Each social society has its own norms or rules for which it lives. They can be attributed to unwritten laws reflecting the nature of human behavior in various situations. Failure to follow these norms is considered to be a social deviation, which is also called deviation. This concept can be viewed from different sides. First of all, deviating behavior always violates the norms of law and standards that have developed in society. But besides this, he is considered to be a social phenomenon, which finds its expression in any massive forms of people's activities and does not correspond to the unlockedly established rules of conduct.
Where is the deviating behavior and its types? Social Studies - the subject that first introduces schoolchildren with a scientific explanation of this
Basic concept
Unfortunately, there is no such society, all members of which would adhere to general regulatory requirements. Existing deviating behavior and its types can take different forms. So, people with criminals and hermits, ascets and geniuses, saints, etc.
Deviation behavior is a type of behavior that has no approval in society. At all times, the struggle was to eliminate the unwanted forms of human activity and their carriers. At the same time, various means and methods were used that corresponded to socio-economic relations available in the country, as well as the interests of the ruling top.
Deviationing behavior and its types have always attracted the interest of researchers.
Society
Deviating behavior is a type of behavior with a dual character. On the one hand, it threatens the loss of stability of society. On the other, it supports this stability. How can this be explained? The successful work of all social structures is possible only when providing the procedure and predictability of the behavior of all members of society. Every person is important to know how other people will behave and what behavior they expect from him.
At the same time, there are subcultures in each society. They possess their standards that are conflict with the generally accepted morality. Such deviations are considered group and sometimes contribute to the further development of society.
Types of deviant behavior
Sometimes the individual violates social norms only from time to time. Such behavior refers to primary deviation. The second type of this concept is secondary. In this case, a person gets the brand of Devian and feels that they are not as well as with other people.
Deviation behavior always disrupts moral norms and at the same time can be worn as an individual and collective nature. The first type of deviation is often transformed into the second. Most often, this happens when criminal subcultures are influenced by the categories of people who are predisposed to the commission of deviant actions, that is, relate to the risk group.
Types of deviating behaviors
Allocate:
Dividing actions having a pronounced antisocial focus, which in the extreme expressions acquire a criminal case;
Addictive actions whose goal is to care from reality through the use of psychoactive substances or with excessive fixation to a certain type of activity;
Patocharacterological actions, which are due to pathological changes in the nature of the place due to the defects of education;
Psychopathological deeds that are consequence;
Acts based on human hyperacteries manifested with special rigging or genius.
Deviationing behavior and its types may also have a slightly different classification. In relation to them, the Nisian Acts are:
1. Socially approved. They are expressed in such behavior of the individual, which is positive and is aimed at eliminating outdated standards. As a rule, this type of deviant is associated with social creativity and contributes to qualitative changes in the entire social system. An example of this is the genius, sports achievements, heroic actions and leadership abilities.
2. neutral. This deviating behavior is a type of behavior that does not cause any concerns of society and not contributing to its change. Such deviant acts include eccentricity and eccentricity, the desire to surprise all their manner behavior and form of clothing.
3. Socially disrupted. This behavior disrupts and disorganizes the social system.
It carries the features of negativity and dysfunctionality. Such deviant acts are harmful to society. These include various deviations that cause harm to people and the person. They are expressed in the form of a variety of illegal, aggressive and criminal actions, as well as in alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, etc. So, the following types of deviating behavior include socially disappointing: addicative, delinquent.
Typology R. Monton
The concept of deviant behavior relatively. For example, criminals believe that extortion is a normal type of earnings. However, for most of the population, such behavior is deviant. The same applies to some species of social deeds. Some of them are considered deviant, and others - no.
In modern sociology, the types of deviationing behavior classified by R. Merton are most recognized. He compiled his grouping of concepts in line with the ideas of this process as a destroying basic elements of culture, including ethical norms. Based on this, Merton allocated four types of deviation, including:
1. Innovation. This type of behavior implies consent to the general objectives of the Company, but with the denial of the methods of their achievement. Innovators include prostitutes and blackmail, great scientists and creators of financial pyramids.
2. Ritualism. This behavior is associated with the denial of the main objectives of society and the absurd execution of the methods of their achievement. An example of this can serve a bureaucrat. This official requires a thorough fill of any document, its repeated check, compiling in four copies, etc. In this case, the main thing is overlooked - the goal.
3. Retretism. It is nothing but escape from the existing reality. This type of deviation is expressed in the refusal not only from socially significant purposes, but also from those methods that ordinary people reach them. This type of behavior is characteristic of drug addicts, alcoholics, homeless, etc.
4. Riot. This behavior denies the objectives and methods available in society. Buntar seeks to replace them with new ones. A vivid example of this is revolutionaries.
In the preparation of its classification, Merton emphasized the fact that deviating behavior and its types are not a product that demonstrates an absolutely negative attitude towards generally accepted standards. After all, the thief does not reject such a goal of society as material well-being. And the actions of the bureaucrats do not conflict with the generally accepted rules of work. In this case, only literal execution that reaches the absurdity is observed. But at the same time bureaucrat, and the thief are devians.
The main reasons for deviating behavior
An explanation of the deviant phenomenon can be many. For his understanding, it is necessary to know what kind of progressive behavior has. And the reasons in this case will reveal much easier. For example, a tendency to drug addiction and alcoholism, as well as mental disorders, are not explained at all social, but biological reasons. After all, these negative phenomena are sometimes transmitted to children from their parents.
In sociology there are several directions, according to which the causes of deviant behavior are explained. One of them lies in the presence of such a state of society, in which old values \u200b\u200band norms have already come in contradiction with existing relations, and there are no new. At the same time, the cause of deviant behavior lies in the inconsistency of the goals that are put forward by the Company, and the funds that are offered to achieve them.
Marginalization
This is one of the causes of deviation characterized by a gap of social ties. The most common option is the initial gap of economic relations. After that, social ties are lost, and at the next stage - spiritual.
The characteristic feature of the marginalov is the reduction of the plank of social needs and expectations. At the same time, there is a premitivity of their production, household and spiritual life.
Social pathology
Beggarism and vanity
Such behavior is a special way of life. Its main reason is the refusal to participate in the work for the benefit of society and the desire to obtain non-educated income.
