National relations in the modern world. Problems of interethnic relations in our country

For a long history of mankind, various nations were formed, changed, mixing with others and bringing their own characteristics in them. These processes are associated with the resettlement and movement of large groups of people.

Concept

In modern society, the formation of nations has acquired established, although now there is a place for local changes. The nation does not exist isolated, on the contrary, they are in constant interaction. We learn that there are interethnic relationships and briefly consider their varieties.

An interethnic relationship is the type of social relations whose participants are different peoples.

There are two main types of interethnic relationships:

within one state;
between nations of different countries.

The study of the problem of interethnic relationships began in America. In this country, the question of the relationship between the white and black population, which, due to the characteristics of historical development, had to establish joint activities within one state.

Problems of interethnic relationships

The interaction of nations does not always go in a peaceful way, sometimes emerging difficulties and contradictions cause aggression and even military collisions.
The causes of this can be:

various levels of development and culture of peoples;
the desire to survive and achieve privileges, get rid of discrimination;
fight for economic resources.

Examples of countries in which the relationship between nations occurred peaceful (modern America) and a non-smile (conquest of neighboring peoples of the Roman Empire).

National Politics

In Russia, as in a multinational state, in conditions of permanent international integration (establishing relations with other states), the issue of national policies is one of the most important.

The state seeks to prevent the national retail, destroying and not allowing any differences in the rights of peoples. So, it is allowed to use a native language, including in educational institutions, as a school subject. The development trends of interethnic relations in Russia are associated with the organization of a peaceful and constructive dialogue of different cultures, their mutual enrichment, mutual adoption and respect (tolerance).

What did we know?

Having studied the topic of 11 class of social studies, we found out that interethnic relationships are a relationship between the peoples of one or several states. The question of nations and interethnic relations is of particular importance in modern society. It is designed to destroy any manifestations of discrimination of nations, open free access to every person to the benefits of society.

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About 40 thousand years ago, a new biological species appeared on Earth - a reasonable man, which during the millennium was spread over the entire surface of the sushi. All variety of modern types of people can be explained by different natural factors that influenced people depending on their geographical position (place of settlement on Earth). Scientists involved in the study of large groups of people separately allocate such concepts as people, nation, nationality.

Concepts: tribe, people, nation, nationality

Scientists allocate different ethnic community (ethnic groups) - Historically established sustainable groups of people, different from among themselves biological characteristics, the overall territory of residence, language, religion, traditions. Ethnic communities include tribes, peoples, nation. The formation of ethnic groups occurred in stages, as people reset the planet and in the process of developing social relations between them.

In primitive society, people lived by communities - large blood bonded groups. The communities consisted of several dozen families who lived together to increase chances for survival. The communities were the first types of ethnos, they were the first sustainable community of people.

In each community there were their customs, people in the community remembered their ancestors and worshiped them. Over time, some communities were forced to unite with each other to protect themselves from the militant neighbors. So the tribes appeared - the predecessors of the ancient peoples.

Tribe - This is a relatively sustainable group of people living in a common territory with its own language, traditions, organization of power. The tribes in turn began to unite into the tribal unions, of which the ancient states subsequently formed.

With the emergence of statehood, a new stage of the development of the ethnos came, peoples came to replace the tribes. Peoples- These are large historically established groups of people with a joint area of \u200b\u200bresidence, common biological and social characteristics. The biological features of different nations include:

Color of the skin;
Eye cut;
Height;
Features of the body structure.

However, biological properties are not defining, much more important than social attributes to which include:

Traditions and customs of peoples. The eastern peoples are strong the customs of the hospitality, the worship of the elders, traditionally men enjoy great respect in society, rather than women. Western peoples also honor their traditions transmitted from generation to generation. However, over time, the people can forget about their own traditions and adopt the traditions of another people or nation.
Features of life. In different peoples of the world their life, formed depending on the area in which people lived. For example, people who lived on the coasts of rivers and seas traditionally began to engage in fishing, in the menu they began to prevail fish dishes, and among all types of transport, maritime or river vessels received development.
Common language of the people. Although the language is a distinctive feature of the people, various nations can use the same language. For example, peoples living in Russia (Kazakhs, Tatars, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats and others) can use Russian to communicate with each other.
Manner of behavior and manner of communication.
National self-consciousness - This is a sense of spiritual unity of a person with his people, self-defining himself with him.

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Nationcall a combination of peoples living in the territory of a certain country and are its citizens. The nation is more numerous than the individual, the main political structure of the country becomes the main unifying force for the nation for the nation for the nation.

There are interethnic relations between individual peoples and nations. The development of interethnic relations can take peaceful forms, and can lead to large military conflicts.

Interethnic relationships in the past and today

The history of the peoples are closely intertwined between themselves, since diverse ethnic communities did not live apart, constantly contacted each other, entered into various relationships. Between individual tribes, peoples, nations, relations developed in two main scenarios:

On the path of integration - rapprochement, cohesion, association of individual peoples and nationalities.
On the path of disintegration - disunity of peoples, conflicts between diverse tribes, ethnic groups or nations.

Among the processes of cohesion of representatives of different ethnic groups and nations allocate:

Consolidation - Association of several groups of ethnic groups related to each other, in one larger people. Consolidation processes occurred in the territories of the oldest states, in most countries of the world. Tribes or peoples close to each other traditions, religious beliefs, language- gradually merged into one.

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Example. Numerous East Slavic tribes: tivers, desires, rallies, Volynians, Polochan, Vyatichi and others united in the ancient Russian people. These tribes had similar life, religious beliefs (paganism), language, traditions. The consolidation process accelerated close economic ties between individual Eastern Slavic tribes, cross-bred marriages.

Assimilation - dissolution of one small ethnos in another, larger people. At the same time, the small ethnos lost its originality, completely lost its distinctive features, independence. Assimilation could occur in a peaceful way, and could take the form of a violent seizure of one people to others.

Example 1. Slavs that moved in ancient times to the Greek Islands, over time they lost their national self-consciousness. They adopted the writing and culture of the Greeks, completely dissolved in another nationality - the Greek population.

Example 2. At the beginning of the 15th century, the peoples of Bulgaria and Serbia fell under the power of the Ottoman Empire. Some of them adopted Turkish customs, tongue, religion. So from the main part of the Serbs, those who took over Turkish culture were separated, they formed a separate ethnic community, which was called Sanjaclia. From the Bulgarians assimilated with the Turks, another ethnic community appeared - loss.

