the enemy mill and threatening to kill the enemy leaders, forced the last to lead the troops (Sergeeva 1962: 85). As a warning, the enemy Chukchi could leave their insole made of grass on Earth, made of grass (Bogoraz 1902. No. 5: 162), or to stick an arrow arrow with a blunt tip, warning to the other not passing here (Bogoraz 1934: 176). Another signal of the enemy that his appearance was detected and preparing resistance was shot towards the enemies in three arrings in a row (Lebedev, Simchchenko 1983: 129).
The world could be concluded when the parties underlled significant losses understood the hopelessness of the further struggle, threatened by complete exhaustion (Bogoraz 1900. No. 167: 415; Voskoboinikov, Menovnelovikov 1951: 450; Babinsky 1958. No. 98: 239; Menovers 1988. No. 129: 308). Old men came to the enemy will be sent as ambassadors and offered to get silence (Cavelin 1931: 99). At the seaside inhabitants, the parties to the intermediary could serve residents of the neighboring village, who observed neutrality in conflict (Babinsky 1958. No. 67: 167). The normalization of relations between neighbors took place through negotiations between representatives of the two opposing parties (Bogoraza 1934: 178). The world could be concluded not only between individual ethnic groups, but even between individual corychak and chukchi cereals, whereas an enmity continued between other settlements (Babinos 1958. No. 101: 243). In Koryak legends, the world with Chukchmi is often concluded by marrying the son of Elder Chukchi on the daughter of the Koryaka-reindeer (St Barbnitsy 1994: 57? 58; Wed: Vdovin 1962: 154). The consecutive parties were then broken between themselves (Kozlov 1956: 22). When recalled with gifts (Bogoraz 1934: 175), in the sign of observance of the world, even the leader wore his knife with a broken end (Kruzenshtern 1950: 173; love ... 1811: 22? 23).
Usually, for the conclusion of the world, the Germans came with a significant escort, since, on the one hand, they did not trust their recent enemies, and on the other hand, the threat to the use of force kept them from the attack and did more conspiract. So, in 1740, 12 toyon was accompanied by Russian on Anadyr (Vdovin 1948: 68), in 1756, more than 300 sedentary chukchi warriors arrived for the same purpose (Vradin 1950: 96; Alekseev 1961: 19), and in 1763, the negotiations with the commander of Anadyrsk F. X. Plenisner arrived 60 Baidar on 20? 25 people in each (1200? 1500 people) (Alekseev 1958: 25; Vradin 1959: 42). Even at the beginning of the XIX century. "The Supreme Head of All Chukotsky People" Chechro-Tum arrived at negotiations with the governor, accompanied by 12 Tyonov and the set of Chukchi (Love ... 1811: 18). If the opposing parties concluded the world, then his violation was considered as a negative phenomenon (Babinsky 1958. No. 101: 243; Wed: St Barbnitsky 1994: 79 (Koryaki believed in compliance with Chukchi and sleep quietly)).
Unions. In the XVIII century - Century Wars - We are seeing certain elements of foreign policy aimed at creating favorable conditions for wars. So, the seaside residents did not specifically associate Russians with the inhabitants of Alaska, afraid of their union, which could be directed against the inhabitants of Chukotka (Belov 1954: 182; Wed: Efimov 1948: 230; 1971: 196; Greeks 1960: 54). In the historical time, the Asian Eskimos, with whom the nomads associated strong trade connections were permanent allies. And in the event of a great danger that Russians were represented for Chukchi, seaside residents could take help even their long-time opponents - residents of the islands that were known better and did not threaten Chukchi independence. So, during the first campaign of D. I. Pavlutsky (1731), the Eskims from the islands of the Bering Strait were helped, about which the islanders themselves said M. S. Gvozdevu next year (Polonsky 1850: 399, 400; Sokolov 1851: 94, 96; Efimov 1948: 240? 241; Goldenberg 1984: 129; Krashinnikov 1949: 178). Even among those killed Chukchi, after the third battle, serve found one or two Eskimos who were recognized by laboratory labrentes (Efimov 1948: 225; Zuev 2001: 28). Indeed, the Union of Residents of Diomide Islands (Nodeva) with Asian Eskimos, who fought with the inhabitants of oh. King (Crop), who helped their American conifers from the Seward Peninsula (Nelson 1899: 330; Schweatzer, head 2001: 31, 35, notes. 9; Wed: Vdovin 1965: 56 (1763)). Yes, and the inhabitants of small about. Diomida (Cruise) was some time in the hostility with the inhabitants of the Big Island (Ratmanov) and in the Union with the Eskims of Cape Prince Welsh, but were defeated (Nelson 1899: 330; Sheppard 2002: 2; Wed: KPC. No. 71: 186 (1763)). At the assumption of Russian authorities, the Eskimos not only the islands of Bering Strait, but also Alaska (Belov 1956: 324, 330) helped Chukcham against the captain. Chukchi did not want to connect with their long-standing enemies against the Russians, even during the Koryak Uprising (1755), hoping for peace negotiations with the Russians, and they were in essentially with their raids on the Koryakov (KPC. No. 70: 183; Alekseev 1961 : 19), although, on the assumption of the rebels, Chukchi, having grown up with the cakes, should come to the aid of Kamchadalam (1746) (CPC. No. 36: 97; but Wed: No. 38: 102? 103, 108? 109). In 1715, the rebel yukagira called Chukchi to help against Anadyrsk, but apparently did not receive assistance, since at that time there was no active struggle of Chukchi with Russians (Psi. Kn. 2, № 29: 88? 89, 93).