It is worth noting that begging and vagrancy recently got quite widespread. However, society is trying to fight this socially dangerous phenomenon. Indeed, often such personalities act as intermediaries during drugs, and also make theft and other crimes.
Addiction
Often, the cause of negative behavior becomes the desire to avoid existing internal discomfort, as well as change its own socio-mental state, expressed by the internal struggle and intrapersonal conflicts. All this is addictive actions. This path, as a rule, is chosen by those who have no legal opportunity to carry out self-realization, whose individuality is suppressed due to the existing hierarchy in society, and personal aspirations are constantly blocked.
In such a way, it is impossible to make a career and change their social status using legitimate channels. That is why they consider the generally accepted norms of society unfair and unnatural.
Features of negative behavior
In our modern society, deviant acts are increasingly becoming rational and risky. The main difference of such an individual from an adventurist is a support for professionalism, and not in faith in case or fate. This is a conscious choice of personality, thanks to which its self-realization, self-affirmation and self-actualization is possible.
Deviationing behavior of adolescents
In modern society, the problem of children's neglect, drug addiction and crime is relevant. In this regard, there is also an increase in the number of adolescents with deviant behavior. Such a deviation in the behavior of children is the result of political, social, economic and environmental instability, the increase in the influence of pseudocultures, changes in the existing value orientations of young people, unfavorable in family and household sphere, lack of control, which becomes the result of constant employment of parents, divorce epidemic and disadvantages Education institutions.
The main types of deviating behavior of adolescents, as a rule, are expressed in such forms as addictive, auto-aggressive (suicidal), as well as heteroagressive.
What are the most common causes of the negative behavior of young people? The following are the following in their list:
1. Incorrectly organized upbringing. Such a teenager usually lives in a difficult family. In his eyes there are conflicts between parents who are not interested in his inner world. Sometimes such unfaviming is quite deeply hidden. And it is found only after the teenager begins to stand out for its negative behavior.
2. Biological factors. Among such reasons, heredity is allocated, which reduces the activity of protective mechanisms and limits the adaptive functions of a person. This factor is able to manifest itself in mental insufficiency, inheriting abnormal features in character, as well as such a negative phenomenon as alcoholism. In addition, adolescents with deviant behavior detects the inferiority of brain cells, which caused some severe diseases that were transferred by them at an early age. The factors of the biological type include the peculiarity of the adolescence. It is at this age that a man has a rapid growth of the body, begins and comes to completion of puberty, and the functions of many systems and organs, including the central nervous system, are improved.
3. Mental factors. In adolescence, the formation of a person's character is completed. Violations of this process are sometimes given to negative characteristic reactions that go beyond the norms adopted in society. Among them are the following: Active protest (disobedience and rudeness); Passive protest (departure from the house); active dodging contacts with people; imitation or imitation of the behavior of others; increased desire for self-affirmation based on the denying experience of senior; Hypercompensation (reckless deeds) as a protective reaction that masks the weak sides of the personality.
So we reviewed deviating behavior and causes, causing it.
Topic: Social norms and deviating behavior.
Objectives and lesson tasks:
1. Educational : reveal the essence of such phenomena as social norms, deviating behavior and social control, show their relationship, describe the consequences of the most dangerous forms of devoid behavior, analyze the causes of negative behavior; Find out the difference between deviant and delinquent behavior; Display the danger of such manifestation of deviation as crime.
2. Developing: Development of skills to analyze, compare, draw conclusions; The skills needed to apply the knowledge gained in solving practical problems.
3.Toist: Formation of Social Conduct Skills, Prevention hazardous forms of deviating behavior.
A type Lesson: Combined (lesson form - workshop).
Basic concepts: Deviationing behavior, deviant behavior, delinquent behavior, organized crime.
Equipment: Projector, computer, computer speakers.
Handout: Student tables contain materials with additional information, technological maps.
The lesson applies the following activities: individual, group, frontal.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
Checking the readiness of students to the lesson, checking the availability of textbooks, abstracts, diaries, handles, etc.
2. Check the studied material.
Epigraph to the lesson: "I don't want and I can not believe that the evil was a normal state of people" (F.M. Dostoevsky).
During the classes:
1. Organization moment. Actualization.
Teacher: Good day. Today we continue to work on the topic "Social norms. and deviating behavior. "
Objectives of our lesson:
1. Desperate knowledge of such phenomena as social norms and deviating behavior, social control. Show their relationship, consequences, reasons.
2. Continue work on the formation of skills to analyze, compare, draw conclusions; The skills needed to apply the knowledge gained in solving practical problems.
3. Formation of social behavior skills.
Our lesson will draw in the form of a workshop.
The lesson will be held according to plan which we have in the textbook, namely:
Social norms.
Deviating behavior
Crime
Alcoholism and drug addiction.
Our lesson will be conducted in the form of a workshop, because Our task is gradual preparation for the exam.
Question number 1 Social norms . Society and activities require streamlining relations between people, establishing certain rules aimed at protecting their safety, coordinate actions, maintaining the integrity of the Company. This is possible due to the social standards that accompany the person throughout life.
From kindergarten, you remember the lines:
Baby Son came to his father, and asked Kroch,
What is good and what is bad?... - Moral norm
I have no secrets, listen to the kids.
Pope I put this answer in the book.
If there is a crappy damp of a weak boy, - legal norm
I don't want to even insert this in a book.
If the boy cleans his teeth ...... - hygiene rate, culture rate
This boy is very nice go well.
What is social norm?
What social norms are speaking in passage? What is social norm?
What other social norms are you known? (Answer - aesthetic, religious, political, ethical, customs, traditions)
What is social norm?
Social norm - These are rules installed in society, samples, standards of expected behavior of people. Via norms to people impose the requirements that match their behavior.
? What role is social norms play in society and person?
! D. the disadvantage of people would turn into chaos if they did not adhere to certain rules. The rules that we follow, give the social world regularity and predictability, they indicate that it is possible and what is impossible. But not always and not all actions of people correspond to social expectations. People often deviate from the rules that they must follow.
In no society it is impossible to hold a line and divide people on those who deviate from the norms, and those who should. Most people happened to violate the generally accepted rules. For example: a car parked on a pedestrian walkway, a pedestrian walking on a red light light.
All social norms are interconnected. In distant antiquity, the lives of people were regulated by moral norms. With the development of human society, with the advent of the state, part of the moral norms turned into the right. Before you a document. This is the "gift of young" - the arch of the ancient Chinese commandments. Slide number 10.