Inter-ethnic integration - Interaction in the multinational state of the largest ethnic groups, substantially distinguished by culture, language, religious views. Thanks to inter-ethnic integration, there was no merger of different nationalities in one people, but they had some common features in culture and life.

Example. On the territory of British India (from 1858 to 1947), Iranian people and Indian lived together. These nations did not unite with each other, did not lose their national self-consciousness, but during the years of interaction they had some common traditions, there were similar conditions for life.

In addition to the processes of rapprochement of the nationalities of the world, the story knows many examples of disintegration of peoples. The basis of the disunity of the Unified People is the desire of a separate ethnic community to gain independence, break economic, political and cultural ties with the main part of the nation. A vivid example of the disintegration of the nation of people is the disintegration of Yugoslavia. I have once ever used, residents of Yugoslavia in 1991 decided to separate apart from each other. So a major state fell on 6 parts, which became small independent states: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro.

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Important! The processes of integration and disintegration of the peoples of the Earth continue today. They occur for a long time, have a huge impact on the fate of all mankind.

Causes of interethnic conflict

Sometimes between certain nationalities, irreconcilable contradictions arise, which lead to interethnic conflicts. Ethnic contradictions may arise both within one state and between different states. Therefore, interethnic conflicts are domestic and international.

Meeting conflict - This is a confrontation (confrontation), competition, rivalry between different nations, which lead to a collision of nations with each other.

The aggravation of relations between nations contributes to a number of factors that often become the causes of interethnic conflicts:

Rivalry for mastering natural resources;
Discrepancies in religious views;
Disputes due to location of borders, territorial disputes;
Competition in trade, politics, education or sports;
National discrimination (restriction or complete deprivation of nation or ethnic community and freedoms).

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In addition, the common cause of interethnic conflicts is becoming a sense of national pride. National pride- This is a sense of respect for your own nation, awareness of your inextricable connection with her, admiration and love of their own people, his national traditions, customs, religion, language, history.

The problem of national pride is that some nations consider themselves the best, do not respect the feelings of other nations, seek to rise above them. The most striking example when the pride of the nation led to the global tragedy is the Second World War. Hitler said that the German people is a representative of the only purebred and highest nation on Earth - Aryans. All other nations, according to Hitler, were lower, were subject to partial destruction and enslavement. Jews and gypsies, which were destroyed by millions were special persecution.

Due to national and racial intolerance, the problem of interethnic conflicts occurs again and again, since many of the interethnic contradictions are not allowed within dozens, and sometimes hundreds of years.

Ways to overcome interethnic conflicts

Modern politicians allocate three main ways to resolve interethnic conflicts:

Recognition of the need to refuse violence and the willingness of different nations to compromise (mutual concessions); Realize that violence is not a way out, it is now very simple, it is only worth thinking about the consequences of the use of nuclear and other modern weapons.
Application of sanctions (various kinds of prohibitions by the world community to the state - aggressor);
Creating interethnic unions.

The solution of interethnic conflicts is an important task of each country, as such conflicts are of serious danger to the well-being of individual states and often around the world.

Ethnic community

Along with classes, estates and other groups, the social structure of society is also the historically established communion, called ethnic. Ethnic groups are large groups of people who have the community of culture, language, the consciousness of the non-absorption of historical destinies. Among ethnic communities, the genus, tribes, nation and nation .

Rank

Historically, the formation of ethnic communities can be counted from the time of the collapse of the primitive human herd. Originally arises rank- A group of people united by blood relations. The members of the genus aware of their relatives and wore a common generic name. The genus included several or many families.

The emergence of the genus contributed to the emergence of a primitive community, the economic basis of which was community property. Joint management of community-based property, naturally equalized distribution of things, primarily food, joint life and entertainment contributed to the formation of such a community as a genus. It can be said that the genus is like the very first production, social and ethnic group of people, united in one whole teamwork, blood-born origin, general language, common religious and mythological beliefs, customs and traits of life.

Tribe

Several births could unite in tribe.The basis of the unity of the tribe is blood-related links; In addition, the tribe lives on a certain territory, its members have a common language or a dialect, its customs and cult, joint economic activity, the primitives of the internal organization (tribal council).

The appearance of the tribeexplains the need primarily conservation and overall environment(territory of residence, hunting and fisheries) from encroachment by other human associations. A more numerous composition of the population greatly facilitated the task of relocation and life of life in new territories. An important importance was also the protection against the degeneration of the genus, which threatened him due to the sexual relations between the bloodworn Homosapiens.

Nativity

Nature is the type of ethnic community that occurs during the period of decomposition of the tribal organization and is no longer on the bloodworn, but in the territorial unity.

Philnels are formed on the basis of mixing tribes and tribal unions and are characterized by an increase in the importance of territorial relations, the formation of a general language based on tribal dialects. Nationalities are also typical and the presence of economic relations, elements of a common culture, a common collective name. With the development of commodity and money relations, there are transformation of nationalities to the nation, although some of them could not be national formations due to their small number and insufficient development.

Nation

The nation is historically the highest form of ethnosocial community of people characterized by unity, territory, economic life, historical path, language, culture, ethnically, self-consciousness. Under the unity of the territory should be understood by the compactness of the nation.

Representatives of the nation speak and write in one language, understandable (despite dialects) to all members of the nation. Each nation has its own folklore, customs, traditions, mentality (special stereotypes of thinking installation), national life, etc., i.e. His culture. The communion of the nation contributes to the community of the historical path traveled by each people.

In the modern world there are from 2500 to 5,000 ethnic groups, but only a few hundreds of them are nations. As part of the modern Russian Federation, more than 100 ethnic groups, including about 30 nations.

Such concepts as nationality, people, ethnographic groups, diaspora are also adjacent to the issue of ethnic groups.

Nationality- This is the personality of a person to a specific ethnic.

People- This is the population of a certain state.

Ethnographic group- This is a community of people talking in one language with a nation, but having some features in everyday life, traditions, customs.

Diaspora- This is a large group of one or another ethnos living outside the country of its origin.

Interethnic relations

Inter-ethnic (interethic) relationship- Relationship between ethnic groups (nations), covering all spheres of public life.

Inter-ethnic relations levels:

the interaction of peoples in different spheres of public life;
interpersonal relations of people of various ethnicity .

