Correct judgments about truth and its criteria. The idea of truth and its criteria in the history of philosophy

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The concept of truth is often mentioned by teachers, scientists, religious leaders and other representatives of the intellectual elite.

It is as difficult to give it an exact definition as it is to explain it. In the literature you will find several dozen different interpretations. So what is truth? Let's figure it out.

The concept of truth in philosophy

Truth is the central problem in philosophy. After all, philosophers have always tried to describe the world at the most abstract (abstract from specifics) levels.

The founder of the classical interpretation was Aristotle. It is its definition that you will find in school and university textbooks. Other proponents of the classical approach were Plato, Democritus, and Thomas Aquinas. If we translate philosophical language into human language, we get the following formulation:

“Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to objective reality.”

Let's give a simple example. There is a round orange citrus with a sweet and sour aroma on the table. Petya looks at him and thinks: “This is an orange.” His knowledge about the fruit corresponds to reality, and therefore true. Thus, truth is the formula: “Real orange = Knowledge about orange.”

But this is not the only philosophical interpretation of this concept. Exist also such definitions of the concept:

Thus, truth in philosophy is a concept that is used to describe the process of cognition.

The world around us is complex and multifaceted. The more people know about it, the higher the chances of survival and a comfortable existence, the faster technology develops.

If we talk in simple words, then truth is a 100% understanding of the world. People are interested in striving for it.

Truth and its criteria

How to understand something complex? Learn to distinguish it from its opposite. Usually the truth contrasted with lies, uncertainty, mystery, delusion.

Signs that are characteristic only of true knowledge are called criteria of truth.

Various philosophical theories have identified and other criteria, in particular, usefulness, necessity, economy, aesthetics.

In Buddhism, for example, truth is liberation from private desires and suffering, unity with the world. Her awareness is identified with. A person begins to clearly understand his nature.

Types of truth - absolute and relative

The most common classification involves dividing the category into absolute and relative.

Absolute truth– this is a complete correspondence of knowledge to real objects and phenomena. Its criterion is immutability. True knowledge cannot be refuted.

Many people like to claim that this is something unattainable. The opinion is controversial. It is clear that it is difficult to find answers to eternal questions about the world and society, life and death. But the process of cognition also covers small pieces of reality.

Examples absolute truth:

You cannot divide by “0”;
it is darker at 3 a.m. than at 2 p.m.;
birthday only once a year;
a living penguin cannot fly on its own (and will never learn);
mosquitoes are mortal.

There is not much absolute true knowledge in the world. Mostly people describe objects and phenomena from one angle, omitting unfamiliar details.

Relative truth– this is an incomplete correspondence of knowledge to reality. Over time, judgments can be adjusted or replaced with new ones. Their authenticity is 100% unprovable and depends on the time period and socio-historical conditions.

Examples regarding true knowledge:

it’s cold in winter (as a rule, yes, but sometimes there are frosts in November or March, and in the period from December to February the temperature is above zero, so when comparing, this judgment will be relative);
substances consist of molecules (the knowledge is not complete, because later it turned out that molecules consist of atoms, and atoms - of electrons);
Liza Petrova is a girl (girls are different: teenagers, 18-25 years old and even older).

The truth also happens objective and subjective depending on whether reality is passed through a person’s consciousness.

There is the Universe, and in it - . The Earth revolves around the Sun. This is an objective truth. It doesn't matter what a person thinks about her. The Earth will still revolve around the Sun.

And now closer to life. A new student came to school. Most of the boys thought: “Lena is beautiful.” This is a subjective truth because it has passed through the consciousness of people. From the point of view of objective reality, there is no concept of beauty. Some boys like skinny girls, others like athletic girls, and others like girls with round shapes.

A special case of subjective truth is truth.

It characterizes a person’s attitude to events that actually happened. It’s not for nothing that they say: “Everyone has their own truth.”

conclusions

In this article you have read more than 10 definitions of this complex concept. And all of them had something in common. Truth cannot be touched or seen.

People came up with this abstract concept in order to make it convenient describe your aspirations towards understanding the world, the steps taken in this direction and the results achieved. The pursuit of true knowledge is the fuel in the engine.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

Theories of truth.

As already mentioned, there are many theories, depending on philosophical schools and religions. Let's look at the main theories of truth:

Empirical: Truth is all knowledge based on the accumulated experience of mankind. Author - Francis Bacon.
Sensualistic(Hume): truth can only be known sensitively, by sensation, perception, contemplation.
Rationalistic(Descartes): all truth is already contained in the human mind, from where it must be extracted.
Agnostic(Kant): truth is unrecognizable in itself (“the thing in itself”).
Skeptical(Montaigne): nothing is true, man is not capable of obtaining any reliable knowledge about the world.

Criteria of truth.

Criteria of truth- these are the parameters that help distinguish truth from lies or misconceptions.

Compliance with logical laws.
Compliance with previously discovered and proven laws and theorems of science.
Simplicity, general accessibility of the formulation.
Compliance with fundamental laws and axioms.
Paradoxical.
Practice.