Read. What are the commandments in your opinionimportant What are not significant?Which of them became laws ?
Ancient arch of moral commandments
“A young gift "(translation from chinese) What is nonsense?
Stupid:
have money and not debugs; LAW
know the lack and not correct it;
this and then scold other things;
Stiffly:
behind the back of a person talk about its shortcomings;
throw a family and indulge in drunkenness; LAW
and so, and so much to argue, striving to please other;
offend and hope that you will be forgiven; LAW
Tactlessly:
enter without a knock for people; LAW
disclose other people's letters and documents; LAW
admire fire on the fire;
pies on a drowning. LAW
Question.
Similarities:
1) both are rules of conduct;
2) for violation of both the rules of law and the norms of morality there are responsibility
Differences:
1) legal norms are established by the state, and moral - society;
2) for violation of the norms of law, there is legal responsibility from the state, and for violation of the norms of morality - only sanctions from the Company (contempt, disapproval);
3) the rules of law are enshrined in writing in various legal acts and are formally defined, organized, and the norms of morality "are transmitted" orally and enshrined only in the minds of people;
We conclude: what is the purpose of the social norms in society?
Answer. Appointment of social norms: sends behavior, allows you to control it, regulate and evaluate.
!
Law-abiding behavior is called conformist.
Imagine for a minute that all social norms in society are respected.Violation of social norms is called deviating behavior.
Question number 2 Deviationing behavior.
What do we call deviating behavior?
What does deviating behavior mean?
Deviating poveating is a behavior that is not consistent with the norms does not correspond to what society is expected from a person.
? Guys what do you think "Deviations are a natural part of social life, so condemnation, regulation and prohibition do not reduce deviations. Specific deviations may disappear, while others appear ... The disappearance of large crimes will lead to strengthening attention to smaller. "Do you agree with the above point of view? Is it possible to save society from deviations?
? What are the reasons for deviating behavior? The guys offer response options, jointly derive the following reasons for deviations and give examples:
What are the reasons for deviating behavior?
Firstly, This is hereditary predisposition. Up to 30% of children whose parents abused alcohol, can become alcoholics.
Secondly,these are social factors. Some of them are associated with the family, others - with the state of society as a whole. Studies have shown that the majority of young people with deviating behavior were brought up in disadvantaged families, where there were no cohesion (scandals, slopes were frequent), mutual attachment was either manifested by the superstrost of parents.
Thirdly, A person lives today's day, in a state of carelessness, ease that alcohol is brought, drugs or tobacco.
Answer . ABOUT blindings are a natural part of social life, There are special periods of deep change in society when the regulatory role of the norms weakens. Reality changes so that it ceases to comply with the previously established values \u200b\u200band rules. Many former values \u200b\u200blose their importance, and again emerging preferences are often conflicted with traditional ideas. Under these conditions, deviating behavior appears more often.
In relation to persons allowing negative deviations from the norms, society applies social sanctions
Before you are technological maps. Further work we will continue filling materials in your desks. To successfully cope with the tasks, be careful, make decisions together.
The task I.
A person makes a lot of actions every day. Distribute the proposed list on the columns, socially dangerous and non-hazardous.
Socially displaced
Socially dangerous
Hair dyeing
Extravagant appearance
Contents in the apartment of animals in large quantities
Candidology
Innovative initiative
Religious fanaticism
Alcoholism
Terrorism
Go to the next task.
The task II. It is necessary to note the negative deviations from social norms at the levels:
Personality
Crimes, offenses, immoral actions
Small social groups
Deformation, discord, scandals,
State and public organizations
Bureaucracy, Volokita, Corruption.
The task III.
Positive character
Negative
Manifestation of initiative
Innovation
Self-sacrifice
Superframes
Heroism
Exacerby feeling
Harm
Damage
Religious fanaticism
Terrorism
Racious intolerance
.
The taskIV - Designer: from the proposed set of words to make a definition of the concept, and to name the very concept. Right option:
Deviant behavior- These are various forms of human behavior that are not relevant to the norms established in society.
Delivenabledenia - Antisocial illegalbehavior individual embodied in his actions.
The taskVII : From the list of proposed list, select the main signs of divincional behavior.
The task VIII. Find among these examples of the situation of delinquent behavior.
Students should noted that the deviant behavior in a narrow sense means - non-criminal punishment. It is relatively in its manifestation - disorders are not perceived by some groups of people as deviations from the norm. Delivent behavior is absolutely in relation to the laws.
So. Each person must master social norms and cultural values \u200b\u200bof the society in which he lives. That is, to engage in the process of socialization.
Socialization- development of the social norms and cultural values \u200b\u200bof society.
? Are failed, failures in the process of socialization.
Answer. YES.
Question No. 3 crime .. Looking for crimin-related frames.
Task: Based on the viewed video and additional information, specify:
What is crime?
What is the danger of deviating behavior?
What measures does the Society take to combat the deviations? Offer your options.
Name the well-known types of crimes. Give examples of the following crimes: mercenary, aggressive, economic.
1. Analyze the saying of Tolstoy L. N.: "If the poverty is a mother of crime, then the lack of mind their father." What causes of crime calls L.N. Tolstoy? What signs of professional crime can you call?
Students work with a textbook page 49-50 for 5 minutes. Then the groups offer their own options, there is a discussion.
Task numberX. in a technology map .. find the areadeviant behavior, delinquent behavior, criminal behavior
- deviant behavior
- Dividing behavior
- Criminal behavior
During the discussion and fulfillment, students conclude: there are different forms of deviating behavior. There are such forms of deviating behaviors that do not create inconvenience to others, do not undermine the stability of society. But in many cases, deviating behavior leads to undesirable for both personality and society consequences. Among the most dangerous forms are distinguished: alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, corruption, religious fanaticism, racial intolerance, terrorism.
Question number IV alcoholism and drug addiction.
1. How the consequences of alcoholism for
- Lithuania
- families
Company
By the way ...
In Russia, in the reign of the king Mikhail Fedorovich, the shutters in smoking were punished with 60 strokes in the footsteps for the first time, for the second time - cut off the nose or ears. After a devastating fire in Moscow in 1634, the reason for which was smoking, it was prohibited under the fear of the death penalty.
