Evolutionary teaching is theoretical basis of biology. It studies the causes and mechanisms of the historical development of all living organisms. The evolution of man has its own characteristics and factors.
What is anthropology
According to evolutionary teaching, a person has been formed for a long period of time. The processes of its historical development studies the science of anthropology.
The emergence of man has its own characteristic features. They consist in the fact that the process of becoming influenced both social and biological to the first group includes the ability to work, speech, the biological factor in the human evolution is, in particular, the struggle for existence. As well as natural selection and hereditary variability.
The main provisions of evolutionary theory
According to the theory of Charles Darwin, the conditions of the outer environment can cause changes in the structure of living organisms. If they are not inherited, their role in the process of evolution is insignificant. Some individual changes occur in genital cells. In this case, the sign is inherited. If it turns out to be useful under certain conditions, the organisms have more chances for survival. They are successfully adapted and give a prolific offspring.
Struggle for existence
The main biological factor in the evolution of a person is its essence lies in the occurrence of competition between organisms. The reason for its appearance is the inconsistency between the ability of different types of food and reproduction. As a result, it survives the view that could best adapt to specific conditions.
Despite the fact that the process of the emergence of a modern man submitted to general laws, there is a number of differences. Natural selection occurred not only by strength, dexterity and endurance. In addition to these physical signs, the level of mental development was also played. A more chance to survive the individuals who have learned to make the most primitive tools of labor and use them, communicate with breasts on the tribe, act together.
Natural selection
During the struggle for existence, natural selection occurs - the biological process, during which adapted individuals survive and actively multiply. Those who adapt could not die.
Thus, the biological factor in the evolution of a person is natural selection. Its peculiarity was that the individuals survived with pronounced social features. The most viable people were people who invented new tools of labor, acquired new skills and socialized. Over time, the value of natural selection in the anthropogenesis process has decreased. This is due to the fact that the ancient people gradually learned how to build, ennoble and dump housing, make clothes, grow plants, torn animals. As a result, the value of natural selection gradually decreased.
Hereditary variability
The biological factor in the evolution of man is the hereditary variability. This property of living organisms is the ability to acquire new signs in the process of their development and transfer them by inheritance. Naturally, only useful signs had evolutionary importance in the anthropogenesis process.
A person brings together with mammals of animals a number of similar biological traits. This is the presence of dairy and sweat glands, hairproof, elbows. The body cavity is divided into a diaphragm muscular partition on the chest and abdominal parts. Similar signs are the absence of nuclei in red blood bodies of erythrocytes, the presence of Alveol in the lungs, the overall structure of the structure of the skeleton, differentiated teeth. Both in humans and animals have rudimentary (underdeveloped) organs. These include Appendix, the third century, the primitives of the second row of teeth and others. Scientists know cases of birth of people with characteristic features of animals - developed tail, solid hair, an additional amount of nipples. This is an additional evidence of animals. But in the process of anthropogenesis, only the most useful signs are preserved.
Specific only for humans are such biological features:
Strain;
Increasing cerebral and reduction of the facial skull department;
Vaulted foot with a highly developed thumb;
Mobile brush, opposition to the rest of the rest;
An increase in the volume of the brain, the development of its bark.
The biological evolution of a person is closely related to social. For example, the ability to breed the fire and cook food led to a decrease in the size of the teeth and the intestinal length.
The biological factors of human evolution are a prerequisite for the formation of social, which in the aggregate led to the appearance on the Earth of a person reasonable.
Tasks.
"2. Card at the board »
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"3. Cards »
| The existence time on Earth, brain volume, the use of guns and fire: Australopitecom, man skillful, Archantropom, Paleoanthrop. | Write down the name, name, class, question. You have 10 minutes for a brief, but if possible full reply. Characteristics of the structure and lifestyle of people of modern type. |
| Write down the name, name, class, question. You have 10 minutes for a brief, but if possible full reply. Characteristics of the structure and lifestyle of ancient people. | Write down the name, name, class, question. You have 10 minutes for a brief, but if possible full reply. The origin of the people and the settlement of the modern type. |
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"four. Codeogram. Human races "
Topic: human evolution factors. Races
1. Evolution factors
Biological factors: hereditary variability, natural selection, isolation, gene drift, population waves - formed a modern type man.