Methods of peaceful cooperation

Ethnic mixing: different ethnic groups are spontaneously mixed with each other for many generations and as a result form one nation. It usually happens through interethnic marriages.
Ethnic absorption (assimilation): It is almost a complete dissolution of one people (sometimes several peoples) in another. Stories are known peaceful and military forms of assimilation.
The creation of a multinational state (cultural pluralism), which respected the rights and freedoms of each nationality and nation. In such cases, several languages \u200b\u200bare state (in Belgium - French, Danish and German, in Switzerland - German, French and Italian) .

Trends in the development of nations

Ethnic integration is the process of a gradual association of various ethnic groups, peoples, nations through the spheres of public life. Forms of Integration: Economic and Political Unions (EU), Transnational Corporations, International Cultural Centers, Interpenetration of Religions, Cultures, Values.

Ethnic differentiation is the separation process, separation, confrontation of various ethnic groups, peoples, nations. Differentiation forms: self-insulation, protectionism in the economy, nationalism in various forms in politics and culture, religious fanaticism, extremism.

Forms of interethnic relationships

Ethnic mixing - mixing of different ethnic groups and the emergence of a new ethnos (Latin America).
Assimilation - (in ethnography) The merger of one people with another with a loss of their language, culture, national self-awareness. There are natural assimilation arising from the contact of ethnically heterogeneous groups of the population, mixed marriages, etc., and violent assimilation, characteristic of countries where nationality is not equivance.
ACTING - Mutual approach and adaptation of various cultures of peoples and individual phenomena of these cultures, in most cases, in the dominance of the culture of the people, in a publicly more highly developed.
Multiculturalism is a policy aimed at developing and maintaining in a separate country and in the world as a whole cultural differences, and justifying such policies theory or ideology.
Nationalism is ideology, politics, psychology and social practice of separation and opposition of one nation by another, propaganda of the national exclusivity of a separate nation. Species of nationalism: ethnic; the state-state; domestic.
Chauvinism is a political and ideological system of views and actions that substantiates the exclusiveness of one or another nation, opposition to its interests to the interests of other nations and peoples, introducing into the consciousness of people dislike, and often hatred for other peoples, which incites hostility between people of various nationalities and religions, National extremism; Extreme, aggressive form of nationalism.
Discrimination - the dimension (in fact or legally) rights of any group of citizens based on their nationality, race, gender, religion, etc.
Segregation is the policy of the forced separation of any group of the population on a racial or ethnic basis, one of the forms of racial discrimination.
Apartheid is the extreme form of racial discrimination, means deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their racial affiliation of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to the territorial isolation.
Genocide is a deliberate and systematic destruction of individual population groups on racial, national or religious grounds, as well as intentional creating vitality calculated on the full or partial physical destruction of these groups.
Separatism - the desire for separation, separation; Movement for the separation of part of the state and the creation of a new state education (Sikhi, Basque, Tamila) or for providing part of the country of autonomy .

Interethnic conflicts(in a narrow sense) They occur between states or within the confederation, which is a number of politically independent countries populated by different ethnic groups.

Meeting conflict(in a broad sense)- This is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation for the possession of limited resources to social competition, in all cases where the opposing party is determined from the point of view of the ethnicity of its members.

Causes of interethnic conflict :

economic reasons are the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property, material resources (land, subsoil);
social reasons - the requirements of civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in pay, equality in admission to work, especially on prestigious places in the authorities;
cultural and linguistic reasons are the requirements of the conservation or rebirth, the development of the native language that is splitting the ethnos into a single whole.
The historical past of the relationship of peoples.
Ethnodemographic reasons are a rapid change in the ratio of the number of contacting peoples due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth.
Confessional differences.

Types of interethnic conflict :

conflicts of stereotypes (Ethnic groups clearly do not realize the causes of contradictions, but in relation to the opponent create a negative image of the "undesirable neighbor", Armenian-Azerbaijan conflict);
conflict of ideas: nomination of certain claims, the rationale for "historical law" to statehood, to the territory (Estonia, Lithuania, Tatarstan, at one time the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Ural Republic);
conflict actions: rallies, demonstrations, pickets, adoption of institutional decisions, open clashes .

Ways to solve interethnic conflicts

Recognition of interethnic problems and solutions to their methods of national policy.
The awareness of all people of unacceptability of violence, mastering the culture of interethnic relations, requiring the unconditional realization of the rights and freedoms of persons of any nationality, respect for the identity, their national identity, language, customs, excluding the slightest manifestation of national distrust, hostility.
The use of economic levers to normalize the ethnopolitical situation.
Creating in the regions with a mixed national population of the cultural infrastructure - national societies and centers, schools with a national-cultural component for learning children in their native language and in the traditions of national culture.
The organization of effectively existing international commissions, councils, other structures for the peaceful resolution of national disputes.
Conflict warning - the amount of effort aimed at preventing events leading to conflicts.
Apply a wide range of sanctions. Armed intervention is permissible only in one case: if during the conflict that took the form of armed clashes, there are massive violations of human rights .

Scientific and educational forum of schoolchildren of the Republic of Mordovia

"Step into the Future"

Municipal General Education

"ATEAR Middle School"

Kemaykina E.A.

Ivanova A.A.

Rusykina O.S.

Grade 8 MOU "ATEAR SOSH"

Manager:

Meshcheryakova N. P.

teacher of history and social studies MOU "ATEARSKAYA SOSH"

RESEARCH

Interethnic relationships:

problems and solutions

Section: Society in which we live

Saransk

2018

C o d e r and n and e

Introduction ......................................................................................... ... 3-4

Our Multidisciplinary World: The history of the formation of nations and peoples 5-8

Trends in the development of national relations ........................... 9

2.4 Lambirsky District - "Plexusion" of Nations ................................. ... 16

Dialogue of cultures as a way to solve national conflicts..17-20

Conclusion ...................................................................... .21

List of used literature ....................................... ... 22

Appendix ..................................................................... 23-28.

Introduction

The social structure of any society is the historically established communion of people: tribes, nation, nation. Modern humanity is represented by about two thousand of various nations, and in our country there are more than a hundred. At the same time, independent states in the world there are about two hundred. Consequently, most nations live in multinational states. And it means no matter how much the way there is a historical memory of your national roots, it is important for us to understand the other: we all live, and we will always live together with people of different nationalities.