The fight against alcoholism has almost the same ancient history as the alcohol themselves. In Athens, the ruler of Solon introduced the law, according to which officials were punished for drunkenness: the first time is a large fine, and when repetition, the death penalty.
At one time and in Russia, drunkenness was pursued by the state. Under Petr, I drove into prison, hung on the neck heavy cast-iron medal with the inscription "for drunkenness."
4. Social control and self-control (work is organized with the whole class, individual responses of students are taken into account).
Teacher: Social norms are one and elements of the mechanism for regulating people's behavior in society. Society and the state seek to take measures to limit the particularly hazardous forms of devoid behavior, in particular, the legislative, tougher responsibility for this, which is a manifestation of social control.
Students are invited to explain the concept of "social control" on the basis of its own experience. Next, the very concept is introduced:
Social control – this is a mechanism for regulating the relations of the individual and society in order to strengthen the procedure and stability in society
We ask students to give examples. Together during the conversation, we allocate:
signs of social control (orderliness, categorization and formalizations, communication with sanctions, collective control.
social control functions (regulatory, protective, stabilizing.
types of social control (formal control through legal norms, informal control through moral norms, customs, morals, social control in professional activities, social control in the family and private life, the inseparable connection of external control and self-control, carried out by the individual).
Social control elements are social norms and social sanctions.In relation to persons who admit a negative deviation from the norms, society applies social sanctions. Sanctions are formal and informal.Task: from this set of words (actions, laws, public, bodies, public, punishment), choose the desired andinsert into skip.
Teacher: The role of social control is certainly very large, but the person must make his choice itself: to commit a crime or not, drink alcohol or drugs. Self-control is the most valuable personality quality, which independently regulates its behavior in harmony with generally accepted standards. Students we propose to give examples.
Conclusion by lesson.Deviations - Natural part of social life. There are different forms of deviating behavior. Society carries out social control. Social norms are one and elements of the mechanism for regulating the behavior of people in society. Society from deviations cannot be completely delivered. But with dangerous manifestations of deviations you need to fight. This process is very important self-control.
6. Homework.
Today at the lesson, we talked about deviating behavior in society, about the negative maiden behavior of a person.
? How do you feel about problems affected in the lesson?
Conclusion by epigigra. Deviating behavior can take a variety of forms (both negative and positive), it is necessary to study this phenomenon, showing a differentiated approach. At the same time, the question of how deviating behavior should be common and what kind of types it is useful, and most importantly - tolerant for society is still practically not allowed. However, with such negative phenomena as criminal behavior, sexual deviations, corruption, alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction must be struggling, since they cannot lead to the prosperity of society.
Homework: §6, write an essay on statements
1. F.M. Dostoevsky "I do not want and I can not believe that the evil was a normal state of people."
2. "Seeing other eyelids, smart get rid of their"
3. "And the error is useful, while we are young, just not to carry it with you to old age." I.Got
4. "You are born by a man, but a person needs to become" V.A.Sumlylinsky
Compare Moral and Right. Indicate general and distinctive features.
Common features:
a) belong to social standards and possess the general property of regulativity;
b) are the main behavioral regulators;
c) have a common goal - regulation of people's behavior with the strategic task of conservation and development of society as a whole;
d) based on justice as at the highest moral principle;
e) perform a measure of individual freedom, determine its borders.
Differences:
1. Moral has been formed by the right, legal consciousness and state organization of society. We can say thatmoral appears with society, and the right - with the state. Although Moral also has its own historical period of development and arises from the need to coordinate the interests of individual and society.
2. Within one country, one society can exist only one legal system. Moral in this sense is heterogeneous:a few moral systems can act in society (classes, small social groups, professional layers, individuals). At the same time, in any society there is a system of generally accepted moral views (the so-called dominant morality).
3.Morale norms are formed as a regulatory expression of the considered in this social environment, the society of views, ideas about the good and evil, justice, honor, debt, decency, nobility and other categories of ethics(The main categories of moral consciousness - "good" and "evil", without which any moral assessment is impossible.) In this case, the process of forming moral systems is spontaneously, in the depths of public consciousness. The process of law quality is also very complex, has deep social roots, but the right in the unity of its form and content appears as a result of the official activity of the state, as an expression of his will.
4. Moral lives in a public consciousness, which is the form of its existence. And in this regard, it is even difficult to distinguish between morality as the form of public consciousness and morality as a regulatory social regulator, in contrast to the right, where it is clearly clearly able to hold the border between the legal consciousness and the right. The right, compared to morality, has clear forms of objectification, fastening outside (formal sources of law). Of course, one or another moral system can be systematized and set out in writing as a certain moral code. However, we are talking about the fact that morality as a special social regulator does not need this in this.
5.The objects of regulation of the rules of law and the norms of morality are not coincided. If they are presented in the form of circles, they will intersect. That is, they have a general subject of regulation and there are social spheres that are regulated only by law or only morality. A specific subject of moral regulation - the sphere of friendship, love, mutual assistance, etc., where the right as a regulator, requiring external control over the implementation of its prescriptions and implying the possibility of state-forced implementation, cannot and should not penetrate. However, there are also the spheres of legal regulation to which morality does not connect due to the fact that they are fundamentally, in nature, they cannot be morally evaluated: they are ethically neutral. These areas include, in particular, the subject of technical and legal norms.
6. From the point of view of the internal organization, the one or another moral system, being a relatively holistic regulatory education,does not have such a logically slim and enough tough structure (the law of communication of the elements) as a system of law.
7. The right and morality differ in the means and methods to ensure the implementation of their norms. If the right, as is known, is ensured by the possibility of public-forced implementation, morale norms are guaranteed by public opinion negative reaction of society for violation of the norms of morality. At the same time, the nature of morality is that genuinely moral behavior occurs when it is carried out due to the personal conviction of a person in leading his conscience. There is a "golden rule" of morality: "Do in relation to the other way you wanted them to come to you."
Law and Morality interact. The right is the form of the relevant morality. At the same time, Moral recognizes the illegal behavior by immoral. Morale norms are essential both for law-conducting activities and for the implementation of the right: primarily for the application of legal norms. The law enforcement will not be able to make a fair solution without support for moral requirements. However, they are not excluded contradictionbetween the norms of morality and law. This is due, in particular, with the processes of their development: "Ahead" can be both rules of morality and the norms of law.