In modern world practice(as the totality of experience accumulated over generations, the results of various experiments and the results of material production) is the first most important criterion of truth.

Types of truth.

Types of truth- a classification invented by some authors of school textbooks on philosophy, based on their desire to classify everything, sort it into shelves and make it publicly available. This is my personal, subjective opinion, which appeared after studying many sources. There is only one truth. Breaking it down into types is stupid and contradicts the theory of any philosophical school or religious teaching. However, truth has different Aspects(what some consider to be "species"). Let's look at them.

Aspects of truth.

We open almost any cheat sheet site created to help pass the Unified State Exam in philosophy and social studies in the “Truth” section, and what do we see? Three main aspects of truth will be highlighted: objective (that which does not depend on a person), absolute (proven by science, or an axiom) and relative (truth from only one side). The definitions are correct, but the consideration of these aspects is extremely superficial. If not amateurish.

I would highlight (based on the ideas of Kant and Descartes, philosophy and religion, etc.) four aspects. These aspects should be divided into two categories, not lumped together. So:

Criteria of subjectivity-objectivity.

Objective truth is objective in its essence and does not depend on a person: the Moon revolves around the Earth, and we cannot influence this fact, but we can make it an object of study.

Subjective truth depends on the subject, that is, we explore the Moon and are the subject, but if we did not exist, then there would be neither subjective nor objective truth. This truth directly depends on the objective one.

The subject and object of truth are interconnected. It turns out that subjectivity and objectivity are facets of the same truth.

Criteria for absoluteness and relativity.

Absolute truth- a truth proven by science and beyond doubt. For example, a molecule is made up of atoms.

Relative truth- something that is true in a certain period of history or from a certain point of view. Until the end of the 19th century, the atom was considered the smallest indivisible part of matter, and this was true until scientists discovered protons, neutrons and electrons. And at that moment the truth changed. And then scientists discovered that protons and neutrons consist of quarks. I don’t think I need to continue any further. It turns out that relative truth was absolute for some period of time. As the creators of The X-Files convinced us, the Truth is out there. And yet where?

Let me give you another example. Having seen a photograph of the Cheops pyramid from a satellite from a certain angle, one can say that it is a square. And a photo taken at a certain angle from the surface of the Earth will convince you that this is a triangle. In fact, it is a pyramid. But from the point of view of two-dimensional geometry (planimetry), the first two statements are true.

Thus, it turns out that absolute and relative truth are as interconnected as subjective-objective. Finally, we can draw a conclusion. Truth has no types, it is one, but it has aspects, that is, what is true from different angles of consideration.

Truth is a complex concept, which at the same time remains united and indivisible. Both the study and understanding of this term at this stage by man has not yet been completed.

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1) The criteria of truth include the compliance of knowledge with the laws of logic.

2) The most important criterion of truth is the correspondence of the acquired knowledge to the interests of the knowing subject.

3) The criteria of truth make it possible to distinguish its true knowledge from error.

4) The criterion of truth can be the compliance of the acquired knowledge with previously discovered laws.

5) The truth of a judgment cannot be verified in practice.

Explanation.

1) The criteria of truth include the compliance of knowledge with the laws of logic. YES, that's right. Logic is the science of truth.

2) The most important criterion of truth is the correspondence of the acquired knowledge to the interests of the knowing subject. NO, incorrect.

3) The criteria of truth make it possible to distinguish its true knowledge from error. YES, that's right.

4) The criterion of truth can be the compliance of the acquired knowledge with previously discovered laws. YES, that's right.

5) The truth of a judgment cannot be verified in practice. NO, incorrect

Answer: 134

Alexey Polyansky 09.12.2018 14:32

why 2 is not correct?

Ivan George

Truth must be objective, and if knowledge corresponds to the interests of the knowing subject, then it becomes subjective knowledge.

Choose the correct statements about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

Explanation.

1) Absolute truth is the content of knowledge that exists on its own and does not depend on a person. No, that’s incorrect, this judgment reflects the objectivity of truth, and not its absolute nature.

2) Truth is knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it. Yes, that's right, that's the definition of truth.

3) Truth is one, but it has objective, absolute and relative aspects. Yes, that's right, these are two types of truth.

4) Relative truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, depending on certain conditions, place, time and means of obtaining knowledge. Yes, that's right, this judgment contains a definition of relative truth.

5) Relative truth is always subjective. No, it’s not true, truth is objective, but opinion is subjective, first of all.

Answer: 234.

Answer: 234

1) Truth is knowledge corresponding to the properties of the cognizable object.

2) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is comprehensive knowledge about a subject.

3) The only criterion of true knowledge is its obviousness to any person.

4) True knowledge always has an abstract and generalized nature.

5) Truth is determined by reality, social practice.

Explanation.

The main goal of knowledge is to achieve scientific truth.

In relation to philosophy, truth is not only the goal of knowledge, but also the subject of research. We can say that the concept of truth expresses the essence of science. Philosophers have long been trying to develop a theory of knowledge that would allow us to consider it as a process of obtaining scientific truths. The main contradictions along this path arose in the course of contrasting the activity of the subject and the possibility of his developing knowledge corresponding to the objective real world. But truth has many aspects; it can be considered from a variety of points of view: logical, sociological, epistemological, and finally, theological.