What made us turn to the problem of a national question? The events occurring in the modern world are forced to think and reflect on the ever-increasing manifestation of the psychology of the superiority of one nation over another and opposing their nation remaining. All this leads to the development of nationalism, the complication of relations between nations, nations. And to such phenomena it is impossible to relate indifferent, because they destroy our society, create intolerable conditions of life. This problem is not new, but extremelyactual , Painful for many countries and peoples, since conflicts, wars occur on this basis.

purpose Work is to, using different sources of information, identify the development of national relations in modern society. Determine what is being done in peace, Russia, Mordovia to prevent nationalist trends.

In the study of this issue, we need to solve the followingtasks :

conduct a study of the history of the formation and development of nations and peoples, to conclude;

analyze the nature of national relations in the world, Russia, Mordovia;

analyze the statistics of the 2010 census 2010;

conduct a social survey and on the basis of data to conclude;

consider possible ways to solve problems related to the manifestation of nationalism.

Object this study is the problem of national relations both in the world and in the region, village.

Staging and formulating the problem: Insolvency of nationalist theories on the example of our republic, district, village. Prove that young people do not accept national differences as a cause for conflicts.

The development of the problem under study. The problem under study is considered, studied, analyzed in many sources of information, is addressed in television transmissions, often being controversial.

Material For research, newspaper articles, abstracts, school training material, television programs, conversations with people are.

We will use the results to prevent this phenomenon. This ispractical significance we chose themes.

Research methods: Theoretical (learning literature), sociological survey, questionnaire, statistical (processing of data obtained), inductive (data generalization).

1. Our Multidite World: the history of the formation of nations and peoples

The history of peoples is a continuous ethnogenesis, that is, the process of continuous emergence and development of ethnic communities. Modern humanity is represented by all the variety of ethnic groups: there are both tribes and nationalities and nations (which is associated with the variety of conditions of their livelihoods). It is not by chance that scientists are illuminated: it is easier to recalculate the stars than ethnic groups.

Language classification gives an idea of \u200b\u200bethnic kinship Peoples and the total sources of origin of various cultures. It is based, firstly, on the presentation of mutual understanding between people belonging to one ethnic group. Secondly, takes into account the awareness of the people themselves of their cultural and literal proximity with other peoples. Thirdly,rodium Between the languages \u200b\u200band cultures of a more distant type, which is determined by the concept of "Language Family". There are 12 linguistic families, and they embrace 96% of 6 thousand well-known languages \u200b\u200bof the world.

Today it is provenrodium Most language families in Europe, Africa and Asia. There is also a hypothesis that all the languages \u200b\u200bof the world, despite the differences, have some common features. But this is only a hypothesis. The process of ethnogenesis and omegenesis is continuous. The races are constantly mixed between themselves, as a result of which the "clean" races does not exist: they all detect a mass of signs of mixing. Naturally, signs of mixing exist in nations.

In the second half of the 9th century, East Slavic tribes were united in the highest comparatively with birth and tribes ethnic (folk) community -old Russian nationality. A joint life in one state led to a gradual erasure of differences (in language, customs, etc.) between related East Slavic tribes in a large area. They all more actively communicated with each other and came closer. And this gradually led to the formation of local dialectsold Russian language russia-understandable for the entire population. This population created an original material and spiritual culture, reflecting the achievements in agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts, life, architecture (construction), folklore, literature, visual art. Ancient Russian culture was imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200bunity of all Russian Earth.Old Russian nationality was based on the community of economic life, territory, language and culture.

Ethnic picture of modern Russia Pratra in a racial aspect. After all, our state was initially developed as multinational. There are 10 small races, over 130 nations, nations and ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group is Russian (about 120 million from the 143 million population of Russia), and the most small ethnic community - kersey (about 100 people). The ethnic diversity of Russia is due to the fact that the territory of our country passes between the ranges (distribution regions) of two large races of European and mongoloid.

Racial processes, inter-ethnic mixture in Russia have a centuries-old history. The Russian nobility can serve as a bright example. V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote that the Russian king service in the XII-X.IV centuries. The significant number of immigrants from the Golden Horde, which became the founders of the future childbirth of the Russian nobility. They received the princely titles and land plots, baptized and took themselves Russian wives. Thus, Apraksins, Araqs, Bunins, Godunov, Derzhavini, Karamzins, Kutuzov, Korsakov, Michurine, Timiryazev, Turgenev, Yusupov - In general, several hundred nobles who had Turkic roots who had Turkic roots were appeared in Russia. In many people at first glance, one or another "clean" type of ethnos, find signs of ancient or relatively recent blends. Great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin (about which we often say: "Pushkin is our all!") - The descendant of not only noble Russian childbirth, but also "Arap Peter the Great" - Hannibal, who became Russian General (Arapes then called blacks ). And the wife of Hannibal and Pushkin's great-grandfather was German, Christina Shabry. The great Frenchman Alexander Duma was the grandson of the black woman. Examples can be brought infinitely. It is important to assimilate the truth: in the modern multi-ethnic world of "clean" races.

At the same time, the Russians were never racists or nationalists -Lotes, not acceptable representatives of some race, ethnos, nation. The pathological manifestations of racism and nationalism, with which we sometimes encounter today - this is the result, above all, the spiritual female of individual people, as well as the purposeful activities of unclean politicians, haunting mercenary purposes. From the story we know well, to what catastrophic consequences are attempts to introduce racist and Nazi ideas. Any racism, nationalism, anti-Semitism is a lie, and the lies are criminal, because, together with moral norms, human constitutional rights are violated.

Real modern world remains polyeth ethnic - 90% of peoples live in multi-ethnic (multinational) states. The concept of "people" (ethnos) is not just did not lose its meaning, but, on the contrary, it became principled in modern national relations. It is well known that the state retains stability until stable inter-ethnic (interethnic) relations inhabiting it remain peoples. And inter-ethnic conflicts may arise in states with a variety of levels of development of civilization (for example, in Asia and Africa, in the UK, Canada, Spain and Belgium). Danger such conflicts are huge: they are able to split the most powerful states.

Concept of nationality indicates the personality of a person to a certain ethnic group or fellow citizens (state) depending on self-identification. A citizen of Russia to the question of nationality is likely to answer that he is Russian or Tatar, etc., i.e. will indicate ethnicity. And the US citizen, France, will answer the same question, most likely that he is an American or a Frenchman.