Detailed decision Paragraph § 14 on social science for grade 11 students, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014.
Question 1. Is it true that the activity of each person is controlled by society? Is this good or bad? Are there rules for behavior for everyone? What person can be a criminal? What is dangerous alcohol and drugs?
Yes, it is good because society helps a person not to be knocked back from the right track, do not make mistakes.
Social norms are general rules and samples of behavior that have developed in society as a result of long-term practical activities of people, during which optimal standards and models of proper behavior have been developed.
Social norms determine what a person should do, how he should do it, finally, how he should be.
The personality of the criminal is different from the personality of a law-abiding person with public danger, it is inherent in criminal needs and motivation, emotional and volitional deformations and negative social interests.
Alcohol does not solve problems, but on the contrary even more aggravately. In a state of intoxication, a person makes inadequate actions, the normal operation of many organs (including the brain) is disturbed, which leads to gradual degradation, the relationship with other people are also destroyed. And if you do not stop on time, it leads, in the end, to death.
Questions and tasks for the document
Question 1. Give your own examples of universal, racial, class, group norms.
Universal: raising children, helping patients and old men, well, biblical (do not kill, do not steal, do not commit adultery).
Rachalni: Suppose the European-divided race for the Equality before the law, the election of the head of state-wa, freedom and value of the individual), and in the Mongoloid, as a rule, the dictatorship of the head of the state or ruling party, value is not personal, and collective benefits.
Class: Curcalell for oligarchs, Turkey with Egypt for middle class and villages for the poor.
Group: Students - study and, accordingly, all that is connected with it, athletes are training, military-teachings or fighting.
Question 2. To which level of community can be attributed to the norms: "Do not steal," before the New Year we go to the bath "," separate training of black and white "," solidarity of workers of all countries "?
1. Universal.
2. Intragroup.
3. Interground
4. Group.
Question 3. What does the higher or lower level of norm mean? Why is the authors at the highest level place the natural human rights?
A higher level of social norms is the norms that play the greatest role in society and the violation of which leads to significant negative consequences for humans and society as a whole.
Lower level of social. Norms - the violation of which does not cause special harm to society and therefore informal social control is quite sufficient.
Question 4. Why, in case of violation of the standards of a higher level, the most decisive action of the state is necessary?
Because when violating high levels of the consequences may be much more serious.
Question 5. How does social control manifest itself in case of violation of the lower level of social norms? Why?
It is expressed in informal pressure of society to the violator. Public censure, Ostracism and so on. Because the low-level norms, although not spelled out as the law, but the fulfillment of these norms is generally socially justified in the environment.
Question 6. How to explain that a more democratic society involves the transfer of an accent from external social control to the internal self-control?
Self-control - awareness and assessment by the subject of their own actions. Self-adjointly gossip with the concepts of conscience and morality. Internal self-control is characteristic of societies with a high moral component, well, i.e. with conscience. Democratic society stands for the weakening of external control, relying on the internal self-control, resulting in the increase in the deviant (deviations of generally accepted norms) of the social environment.
Questions for self-test
Question 1. Give examples of each type of social norms.
Main types of social norms:
1. Rights of law are generally obligatory, formal-specific rules of conduct that are established or authorized, and also protected by the state. (Laws of the Criminal Code, AK).
2. The norms of morality (morality) are the rules of conduct that has developed in society, express people about the good and evil, justice and injustice, debt, honor, dignity. The action of these norms is ensured by internal conviction, public opinion, measures of social impact. (We must respect the elders, help disabled).
3. Norms of customs are the rules of behavior that, in society, as a result of their multiple repetitions, are fulfilled by the habit.
4. Norms of public organizations (corporate norms) are the rules of behavior that independently established by public organizations, enshrined in their charters (provisions, etc.), they act within their limits and are protected from violations through certain measures of social impact.
Question 2. What is social control?
Social norms make up one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating the relations of the individual and society, which is called social control. The targeted impact of this system on the behavior of people in order to strengthen the order and stability is provided by social control.
Any activity includes a variety of actions, and each person commits them repeatedly, engaging in active interaction with the social environment (with society, social communities, public institutions and organizations, the state, other individuals). All these actions, individual actions, human behavior are under the control of the people around him, groups, society.
While these actions do not violate the public order, existing social norms, this control is immeasured, it seems to be not. However, it is worth violating the rules, retreat from samples of behavior adopted in society, and social control manifests itself.
People who reagent for violation of social norms reflected the installations of public consciousness (or public opinion), which supports the procedure protected by the norms. That is why on their part followed the reaction of the condemnation of these actions. The expression of discontent, announcement of the astick, the imposition of a fine, punishment, endured by the court, is all sanctions; Along with social norms, they are an essential element of the mechanism of social control.
Sanctions mean either approval and encouragement, or disapproval and punishment aimed at maintaining social norms. In other words, the sanctions are either positive, which are aimed at encouraging, or negative, aimed at preventing unwanted behavior.
Society (large and small groups, the state) evaluates the individual, but the individual assesses society, the state itself. Perceiving estimates addressed to him from surrounding people, groups, state institutions, a person takes them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinks through its own experience, the habits learned by them earlier social norms. And attitude to estimates of other people turns out to be a person purely individual; It can be positive and sharply negative.
Thus, along with the control of society, a group, states, other people, internal control is essential, or self-control, which is based on norms, customs, role expectations, learned by individual.
Question 3. What is the value of self-control?
In the process of self-control, the conscience plays a major role, that is, the feeling and knowledge of what is good, and what is bad, which is fair, and what is unfair, the subjective consciousness of conformity or inconsistency of their own behavior of moral standards. In a person who has committed a state of excitement, by mistake or yielding to a temptation of a bad act, conscience causes a sense of guilt, moral experiences, the desire to correct the error or atone for the guilt.
The ability to exercise self-control is the most valuable quality of personality, which independently regulates its behavior in harmony with generally accepted standards. Self-controller is one of the most important conditions for self-realization of the person, its successful interaction with other people.
Question 4. What are the reasons for deviating behavior?
Researchers have different points of view on this issue.
At the end of the XIX century. A biological explanation of deviations was put forward: the presence of a congenital predisposition to the violations of social norms, which is associated with the physical characteristics of the individual, criminal temperament, etc.