The limitation of a person’s practical capabilities is one of the reasons for the limitation of his knowledge, i.e. we are talking about the relative nature of truth. Relative truth is knowledge that reproduces the objective world approximately, incompletely. Therefore, the signs or features of relative truth are proximity and incompleteness, which are interconnected. Indeed, the world is a system of interconnected elements; any incomplete knowledge about it as a whole will always be inaccurate, coarse, and fragmentary.

1) Truth is knowledge that corresponds to the properties of the cognizable object - yes, that’s right.

2) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is exhaustive knowledge about a subject - yes, that's right.

3) The only criterion for true knowledge is its obviousness to any person - no, that’s not true.

4) True knowledge always has an abstract and generalized nature - no, it’s incorrect.

5) Truth is conditioned by reality, social practice - yes, that’s right.

Answer: 125.

Answer: 125

Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The objectivity of truth is manifested in its correspondence to the interests of the knowing subject.

2) True knowledge always corresponds to the cognizable object.

3) In scientific knowledge, absolute truth is an ideal, a goal.

4) Only relative truth reveals the patterns and laws according to which the objects being studied function.

5) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.

Explanation.

Scientists have proposed various criteria for distinguishing true from false.

1) The objectivity of truth is manifested in its correspondence to the interests of the knowing subject - no, that’s incorrect.

2) True knowledge always corresponds to the object being cognized - yes, that’s right.

3) In scientific knowledge, absolute truth is an ideal, a goal - yes, that’s right.

4) Only relative truth reveals the patterns and laws according to which the objects being studied function - no, it is incorrect.

5) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth - yes, that’s right.

Answer: 235.

Answer: 235

Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) True knowledge adequately reflects the surrounding reality.

2) The criterion of true knowledge is compliance with the interests of the knowing subject.

3) Relative truth is knowledge that can change as cognitive capabilities develop.

4) Truth is associated with the conditions of place, time, etc., which must be taken into account in the process of cognition.

5) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is practice-oriented knowledge.

Explanation.

The main goal of knowledge is to achieve scientific truth. In relation to philosophy, truth is not only the goal of knowledge, but also the subject of research. We can say that the concept of truth expresses the essence of science. Scientists have proposed various criteria for distinguishing true from false.

1) Sensualists rely on sensory data and consider sensory experience to be the criterion of truth. In their opinion, the reality of the existence of something is verified only by feelings, and not by abstract theories.

2) Rationalists believe that feelings can mislead us, and see the basis for testing statements in the mind. For them, the main criterion of truth is clarity and distinctness. The ideal model of true knowledge is mathematics, where every conclusion requires clear evidence.

3) Rationalism finds further development in the concept of coherence (from Latin cohaerentia - cohesion, connection), according to which the criterion of truth is the consistency of reasoning with the general system of knowledge. For example, “2x2 = 4” is true not because it coincides with a real fact, but because it is in agreement with the system of mathematical knowledge.

4) Supporters of pragmatism (from the Greek pragma - business) consider the effectiveness of knowledge to be a criterion of truth. True knowledge is proven knowledge that successfully “works” and allows you to achieve success and practical benefit in everyday affairs.

5) In Marxism, the criterion of truth is practice (from the Greek praktikos - active, active), taken in the broadest sense as any developing social activity of a person to transform himself and the world (from everyday experience to language, science, etc.). Only a statement proven by practice and experience of many generations is recognized as true.

6) For supporters of conventionalism (from the Latin convcntio - agreement), the criterion of truth is universal agreement on statements. For example, a scientific truth is considered to be something that the vast majority of scientists agree with.

1) True knowledge adequately reflects the surrounding reality - yes, that’s right.

2) The criterion of true knowledge is compliance with the interests of the knowing subject - no, incorrect.

3) Relative truth is knowledge that can change as cognitive capabilities develop - yes, that's right.

4) Truth is associated with the conditions of place, time, etc., which must be taken into account in the process of cognition - yes, that’s right.

5) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is practice-oriented knowledge - no, it’s incorrect.

Answer: 134.

Answer: 134

Choose the correct statements about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Absolute truth is exhaustive knowledge about a subject.

2) Truth - knowledge obtained as a result of an adequate reflection of the object by the knowing subject.

3) One of the criteria for the truth of knowledge is its understanding and acceptance by the majority of people.

5) Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity.

Explanation.

Signs of truth: objectivity (independence of human consciousness), concreteness, this is a process. Types of truth: absolute (complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject), relative (changeable knowledge as knowledge develops; replaced by a new one or becomes a delusion). The criterion of truth is practice.

1) Absolute truth is exhaustive knowledge about a subject - yes, that's right.

2) Truth - knowledge obtained as a result of an adequate reflection of an object by a cognizing subject - yes, that’s right.

3) One of the criteria for the truth of knowledge is its understanding and acceptance by the majority of people - no, it is incorrect.

5) Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity - no, that’s not true.

Answer: 12.