The resettlement of the peoples of Eastern Siberia in the con. XVII century
Reproduced by: IESA. S. 7 (Sost. B. O. Logyh) with updates on publications: Vddin 1972; Leontiev, Novikova 1989: 22
In general, in the historical time, fixed in the sources, the permanent allies of deer Chukchi are sedentary Eskimos, who live often interspersed with them. The latter were, so to speak, the natural allies with whom special contracts were not concluded, and the friendly relations themselves were in a natural way through trade and a peculiar border. The same principles of relationships acted among neighboring settlements. With the Eskimos of the islands concluded agreements that included military assistance, if necessary, military assistance. A contract with nomadic cakes were purely conciliatory, not designed for mutual assistance. Chukchi also did not supply contingents into Russian expeditions - Russians still feared Chukchi.
Strategy
Since Chukchi did not have specialized military triggers, nursing war, their militia, collected from the case towards the case, did not lead permanent hostilities. A large-scale war was hampered by the lack of a material base, special food reserves, nomadic dissemination, etc. As in other nomadic ethnic groups, the strategy of deer chukchi was mobile and offensive. The defensive strategy, they used against the punitive expeditions of the Russians, who were hard to confront: Chukchi simply retreated into a safe place, only if necessary, I fought our strength for the general battle to solve the fate of the campaign, how they did it against expeditions a . F. Shestakova and D. I. Pavlutsky. The strategy of the same Eskimo and Seid Chukchi was mainly defensive: they were less warlike than nomads, and preferred to sit from raids in special fortifications or just hide.
The war itself was seasonal. You can allocate certain seasons for certain types of combat operations (oilfin 2001). The main time of the maintenance of land wars should be recognized as winter. The strategy of deer chukchi was based on unexpected raids. This was explained by the fact that it was in winter Chukchi could quickly move on their only high-speed land transport - on deer sledding, which were not used in the summer. At the same time, in the winter period, the male population was less busy on the pasture, since the herds of deer were calm, and they could even graze, even a couple of adolescents (1991 Bogoraz 1928: 69. 70; Beretti, 929- 16; Krury 1936: 110, 117; Menovers 1974. No. 100: 330; However, CP: Karaev 1926. No. 4: 140; V. A. 1935: 62). For most of the XVIII century. In winter, Chukchi attacked the Koryakov in order to capture deer. During the rest of the year, the Koryaki did not fear Chukoti raids (KPC. No. 65: 170). The task of such a raid was to suddenly appear, capture prey and quickly retreat. S. P. Krasheninnikov (1949: 734) wrote about such winter raids: "These [Chukchi] for all the winter by the parties on them [Koryakov] raid and they are ruining them, and with Chukchi impaired, for those finding their great chinili on their brokes Rule, having collapsing them and killing and herd deer drivening out, what is all the wealth of them. But although in such a need, they were against Chukoch to fight and dried up, but one was always broken and flew to save themselves "(Wed: Merck 1978: 120). You could attack as the first snow (Babinsky 1959. No. 103: 250; Lebedev, Simichenko 1983: 129) and in the spring (Senate archive. 1889: 35, 36, 535). Moreover, the same Chukchi could make a raid and in March, and in November (Shakhovskaya 1822: 306). But nevertheless, the most favorable for raids was the end of the winter season, from the end of February to the end of May, when the strength of the wind fell, and the frosts were not so strong (Ioochelson 1997: 214).
In the winter, the inhabitants of Chukotka (they were the aggressive side) attacked the Eskimos of the coast of Alaska. The deer chukchi on the sleds were driving on the ice of Bering Strait, as told in the Talk of Elendi (Bogoraz 1899: 356? 358; Tan-Boganraz 1930: 71? 77; Vradin 1987: 42; Wed: Wrangel 1835: 607? 608; SK -I 1888. № 26: 2). The latter went on a campaign, taking with him one of the wives and freight Sani with provisions and fodder - just three narts (Bogoraza 1899: 356). Naturally, the seaside inhabitants of Chukotka did this path on dog sledding, going, for example, from the most convenient place for this place - Welen, from which America is 89 km (Vdovin 1944: 262; 1965: 57; Gondatti 1898: 17, IX). As a paragraph of recreation could use about. Ratmanov, from where to Alaska traveled during the day of the road. Until the island, they could walk on ice and on foot, if there were a lot of toroids and it was uncomfortable (Psi. KN. 1, No. 108: 458; Merck 1978: 121; Gondatti 1898: 17, XI; Medushevskaya 1954: 118). Americans, if you learned about the attack in advance with the observation hills, preferred to battle to fight, hid from Asians to the cave, where provisions were kept, clothes and weapons (Schweatzer, head 2001: 26, 30; Sheppard, 2002: 9; Chernenko 1957: 132) .
In the summer, in Anadyr and other border rivers, the Cossacks, who could not exist on a salary, and the land could not process because of climatic conditions, caught fish and industrialed deer, moving on the middle course of Anadyr in the same places (at the end of the XVIII c. - In 160 versts (170 km) from the mouth in May - June to the north, on the summer pastures, and in August - September back, for wintering (Sokolov 1852a: 165; Merck 1978: 144; Silnitsky 1897: 25). Chukchi coming to Anadyr for the fishery of the deer on Baidara, came across the hunting Russian and Yukagira (Wed: Lindenau 1983: 163). In this period, the Cossack parties were particularly often unexpected attacks, because the deer were transferred to summer pastures far from Ostroga (widowin 1944: 115; Alekseev 1961: 11). In military briefly and clearly describes these attacks Commandant Anadyr Captain V. Shatilov (1751): "Russian people who have been looking in any small negligence of fisheries, and Paks break the same Mortally, take into captivity of wives and children, copper and iron boilers, axes, knives, and so on, not in their land in their land. "(Shashkov 1864: 67). Since in the first half of the XVIII century. Chukchi themselves did not trust the Russians and were afraid of them, they, according to J. I. Lindenau (1983: 163), came to crafts in very large quantities, 150 Baidar with the crew at 15? 20 people in each, that is, about 2250 ? 3000 people, of course, including families (Wed: Vdovin 1950: 83). Even at the beginning of the XIX century. Chukchi attacked Russian fishermen on the Main River, the southern influx of Anadyr (Dyachkov 1893: 41, 56).