Other scientists were looking for psychological explanations of deviations. They concluded that the values \u200b\u200bof the identity of the person play a big role: an understanding of the surrounding world, attitudes towards social standards, and most importantly - the general focus of the interests of the person. The researchers concluded that the basis of behavior that violates the established norms is a different system of values \u200b\u200band rules than that that is enshrined in the right.
For example, cruelty can be a consequence of a cold, indifferent attitude towards a child from parents, and often the cruelty of adults. Studies have shown that low self-esteem in adolescence is compensated in further deviating behavior, with which it is possible to attract attention to, achieve approval from those who evaluate the violation of the norms as a sign of a strong person.
A sociological explanation of the deviating behavior was widely recognized, the reasons for which the famous sociologist E. Durkheim saw depending on the crisis phenomena occurring in society. During crises, radical social changes, in the conditions of disorganization of social life (unexpected economic decals and lifting, a fall in business activity, inflation), human life experience ceases to comply with ideals embodied in social norms. Social norms are destroyed, people lose orientation, and this contributes to the emergence of deviating behavior.
Some scientists associated deviating behavior and conflict between the dominant culture and the culture of any group (subculture), denying generally accepted norms. In this case, criminal behavior, for example, may be the result of the preemptive communication of the individual with carriers of criminal norms. The criminal environment creates its subculture, its norms opposing the standards recognized in society. The frequency of contacts with representatives of the criminal community affects human assimilation (especially young) norms of antisocial behavior.
Question 5. What is the social danger of crime?
The greatest danger for the personality, society, the state is organized crime. In the broad sense of the word, it implies any group of persons organized on a permanent basis to extract funds in an illegal way.
The danger to personality is to suppress its rights and freedoms of violence and other means. This manifests itself in the destruction of small entrepreneurs who refuse to pay money to obtain protection from criminals (racket); Forced women and adolescents to engage in prostitution; distribution of influence and control, such as trade unions; growth value of goods and services; The possibilities of full suppression of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens by physical and moral terror.
The danger to society is to intercept the rights of possession and disposal of the material values \u200b\u200bof the whole society with organized criminal communities and corrupt groups of officials (especially in the spheres of trade, production and distribution of strategic raw materials, precious metals, production and turnover of weapons); the ability to manipulate significant capital, penetrate the area of \u200b\u200blegitimate entrepreneurship and ruin its competitors by control over prices; The imposition of the ideology of the criminal world, its romanticization, cultivation of mafia and corrupt relations, violence, cruelty, aggressiveness, which creates conditions for "social infection" by criminal customs and traditions.
The danger of organized crime for the state is manifested in the creation of parallel illegal power structures, illegal armed formations; preparation, financing and organizing direct anti-constitutional action in the form of inciting national hostility, organization of mass riots, conspiracy, in order to capture power; stimulating such crimes as banditry and smuggling; penetration into political parties and the state apparatus of corruption; The desire to weaken the federal government to facilitate control of organized crime over entire regions.
Question 6. What are the consequences of drug addiction for individuals, family, society?
The consequences of drug addiction for a catastrophic family, as in principle, for the very personality itself. Personality itself becomes absolutely asocial. Social settings are fully erased - social statuses such as, professional, father, son, comrade, etc. The existence of a subject is reduced only to finding doses and to use, as a rule, with a longer use of a person no other needs. The family constantly lives in stress that in itself is called compliance, that is, the whole life of the family with time becomes only focused on the life of the drug addict. As a rule, the family begins to experience serious financial difficulties, as much as a lot of serious diseases is recorded from the condemnable relatives of drug users.
TASKS
Question 1. How do you feel about the statement of the English historian G. T. Side (1821-1862): "The society is preparing a crime, the criminal makes him"? Explain it on any example taken from newspapers.
I understand that any crime is due to social factors that have formed the personality of the criminal, or creating a situation that led to his commit. And the criminal, as it were, plays the role of the "performer", resolving this situation in a negative plan.
Question 2. Are you agreeing with the statement of French playwright J. Rasin (1639-1699): "Large crimes are always preceded by small. Nobody ever seen a timid innocence suddenly turned into rampant licenses "? Argument your answer.
I agree, the reason for the causal relationship. Many famous criminals began with small thefts and could not stop.
Question 3. On the issue of the fight against crime there was a discussion. One side claimed: "It is necessary to tighten the punishment. Look at Singapore. Caught you with drugs - the highest measure of punishment, with illegal weapons, even if you did not apply it, too. In some Muslim countries, a brush hand chopped into the law for theft. And there for a long time no one steals. " Others objected: "Cruelty of punishments will make crime more fiercely. The main thing is the inevitability of punishment. If everyone knows that any crime will be disclosed, crime will decline dramatically. " And what about this question you think? Agregate your answer.
Any court is not immune from the error, while he must make decisions. With the highest, punishment may suffer innocent, and this will not fix it. The inevitability of punishment makes the chance of committing a crime minimal, because The criminal is aware that it will be found and punished.
A detailed study of the full range of social deviations of minors, including extreme forms of divinted behavior, as well as the formative values \u200b\u200band sociocultural sympathies of modern youth, allows us to argue that the system of psycho-behavioral features of adolescents-divinters, ...Deviating behavior. His varieties
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Guarding norms (about social control)
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The main regulators of social life (social norms, social control, social conflict)
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If the condition for the existence of any social education, developing as a result of the interaction of its members, is its ordering, that is, at least the relative stability of such interaction, its organization, the inevitable characteristics of any social system is also the manifestation of elements of social disorganization. Disorganization of the social system It is manifested in the appearance of types of behavior, the content of which deviates from social norms characterizing the system as a whole. Disorganization, as well as deviating behavior, inevitably inherent in any social system on a par with its basis - social organized and social norms.
Deviationing behavior is always (although in different extent) is present everywhere, where they act. These may be the norms of behavior of a moral, ethical, aesthetic nature. Alcoholism, addiction, prostitution - examples of behavioral types related to the types of social deviations in the framework of accepted social assessment systems. Certain types of deviating behavior are regarded by the state as offenses, crimes.
There was no existence of society without social deviations and crime. Moreover, in any social system, in a society of any type of social deviations (crime including) perform a certain social function. This feature is to ensure the possibility of deviations from the average, normal type, to preserve the necessary level of openness of the social system to inevitable changes.