Daniil Minibaev 21.07.2017 10:53

The 5th answer option is correct, please correct it.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

The CMM developers do not agree with you. Although the issue is controversial. Certainly.

Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Absolute truth, in contrast to relative truth, is theoretically based knowledge.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is an authoritative source of information.

3) There are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways.

5) Truth is always objective.

Explanation.

Truth is knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it.

1) Absolute truth, unlike relative truth, is theoretically based knowledge - no, it’s incorrect.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is an authoritative source of information - no, incorrect.

3) There are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways - yes, that’s right.

5) Truth is always objective - yes, that’s right.

Answer: 345.

Diana Zyatkova 13.03.2017 21:16

This is just... a nightmare, as I already doubt the reliable information on your site... Well, how can this be understood, please look at task 58 "5) Relative truth is characterized by subjectivity. Answer 5 is correct." I'm truly even more confused

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

58 obsolete. We will delete

Nikita Moskovsky 12.11.2018 06:50

Truth can be subjective!

Cat M 29.01.2019 09:32

so why is 5 true if truth can be subjective!

Ivan Ivanovich

Objectivity is the property of truth, subjectivity is the property of opinion.

Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

2) Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.

3) Truth is knowledge that reproduces a cognizable object as it exists independently of human consciousness.

4) Truth is always concrete.

5) The only criterion of truth is compliance with existing scientific theories.

Clarification.

Is-ti-na - knowledge that corresponds to its subject, coincides with it.

Signs of truth: objectivity (independence from a person’s co-knowledge), specificity, this process. Types of knowledge: absolute (complete, thorough knowledge of the subject), relative (knowledge changes as knowledge develops; replaces it with a new one or becomes misguided -eat). Kri-te-riy is-ti-ny - practically. But there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them, but their truth can be established in other ways.

1) Only that knowledge can be considered true if it is accepted by the majority of people - no, it’s not true.

2) Practically, in the opinion of a number of philosophists, this is the main cri-te-ri-em of the is-ti-ny - yes, that’s right.

3) Is-ti-na is knowledge that re-creates the known object as it exists without -vi-si-mo from co-knowing a person - yes, that’s right.

4) Is-ti-na always kon-kret-na - yes, that’s right.

5) The only cri-te-riy of is-ti-ny - correspondence to existing scientific theories - no, no-belief -But.

Answer: 234.

Diana Zyatkova 13.03.2017 21:24

Pfff I mean the only criterion???????? How is that? But logic, evidence, objectivity, and don’t just say that these are signs, in many tasks they are immediately distinguished as criteria. Just absurd.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Attention is the main criterion for success in the exam....... according to a number of philosophers, that is, not all and then everything is correct.

You take correct judgments about the truth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Cree-te-ri-em of truth can be its recognition by authoritative persons.

2) The cri-te-ri-em of truth may be its compliance with previously discovered laws of science.

3) Is-ti-nu cannot be established as a go-lo-with-va-ni-em; she may also be on the side of the minority.

4) A statement proven by the practice and experience of many generations is recognized as true.

5) Truth is not an element of knowledge that can be refuted in the future.

Clarification.

1) The criterion of truth can be its recognition by authorities - no, that’s not true.

2) The criterion of truth may be its compliance with previously discovered laws of science - yes, that’s right.

3) The truth cannot be established by voting, it can also be on the side of the minority - yes, that’s right.

4) A statement proven by the practice and experience of many generations is recognized as true - yes, that’s true.

5) Truth is not an element of knowledge that can be refuted in the future - no, it’s not true.

Answer: 234.

Answer: 234

The criterion of truth may be its compliance with previously discovered laws of science - true, but why, if, firstly, in task 8983 it is explained that: “The criterion of truth is practice” - and only, and secondly, when Giordano Bruni declared that the earth was round did not correspond to any previously discovered law, but it was true.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

The criteria of truth are what certify the truth and allow us to distinguish it from error.

1. compliance with the laws of logic;

2. compliance with previously discovered laws of science;

3. compliance with fundamental laws;

4. simplicity, economy of the formula;

5. paradoxical idea;

6. practice.

Oleg Ivantsov 26.04.2017 10:14

Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) True knowledge, in contrast to false knowledge, corresponds to the subject of knowledge.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is its acceptance by the community of scientists.

3) Relative truth is limitedly true knowledge.

4) Only absolute truth is characterized by objectivity.

5) True knowledge is formed in the unity of sensory and rational knowledge.

Explanation.

1) True knowledge, in contrast to false, corresponds to the subject of knowledge - yes, that’s right.

2) The only criterion for true knowledge is its acceptance by the community of scientists - no, incorrect, practice.

3) Relative truth is limitedly true knowledge - yes, true.

4) Only absolute truth is characterized by objectivity - no, that’s not true, so does relative truth.

5) True knowledge is formed in the unity of sensory and rational knowledge - yes, that’s right.

Answer: 135.

Diana Zyatkova 13.03.2017 21:34

Here again, 4 explain, you contradict yourself, please: task 58.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

What don't you understand? Objectivity is inherent in any truth.

Are the following truth statements true?