As for ethnic self-identification in most democratic countries, nationality is determined not by government agencies, but by the citizen themselves, depending on the identification of themselves with the culture of one or another ethnic room. More and more people born from mixed marriages are becoming on Earth, and they have the right to choose the nationality of any of the parents. Personal choice of nationality - the inalienable human right, the condition of his freedom. These are the right of Russian citizens. At the same time, the words N. V. Gogol should be remembered: "True nationality consists not in the description of Sundar, but in the very spirit of the people."

From the foregoing we see that there are no "clean" races, nations, peoples. Mixing happened, happening and will occur. Is this the inconsistency of nationalist ideas prove?

2. Trends in the development of national relations

2.1 World in the light of interethnic relationships

The spontaneously folding collaboration for many centuries is known to humanity, consisting of a huge number of communities that are in the aggregate of an ethnically mixed environment, where cooperation is often operating in the production of material goods, in everyday life; The creation and savings of national cultural values \u200b\u200bare combined with the knowledge of other cultures.

Unfortunately, conflicts between ethnic communities occur in the world. Ethnic conflict is often defined as any form of civil, political or armed confrontation, in which the parties (or one of them) mobilize, act and suffer, based on ethnic differences.

Inter-ethnic conflicts are generated by no existence of ethnic groups, but by political, social conditions in which they live and develop. Often, the creation of the "enemy's image" contributes to the appeal to those pages of historical memory, where the former insults and facts (sometimes perverted) are captured.

The main reasons for interethnic conflicts include:

Territorial reasons - The struggle for changing the borders, for joining another ("related" from a cultural and historical point of view) to the state for the creation of a new independent state. These requirements are closed with the political goals of movements seeking to form a "own" sovereign state. The requirements of the separatist nature are especially dangerous, for they directly affect the large masses of people are related to the issues of the division or abolition of the state.

Economic reasons - The struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property, material resources, among which are greater value, in particular, have land, subsoil.

Social reasons - Requirements of civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in pay for labor, equality when admission to work, especially on prestigious places in the authorities.

There are hundreds of national cultures in the world, each ethnic has a distinctive culture. Attempts to impress its importance to the sake of culture of another, larger ethnos cause protest, can cause conflict. There is another danger: sometimes ethnos comes from the fact that his culture is designed to dominate other cultures.

The source of inter-ethnic tension serves nationalism - ideology, psychology, policy of groups of people who approve the priority of national values \u200b\u200bto all other, the supremacy of the interests of their ethnos, opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups.

In the memory of mankind, the bloody results of chauvinism remained. This is the Genocide of the Armenian people in 1915, when the actions of the Ottoman Empire led to death 1.5 million people. This is organized by Nazis the greatest tragedy - the Holocaust (minimized the burning), which led to the death of 6 million people - more than half of the Jewish population of Europe. These are the actions of the Nazis to destroy the Slavic population of the "Eastern Space" and the transformation of the workers in labor for the "highest race".

Unfortunately, interethnic conflicts arising for various reasons do not fade. The information we receive from the TV screens from the Internet, from the lessons of world and domestic history, is alarming and concerns about the future of our planet.

2.2 National Question in Russia

The Russian Federation is one of the world's largest multinational states, where more than a hundred nations live (see Appendix 1), each of which has the unique features of material and spiritual culture.

The prevailing majority of the peoples of the country for centuries have developed as ethnic community in Russia, and in this sense they are indigenous peoples who have played a historical role in the formation of Russian statehood. Thanks to the uniting role of the Russian people, unique unity and diversity, spiritual community and the union of various nations have been preserved in Russia.

The development of interethnic relations has a significant influence of the heritage of the past. Heavy blow to all the nations of the country, including Russian, was inflicted by a totalitarian system, mass deportations and repression, the destruction of many national cultural values.

However, it is in the USSRthe process of interethnic cooperation appeared. In all sectors of the economy and culture of the USSR, multinational teams worked fruitfully. The cohesion of the peoples was brightly manifested in battles, labor, everyday life during the Great Patriotic War, in the post-war revival of the country. Cooperation in the cultural sphere provided the liquidation of illiteracy, the creation of a writing of 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists noted that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. No small culture disappeared and actually preserved the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state, while hundreds of small crops disappeared in other regions of the world.

At the same time, mistakes and crimes of the generalitarian authorities led to heavy tragedies of many people and whole nations. The centuries-old national relations were violated due to an unpropered administrative-territorial division, the environmental situation was worsened in the regions of residence of indigenous small ethnic groups. The violent resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of aiding German invaders, caused great damage to the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people, heavily affected their destinies.During the Great Patriotic War, for various reasons were evicted from the territories on which they previously lived, and the Crimean Tatars, the Germans of the Volga region, Kalmyks, some nations of the North Caucasus were resettled. Echoes of these events are audible now. Until now, people die in interethnic clashes, values \u200b\u200bare destroyed. National violence always causes severe consequences. The suppression and additions of the nation experience Russian people, being after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the territory of the countries of the neighboring countries. They are infringed in rights, in teaching their native language. They are looking for support in national close environment. But their native country can not always help. The nation goes to itself, self-insulated, closes. And already in Russia itself, unions and movements appear, whose leaders are solidifying people on the basis of a national idea. Since the deep reasons for the conflict often remain hidden from the mass consciousness, the main perpetrators are most often people of other nationalities living in this or neighboring territory.It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.

Along with the achievements in the development and cooperation of the peoples who had in the Soviet period, a coupling was conducted for a unification that laid the foundation of the current contradictions.

After the collapse of the USSR, a new stage began in the development of the state on the basis of the traditions of Russian statehood, the principles of federalism and civil society.

The legacy of the past, the geopolitical and psychological consequences of the collapse of the USSR, the socio-economic and political difficulties of the transition period caused a number of crisis situations and complex problems in the field of interethnic relations. They are most acutely manifested in areas neighboring open conflict areas, places of focusing refugees and forced displaced persons, in regions with problems of divided peoples, in areas with a complex socio-economic, environmental and criminogenic environment, locally, where there is a sharp lack of life support resources.

For interethnic relations in Russia, unemployment is also provided, especially in areas that have redundant labor resources, the legal unreasurement of land and other relations, the presence of territorial disputes, the manifestation of ethnocratic aspirations. Therefore, it is necessary to targeted, the correct policy of our state to resolve this issue.

2.3 Mordovia and its multinational people

The Republic of Mordovia is one of the multinational constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Citizens of 92 nationalities live on its territory. The population is 803.7 thousand inhabitants.