The physical appearance of a person does not change 40,000 years, but factors continue to act, the truth has declined the role of selection.
Social factors: a public lifestyle, instrument activity, speech and thinking overlook.
2. Human races
E. 
E. 
Asia-American (Mongoloid) - Hard straight hair, face flattened, strongly outstanding cheekbones, epicantus (?)
Three large races, not less than 25 small races, many racial groups are the result of hereditary variability, natural selection, insulation, gene drift. Lead to morphological adaptations!
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"Factors of human evolution"
Lesson. Factors of human evolution
Tasks. To form knowledge of the biological and social factors of the evolution of man. Give a characteristic of human races, forming the morphological features of human races as the result of adaptations to various living conditions.
Check students' knowledge and repeat the material on the topic "First People", report a standings in the next lesson.
1. Evolution factors
Biological factors of evolution - hereditary variability, natural selection, population waves, insulation and drift genes led, as a result of life on trees, to the appearance of primates with their binocular colored eyesight and long fingers. The adaptation of part of primates to life in open spaces led to a movement on two legs, the natural selection secured useful for new mutations. Survived those who were most adapted to straightening, the released hands were used to collect and transfer food, items. They survived larger - they are easier to defend against predators and they dominate the group. Among the Australopitek began to survive those who learned to make the tools of labor, the selection secured the increase in the brain, changed his hand.
With the advent of a modern type of human biological factors of evolution lose their leading importance. The leading role of natural selection is reduced, life in society provides education and transfer of accumulated experience, protection from animals and bad weather, food security. Over the past 40,000 years, the physical appearance of a person has not changed practically. But biological factors continue to act in the modern world. The mutational process continues to act, and most mutations are harmful and accumulated in a recessive state, the combinative variability spreads them and creates a variety of combinations of alley of genes, unique in each body. The role of isolation is reduced, but it is she who retains human race.
Social factors are published in the first place - public lifestyle, instrument activity, speech. As a result of public life, complex abstract thinking. If earlier survived mostly the strongest, then neoanthrops have an important factor in evolution becomes altruism,caring for near. The advantages were obtained by those tribes in which the older people persist, which store the experience of making guns, hunting and upbringing.
T. 
2. Human races. Insolvency racism
The resettlement of Neoanthrops populations to Europe, Asia and Australia, along the Beringian bridge to the American continent, their further insulation, led to morphological adaptations, devices to various climatic conditions. Large and small human race are formed - systematic units within the type of Homo Sapiens, to which the entire population of the Earth belongs.
Three large races distinguish: eurasian - european equatorial - Australo-Negroid and asia-American - Mongoloid. Inside each race, small races and racial groups are distinguished. All races belong to the same type, this is evidenced by the fecundity of interracial marriages. In addition, all races are equal in biological and psychological relations.
For a clean race of character Dark leather, curly hair, wide and flat nose. Dark skin of a neotroid race due to pigment melanin Protects the body from excess ultraviolet rays and excess formation of vitaminD. . Anti-deraid vitamin D is formed in the skin under the action of ultraviolet rays and is necessary to maintain calcium balance in the body. If too much vitamin D, calcium in the bones is greater than the norm, they become fragile. Europeans living in latitudes with a smaller amount of solar radiation, leather lighter, it is less than melanin, respectively, a sufficient amount of vitamin D is formed.
The Mongoloid Race is characterized by a skin with a yellowish tinge, a flat face with wide cheekbones, straight black hair, eye cut and developed epicatus - in the swelling upper century. These features are adaptation to life in certain conditions of illumination on open spaces.
Each race has people who consider their race special, higher. Racists hold on polycentrician hypothesis, believe that races have various originthat there are "Higher" and "lower" races. Some races allegedly occurred from Kromanonians, some of the Neanderthals, some at all from Peteitrontrops. The economic and cultural backwardness of some nations, they explain racial unequalness, and not by socio-economic factors. But there is no scientific evidence in favor of racial unequality. The morphological features of the RAS - the result of adaptations to specific living conditions.
Questions to the offset on the chapter "Human origin"
What kind of metaphysician scholar placed a person together with the semi-essays and monkeys into the group of primates? Who suggested who proved that a person occurred from the hominid?
Give five signs of mammals characteristic of a person.
What signs of a person refer to the detachment of primates?
Give three examples of the embryological evidence of the animal origin of a person.