A. True knowledge reflects a subjective attitude towards the world.

B. True knowledge always corresponds to the ideas of most people.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Explanation.

Proposition A is incorrect, because true knowledge reflects objective attitude towards the world.

Proposition B is incorrect, because true ones do not always coexist with the ideas of most people. For example, many mythological, everyday ideas that are widespread are not true.

The correct answer is indicated under number: 4

Answer: 4

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Ural. Option 4.

A. Relative truth can change over time.

B. Truth contains reliable information about an object.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Explanation.

Relative truth is incomplete, but in some respects correct knowledge about the same object. TRUTH, correspondence of knowledge to reality; the objective content of empirical experience and theoretical knowledge. Respectively. both statements are correct.

Answer: 3.

Answer: 3

Are the following truth statements true?

A. Truth always corresponds to the interests of the knowing subject.

B. Compliance with the laws of logic is one of the criteria of truth.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Explanation.

Truth is knowledge corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it.

Signs of truth:

1. objectivity - independence from human consciousness

2. specificity

3. it's a process

The criteria of truth are what certify the truth and allow us to distinguish it from error.

1. compliance with the laws of logic;

2. compliance with previously discovered laws of science;

3. compliance with fundamental laws;

4. simplicity, economy of the formula;

5. paradoxical idea;

6. practice.

Based on this, 1 is false, 2 is true.

Answer: 2.

Answer: 2

Are the following truth statements true?

A. Truth is the result of the cognitive activity of a scientist; it is impossible for an artist or poet to achieve it.

B. Relative truth is knowledge that is reliable, but incomplete, limited by human cognitive capabilities.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Explanation.

Truth is a true reflection of objective reality in human consciousness.

Objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend on man or humanity; it exists on its own, outside and independently of man and his consciousness.

Relative truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining this knowledge; This is knowledge that depends on certain conditions, place and time of its receipt.

The correct answer is indicated under number: 2.

Answer: 2

Subject area: Man and society. The concept of truth, its criteria

Guest 16.06.2012 12:40

Why is A wrong? After all, one of the main signs of truth is objectivity. And the result of the activity of an artist, a poet is always subjective.

Anastasia Smirnova (St. Petersburg)

For example, imagine that a person comes to a store and sees bread on the store shelf. Now imagine that this person is a poet. Do you think he will not be able to comprehend this truth?

Are the following judgments about truth and its criteria true?

A. Truth is an adequate reflection of an object by a cognizing subject, its reproduction as it exists on its own, outside and independently of man and his consciousness.

B. Practice, according to a number of philosophers, is the main criterion of truth.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Explanation.

A - that's right, this is the definition of truth.

B - correct. Practice is one of the main criteria of truth.

Answer: 3.

1 option

1. Choose the correct judgments about the truth.

1) The relativity of truth is due to the boundlessness and variability of the comprehended world.

2) The relativity of truth is due to the limited cognitive capabilities of man.

3) Truth is an objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.

4) Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.

5) The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.

6) Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge

2. Choose the right judgmentsabout the truth. True knowledge:

1) always objectively;

2) is always shared by the majority of people.

3) is an integral property of both relative and absolute truth;

4) is expressed in the independence of knowledge from the preferences and interests of people.

5) is to obtain knowledge corresponding to the subject of study;

6) is expressed in the sharing of knowledge by the majority of people.

3 Choose the correct judgments about the truth.

Truth is a mandatory result of human cognitive activity;

By truth is meantobjective reflection of reality in human consciousness;

True knowledge differs from false knowledge in that itcorresponds to the cognizable object;

True knowledgedoes not contradict previous ideas;

absolute truthcomprehensive, accurate knowledge about the object of study;

Objective truth is knowledge:independent of people's preferences and interests;

4. “Undoubted, invariably established knowledge once and for all is called ____________

the truth."

5. Match: for each position given in the first column, matchAllcorresponding positions from the second column.

Reliable knowledge, independent of opinions and 1) objective truth

2) Relative truth

people's preferences

B) Comprehensive, complete, reliable knowledge about

objective world

3) Absolute truth

Knowledge that gives an approximate

and incomplete reflection of reality

G). Limited knowledge about an object at any given moment

D) Information corresponding to the actual state of affairs

6. Relative _____ ________depends on the real historical conditions of its time, in particular, on the accuracy or perfection of the means of observation and experiment.

7. Absolute and relative truths are forms of truth_______________

The result of cognitive activity is obtaining _______________

9._______________________as one of the criteria of truth includes the experience accumulated by previous generations of people.

10.._______________________is expressed in the independence of knowledge from the preferences and interests of people.

Option 2.

1. Choose the right judgments

1 Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to human interests.

2.. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality.

3. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.

4. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite.

5. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of knowledge are determined by the level of development of science.

6. Absolute truth is practically unattainable.

2. Choose the right judgments

1) Relative truth is incomplete knowledge, true only under certain conditions.

2) All phenomena of reality can be assessed from the point of view of truth or falsity.

3) Practice is the only criterion for the truth of our knowledge about the world.

4) The criterion for the truth of knowledge is simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge.