In the summer in the second half of the XVII century. Chukchi often attacked the few Russians, caught fish on Kolyma and in the surrounding area (Give. 1862. T. VIII, № 3? 4: 9; KPMGY. No. 25: 64 (1659); No. 30: 69 (1662); № 192 : 241 (1679); Vradin 1965: 104 (1659); Belov 1954: 181 (mid-XVIII century); stockings 1785. KN. 1: 485? 486; kN. 2: 389? 390, Note. 2; Gedenster 1830 : 99). Some Russian villages on Kolyma Chukchi simply defeated, in particular the pogrom (the promotion of fishermen in three versts below Nizhnekolumsk) and the duke. I. Shklovsky (1892: 97) believed that the names of the rivers (killed, bloody, robbery) and settlements were testified about collisions with Chukchi (Pogromnoye, Tomilino, where, according to legends, the girl was injured, the trunnounces, where Chukchi shared prey). In the first half of the XVIII century. The number of Chukchi on the lower Kolyma declined due to epidemics, and they no longer represented a big threat to the Russian and Yukagir population (Vdovina 1965: 105; Wed: Gurvich 1966: 49 (left due to epidemics, smallpox or extinct from it in 1690- x GG.)). However, in 1752, six people sent from Nizhnekolimsk for fishing to the "Chukotsk River" were killed by Chukchi (Vdovina 1944: 254; Gurvich 1966: 49). The summer period was the sea wars season when the seaside residents, Chukchi and Eskimos were sent by the campaign to the island of Beringomorya and Alaska. In the summer, the raids in the tundra of small hiking shakes took place. In general, nomadic chukchi, who owned numerous flocks, rarely went on foot, so and long-term raids on land did not behave in the summer, which was poorly and unusual for them.
Intelligence service. Naturally, for a successful campaign, it was very important to get information about the enemy, given the complex natural conditions and minor, according to our standards, the forces that the opponent who was prepared for the battle could break. Intelligence existed - strategic and tactical. The first one belonged to various types of information extraction: the cowhide was sent far ahead, even by a half months of the way to the main caravan approach. Scouts by aspirations and inspection mined the necessary information (Menovers 1985. № 127: 308). He could under the guise of a guest to arrive in the settlement of the future enemy, trying to bring the names of the allies, the number of warriors, the date of the campaign. Such information from Eskimos owned the head of the village, not devoting to these secrets of others, and the intelligence officer sought to display this data from him (Sergeeva 1962: 103? 104). The information could be obtained from a runaway slave returned home (Bogoraz 1934: 174? 175; Malaurie 1974: 140, 154; Menovers 1985. No. 133: 324? 327). Similar information about the enemy was provided with refugees from destroyed settlements or areas of potential danger (Kozlov 1956: 30; Menovers 1985. No. 127: 307.308; No. 132: 321). On the other hand, waiting for the arrival of enemies, a sentient, usually a good runner, sent far ahead, towards the enemy, to a convenient elevation, but he was not here for a long time and returned home (Menovrovskikov 1985. No. 127: 307; Wed: Bakhtin 2000: 124). The strategic type of intelligence can also include long-term tracking of the enemy in anticipation of a convenient case for attacking him. According to Evenskaya legend, Chukchi fascinated EVENA for a whole year (Novikova 1987: 108).
Tactical intelligence existed: the panels explicit the area immediately before the arrival of the main mass of troops (Voskoboinikov, Menovers 1959: 435; Menovers 1974. No. 85: 301; 1985. № 132: 323? 324). Finally, directly from the hiking mill also sent scouts to see what ahead (Menovers 1974. No. 91: 317; 1985. No. 127: 309; Wed: Bogoraz 1899: 353). The lazutchikov was sent to the enemy camp in order to know that the enemies intend to do how many troops they have and who would lead them (Voskoboinikov, Menovers 1959: 437; Sergeeva 1962: 84). It was easy, since usually the protection of the camp did not exhibit.
Hike. Going camping, Chukchi determined his goal, tasks and route. Chukotka toyon the Wick described the upcoming campaign and its goal as follows (1740): At first he will meet the troops and reach the Anadyr River, it will reach the Baidar, then it will go to Anadyrsk, it will break off the Russian head and neck, will burn and there will be a deer. (Vddin 1970: 22? 23). There were also certain raids routes: via Anadyr passed either downstream from the progress or 300 versts (318 km) above (Belov 1954: 180). It should be noted that the spring river opened from ice at the end of April - early May, in the winter period it was simply switched on ice (Dyachkov 1893: 5; Wed: Sokolov 1852a: 165).