Determination of atavisms and three examples of atavisoms in humans.
Determination of rudiments and three examples of rudiments in humans.
When and from whom did Primates happen?
What monkey treat pongids (man-like monkeys)?
What is the DNA monkey driven from a human DNA by 97.5% and the same amino acid sequence in hemoglobin?
What volume of the brain is characteristic of pongid? How many chromosomes have pongid?
List the anthropomorphoses that appeared in anthropogenesis as a result of straightening.
What are the consequences of the herd lifestyle of human predecessors?
What biological factors of evolution led to the emergence of a person from monkeys?
What social factors led to the emergence of a person?
What monkeys did Driopiteki come from?
Who is the nearest Pongid and Hominid ancestor?
Who is the next ancestor of Australopites?
Who is the nearest ancestor of Archantropov?
What is the historical age, V brain of Australopiteks?
What is the historical age, the brain of a person skillful?
What is the historical age, the V brain of a man of spinning?
What is the historical age, V of the brain of Paleoanthropov?
What is the historical age, the V brain of Neoantropov?
Who applies to the archangelts?
Who belongs to Paleoanthrops?
Who belongs to the Neoantrophs?
Who applies to hominids?
What morphological features does the European Race have?
What morphological features does Neroid-Australoid Race have?
What morphological features is the Mongoloid Race?
Task at home. Prepare for offset. Themes for abstracts, presentations: "Snow man, hypotheses and facts", "Fight for fire", "Human races", "the future of the future", "tell the bones", "Motherland" and others.
Anthropogenesis biological factors in human evolution.Man is the most recent biological view that appeared in the evolution of the organic world. Such factors of the evolution of the organic world, as hereditary variability, the struggle for the existence and natural selection, occupy a significant place in the evolution of man. These natural patterns in the evolution of man C. Darwin proved on specific examples. Due to the influence of nature factors in the body of ancient human-like monkeys, important anatomical and physiological changes took place. As a result, human-like monkeys gradually developed straightened, the functions of the hands and feet were divided, the hands were adapted to the manufacture of workers of labor. Natural selection created favorable conditions to individual groups of people to improve labor instruments, collective hunting and care for elderly people. As a result of such activities, a group selection was located simultaneously with individual selection. However, for explanation of anthropogenesis, there is not enough of some biological patterns. In his writings, F. Engels (1820-1895) has proven great importance here and social factors. He especially noted the work, a public lifestyle, consciousness and speech.
Labor is the most important factor in the evolution of man. Any work begins with the manufacture of work instruments, is carried out with the help of hands. F. Engels highly appreciated the role of labor in the formation of a person. He wrote that "labor is the first major condition of all human life, and moreover, to such an extent that we have to say in a certain sense: work has created the person himself." If so, then the main social driving force of anthropogenesis is labor. Some human monkeys can use simple guns, but are not able to create them. Animals affect nature through their livelihoods, a person changes it in the process of conscious labor.
The influence of a person in nature is significantly and diverse. At our monkey-like ancestors, morphological and physiological changes appeared as a result of labor, called anthropomorphosis. Labor is the main factor in the evolution of man. Monkeys lived in the forests, Lazay in the trees, then gradually descended to the ground. This change in their lifestyle created conditions for walking on two legs. The transition to straightening "became a decisive step towards a monkey to man" (F. Engels). As a result of straightening, S--like bending of the human spine appeared, which gave elasticity to the body. Stop (hanging bones) has become more curved, spring, pelvic bones expanded, the crushers were strengthened, the jaws became lighter. Such hereditary changes continued millions of years. The transition to straightening led to certain difficulties: the speed of movement was limited, the capture of the sacrum with the thigh made it difficult to give birth, the heavy weight of a person led to a flatfoot. But thanks to the lintel, the hands were freed for the manufacture of workers of labor.
In the initial period of formation, his hand was underlying and could produce only the most simple actions. Thanks to heredity, such signs persisted and transferred to the subsequent generation. F. Engels explained that the hand is not only an organ of labor, but also a product of labor. With the liberation of the hand, our monkey-like ancestors could use simple tools from stone and bones of animals. All this has affected their level of thinking, behavior and contributed to the improvement of labor instruments. Labor development led to an increase in the role of social factors in anthropogenesis, but gradually weakened the actions of biological patterns (Fig. 58).