5) The criterion for the truth of knowledge is the practical orientation of knowledge.

6) There are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them.

3. Choose the right judgments

1.Knowledge of the world can occur in the process of everyday life.

2. The object of knowledge can be a person.

3.The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world.

4. Science and religion are forms of knowledge of the world

5. A feature of social cognition is the independence of the influence of the researcher’s position on the assessment of facts.

6. The scientific study of society requires a subjective approach to facts.

4.. Choose the right judgments

1. The structure of cognition includes goal, means, and result.

2. The results of rational knowledge are consolidated in sensations.

3. Cognition requires the presence of an object and a subject of cognition.

4. Concept, judgment, inference create a sensory image of an object.

5. Inference is a logical connection of judgments.

6. The results of sensory knowledge exist in the form of concepts.

5. Which concept in the series is generalizing for all the others?

1) inference;

2) deduction;

3) concept;

4) cognition;

5) presentation;

6) analogy;

7) judgment.

6. (task 26) 26. Name three aspects of the role of practice in cognition and expand on each of them.

7. (task 20) Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Observation is a purposeful systematic (A) object. Concentrating

attention on the object, the observer relies on some (B) about

it, without which it is impossible to determine the purpose of observation. Observation is characterized by activity (B), its ability to select the necessary information, determined by the purpose of the study.

following. In scientific observation, the interaction between subject and object is mediated by (D) observations: devices and tools with which the observation is carried out. Microscope and telescope, photographic and television equipment, radar and ultrasound generator, many other devices transform microbes, elementary particles, etc. that are inaccessible to human senses. c empirical (D). As a method of scientific knowledge, observation provides the initial ______(E) about an object, necessary for its further research.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be usedone once.

Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

perception

knowledge

objects

information

cognition

observer

facilities

methods

true

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of your chosen word in the table under each letter.

8.Write down the word missing in the table

Properties of truth

…….. character.

Reflection of the current level of knowledge about the essence of the phenomenon.

Objective nature

Independence from the knowing subject and his consciousness

9. Write down the word missing in the table

False

Deliberate lie

The person realizes that he is saying something that is not true, but he claims that it is the truth.

A person takes the false for the true.

10. (task 25) Using social science knowledge 1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “truth; 2) make two sentences: - one sentence containing information about the types of truth, - one sentence containing information about one of the types you named.

11. Choose the correct judgments about truth and its criteria and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Truth is the compliance of conclusions with the laws of logic.

2) The universal criterion of truth is social practice.

3) Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to the subject of knowledge.

4) Truth is a feature of the external world that a person is trying to understand.

5) Truth is a reflection in human creativity of the phenomena of surrounding reality

12. Establish a correspondence between the distinctive features and types of truth: for each
For the position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second
column.

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF TYPES OF TRUTH

A) complete, exhaustive knowledge 1) absolute truth
B) unchanging knowledge 2) relative truth

C) knowledge that reflects reality; 3) both absolute and relative truths
ity at this stage of cognition

D) objective knowledge
D) knowledge corresponding to the subject of knowledge

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Key

1.4 The concept of truth, its criteria.

1 option

3.2356

4.Absolute

5. 13221

6. TRUE

7. objectivity

8. knowledge

9.practice

10.objectivity

Option 2.

6. . three manifestations of the role of practice in cognition:

-the basis of knowledge, - the goal of knowledge,

-criterion of truth

2) specification of each manifestation is given, for example:

-It is in interaction with the outside world that people develop certain ideas about reality and begin to understand it;

-knowledge is necessary for humanity, first of all, in order to transform the world, improving living conditions, improving social relations;

-in practice, a person becomes convinced of the truth or falsity of his ideas, judgments, theories; if they are confirmed in reality, then they can be considered true.

7. 126734

8. relative

9 misconception

10 Knowledge corresponding to the subject of knowledge.

There are absolute and relative truths.

Relative truth is objective. But incomplete knowledge about an object or phenomenon

11.23

12.11233

The concept of truth is leading in the philosophy of the name. All problems of the philosophy of the theory of knowledge concern either the means and ways of achieving truth, or the forms of its implementation, the structure of cognitive relations, etc.

The concept of truth is one of the most important in the general system of ideological problems. It is on a par with such concepts as “justice”, “goodness”, “meaning of life”. The problem of truth, like the problem of changing theories, is not as trivial as it might seem at first glance. This can be seen by remembering the atomistic concept of Democritus and its fate. Its main position: “All bodies are made of atoms. “Atoms are indivisible,” is it true or false from the standpoint of the science of our time? If we consider it a delusion, then wouldn’t that be subjectivity?

How can any concept that has been proven to be true turn out to be false in practice? In this case, we will come to the recognition that today's theory (theories) - sociological, biological, physical, philosophical - are true only “today”, and in 100-300 years they will already be delusions? The alternative assertion that Democritus’ concept is a delusion must also be rejected. So, the atomistic concept of the ancient world, the atomistic concept of the 17th-18th centuries. neither truth nor error.