According to the results of the census of 2010, there are 22 nationalities in the republic with a population of 100 people. and above, of which the number of seven peoples exceeds a thousand people: Russians (443.7 thousand years., or 53.2% of the total population of the republic); Mordva (333.1 thousand people, 39.9%); Tatars (43.4 thousand people, 5.2%); Ukrainians (4.8 thousand people, 0.5%); Armenians (1.3 thousand people, 0.1%); Belarusians (1.2 thousand people, 0.1%); Chuvashi (1.1 thousand people, 0.1%); Azerbaijanis (672 people), etc. (See Appendix 2).

Historically, the traditional region of the resettlement of the Mordovian people became polyethnic and polykonfessional, and since the formation of the Mordovian ASSR, the process of becoming the formation of statehood, in which representatives of all nationalities living in the territory of Mordovia began. The basis of the emerging statehood of the Republic of Mordovia in the composition of the Russian Federation is, on the one hand, the availability of common to all peoples participating in this process, Motherland - Mordovia and Russia, on the other - the understanding that its dynamic development can be ensured only under the observance of the principle " Unity in diversity, "involving equality of the rights of all peoples of the Republic of Mordovia, its citizens, regardless of national, confessional and racial affiliation.

The development of interethnic relations has a significant impact of the heritage of the historical past, which laid a huge positive experience of cooperation and friendship of the peoples of Mordovia, the traditions of the original formation of the Mordovian ethnos. It was they who provided significant progress in national-state construction, economics, culture, science, education achieved by Mordovia in the 20th century as part of Russia.

The state of interethnic and interfaith relations in Mordovia in recent decades is distinguished by stability and consent. The ethnodemographic situation and the territorial structure of the population, the rich traditions of interethnic cooperation create favorable conditions for constructive interaction between society and the authorities.

One of the priorities of state national policy in the region is to preserve inter-ethnic consent, as well as support for the national culture of the Mordovian people, including the part of its part that lives outside of Mordovia. At the same time, special attention is paid to the issues of harmonization of interethnic relations, the accounting of the ethnic factor in the implementation of state regional policies. Historically, 2/3 of the Mordovian people live outside the republic. Therefore, Mordovia is particularly responsible for the preservation and development of languages \u200b\u200band cultures of the entire Mordovian people.

2.4 Lambirsky District - Plexus Nations

The Lambirsky District is unique in its national composition. It was formed on July 20, 1933 as part of the Mordovian Autonomous Region as the National Tatar district, consisted of 11 Tatar and 4 Russian village councils. A significant part of the population was the Tatars, which began to settle on these lands in the 13th century. The Tatar population was 73%.

Currently, the population of the district is 34.3 thousand people, of them are Russians - 42%, Tatars - 27%, Mordva - 15%, other nationalities - 16% (see Appendix 3). The District Center Lambir is an old Tatar village, still retaining national flavor. There is in the Russian and Mordovian villages in the area, as well as the Ukrainian village - the farm Lopatino. It is gratifying that with such a plexus of nations in the area there is no problem of interethnic relations. Equally revered and celebrated both Muslim and Orthodox holidays, traditions and customs of all nations living in the area are respected. People living in the area are working together, together decide the economic, social, cultural problems (see Appendix 4).

The village of Atemar although it is considered to be Russian, however, Mordva, Tatars, Bashkira, Chuvashi, Germans live on its territory. In addition, marriages are concluded that can be called "interethnic." Children, parents belong to various ethnic communities, to various confessions are trained at the school of our village. As a result of a sociological survey, it turned out that many of us in the "pedigree" there are representatives of other nationalities (see Appendix 5).

The survey spectacle showed that the national sign for the younger generation is not important in choosing friends or in the implementation of any ideas or relationships. (Appendix 6). Fortunately, most students believe that relations between representatives of different nations should be built on mutual respect.

3. Dialogue of cultures as a way to solve national conflicts

Is it possible to eliminate the emergence of conflicts on national soil? Exploring a variety of information sources, we came to the conclusion that there is no positive response. Many ethnic groups live in pre-conflict conditions, are experiencing significant social difficulties, feel (including in everyday life) disregard for their culture, language, traditions, customs. All this causes mass protest moods, often leading to socially dangerous, destructive behavior (especially in a crowd). It will take for a long time so that most people can be tolerable.In world practice, several important ways are distinguished:

Humanistic approach - The main benchmark in the implementation of the moral, political, legal regulation of inter-ethnic relations. The main features of this approach:

recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, commitment to the ideas of the world, consent, the rejection of violence in relations between nations;

the focus of state bodies, media, education, sports, all forms of literature and art on the formation of citizens, especially young people, the culture of inter-ethnic communication. The need for cooperation, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, desire to understand and take their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior.

Scientists allocate somewhat intersecting with each otherconflict settlement. First - application of legal mechanisms, first of all, the change in legislation in polyethnic states, the elimination of ethnic privileges. Second way -conversation between the conflicting parties, both direct (between the delegations of the Parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures).

Third Way - information. First of all, it implies, first of all, sharing information between the parties about possible measures to overcome conflict situations.

The leader of the Orthodox clergy Alexander Men said: "Understanding, tolerance - the fruits of the highest culture ... Staying Christians and Muslims, not insulting each other, serve a hand - here's our way."

The psychological influence of the media (especially electronic) requires a cautious approach to the methods of filing information. Information, even neutral, about the facts of extremism can cause a new wave of conflict. It is necessary to abandon the sometimes inherent in the reporters of the dramatization of events, because it may be gained in historical memory and after a while to revive the spirit of conflict. It is impossible to allow the heroization of terrorists, extremists to avoid turning them into heroes, leaders. It must be remembered that ill-conceived words can shoot stronger bullets.

One of the reasons for conflicts is the vital vitality of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low earnings and pensions, poor housing, difficulties of obtaining education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is to improve the life of a citizen, the creation and consolidation of the psychological feeling of satisfaction with the favorable stability of life.

The basis of the national policy of Russia is a respectful attitude towards people representingany ethnic community Installation for cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.

The foundation of ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, you can allocate two policies in the field of inter-ethnic relations:

permeated by patriotic feelings, respect for the memory of the ancestors who passed our love for the Fatherland; Caring for the preservation of the historically established state unity of peoples, united by a common destiny on its land;

political and legal focus on the approval of human rights and freedoms, civil peace and consent, equality of peoples, to ensure the sovereign statehood of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.

