Presentation - Identification
Presentation and identification - two complementary methods of human interaction with modern society.
Identification - a person's attempt to find his place (I) inside existing institutions, structures, groups. Presentation - the creation and playback of the image itself, which a person wants to prevent others. Identification and presentation in the same person may be different.
Individual, which prevents Yourself in front of others ... Perhaps he wants to inspire them a good opinion about themselves, or so that they think it seems to be a good opinion about them, or that they understand what his real feelings in relation to them, or that they do not get any definite impression. ... Therefore, when the individual turns out to be in the society of others, it usually appears for the reasons ... to produce [necessary for him]. For example, if a friend in the student dormitory will judge the virgin popularity in the number of calls to the phone, it is quite possible to suspect that some girls will begin to affect such phone calls.
Gofman I. 2000. P. 35.
Methods of presentation of politicians depend on the political demand in this area. The rules for execution of the role of public policy are defined by society. Any social action of the future deputy requires accounting for all expectations of other people. And a person seeks to play for whom he is accepted for.
Kimerling A.S. 2002. P. 34.
"Identity" [As the term] is designed to emphasize the unstable, multifaceted, volatile and scattered nature of the modern "I".
Brubarker R., Cooper F. 2002. p.75.
A person can be identified to identify itself - characterize, position in relation to already known people, determine its place in the [World] ... In modern conditions, contributing to various contacts with people outside the sphere of personal acquaintance, such identification cases are especially common. They include daily life situations as well as more formal and official contexts; Identification of yourself and other fundamentally situational and contextual.
Brubarker R., Cooper F. 2002. p.85.
"Summinking" ... [- this is] the feeling of who you are, social affiliation and, as a derivative of the first two - willingness to a certain kind of action.
Brubber R., Cooper F. 2002. p.89.
Cold Friday evening, rainy and windy. You are not dressed in weather for a party. Finally, you defended in a long queue wishing to get to the club. Embroidered, or, as he prefers to be called, the guard hand covers the way to you and your friends. He throws a look at you and remains dissatisfied with your age. All you have is money. But this is not enough (or less likely, you do not have the right amount). In everyday situations, such as this, the identity of the person is first unclear, but then determined. But Identification is not always so simple or so trivial. She is able to shake the foundations of our life.
Jenkins R. 2004. P. 1-2.
... A person is determined by the comedians played by him at no less than sincere gusts of the soul. We are talking about feelings that are not available to us in all depth; But they are partially reflected in the actions, in the installations of consciousness ...
Kama A. 189. P. 229.
Karl Radek [in his autobiography] saw himself a manifold of the pan-European importance, was the secretary of the Comintern and described his life as a series of metamorphosis, which was correctly brought to his current state, being the result of conscious labor and many insights, but also good luck. Living life is described ... as a series of changed ethnocultural identities: Galicia Jews - reader of German classics - Polish nationalist and Catholic - Swiss student - Austrian citizen - German journalist - Russian emigrant.
Etkind A. 2005. P. 61.
Subculture
Subculture is a steady, independent model of behavior of a group of people, in its own way embodying the values \u200b\u200band norms of industrial (large) culture.
Subcultures, like social movements, are involved in the confrontation between cultural reproduction, social integration and socialization; As a rule, they usually pay attention to the style of life, self-realization [person] and the formation of identity.
Hanfler R. 2004. R. 422.
The society, which came to replace the traditional, offers [man] a large selection of approved quarry - official and unofficial. The desire for respect or honor is possible [implement] both inside and outside the institutional structure of society. Restrictions on social status in education, at work or in family life can be offset by active participation ... in subcultures that provide temporary social recognition.
Heinz W.R., KRGER H. 2001. R. 35.
People "grab" subculture through the use and demonstration of the corresponding set of artifacts. I use the term "Carriers" To refer to those who share this subculture or part of it. What is important, these groups are allocated on the basis of participation in the cultural presentation, [not by social status].
ENFIELD N.J. 2000. R. 47.
... subcultures are largely constructed by the media, members of subcultures are inserting a sense of freedom from society in the form in which it is presented by the mass media.
Bennett A. 1999. P. 604.
... This type of subculture is interested in us most. Specific clothing, style, Teddy-fighting problems, mods, rockers or skinheads separate them, on the one hand, from each other, and, on the other, from a more general culture of boys from the working class as a whole. Through their clothes, actions, the lifestyle they can give different, from the point of view of culture, answers to the problems set by their social class position. At the same time, participation in one or another subculture does not roam them from the problems of a more general "parental" culture. Thus, the subculture remains fixed in relation to the dominant culture.