Fig. 58..
Public lifestyle as a driving force of human evolution. Any vitality of animals are carried out reflexively and instinctive. The transition to the herd lifestyle of animals was due to the natural selection. From the very beginning, labor was public, and the first monkey-like ancestors of a person lived with herds. Therefore, F. Engels emphasized that it would be wrong to look for the ancestors of a person, the most public being in nature, among the unknown animals. Group labor contributed to the development of public relations, cohesion of members of society, they collectively hunted animals, defended their predators, brought up children. Senior members of the Company transferred to younger life experience. The man gradually learned how to mine and save the fire.
Our distant ancestors gradually moved from vegetable food to the animal. Meat food provided the human body with the necessary useful amino acids, so he began to improve the guns of hunting and fishing. The transition to meat food led to changes in human body, such as the shortening of the intestines, the development of chewing muscles. The use of fire also facilitated the life of our ancestors.
With a public lifestyle, there were great opportunities for human ancestors to the knowledge of nature, accumulating life experience. The joint activities of the Company's members aroused the need to communicate with gestures, sounds. The first words were directly related to work. Gradually, the larynx, the oral cavity organs as a result of hereditary variability and natural selection were transformed into organ uniform solutions.
Man, like animals, perceives signals from the surrounding world through the irritation of the senses. This is the first signaling system. The second signal system is associated with the highest nervous activity of the person. The emergence of speech, the relationship of ancestors through the word contributed to the development of the brain, thinking - the speech gradually turned into a means of education. Weekly strengthened the communication of our ancestors, contributed to the development of social relations. The evolution of our ancestors was under the joint action of biological and social factors. Natural selection gradually lost the importance of the leading factor in the evolution of human society. On the contrary, social factors (work, speech) became fundamental in human evolution. If the morphological and physiological features of a person are inherited, then the ability to collective labor activities, thinking and speeches have never been inherited and are not transmitted now. These specific qualities of a person historically emerged and improved under the influence of social factors and develop in each person in the process of its individual development only in society due to their upbringing and education. The known cases of sufficiently long-term isolation of the child from an early age from human society (animal education) showed that when he was returning to normal conditions, the ability to speech, his thinking is very bad or not developing at all. This confirms that these qualities are not inherited. Each older generation conveys the following life experience, knowledge, spiritual values \u200b\u200bin the process of upbringing and education. With the development of society, the work of people became more diverse. There were various industries, industry developed, science, art, trade, religion emerged. The tribes formed a nation, states.
Thus, the main driving forces of anthropogenesis were biological (hereditary variability, struggle for the existence and natural selection) and social factors (labor activity, social lifestyle, speech and thinking) (Scheme 2).
In the social evolution of a person distinguish three main stages.
The first is the knowledge of the environment through works of art. For example, rock paintings.
The second stage is directly related to the tear of wild animals and the development of agriculture. Thus, a person began to influence the environment.
The third stage is the development of scientific and technological progress that began in the XV century. In the era of the Renaissance. Currently, the main social factor was the human mind. Humanity, spreading widespread on the globe, mastering space expanses. The biosphere, inhabited by people, is moving to a nosphere, managed by the mind of a person.
Anthropogenesis biological factors. Social anthropogenesis factors. Anthropomorphosis. Cryanonian. Noosphere.
1. Anthropogenesis's biological factors include hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection.
2. Labor is the main step in the evolution of man.
3. Progressive changes in the evolution of a person are the manufacture of instruments of labor with the hands and the transition to straightening.
4. Public lifestyle, speech, thinking, the mind became the main social driving forces of evolution.
1. What factors belong to the biological driving forces of anthropogenesis?
2. Explain the significance of social factors in the evolution of a person.
3. What features have been developed in the structure of the human body as a result of straight trips?
1. What is the role of labor in human evolution?
2. What place does it take in the evolution of a person?
3. What is anthropomorphosis!
1. Give the characteristic social factors.
2. Name the three stages of the social evolution of a person.
3. What is the influence of social factors currently on the evolution of a person?
Explain on the examples of the driving forces of evolution but Scheme 2, where the biological and social driving forces of the human evolution are indicated.
A person differs from animals by speech, developed thinking, ability to work. How was the modern man formed? What are the driving forces of anthropogenesis?