The Constitution guarantees human rights and freedoms regardless of nationality, their equality, understanding, compliance and protection (Article 2, 19). Everyone has the right to use the native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training, creativity (Art. 26). Throughout the Russian Federation, the state language is Russian; The republic has the right to establish their state languages \u200b\u200bused along with Russians (Art. 68). Actions aimed at violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation, the propaganda of racial, national or language superiority (Article 13, 29) are prohibited.

The main elements of the policies of public consent conducted in Mordovia are to strengthen in the active participation of public organizations of fruitful interethnic dialogue, the creation of favorable conditions for the equal development of cultures inhabiting its peoples.

Problems requiring a priority solution at the present stage are:

– improving the legal framework of national policies, ensuring the political and legal security of citizens of the Republic of Mordovia, regardless of their national and confessional affiliation, their equality and representation in government and management bodies;

– development of national cultures and languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the Republic of Mordovia;

–strengthening the spiritual community of the peoples of the Republic and the Russian Federation;

– support for the ethnocultural traditions of the Mordovian people living outside the Republic of Mordovia, their interaction with other people's peoples;

– preservation and development of the traditional habitat of the peoples of Mordovia, the ethno ecological system, the improvement of the socio-demographic situation;

– strengthening the objective possibilities of the comprehensive development and cooperation of nationalities living in the Republic of Mordovia, the formation of a high culture of interethnic communication;

– overcoming distrust in relations between nationalities, chauvinistic and nationalist sentiment.

The current state and tasks of the prospective development of the Republic of Mordovia require new approaches and, above all, the realization that the polyethnicity of society is a field of development and creative activities of all peoples of multinational Mordovia.

The consistent implementation of these principles meets the entire manifold of the interests of the peoples of Russia.

Conclusion

We concluded that the fight against nationalism, for the equality of all people, regardless of racial and national affiliation, provides for the creation of the widest association of people, peoples.

One of the reasons for the rejection of representatives of another nation, in our opinion, is a weak education of a certain group of youth, which does not know either its history or culture. This category of young people is easily influenced by nationalist ideas, without going into their essence. Another negative feature that occurs in young people of our time is indifference to everything that is happening in the world, in the country, in his native land.

Currently, there are many problems in the world, called global (peace and disarmament, environmental, food and others), and can only be solved by joint efforts. Instead of proceedings on national soil, other problems should be solved: terrorism, environmental pollution, rational use of natural resources. Therefore, our task is to prevent any manifestation of nationalism, to maintain what has been created throughout the centuries by all the peoples living in Russia. And remember: there are no "bad" peoples, there are "bad" people.

We, the younger generation, we want to live in the world prudent, harmonious, allowing to develop their spiritual and physical abilities. And this is possible only if the world is tolerant. The formation of plants of tolerant behavior, violepability, peacefulness, opposition and constructive prevention of various types of extremism is impossible without the establishment of a dialogue of different peoples, different cultures of the world and our multinational country.

List of sources used

Constitution of the Russian Federation. - Moscow: Prospekt, 2011. - Articles 2, 13, 19, 26, 29, 68.

Arutyunyan Yu. V., Drobizheva L. M., Sousokolov A. A. Ethnosociology, "Aspect Press", Moscow, 2010.

History of Russia, 1945-2008: for Teacher / Filippov A.V., Utkin A.I., Alekseev S.V.). - M. - Enlightenment, 2008, p. 129-132, 309 - 313.

ATTACHMENT

Results of the sociological survey

Question : Mixed national marriages, in your opinion, phenomenon: a) normal; b) negative.

IN interview: Is the value of nationality when choosing a friend (girlfriend): a) yes; B) No.

Output. Teenagers are less than adults pay attention to the national factor.

1. Volleyball. Per. with it. Under total. Ed. M. Fidler. - M.: Physical Education and Sport, 1972

2 . Zheleznyak Yu.d. 120 volleyball lessons. - M: Physical and sports, 1965

3. Mondozolevsky G.G. The generosity of the player. - M.: Physical Education and Sport, 1984

4 . Basics of volleyball. / Sost. O.Chechov. M.: Physical Education and Sport, 1979

5. Pravdin V.A. and others. Volleyball - a game for everyone - M.: Physical Culture and Sport, 1966

6. Sports games; Studies. For students ped. In-Tov on special. № 2114 "Phys. Education "/ V.D. Kovaleva. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988

7. Furmanov A.G., Boldyrev D.M. Volleyball. - M.: Physical Education and Sport, 1983

National relations in the modern world.

There are a lot of problems from aggressive nationalism in the world. Often he takes the form of religious intolerance (fundamentalism). This more concerns Muslims (for example, Palestinian Arabs, Iran, Algeria, etc.), but meets among other religions. Often he goes hand in hand with terrorism. And they usually suffer from innocent people.

People have long lived on the planet, grieving in certain national communities, which are called ethnic groups. In antiquity, these were childbirth, tribes or unions of tribes. Then the nation. And with the development of an industrial society - a nation. On the globe, many thousands of nations, nations, tribes. They have: their language (or dialect), culture, historical features, traditions, religion, etc. Nation, unlike less developed communities, are also associated with a single written culture (including through the media - media), close Economic relations, communication system and MN. Dr. Some tribes are less than a thousand people, and other nations are dozens or even hundreds of millions. But each nationality is unique and has the right to respect for its peculiarities. Usually, peoples do not live isolated, but closely come into contact with each other. It happens that some people are soluble (assimilate) in others. Some in the most unfavorable conditions retain their own characteristics. The processes of mutual rapprochement occur.

National relations are complex concept. In different places on the forefront, those or other indicators can be released: religion, language, customs, etc. National relations are how these differences are getting on; There is a feud, hatred, confrontation, or, on-against, peace, consent, mutual understanding; Whether they look at a person, first of all from the position: who he is by nationality, or, on the contrary, this is the last thing; As belong to interethnic marriages, etc.

Ethnic groups - large groups of people allocated on the basis of the generality of culture, language, the consciousness of non-dissimilarity of historical destinies.

Social generality allocated on ethnic signs are diverse. First of all, it is tribes, nationality and nation.

The nation is the historically established sustainable form of the community of people who have formed in the process of forming the community of their culture, spiritual life, language, national psychology and consideration, economic and political ties, territory.