Hall Art., Jersfison T. 2000. P. 151.
For yourself, we can think that our clothes themselves expresses ourselves, but in fact, it expresses at the same time and environment of our habitat, like advertising, pop music, easy fiction, reading, film second grades. That is how it happens on ... non-intellectual, purely instinctive level. The style of clothing also serves as a lifestyle indicator and as such appeals to subconscious values \u200b\u200b...
Break M. 2000. P. 152.
Middle class
The middle class is a group of people in the industrial society, expressing its most fully value, norms and presentations. The lifestyle of a mid-class person involves continuous education (advanced training), a permanent, adequately paid work, family, home comfort, entertainment and recreation.
E.O. Wright ("Classes", 1985) shares people to classes in accordance with the resources they have or control. The main difference is observed between those who have the property (i.e., sources of income, such as factories, government securities, stocks) and does not have it ... Classes of owners are capitalists (bourgeoisie - elite) and a small bourgeoisie (most of its employees in its own small enterprise). Intelligent classes are the working class and middle classes. The classes of immunity differ in accordance with whether they control the production process or are engaged in independent, highly qualified activities in the workplace. Those who possess at least one of these signs belong to the middle classes.
Baum S. 2002. R. 354.
As a result of income differences, people belonging to the lower and middle classes are indisputably different from each other in their views on life, material life and life experience, but they often do not have a conscious idea of \u200b\u200bthese different views and their class-based.
Mills Ch. 1959. P. 60.
The terms "entrepreneur" and "official" are the terms, causing ideas about people from middle classes ... When they say about the entrepreneur of a classic type, it is assumed that during the maintenance of its company, it risks not only invested money, but also with his whole career ...
Mills Ch. 1959. P. 155.
The successful representative of the middle class is required to be perfectly owning a prestigious status culture; What is ensured by the good knowledge of the culture of his company, the culture of the area [in which he lives] and ethnic features. Just as schoolchildren switch codes [behavior] when they race from the street to class, ... Mature middle-class representatives learn to "switch culture" when moving from one social environment to another. Such individuals own multiple styles ... but they use them selectively with different people and in different conditions. (A man from the middle class, married to the office employees, must have an idea of \u200b\u200bsports and rock music [for conversations] at work; discuss politics and healthy food with his wife's friends; and instill admiration for Brahms and Picasso to her son and daughter.)
Dimaggio P. 1987. P. 445.
Marginala
Marginals are a group of people who do not belong to sustainable social and cultural institutions, not accepting / denying common ideals.
If a person is very difficult to call himself anyone, he is nobody, marginal, unmarried and place in life.
Batygin G.S. 1995. P. 104.
My major hypothesis is that deviating behavior ... can be considered as a symptom of breaking the connection between the aspirations prescribed by the aspirations and a certain social structure of the implementation of these aspirations.
MERTON R. 1968. P. 188.
The possibility of marginal existence in society itself suggests that generally accepted meanings are not omnipotent in their forced strength. An even greater interest is that cases when individuals can collect around themselves some followers and force, at least the closest ones, recognize the interpretations of the surrounding world accepted in society.
Berger P. 1996. P. 133.
... The possibilities for the evolution of the "Marginala" are not closed, simply because his personality remains intact. Part of the personal approaches characteristic of it is in primitive form, others can become meaningful, but ... together they will not create a stable and ordered set, and ... the individual will, thus, will remain open to all and all sorts of influences. In any case, inconsistency is the fundamental trait of its activity.
Thomas W.I., Znaniecki F. 1958. R.1853, 1855.
If society successfully blocks all the potentially dangerous reactions of the individual in the process of forming a person, then an individual is obtained, for which there will be no problem of personal development, nor external conflicts requiring decisions, nor internal overcome contradictions - this will be limited, stable, pleased with itself common man". If, on the contrary, the suppression passes unsuccessfully and the reactions are gaining power before the individual has a system of stabilizing representations, the individual is not ready to meet with emerging problems, it is not capable of distinguishing or sublimating - develops inconsistent, non-conformistic, "marginal " a type…
Thomas W.I., Znaniecki F. 1958. R. 1871.