Anthropogenesis (from Greek. - man and - origin) - the process of historical and evolutionary formation of a person who is influenced by biological and social factors.
Biological factors, or driving forces of evolution, are common to all wildlife, including for humans. These include hereditary variability and natural selection.
The role of biological factors in the evolution of a person was revealed by Ch. Daughn. These factors played a big role in the evolution of a person, especially in the early stages of its formation.
The person has hereditary changes that determine, for example, hair and eye color, growth, resistance to the influence of environmental factors. In the early stages of evolution, when a person was highly depended on nature, preferably survived and left the offspring of individuals with the conditions of the environment with hereditary changes (for example, individuals, distinguished by endurance, physical strength, dexterity, intelligence).
The social factors of anthropogenesis include labor, a public lifestyle, developed consciousness and speech. The role of social factors in Anthropogenesis was revealed by F. Entess in the work "The role of labor in the process of turning the monkey into a person" (1896). These factors belonged a leading role in the later stages of the formation of a person.
The most important factor in the evolution of a person is labor. The ability to produce the tools of labor is characteristic only by a person. Animals can only use individual items to produce food (for example, a monkey uses a stick to get a delicacy).
Labor activity contributed to the consolidation of morphological and physiological changes in human ancestors, which are called anthropomorphoses.
An important anthropomorphosis in the evolution of man was straight. For many generations, as a result of natural selection, individuals were preserved with hereditary changes that contribute to straightening. Gradually formed adaptations to straightening: S-shaped spine, vaulted foot, wide pelvis and chest, massive bones of lower extremities.
The strain has led to the release of the hand. At first, the hand could only perform primitive movements. In the process of labor, it was improved, began to perform complex actions. Thus, the hand is not only an organ of labor, but also its product. A developed hand allowed a person to make primitive tools. This gave him significant advantages in the struggle for existence.
Joint labor activities contributed to the cohesion of the team members, caused the need to exchange sound signals. Communication contributed to the development of the second signaling system - communication with the help of words. First, our ancestors exchanged gestures, separate inseparable sounds. As a result of mutations and natural selection, the conversion of the oral apparatus and larynx, the formation of speech was passed.
Work and speech influenced brain development, thinking. So for a long time as a result of the interaction of biological and social factors, the evolution of man was carried out.
If the morphological and physiological features of a person are inherited, then the ability to work, speech and thinking develop only in the process of upbringing and education. Therefore, with long-term isolation, the child does not develop at all or develop very poorly, thinking, fitness to life in society.
There were snapshots, an increase in the volume of the brain and the complication of its organization, the development of the arm, the elongation of the growth period and development. A developed hand with a well-pronounced grabbing function allowed a person to successfully use, and then produce tools. It gave him advantages in, although in his purely physical qualities he significantly inferior to animals. The most important milestone in the development of a person was the acquisition of skills first to use and maintain, and then mined fire. Complex activities for the manufacture of guns, mining and maintenance of fire could not be ensured by congenital behavior, and demanded individual behavior. Therefore, there was a need to significantly expand the possibility of exchanging signals and a speech-factor appeared, a fundamentally distinguished person from other animals. The emergence of new functions in turn contributes to accelerated development. Thus, the use of hands for hunting and protection and nutrition softened on fire food, made unnecessary presence of powerful jaws, which made it possible to increase the volume of the brain part of the skull due to its facial part and ensure the further development of human mental abilities. The emergence of speech contributed to the development of a more advanced structure of society, the separation of responsibilities between its members, which also gave advantages in the struggle for existence. Thus, anthropogenesis factors can be divided into biological and social.
Biological factors - hereditary variability, as well as a mutation process, isolation - applicable to. Under their influence in the process of biological evolution, morphological changes of monkey-like ancestor - anthropomorphosis occurred. The decisive step on the way from the monkey to the man was the stiffness. This led to the release of the hand from the functions of movement. The hand begins to be used to implement a variety of functions - grabbing, holding, throwing.
No less important premises of anthropogenesis were features of the biology of human ancestors: a ward of life, an increase in the volume of the brain in relation to the general proportions of the body, binocular vision.
The social factors of anthropogenesis include labor activities, a public lifestyle, the development of speech and thinking. Social factors began to play a leading role in anthropogenesis. However, the life of each individual is subject to biological laws: mutations are preserved as a source of variability, a stabilizing selection operates, eliminating sharp deviations from the norm.