The nation is the most developed ethnic formations arising from the language, territorial, cultural, economic, socio-psychological community. They are most characteristic of the modern world, in which there are at least two thousand different ethnic groups.

An important factor is the national identity self-awareness, which determines the nation as a community and man as a member of this community.

Thanks to national self-consciousness, a person is acute the interests of the native people.

You can note the two sides of national interests:

1. It is necessary to maintain its peculiarity, the uniqueness in the stream of human history, the university of its culture, resolutely counteract the physical disappearance of the people, ensure a sufficient level of economic development.

2. The interests of the nation are not to be corrected from other nations and peoples.

The nature of national relations define two interrelated trends: to differentiation and integration.

Each nation is committed to self-development, to preserve the national originality, language, culture. These aspirations are implemented in the process of their differentiation, which can take the form of the struggle for national self-determination and the creation of an independent national state.

On the other hand, the self-development of nations in the conditions of the modern world is impossible without their close interaction, cooperation, the exchange of cultural values, overcoming the alienation, maintain mutually beneficial contacts. The tendency to integration is enhanced due to the need to solve the global problems facing humanity, with the successes of the scientific and technical revolution. It should be borne in mind that these trends are interrelated: the diversity of national cultures does not lead to their isolation, and the rapprochement of nations does not mean the disappearance of differences between them.

Ethnic relationships - matter especially thin. Violation or infringement of national interests, the discrimination of individual nations generate extremely complex problems and conflicts.

In the modern world there are interethnic conflicts caused by various reasons:

1) territorial disputes;

2) historically emerged intensity in relations between nations;

3) a discrimination policy conducted by the dominant nation against small nations and peoples;

4) attempts to national political elites to use national feelings for their own popularity;

5) the desire of peoples to exit a multinational state and to create their own statehood.

It should be borne in mind that the international community in solving interethnic conflicts is based on the priority of state integrity, the irrevocability of the prevailing borders, the inadmissibility of separatism and the associated violence.

In solving interethnic conflicts, the humanistic principles of national relations policies are necessary:

1) refusal of violence and coercion;

2) finding consent based on consensus of all participants;

3) recognition of human rights and freedoms is essential value;

4) readiness for the peaceful settlement of controversial issues.

In the second half of the 20th century, more than a hundred new states appeared on the political map of the world. And this process continues. It is not surprising that the national relations in the world among the most important and in some areas are the most restless, causing war, revolution, etc. And, together with them, it is clear, the ideology (justification) of these relations is a huge role - nationalism. It can be determined as a worldwide praise of his people, countries, religions, etc. Nation who do not have their own state, sometimes seek to create it, and - on the contrary - the dominant peoples seek to suppress such desires.

Experience has shown that attempts to give each or lead nations the state device is very often unsuccessful. This at a certain period can lead to split, dissatisfaction with other provinces, decrease in the rights of non-mentioned population in national-state entities. All this was clearly manifested in the republics of the USSR, which split precisely on the National Union republics. Then, individual replies faced national problems within themselves. Many Russians, for example, in Moldova, Crimea, Baltic States, in one form or another, is opposed now to the dominant nations. And in the eastern republics, sometimes being oppressed. As a result, millions of refugees appeared, people who quit all the acquired and remaining with nothing. In some places, wars even arose: in Georgia (Abkhazia, South Ossetia), in Moldova, in Karabakh, Tajikistan. The problem of refugees and immigrants is also very painful.

Today there is a tense search for ways out of numerous ethnic crises. The best part of the global community is recognized and the value of the humanistic approach to ethnic problems is recognized. The essence consists of:

1. In voluntary search for consent (consensus), in refusal of national violence in all its types and forms.

2. In the consistent development of democracy, legal began in the life of society, in recognizing the rights of the individual over the rights of the state and the nation. Ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual, regardless of nationality.

Such is the main idea of \u200b\u200ba modern civilized approach. At the international level, documents are adopted to ensure the equality of all nations, both title and national communities. Declaration of human rights and citizen adopted (UN); Convention on ensuring the rights of persons belonging to national minorities. (adopted by the CIS countries on October 21, 1994)

Meanwhile, there is an opinion that Belarus is a monofamic republic, since 83.2% of its population is Belarusians. However, it should be noted the fact that this opinion is somewhat erroneous. Yes, we do not have discrimination, open state anti-Semitism, genocide, armed conflicts on national soil. And yet, in RB as of October 1, 2001. 93 public organizations, 19 national communities are registered and operate.

1. Belarusian national revival and development;

2. transfer to the rank of state policy attention to the problems of national communities;

3. An increase in attention to the Belarusian diaspora, especially in the near abroad;

The basis of the formation of national policies in the Republic of Belarus was the creation of its legal framework. Defining among legislative acts are:

Constitution of the Republic of Belarus;

Observing independence, the Republic of Belarus, among the fundamental principles, determined its attitude towards peoples traditionally living in its territory. Articles 14 - 17, 50 and 51 of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus consolidated equal rights of citizens belonging to various nationalities.

The law "On Citizenship of the Republic of Belarus" laid the foundations of national consent in new historical conditions. He provided citizenship to everyone who constantly lived in the territory of the Republic of Belarus, without any discriminatory limitations.

Over 20 legislative acts are accepted in our country, in certain applications of which the rights and freedoms of persons belonging to national communities are enshrined.

It should also be noted that the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus has a special article on liability for inciting an interethnic retail.

In July 1997 Adopted "Instructions on the procedure for determining the national affiliation of citizens of RB". In this document, in accordance with the Constitution and the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, the definition of national affiliation of citizens is their personal and free choice.

In recent years, a considerable work has been done to the RB of the rights of national communities. In 1994 The Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus was created by the Republican Center for National Cultures, which to date unites dozens of national cultural and educational bodies. At the center there are amateur national teams, religious holidays of a number of denominations and national communities are noted, some Sunday schools, foreign language courses, are functioning.

In Belarus, the Polish school in Grodno is already working, a small Jewish school in Pinsk, Jewish classes at secondary schools in Minsk and Gomel, Sunday schools of a number of national communities.

In 2000 The State Committee was organized and supported by the preparation of the first study manual "Tatarov. History, Religion and the culture of Belarusian Tatars".

One of the important results of the work of national cultural associations has been held since 1996. In the city of Grodno Republican festivals of national cultures that have received a wide international resonance.

Thus, it is very gratifying that the leadership of our republic clearly declared its determination to firmly enforce the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, all articles of this most important document.