1.1 Truth and the range of its problems

The Dictionary of Modern Philosophy defines the concept of “truth” as follows: “Truth (Greek aletheia, lit. - “undisguisedness”) is knowledge that corresponds to its subject, coinciding with it. The main properties and signs of truth include: objectivity in its external source and subjectivity in its internal ideal content and form; procedural nature (truth is a process, not a “bare result”); the unity of the absolute, stable (i.e., “eternal truths”) and the relative, changeable in its content; the relationship between the abstract and the concrete (“truth is always concrete”). Any true knowledge (in science, philosophy, art, etc.) is determined in its content and application by the given conditions of place, time and many other specific circumstances. The opposite of truth and at the same time a necessary moment of the movement of knowledge towards it is error. The criteria of truth are divided into empirical (experience, practice) and non-empirical (logical, theoretical, as well as such as simplicity, beauty, internal perfection of knowledge, etc.).” But this definition is quite incomplete and should be expanded upon in more detail. I believe that special attention should be paid to such an issue as the criteria of truth.

There are truths empirical And theoretical. Empyria is experience. From experiments we derive an idea of some particular empirical truths. Most often they are superficial, do not claim the status of law and can be easily refuted in different situations. Theoretical truths are the exact opposite of empirical ones. They are contained in strict formulations of the law, that is, they express not a random and superficial, but a deep connection between things.

1.2 Development of directions that study the truth

A person cannot live and develop without comprehending truths, without comparing his subjective images with what is happening around him. Therefore, the question of truth arose in the most ancient times. Along with the question, various answers arose, in which the truth itself, the conditions for its discovery, and its position in existence were understood in completely different ways.

Firstly, in all periods of history, starting from ancient times, there was a direction skepticism(or otherwise, relativism). Skeptics believe that the search for a common truth for all is a fruitless and thankless task. On almost any issue, be it nature or morality, two directly opposing opinions can be formulated, and both of them will be equally valid. This is clearly seen in philosophical statements about the world as a whole. The propositions “the world is finite” - “the world is infinite”, “God exists” - “There is no God”, “freedom exists” - “there is no freedom and everything is necessary” - collect equivalent argumentation for both affirmation and denial . Therefore, skeptics believe, there is no point in fighting in contradiction, and it is best to refrain from making judgments about the truth. Anyone who believes that he has the truth is afraid of losing it. He who has not found the truth suffers from not having it. Only the sage does not rush around in fruitless searches, he is calm and with an ironic smile watches people who imagine that they know the essence of things.

The second major direction in the understanding of truth is associated with teachings that are usually called objective idealism. Its essence is expressed in the concept of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Plato believed that there is a world of objective ideas (eidos), and our everyday life is only its shadow, an incomplete reflection. The ideas of Beauty, Justice, Love, etc. constitute true existence. They are the truth, the core, the model for everything else.

Another direction in understanding truth is the so-called subjective idealism. It manifested itself especially clearly in the works of the 18th century English bishop George Berkeley. Berkeley believed that the only truth that we can know with certainty is the truth of our sensations. Everything else is mental construction. According to D. Berkeley, the world is my sensation, and there should not be any general concepts that claim to be a general truth. Everything is singular. Berldi's views, leading to the opinion that “the whole world is the creation of my feelings,” were so absurd that at the end of his life he himself moved away from them. But at the beginning of the 20th century they were revived again within the framework of modern positivism, the philosophy of science.

Finally, the ideas of the 17th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant have enormous heuristic (cognitive) value. Kant developed the idea of activity of consciousness and cognition. He considered our cognitive ability to be a complex instrument with the help of which the image of the world is consistently constructed by ourselves. But the material from which the cognitive ability creates this image is taken from the external world - the world “in itself”. The images of the world that exist in our heads do not reflect, according to Kant, extra-human realities, and we do not know and will never know what reality looks like outside the human gaze, but still, knowledge would be impossible without relying on objectivity . The material from which consciousness sculpts its picture does not depend on consciousness itself. Thus, truth turns out to be subjective-objective, including both aspects coming from the world itself and forms of human perception.

Today, a wide variety of philosophical schools converge on this position, which goes back to Kant. Knowledge is our model of the world. Subjective and objective create a kind of unity here. Objective knowledge, or truth, therefore refers to theoretical concepts that have been well tested by experience and shared by the absolute majority of scientific specialists. This means that “true knowledge” is a logical model that is considered the most successful expression of the objective state of affairs at the moment, to the extent that this is generally possible within the framework of human knowledge.

1.3 Concepts of truth

In modern philosophy, three concepts of truth stand out especially clearly: the concept of correspondence (correspondence), coherence and pragmatism.

According to compliance concepts, truth is a form of correlation between the psyche of the subject and the object. Aristotle believed that the true and false are not in things, but in thought. Quite often, a simple scheme of direct correspondence between a feeling or thought and an object is not sufficient. Individual judgments acquire meaning only in a system of judgments. Where multi-link logical constructions are in use, it is necessary to take into account the consistency, coherence, and systematic nature of reasoning and statements. In this regard, they talk about coherent concept of truth. Coherence is understood as the mutual correspondence of statements. A significant contribution to the development of the coherent concept of truth beyond Leibniz, Spinoza, Hegel. The concept of coherence of truth does not cancel the concept of correspondence, but a number of accents in the understanding of truth are placed differently.