In this sense, it is necessary to clarify the concept of "social disorganization". Its most obvious manifestation serve social deviations. In case of disproportionate growth, the very existence of a social organization of this type is made at risk. However, a disproportionally small number (or complete absence) of social deviations also leads to social disorganization, as it marks the loss of such an organization of the most important conditions for its survival - the ability to adequate social changes, to timely adaptation. "To get the opportunity to express the individuality of the idealist, whose dreams are ahead of time, it is necessary to exist and the possibility of expressing the individuality of the criminal standing below the modern society. One is unthinkable without the other. "
This circumstance determines the functions of social control. The inevitable condition for the existence of any social organization is the presence of explicit, obvious definitions of polar character (good and evil, morally and immoral, permitted and criminally, etc.). The sanctions applied for the negative (from the point of view of the dominant value system) of deviations serve as an obvious manifestation of such values, their obvious confirmation. Visual confirmation of the borders of the accepted social norm is an important function of social control that ensures the stability of this social organization. The problem is that indicating such borders, it is important not to bring the system into a state of stagnation, to deprive it of another major survival condition - ability to change, update.
It is necessary to consider how the limits of an objective social norm are determined, the exchange for which the recognition of the act to the deviation, anomaly to be appropriate. To solve this issue, it should be borne in mind that the concept of social norm consists of two components: a) an objective (material) characteristic of a certain type of behavior that has a place in objective reality; b) a subjective (social) estimate in terms of desirability or undesirable, utility or harm to society and the state.
It is this kind of such an assessment and serves as an external expression of the borders of the social norm, outside of which is a region of social deviations. The material being of a certain kind of people's activities and their social assessment is the inseparal elements of the social norm, but they are not connected with a tough bond. This connection is mobile, since the specified social assessments of specific objective characteristics can, on the one hand, beaten, lagging behind the development, changes in the being of social phenomena; On the other hand, such a social assessment may change depending on social (subjective) factors, in the hall of the evolution of sociocultural values. It is through the estimated component that the role of the political component is manifested in determining the social norm. The assessment element of the social norm is embodied and the main social, religious, ethical and other values \u200b\u200band categories of public consciousness are embodied.
It is important to emphasize that this alloy of objective (material) and evaluating, subjective (social) is manifested in specific acts of action of real personalities, represents a combination of socially significant actions, not indifferent to society, and therefore receiving the appropriate assessment. This assessment is usually embodied in the norm of law, in which the description of the behavioral act (norms of norm) is merged, deviations from the norm (norm hypothesis) and the type of legal response (sanction of the norm). The rate of norm, expressed in imperative form, becomes a measure of behavior (for the individual) and measure of behavior assessment (for the state). The measure of behavior is guided by an individual, the assessment belongs to society (state).
The problem, however, is that the measure of behavior, embodied in the norm of law, was in an optimal relationship with real behavioral acts generating the social norm. It should be kept in mind the difference that exists between the social norm and social ideals, since. ideas about the desired state of social phenomena (processes, objects, objects, etc.), which has not yet been reached, but the achievement of which (from the point of view of dominant social values) is the goal of social development.
Offenses and crime
The increasing social disorganization leads to the loss of social institutions of this company the possibility of implementing the basic function - satisfaction of a specific social need. The unsatisfied social need leads to the elementary manifestations of regulatoryly unresolved activities, seeking to fill the function of legitimate institutions, but due to existing norms and rules. In extreme manifestations, such activity can manifest itself in unlawful, criminal actions.
Crime arising in connection with the dysfunction of social institutions has, in the advantage of instrumental, i.e., aimed at achieving a specific goal, and structured, so on. Internally interrelated. Its signs are the planability of criminal activity, systematicity, elements of organizedness, i.e. the distribution of criminal roles. Such features of structured crime are associated with its function - satisfaction illegal by the need, not recognized or not ensured by properly social institutions. Such a narrow functionality, so on. Satisfying a separate social need, leads to the disorganization of more general social systems.
Dysfunction of political institutions growing from the disorganization of society, often related to the change of the forms of state reign, in the context of the weakening of the legitimacy of state power can cause growth politicalso on. Anti-state crimes (violent seizure or retention of power, violent change in constitutional system, public calls for such a change, terrorism, etc.). Crime is functionally connected with the flow of social processes that determine the nature and directions of social development, the content of social change.
Modernization, stability and political violence
As the dominant type of social change, the process of modernization is considered, which covers in varying degrees of the country of the world, divided by this criterion for developed (modernized), developing and traditional countries. As indicators of the level of modernization are considered: the percentage of urban residents; the percentage of gross national income received from agriculture; the percentage of employed in agriculture; per capita income; prevalence of media and communication; level of participation in politics (voting, executive stability); Social benefits (education, literacy, lifespan). These are the main conditions affecting the level of political violence in society.
As a general rule, modernized countries show a smaller level of political riots and violence than TOG, which exists in less developed countries. Economic modernization, the presence of upgraded media, the level of health, education, participation in political life is associated with a smaller level of political violence.
Political violence is directly related to the level of stability of this society. On the scale ranked according to the degree of increase in the level of political instability, the following growth rates of instability are noted: from 0 (maximum stability) to 6 (maximum instability). Zero level - a sign of a normal level of political stability - regular elections are considered; The first level of growth of instability - frequent shifts (dismissal or resignation) of the government; The next sign of the increase in instability - demonstrations and their accompanying arrests; An even more serious indicator of the level of instability - killing (or attempted life) of political figures (except the head of state); a further indicator of the growth of this level - the murder (or attempted life) of the head of state or terrorism; The next level is a coup or partisan war; The highest (seventh) level is a civil war or mass execution.
Political development and level of violence
The level of political violence also depends on The nature of the existing regime. The nature of the mode can be estimated according to the degree of prevalence in the process of regulating public relations or forced methods, or permitting methods (forcing mode and permissive mode). As categories to judge this kind of political regime characteristics in a particular country, data on the presence of legitimate competition, competitions in the political system (multi-party, etc.), on the level of restriction by the police of freedoms of citizens. As a general rule, the smallest violence is characterized by countries with the most permitting regime. Political violence increases with the increase in the compulsiveness of the regime, but is somewhat reduced in conditions of extreme, maximum compulsion of such a regime.