Captain T. I. Shmalev in his notes, which he led in Hyzhig, briefly described the route of one of the last raids of Chukchi on Koryakov, which is a characteristic example of enterprises of this kind (Shakhovskaya 1822: 306? 307): "In March 1776 Chukotka Toon Amulan from 180 Chukchi came to search over the koreas to the Ries of Apake and Pakhache, and first the Koryaka Nushechli 28 deer was removed, and the boy captured here on the 19th on the redemption; Then came to the aputers, cost the aputers friendly and produced a bargaining, in which the koryaki killed one Chukchi from the gun. For the SIM went to Pahatchinsky Sport, where nothing happened in addition to conversations. And when they went up along the Pahache River, then our yurt of foot koryakov, the crew plundered and with them took two girls. On March 25, the deer Koryak Alalyc in the axles of the people killed, four women were captured, the deer of Alalyak herds received, the identity of another Koryaka Tanapia Tabun, just two herds, and returned to their Earth. "
As we see, we have a brief report on the raid that lasted less than a month and spent at the end of the winter season. He was a purely robber, directed on the field that were not covered by the Gizhihin fortress. The forces of the attackers were not particularly high and, obviously, were not designed for collisions with Russians. The deer Koryakov had her herds, men killed, and women were captured, but the shepherd boy was released for redemption. Singing sedentary Koryakov did not storm, preferring to trade, although there were quarrels that led to the death of one Chukchi. However, finding a single twilight, plundered it, and women were captured. Capturing two major herds, Chukchi returned home. This raid, unexpected for the enemy, without big battles and many losses, but with good prey - a typical example of an ideally spent plaque.
The raid itself could occur on a large distance. The density of the population of Chukotka was then very insignificant. Recall that in the 1760s. Colonel F. X. Renisner claimed that from Anadyrsk, it was necessary to go to the deer to the Chukotka dwellings (Vdovin 1959: 42). In one Chukotka fairy tale, it is mentioned that the warriors were returned from the hike with the extracted deer and cargo nurses home for ten days (Menovrovskikov 1974. № 86: 307, No. 91: 315; Wed: Tang-Bogoraz 1958: 82), that is, they We traveled about 150? 200 km, in another fairy tale to the cubs drove 18 days (Belikov 1965: 158).
If necessary, a short time was assigned to the campaign: in one Eskimo legend it is said about the speech the next day (Menovers 1985. № 127: 308). Going on a campaign, Chukchi took with them a herd of spare deer in case the rolling animals will die from overwork or hunger. So, in 1754, Caravan 500 Chukchi numbering 2000 deer (CPC. No. 70: 181). Since in Nart, more often hardened two deer, then almost every nart had one animal reserve. In addition, from the same herd took animals to slaughter. The expedition took and spare nars, which sat down when the riding sleigh broke. Perhaps, on them, like on trophy sleigh, at return, prey was carried and on them, like Koryakov, captured women and children were sitting (Iochilson 1900. No. 53: 130). Smeted Chukchi, seduced by the prey and participating in the winter campaign of nomads, drove on the sleigh, harnessed by deer of their nomadic tribesmen, but the attitude towards them from nomads remained unbridling (Bogoraz 1900. No. 110: 286? 287). We drove the chain, one by one, along the nailed rut, so that the deer is less tired (Bogoraz 1899: 370). When the small group of warriors went on foot on foot, then, most likely, as on the hunt, they also walked into a row (Menovers 1988. No. 99: 235; Wed: No. 156: 364; Fieup-Riordan 1994: 330; Bruch 1998: 89; (Alaskan Eskimos)). In Buran, if the way continued, narts tied one to others in order not to be lost (Rubats 1954. № 27: 325. § 14? 17); Deer also tied for the horns (Menovers 19886. № 28: 130).
During short stops and before the Battle of Linges, deer tied to Narts (Vdovin 1965: 97; Bogoraza 1899: 370, Note. 3). Cossack B. Kuznetsky so describes the bivouake returning from the hike of Chukchi (1754): "... And how they are still going to be all suddenly, but apart, who goes where or where the place to spend the night, only each other in mind, and instead of yurt become shty From the deer warm skin of the canopy, in which they sleep in ten people and more "(KPC. No. 70: 181) (1756). Consequently, the location of the camp was fairly free, perhaps focused on the place in the caravan. Naturally, rhodiers tried to keep together (Wrangel 1948: 175; Wed: Tan-Bogoraz 1979: 28 (deer koryaki)). I. B. B. DE Lesseps (1801. Ch. II: 109) Notes another location of the polls in the village of who came to trade Chukchi: they were put in a row on the sample of the junction of Yarang. As we can see, the expedition took with me only a gender, in which more than ten people could accommodate (Wedovina 1965: 50). The soil under the canopy was covered with reindeer skin chosen on a twig. At night, spears and bundles of arrows stuck before entering the canopy. I. B. B. DE Lesseps (1801. Ch. II: 110) explains what it was done against Koryakov, but it is quite clear that such a barrage will not save from the attack of the enemy, - he was made against the evil spirits of Cale. The canopy itself was fixed on the sides of four spicycles (Lesseps 1801. Ch. II: 109) or simply tied between the Narts (Galkin 1929: 170). If there was no canopy, they slept right on the sleigh (Galkin 1929: 178; Rubatsova 1954. No. 1: 29? 30. § 159, 207; Ivugu 1985: 59; Wed: Cholun 1904: 28). With favorable weather conditions, Chukchi could sleep and just in the forest. If it was Tundra, they could sleep on the snow, throwing a deer skin on him (Galkin 1929: 162; Wed: Koltun 1904: 28).