Anthropogenesis factors
1) biological
natural selection on the background of the struggle for existence
Genov drift
insulation
Hereditary variability
2) Social
public life
consciousness
speech
Labor activity
In the first stages of the evolution of a person, biological factors played a domicile role, and on the latter - social. Labor, speech, consciousness are most closely connected with each other, in the process of work there was a cohesion of members of society and the rapid development of the method of communication between them, which speaks.
General ancestors of man and man monkey - small wood insectivorous placental mammals lived in Mesozoy. In the Paleogen of the Cenozoic era, a branch was separated from them, led to the ancestors of modern man-like monkeys - parapitekam.
Parappiratios Driopiteki Petecantrop Sinantrophop Neandertalec Cryanonets Modern man.
Analysis of paleontological finds allows you to allocate the main stages and directions of the historical development of man and human monkeys. Modern science gives the following answer: the person and modern man-like monkeys had a common ancestor. Next, their development went along the path of divergence (discrepancies of signs, accumulation of differences) in connection with the specific and various conditions of existence.
Pedigree man
Insectivore Mammals Parappiecy:
Propsiteki, Orangutan
Driopiteki chimpanzees, Australopitek Ancient people (Peteitroptrop, Synantrophop, Heidelbergian man) Ancient people (Neanderthals) New people (Cryanonian, modern man
We emphasize that the pedigree presented above is hypothetical. Recall also that if the name of the ancestral form ends on "Pitteg", then it's about the still a monkey. If at the end of the name is "Anthrop", then before us is a person. True, this does not mean that there are no signs of monkey in his biological organization. It should be understood that the signs of a person in this case are dominated. From the name "Petetecanthrop" it follows that this body has a combination of signs of monkey and man, and in approximately equal proportions. Let us give a brief description of some of the alleged ancestral forms of a person.
Dryoitek
I lived approximately 25 million years ago.
Characteristic features of development:
significantly smaller than a person (an increase of about 110 cm);
led a predominantly woody lifestyle;
Probably manipulated objects;
There are no tools for labor.
Australopithek
I lived approximately 9 million years ago
Characteristic features of development:
height 150-155 cm, weight up to 70 kg;
The volume of the skull is about 600 cm3;
Probably used items as an instrument for mining and protection;
Characteristic snapshot;
Massive jaw than a person;
highly developed abnormal arcs;
joint hunting, herd lifestyle;
Often the remnants of prey prey
Petetecanthrop.
Lived approximately 1 million years ago
Characteristic features of development:
height 165-170 cm;
the brain volume is about 1100 cm3;
permanent strain; Speech formation;
Mastering fire
Sinantrophop.
Lived, probably 1-2 million years ago
Characteristic features of development:
growth of about 150 cm;
strain;
production of primitive stone tools of labor;
Maintaining fire;
public lifestyle; cannibalism
NEANDERTHAL
Lived 200-500 thousand years ago
Characteristic signs:
Biological:
height 165-170 cm;
brain volume 1200-1400 cm3;
lower limbs shorter than modern people;
The femoral bone is very curved;
Low spilled forehead;
highly developed abnormal arcs
Social:
lived with groups of 50-100 individuals;
used fire;
made a variety of labor tools;
foci and dwellings were built;
They carried out the first burials of the dead fellow;
It is probably more perfect than that of Peteitront;
Perhaps the emergence of the first religious representations; skillful hunters;
Stored cannibalism
Cromanonec
Lived 30-40 thousand years ago
Characteristic signs:
Biological:
height up to 180 cm;
the brain volume is about 1600 cm3;
There is no continuous superlord roller;
dense physique;
Developed musculature
Social:
lived in the generic community;
built settlements;
made complex tools of labor from bone and stone;
knew how to grind, drill;
deliberately stunned the dead fellow;
Effective religious representations appear;
developed self-partition;
wore clothes from the skins;
targeted transmission of experience to descendants;
sacrificed in the name of a tribe or family;
carefully referred to old men;
The emergence of art;
taming animals;
The first steps of agriculture
MODERN MAN
Lives currently on all continents
Characteristic signs:
Biological:
height 160-190 cm;
the brain volume is about 1600 cm3;
The presence of different races
Social:
complex tools of labor;
High achievements in science, machinery, art, education