The level of political development is also associated with the level of violence. Indicators of political development are indicators of the population participation in solving political issues, government solutions and political groups, as well as the existence of influential legislative power and the level of freedom of the press. Under conditions, when the military or political party plays in politics, only their own, specialized role - there is conditions for democracy and pluralism. Under conditions, when these structures monopolize the policy of policies, conditions for the domination of the authoritarian elite are created.
The political development associated with the growth of democratic structures is closely related to economic and social development. The higher the level of political development of society, the higher the level of income and literacy of the population. The trends of political violence look like. With the growth of the economic and social sectors of the Company, the political system changes. Similar changes, the development of the economy, the social sphere lead to an increase in social conflicts and political violence, a decrease in the level of political stability. However, when the country reaches full modernization (an important indicator - the magnitude literacy of the population), and the economy - the level of mass consumption (shower income is significantly superior to the level, sufficient only to maintain existence), political stability increases and the level of violence falls.
Thus, the legitimacy of the authorities, the characteristics and the pace of social change, the degree of modernization of society, the nature of the regime, the level of political development is such a sociological characteristics that determine the conditions for the occurrence, the state and trends of political crime, which reveal its derivative nature, its dependence on the state of political institutions of this company and social processes occurring in it. At the same time, modernized countries are characterized by a smaller level of political riots and violence, and less developed countries are greater.
The nature of the political regime and violence
The level of political violence depends on the position of this country on the "Permits-prohibitive mode" scale. In the countries of the permits - the smallest level of political violence. The latter increases with the increase in the compulsion of the regime, but decreases to some degree in extreme coercion. The same tendency also shows the indicator of political instability. In contrast, the level of modernization falls as a transition from the extreme permits (the highest level of modernization) to the conditions of extremely compulsory mode (the lowest level of modernization).
Democratic countries are characterized by a low level of political perturbations, although the governments of countries with repressive, totalitarian regime are able to effectively suppress open expressions of popular discontent. Governments in the countries of the average level of political development and the average regime soluction faced with the largest political perturbations.
Economic crime
Economic crime It is a phenomenon that occurs during and in connection with the interaction of the state and the economy. As a result of this interaction, state structures that have the political and legal resources of the authorities intersect with economic institutions, entities of economic relations with material (property, monetary) resources. In principal in this regard, the volume of state authority in the field of economic relations, where the economy, property relationship serve as an object, and the state is a subject of regulatory management.
The elimination of the Institute for Private Property in Soviet Russia, its delegalization created a situation where the state was simultaneously the owner and the only regulator of property relations. The function of possessions (possessions, orders) merged with the function of control and regulation; The violent methods of the command economy provided an absolute monopoly of state ownership, full, unscakely freedom of disposal by the agents of political power. Where there is no separation of the object and the regulatory entity, where they are merged together, the regulation ends and the arbitrariness begins, since the real regulation implies a well-oriented limitation of the activities of the regulatory object on the part of the regulatory subject on the basis of principles, rules and norms obligatory for them.
In reality, private property in Soviet Russia was not completely eliminated, on a par with market relations, it continued to exist in fact, illegally, being a real and inseparable line of the economy, constituting the backbone of economic crime within the legislation of the period. The illegal position of a private entrepreneur in the economy led to the emergence of a special kind of symbiosis of political power carriers (resource - power, violence) and an illegal private owner (resource - money), in which the economic entity buys criminally the possibility of existence. For its part, in such a situation, the carriers of the authorities fall into dependence on illegal "dannikov", there is a vital interest in the preservation of their illegal status - the deposit of the receipt of abundant "Dani". Legalization of private property deprives the carriers of the power of a similar way to enrichment.
Legalization of private property, development of market relations in the Russian Society of the 1990s. New elements are introduced into the interaction of the economy and the state. Normal, legally market relations threaten two dangers. The first - in the form of criminal encroachments of state officials, the abuse of power selling their right to make decisions in the field of economics. The splicing of the figures of illegal, criminal business (drugs, trade in weapons, smuggling, etc.) with patrons from among corrupt officials, mutually feeding and protecting each other. The second danger is from the participants of the market relations themselves, those of them who seek to make a profit not as a result of conscientious competition, but by receiving officials of unreasonable privileges and benefits by bribing officials.
Under these conditions, the illegal winnings of some means the corresponding loss of others, since the purchased privilege moves the good, the volume of which is always limited, in favor of the bribener at the expense of those who do not give the bribe, or puts a bribery to more profitable compared to others, but not deserved They position. He undermines the market economy deception of the consumer, making profit by covering taxes, as a result of a collusion about fixing prices in the market, etc. Finally, there may be a complete refusal of competition in cases of criminal encroachment on the property of a competitor either on his life (registered murders).
Without achieving real dominance in the market of legal, influential private capital, serious growth of the productive economy is impossible. Achieving such a domination leads to two consequences having a sociocrimonial value. Marginal (secondary, outriented, subordinate) position of private capital leads to the fact that relations established during economic interactions between business entities are non-systematic, often random, in many ways chaotic character. In such a situation, a tendency appears to the one-time use of an urgent situation, which did not contain the need to take into account the further consequences of cash cooperation, there is a desire to obtain a maximum of winning any, including illegal, criminal paths (get a loan and hide, establish a fictitious firm and disappear, assign a profit by robbing partners, raving shareholders, etc.).
Only under the conditions of dominance in the economy of private capital, a regularity comes into effect, according to which the maximum profit is achieved by non-economic disclaimers, but a stable, perspective-oriented production and trading activities. Only under these conditions it becomes obvious that real economic success depends on the orientation to stable, predictable actions of partners, which is costly economically beneficial, business reliable reputation is the condition of obtaining real profits, much superior criminal "prey". Under these conditions, the market entrepreneurship algorithm is implemented: a loan (loan) + investment (investment) \u003d profit.
Translated the word "credit" means "trust". This moral category turns out to be built into the structure of stable market relations. Initial, elementary cell of market relations (exchange of money for goods or goods for money) has an important feature. The specified exchange can never be synchronous, simultaneous (one counterparty sends money and then receives goods or sends, transfers the goods and then receives money), a temporary gap is inevitable here, someone should trust someone, to be confident in the guaranteed continuation of this interaction , in the jar of relevant contractual relations. The prospects for the successful struggle against economic crime, therefore, are directly related to the formation and development of legal private capital in the economy and the stable market.