The privals were made on the ground where Moss was, feed for deer. Deer sent to graze with one or two shepherds, the main task of which was to protect herd from wolves (Beretti 1929: 48). Riding animals could at night and just bind (Gurvich 1983: 101). If there was a concern that the deer would return to the herd, they did not straighten them overnight (1991 Bogoraraz). When it was assumed that along the way there will be enough feed for deer, it was taken with me (M-in 1877. No. 47: 386; Bogoraz 1900. No. 145: 388), using as bags for him, for example, clothes ( Bogoraz 1899: 356). The fires, unlike the Koryakov, on the privala could not ignite (Bogoraz 1991: 108). It looks strange, since the fire was considered a guard from evil spirits who dominated the darkest day (Vradin 1977: 133). Perhaps this behavior is explained by the absence of fuel in the tundra (Tan-Bogoraraz 1958: 82). On the other hand, the Koryak Tale mentions that Chukchi sat in the camp in the "tents" with fires (Jochelson 1905. № 6: 137; Wed: St Barbnitsy 1994: 24). The guard on Bivouak did not put, no fortifications were erected (Voskoboinikov, Menovers 1959: 432). Only noticing the stranger, asked who he was (Bogoras 1918. No. 23: 95).
When the enemies attack were expected, according to Chukchi, even in Yaranga they slept dressed and shovel, putting onions and spears (Vdovin 1965: 129). Luke, as Kezay Kekketin's Cyacian literature writes, Chukchi put under her head, like the koryaki (however, maybe it is a simple interpolation of Koryak's custom on their opponents). Consequently, the awkward warrior could immediately use onions. Spears were put in one vertical pyramid (St Barbnitsy 1994: 50? 51; Wed: Voskoboinikov, Menovrovikov 1959: 432).
Raid with cable. The main view of the winter raid was gradual lining with all overhead of the opponent's parking lot. N. N. Beretti (1929: 13), telling about the koreas and chukchi, notes: "The nomadic natives during distant and long trips take often with their own wives." The raids together with women mentions folklore (Bogoraz 1901. No. 130: 335; Menovers 1974. No. 91: 316? 318; Wed: Nevers 1874: 47; Peoples of Russia. 1880: 12; Lebedev, Simchenko 1983: 131 (Koryaks )). Moreover, sedent chukchi and those who participated in the campaign could also take a wife with them (Bogoraz 1900. No. 110: 286. 287; No. 130: 335; Wed: Bakhtin 2000: 46, 201). A similar custom was not characteristic only for some Chukchi, it existed in other peoples of the region, such as Itelmen (Steller 1927: 47). In the 1860s The participation of women in the campaign was explained by the fact that men did not want (and no more than) to do even in the expedition to female work (Neumann 1871. T. I: 19; Beretti 1929: 16). Indeed, in Chuvansky legend it is mentioned that women during a raid were "tents" - a typical female job (Bogoras 1918. No. 23: 95), despised by men (Obruchev 1974: 86). Consequently, the campaign actually presented a certain type of swinging.
The progress of such a raider K. Merk (1978: 120) notes: "When they are approaching someone else's land, then leave behind women and yurts." It may seem to be the impression that the tears with women remain somewhere far away in the rear, on the border of the enemy's territory, but it is not. Chukotka legends telling about raids say that the enemies put their camp in the immediate vicinity of the enemy's overhead. The attackers were camping without any fortifications and doses and were completely calmly engaged in everyday affairs (see: Menovers 1974. No. 87: 309; No. 91: 316; Lebedev, Simichenko 1983: 131). Fighters, having to go into armor, went into battle, leaving Narts on the core, where women remained without any protection (Lebedev, Simichenko 1983: 131). If there was a forest and some natural shelters or hard-to-reach territories, then women remained there (Meshashev 1809: 25, notes.). Warriors could approach and directly to the battlefield on the narts, leaving them in the rank (Szbaev 1869: 16), which, in turn, prevented the possibility of a detachment environment. Then the action went on a scenario, similar to how they acted when attacking the enemy core.
Ride some men. Some men in Narts could be sent to the winter raid. A similar raid could be distant and unexpected for the enemy, because in this case Chukchi were mobile, not burdened by a large route. Such raids could be very long. Thus, B. Kuznetsky noted that he was driving from the surroundings of Anadyrsk, where he was captured, to the Cucci cubic, six weeks (KPC. No. 70: 181) (1756). If we accept that on average, a caravan per day with a non-sufficient movement took place 10? 12 km (Vdovin 1987: 73), then this distance could be at least 420? 500 km. If the raid was purely robber, aimed at capturing deer, then the prisoners did not prefer to take, and everyone was killed (Babinsky 1958. No. 101: 243).
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This publication considers the various sides of the military affairs of Chukchi throughout the two half of the XVII century known to us, when Chukchi was first faced with the Siberian Cossacks, and up to the beginning of the 20th century, when the collisions were still occurring in the soil. to sweep. Information about neighboring peoples, Asian and American eskios, koryaks and Russians are involved, which makes it possible to better reveal the features of the Military Court of Chukchi. The book is the first in historiography by the labor dedicated to the Military case Chukchi. It will be useful not only to ethnographers, but also the widest circle of readers interested in military affairs.
The work refers to the genre of documentary literature. It was published in 2003 by Publishing House Petersburg Oriental Science. On our site you can download the book "Military Case Chukchi" in FB2, RTF, EPUB, PDF, TXT or read online format. The rating of the book is 4.83 out of 5. Here you can also read the readers of readers already acquainted with the book, and learn their opinion. In the online store of our partner you can buy and read the book in the paper version.