A concept in which practice is the criterion of truth is called pragmatic concept of truth, which originates in Greek sophistry and ancient Chinese philosophy. Supporters of Marxism and American pragmatism made a significant contribution to the development of the pragmatic concept of truth. Marxists believe that truth reflects an objective state of affairs; Phagmatists understand truth as the efficiency of feelings, thoughts, ideas, their usefulness in achieving the desired goal.

The idea of the American philosopher N. Rescher seems very valuable, according to which the three concepts of truth do not cancel, but complement each other. All attempts to exclude from philosophy the problematic of one of the concepts of truth end in failure.

1.4. Criteria of truth

Research repeatedly undertaken by scientists and methodologists at the present stage of development of scientific rationality leads to the statement that an exhaustive register of criteria of truth is impossible. This is true in connection with the constantly progressing development of science, its transformation, entry into a new, post-non-classical stage, which is in many ways different from the previous classical and non-classical ones. To fill the niche of criteria, they point to such newfangled concepts as progressivism or non-triviality, reliability, criticism, justification. The previously identified criteria, among which the first places are: subject-practical activity, objectivity, and secondly - logical consistency, and simplicity And aesthetic organization, also correspond to the list of criteria for true knowledge.

The problem of the criterion of truth has always been central in the theory of knowledge, because identifying such a criterion means finding a way to separate truth from error. Subjectivist-minded philosophers are unable to correctly resolve the question of the criterion of truth. Some of them claim that the criterion of truth is benefit, utility and convenience (pragmatism), others rely on generally accepted knowledge (the concept of “socially organized experience”), others limit themselves to the formal-logical criterion of truth, reconciling new knowledge with old knowledge, bringing them into conformity with previous ideas (coherence theory), others generally consider the truth of knowledge to be a matter of conditional agreement (conventionalism). In any of these cases, the criterion of truth (if it is recognized) is not taken beyond the limits of reason, so that knowledge is closed in on itself. The criterion of truth does not go beyond the limits of consciousness even in the case when it is limited to the unilateral influence of an object on the sensory organs of the subject. However, firstly, an increasing number of scientific concepts and provisions obtained indirectly do not possess and, therefore, cannot be subjected to verification using sensory experience. Secondly, the sensory experience of the individual subject is insufficient; appealing to the sensory experience of the mass of people means nothing more than the same notorious general recognition, the opinion of the majority. The statement of those who considered accuracy and rigor, clarity and evidence as the measure of truth is also incorrect. History has not been kind to these views: the entire 20th century. passes under the sign of a certain devaluation of mathematical accuracy and formal logical rigor in connection with the discovery of paradoxes of set theory and logic, so that the accuracy of the so-called “descriptive”, ordinary sciences turned out to be in a sense more “solid” than the accuracy of the most “exact” sciences - - mathematics and formal logic.

So, neither empirical observations, which are not characterized by the universality so necessary for the criterion of truth, nor the fundamentally rationalistic emphasis on the clarity of axioms, initial principles and the rigor of logical proofs are able to provide a reliable, objective criterion of truth. Such a criterion can only be material activity, i.e. practice understood as a socio-historical process. Practice, acting as a criterion of truth, has all the necessary properties for this: activity directed towards an object and going beyond the scope of knowledge; universality, since practice is not limited to the activity of the individual subject of cognition; necessary sensory concreteness. In short, practice involves a transition from thought to action, to material reality. At the same time, success in achieving the set goals testifies to the truth of the knowledge on the basis of which these goals were set, and failure indicates the unreliability of the initial knowledge. The sensory concreteness of practice does not mean that it must confirm the truth of every concept, every act of cognition. Only individual links in the reasoning of a particular cognitive cycle receive practical confirmation; most acts of cognition are carried out by deducing one knowledge from another, previous one; the process of proof often occurs in a logical way. The logical criterion always accompanies the criterion of practice as a necessary condition for the implementation of the latter. And yet, logical proof acts only as an auxiliary criterion of truth, ultimately itself having a practical origin. The specific weight of the formal-logical criterion of truth (or rather, accuracy and consistency) in the sphere of mathematical knowledge is great. But even here, only in the field of fundamental, “pure” mathematics does it act as a direct criterion for the truth of mathematical constructions. As for applied mathematics, here practice is the only criterion for the truth of mathematical models and their effectiveness.

The relativity of practice as a criterion of truth lies in the fact that, being always historically limited, it is not able to completely, completely prove or disprove all our knowledge. Practice can accomplish this only in the process of its further development.

“Uncertainty”, the relativity of practice as a criterion of truth is in unity with its opposite - certainty, absoluteness (in the end, in principle, in a tendency). Thus, the relativity of practice as a criterion of truth corresponds to relative truth, the nature of the knowledge that humanity has at this stage of its historical development.

The concept of truth in philosophy

Truth and its criteria

Types of truth - absolute and relative

conclusions

Theories of truth.

Criteria of truth.

Types of truth.

Aspects of truth.

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