Military case Chukchi (middle XVII-beginning XX century) - description and summary, author Nephlastkin Alexander, read free online on the website of the electronic library site
This publication considers the various sides of the military affairs of Chukchi throughout the two half of the XVII century known to us, when Chukchi was first faced with the Siberian Cossacks, and up to the beginning of the 20th century, when the collisions were still occurring in the soil. to sweep. Information about neighboring peoples, Asian and American eskios, koryaks and Russians are involved, which makes it possible to better reveal the features of the Military Court of Chukchi. The book is the first in historiography by the labor dedicated to the Military case Chukchi. It will be useful not only to ethnographers, but also the widest circle of readers interested in military affairs.
On the first page of the cover: Chukchi Warrior XVIII century. Reconstruction. Figure A V. Kozotanka.
How the stone edge to arrive was attached, show later analogues, where the stone was simply ousted by iron. Two bribed bone plates were attached on the alder with a length of 9.5-17.0 cm, and in them, in turn, a flat triangular tip made of leaf or boiler gland 4-10 cm long (Bogoraz 1901: Table IX, 3; 8 ; Ukhtomsky 1913: 110-111. Fig. 3). In Koryak arrows, iron edges held in a rivet horror tip (vdovin 1971: 290). At earlier time, a stone was used instead of iron. The flint tip could be inserted directly into the incision of the strip, as we see it in the laurels-like is 8.5 cm long from MAE (No. 752-52). Moreover, this type of tip with Cherenkov Nasad prevailed on the coast of Eastern Chukotka in the I thousand (Arutyunov, Sergeev 1969: 130; Wed: Rudenko 1947: 82-83; nuts 1977). A similar stone tip had a smaller punching force during shooting, was designed for the bundle of its material "from the dark, in the mountains of the crystal" (KPC. No. 70: 183), which led to blood infection (Wed: Sokolov 1852: 103 (o. Unlasha)). And to enhance this action in the middle of the XVIII century. The tip was smeared with a poison from the root of the root of the grass of the buttercup, from which the "man, to get the arrow of an ulcer, will soon swollen and die" (KPC. No. 70: 183); This testimony of Cossack B. Kuznetsky (1756) is almost literally repeated in the report of Chukchi Gehgitite (1763) (KPC. No. 71: 186; Sergeeva 1962: 85; Malaurie 1974: 143). Athonite juice as poison used with a similar purpose of the ITELEN, as well as Aleuts and Ains (Krasheninnikov 1949: 404; Steller 1927: 22; Middaddorf 1869. Dep. 5: 601).
Chukoti arrows with iron tips from sheet iron, inserted into bone clutches, fixed on the trees.
Reproduced by: Ukhtomsky 1913: But, Fig. For, b, s, d, e, f
Bone tips of Chukchi arrows, apparently, made themselves, because the production of arrows - the most consumable type of weapon - was one of the duties of men (Merck 1978: 116; Wed: Bakhtin 2000: 229). The same applies to combined iron-sized tips, which chukchi made from boiler metal (Ukhtomsky 1913: 116; Bogoraz-Tang 1934: 13-14). Good quality iron tips, sometimes, as indicated by V. G. Bogoraz (1991: 91), with vegetables from copper and brass on the sleeve, were acquired by Russians on Kolyma or Anadyr, as well as the Koryakov. They are highly valued: they often put on the fur cap (skin inside) to protect against dampness and rust. These covers were often made from deer sicks removed from the feet (Bogoraz 1991: 144. Fig. 74k, 1).
Chukoti arrows with bone tips:
a - Dagger; b - sheet-shaped; in, g, e - needle; D - tip with asymmetric spikes.
Reproduced by: Bogoraz 1901: Tab. VIII, 2-7
The participant of the D.I. Pavlutsky campaign noted that Chukchi's typical arrows are equipped with two-or-triangled lugs from walrus (widows 1965: 35; Wed: Dall 1870: 379 (triangular tips are typical for Asian Eskimos)). The number of faces could reach five (Mahe. No. 752-77). Obviously, these tips were both combat and hunting, intended for hunting for large game (Ukhtomsky 1913: 111; Volkov, Rudenko 1910: 178). Such tips, characteristic of Eskimos, were about 20 cm long and sat down on a 350-69 cm anti-tree (Ukhtomsky 1913: 106-107. Fig. 1; Wed: Nelson 1899: Pi. LXIA, 1). Such bone tips are known in Punuk time (VI-XVI centuries) on the west coast of Chukotka and have, obviously, Eskimo origin (Dicks 1979: Fig. 89, 14; Wed: Nuts 1977: 112. Fig. 18-4; 18-8).
Many tips we cannot accurately determine whether they are hunting or combat. Tips, which could be applied in war, differed in form and material from which they were produced (cf. with the classification of Koryak arrows: Vdovin 1971: 283-291).
We also note other types of bone tips, stored in the Rama collections:
A leaf-shaped tip of 15 cm long with a Wild Fift (Ukhtomsky 1913: 108).
The quadrighedral tip of the asymmetric-rhombic shape with a length of 12 cm at an arrow length is 71 cm. It was inserted with a cutlets in an arrow and for strength was wrapped with a ribbon (Ukhtomsky 1913: 108. Fig. 1).
Heavy two-sighted tips ending with spikes, sometimes asymmetric (Ukhtomsky 1913: 108-109. Fig. 1c). Such an edge was relatively small (from the exhibit in MAE length 7 cm), it applied a greater wound, leading to abundant loss of blood. As the Capral G. G. Shekin (1750s), similar small tips attached to the tree very weakly, apparently glue, so that they remain in the body when the arrow will be taken out (AII, F. 36, OP. 1, № 643, l. 585; Wed: Vdovin 1965: 37; Merck 1978: 116). Probably, the arrows with this tip were the most common (Wed: Merck 1978: 116). Note that, judging by the Eskimo parallel, the arrows with similar, but larger tips were intended for hunting for a large beast and, obviously, for the war (Wed: Jacobsen 1884: 8-9; Burch 1998: 69-70).
Chukotka bone arrowheads:
a, B - with asymmetric spikes, b - asymmetric-rhombic; Mr - needle.
Reproduced by: Ukhtomsky 1913: 106, Fig. LA, B, C, D, E, F, G
Another class of Chukchi tips, known for ethnographic collections, are iron:
Chukoti arrows with iron tetrahed tips:
a, b, in - extended triangular; r, d - needle; e - elongated-rhombic; F - needle, made of polished file; Z is an elongated triangular on a long neck.
Reproduced by: Ukhtomsky 1913: 114, Fig. 6a, b, s, d, e, f, g, h
four tips, which E. D. Ukhtomsky (1913: 114-115. Fig. 6a - d) considers due to the care of the processing acquired among Russians or koryaks;
needle tips (Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 6d, E, G); iron tips on the neck (Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 6f, h);
warhead tips with an expanding thickening-edge (Bogoraz 1901: Table. IX, 6; Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 4e, f);
double-edible tips with a length of 12-24 cm, which copied the shape of needle bones, with a string of 75-81 cm long (Ukhtomsky 1913: 114-115. Fig. 4a - d). Such tips were used by Eskimos for hunting for the marine beast (see: Jacobser 1884: Fig. 21);
Arrows with iron tips:
a, in - diamond-shaped; b - sheet-shaped; r, d - spitous with a long neck; E - and - Willy.
Reproduced by: Ukhtomsky 1913: 113, Fig. 5a, b, s, d, e, f, g, h, i
flat Wild Tips Length 7-5 cm (at the boom length 66-84 cm) were used for water bird hunting and small game (Ukhtomsky 1913: 113-114. Fig. 5a-d) in war could be used in emergency cases;
sheloid or diamond-shaped lugs 9-15 cm long, the total length of the arrows was 67-85 cm (Bogoraz 1901: Table. IX, 11-12; Ukhtomsky 1913: 111. Fig. 5g, H, I; Wed: Mae. No. 611 -114);
small tips with symmetric or asymmetric spikes and a long neck (Chtven 1913: 113. Fig. 5e, 0;
an arrow-knife made from an old knife (Ukhtomsky 1913: 115. Fig. 4g). A similar arrow had to apply large bleeding wounds.
Tips with a blunt wooden edge (tomaras) were purely hunting, intended for stamping and stunning game (Bogoraz 1901: Table. VIII, 10-11; IX, 10).
All these types of arrows existed in the XIX century. In general, Chukchi tips are very large and intended, obviously, to apply a deep wound to the enemy, who should suffer from abundant blood loss. Long faceted tips could be intended for piercing the shell and entering the body of the enemy. Large Iron is quite heavy and unbalanced, which reduces the range of flight. However, as already noted, it is often difficult to distinguish between the boom and intended for hunting on a large beast.
"In fact, this is the second edition of the" Military County of Chukchi ", but the main text is expanded on 100 pages, added new illustrations. Total - 455 pp., Circulation - 500 copies." (A.K.)
Order directly from the author - https://vk.com/id25393864. . As you understand, already sniffed, waiting for a mailbox.
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"Nefydkin A.K. Essays of the military-political history of Chukotka (beginning of the I thousand n. E. - XIX century). SPb.: Petersburg Oriental Science, 2016. 362 s., Ill., Circulation - 1000 copies."
The book for the first time in historiography represents military-political events that happened in Chukotka, throughout the history known to us. Based on the archaeological, folklore and, first of all, the written sources describe events from the first thousand N. e. Until the XIX century, when there was still traditional culture and the usual relationship between the peoples of the region.
Content
From the author
Introduction
Chapter I. Prehistory (Start I Thousands of E. -XVII century)
1. Archaeological evidence
2. Development of reindeer husbandry
3. Wars Chukchi and Eskimos
4. Fortification facilities
Chapter II. Military actions in the area of \u200b\u200bKolyma and Chauna (XVII XIX century)
1. The appearance of Chukchi in a big tundra between Alasees and Kolya
2. The first contacts of Western Chukchi with Yukagira-Alazews and Russian
3. Military actions on the lower Kolyma in the second half of the XVII - early XVIII century.
4. Care of Kolysko-Alasee Chukchi
5. Relationship with chalags
5.1. The appearance of chalggs in written documents
5.2. Expedition F. Amosova (1724)
5.3. Certificates of chalfings of the XVIII-XIX centuries.
5.4. War of Chukchi with chalags
6. Military actions in the second quarter of the XVIII - early XIX century.
Chapter III. Attempts to conquer the inhabitants of Chukotka in the middle of the XVII - the first third of the XVIII century.
Chapter IV. Chukotka War (1727-1778)
1. The beginning of the activities of the Anadyr Party - Expedition A. F. Shestakova - D. I. Pavlutsky (1727-1732)
1.1. Expedition A. F. Shestakova (1727-1730)
1.2. First campaign D. I. Pavlutsky on Chukotka (1731)
1.3. Swimming a bot "St. Gabriel "(1732)
1.4. Expedition D. I. Pavlutsky down the Anadyr (1732)
2. Military actions of the 1730s - mid 1750s.
2.1. Chukotka raids of the 1730s - early 1740s.
2.2. Hiking D. I. Pavlutsky on Chukotka (1744-1747)
2.2.1. Hike 1744.
2.2.2. River Expedition in the summer of 1745
2.2.3. Summer Expedition D. I. Pavlutsky (1746)
2.2.4. Last campaign D. I. Pavlutsky (1747)
2.3. Military actions of the end of the 1740-xSERDINA 1750s.
3. Neither the war, nor the world: attempts to establish Russian-Chukchi relations in the mid-1750 - mid 1770s.
3.1. ACTIVITIES OF ANADIR SERVERYS I. S. SHMALEV AND S. KEKEROVA
3.2. The abolition of Anadyr Ostroga
3.3. Defeat Chukchi under Gižigoy (1775)
4. Accepting Chukchi Russian citizenship
5. Russian-Chukchi relations in the late XVIII century.
Chapter V. Interphemming relations in the XVIII - the first half of the XIX century.
1. Chukchi-Koryak Wars
1.1. First war
1.2. Chukchi-Koryak conflict of the XVIII century
2. Wars Chukchi with Anadyr Yukagira
3. War in the Bering Strait
3.1. Wars with Eskimos Alaska
3.2. Hypothesis M. Krauss on Alaskan Eximos in Siberia
3.3. Establishing peace in the strait
3.4. Relations with the Eskimos of the Island of St. Lawrence
Chapter VI. Conflicts of the XIX century
1. Collisions between local groups of Chukchi and with neighboring peoples
2. Blood revenge
3. Collisions with euments
4. Relationship with Russians on Anadyr and Anyuskaya Fair
5. Conflicts with crews of foreign courts in the Bering Strait
Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Bibliography
In this collection, Russian documents on the history, geography and ethnography of Chukotka XVIII century, which is mainly published, are mainly published from the so-called "Miller portfolios", that is, from documents collected by the first historian Siberia by Academician F. Miller (1705�1783 ).
Introduction
I. Historical documents of the first third of the XVIII century.
1. Indications of nasal chukchi 1718
2. Penota Fedot Amosova on swimming for chalamgam in 1724
3. The testimony of hiking tungs from May 23, 1730. On the campaign A. F. Shestakova
4. Orders A. F. Shestakova on March 11, 1730
5. News I. Ostafyeva in Tuila Ostrog, March 1730
6. Tale I. Ostafyeva about the campaign A. F. Shestakova and Yasaka
II. Anadian documents
7. Promverter of Captain D. I. Pavlutsky to the Yakut Voivodsk Office of February 10, 1732
8. Promverter Captain D. I. Pavlutsky to the Yakut Office of March 31, 1733
9. Extracts from Anadyr affairs about Chukchi's campaigns on deer Koryakov
10. Extracts from Anadyr and Gizhugi affairs about the actions of the Koryakov
11. V. Shipitsina's news on the pogrom in Anadyr in August 1741
12. Extracts from Anadyr Affairs about the campaigns down the River Anadyr
13. The testimony of Chukoti toyon dated July 23, 1760
14. Possed by the retired Capral Grigory Shaykin
III. Historical work T. I. Shmaleva
15. Autobiography T. I. Shmaleva
16. Shmalev T. I. Note on the Chukchi people
17. Shmalev T. I. Note ... Due to the ancient malice from Koryakov with Chukchi and from both sides of the campaigns ...
18. Letter T. I. Shmaleva Ya. M. Peresypkin of January 23, 1777
19. Answers Captain Ya. M. Peresypkin on questions T. I. Shmalev on the history of Anadyr Ostrog (1773)
19a. Accompanying letter T. I. Shmaleva Ya. M. Peresypkin
IV. Notes T. I. Shmaleev on the adoption of Chukchi to Russian citizenship
20. Note Captain Shmalev dated June 1, 1778
21. Publishing Captain Shmalev dated June 2, 1778
22. Second addition of Captain Shmalev dated October 2, 1779
23. Raport T. I. Shmaleva Irkutsk Governor F. M. Nemtsov dated May 11, 1778
V. Documents of the Gizhugin Fortress
24. Protocol interrogation of ensign P. Mordovsky dated December 11, 1777
25. Possed by Captain T. Shmaleev about the Northern Lights
26. Possed by Captain T. Shmaleev about the burial of the Koryak
27. Shmalev T. I. Explanation of the fishery of the Marine Beast Beluga
28. Possed by I. Ankudinova T. I. Shmalev
List of abbreviations
List of used literature
Dictionary of outdated words and terms
The main persons mentioned in the documents
The main geographical and ethnic names "
Heroic legends of the peoples of Chukotka
Edition prepared A. K. Nefydkin
This publication represents the heroic legends and historical traditions of the peoples of Chukotka and the surrounding lands recorded, starting from the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Up to the beginning of the XXI century, including a number of texts published for the first time. All folklore materials are combined with the theme of the relationship between Chukchi and Eskimos with neighboring peoples. The publication is designed for students, teachers and the widest range of interested readers.
Content
Introduction
I. Chukotka legends
1. Materials collected by V. G. Bogoraz
2. Talk of heroes
3. Epos about Kunlél
4. Traditions about reindeer herds
5. In search of the stolen sister
6. Traditions of brave women
7. Historical legends
II. Traditions of Asian Eskimos
III. West Alaska Eskimos Folklore
IV. Koryak Tradition
V. Kerek Trades
Vi. Even Trades
VII. Yukagir legends
VIII. Chudowan traditions
IX. Russian Nizhnekolomsky Traditions
X. Taimyr Traditions
Xi. Other folklore materials peoples of northeastern Siberia
List of abbreviations
Bibliography