For the end of the XX century, the image of a marginal close to nature is characterized, with a flower in lips or on a gun (this presentation is associated with the events of 1968). But soon it displaces another image that corresponds to a sharply changed atmosphere. Against the background of an inexorable increasing economic crisis, the appearance of the marginal is changing and becomes harder: now it is an African who came to work in France. It is he who is cores as an personification of all angry and dangers.
Farya A. 1989. P. 145.
Today, industrial society is a concept familiar to all developed and even many developing states in the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, the fall in the profitability of agriculture, the growth of cities and a clear division of labor - all these are the main features of the process changing the socio-economic structure of the state.
What is industrial society?
In addition to production characteristics, this society has a high standard of living, the formation of civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, available information and humane economic relations. Previous traditional socio-economic models were distinguished by a relatively low standard of living of the population.
The industrial society is considered modern, it is very rapidly developing both technical and social components that affect the improvement of the quality of life as a whole.
Main differences
The main difference between the traditional agrarian society from the modern is the growth of industry, the needs of modernized, accelerated and efficient production and in the division of labor.
The main reasons for the separation of labor and flow production can be considered as economic - the financial benefits of mechanization and social - the growth of the population and the increase in demand for goods.
The industrial society is characterized not only by the growth of industrial production, but also by systematization and the flow of agricultural activities. In addition, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technologies, media and civil liability.
Changes in the structure of society
Today, many developing countries are characterized by a particularly accelerated process of transition from traditional society to the industrial. A significant role in the change in socio-economic structures is played by the process of globalization and free information space. New technologies and scientific achievements make it possible to improve the processes of production, which makes a number of industries particularly effective.
The processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation also affect the change in social statutes. The industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something proper. In combination, such changes allow the state to become part of the global market both from an economic point of view and with socio-political.
Main features and signs of industrial society
The main characteristics can be divided into three groups: production, economic and social.
The main production features and signs of industrial society are as follows:
- mechanization of production;
- reorganization of labor;
- division of labor;
- productivity increase.
Among economic characteristics, it is necessary to allocate:
- an increase in the influence of private production;
- the emergence of the market of competitive goods;
- expansion of sales markets.
The main economic trait of industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all this frequent phenomena in the economy of the industrial state. The industrial revolution does not give warranty of stability.
The main feature of an industrial society in terms of its social development is a change in values \u200b\u200band worldview, which affects:
- development and availability of education;
- improving the quality of life;
- popularization of culture and art;
- urbanization;
- expansion of human rights and freedoms.
It is worth noting that the industrial society is also characterized by the degrade exploitation of natural resources, including irrelevant, and practically complete disregard for the environment.
Historical background
In addition to the economic benefit and population growth, the industrial development of society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to provide themselves with existence, and only. Comfort, education and pleasure could afford only a few. Agricultural society was forced to go to the agrarian industrial. This transition allowed to increase production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by the inhuman attitude of the hosts to the working and low level of mechanization of production.
The pre-industrial socio-economic models were kept on certain forms of the slave-ownership, which spoke of the absence of universal freedoms and a low average living level of the population.
Industrial Revolution
The transition to the industrial society began during the industrial revolution. It was this period that the XVIII-XIX century is responsible for the transition from manual labor to the mechanized one. The beginning and middle of the XIX century became an apogee industrialization in a number of leading world powers.
During the period of the industrial revolution, the main features of the modern state, such as the growth of production, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model of social development, took place.
Typically, the industrial revolution is associated with increasing machine production and intensive technological development, however, it was during this period that the main socio-political changes that influenced the formation of a new society occurred.
Industrialization
As part of both the world and state economy, three main sectors are allocated:
- Primary - resource mining and farming.
- Secondary - resource recycling and food creation.
- Tertiary - services.
Traditional public structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, in the transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary, the service sector began to grow. Industrialization is to expand the secondary sector of the economy.
This process was held in world history in two stages: a technical revolution, which includes the creation of mechanized factories and the refusal of manufactory, and the modernization of the devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and engines.
Urbanization
In a modern understanding, urbanization is an increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to the industrial society was characterized by a wider interpretation of the concept.
Cities became not only in places of work and migration of the population, but also by cultural and economic centers. It is the cities that became the boundary of the true division of labor - territorial.
Future of industrial society
Today in developed countries there is a transition from modern industrial society to post-industrial. There is a change in values \u200b\u200band criteria of human capital.
The engine of the post-industrial society and its economy should be the knowledge industry. Therefore, scientific discoveries and technological developments of the new generation play a large role in many states. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning, and creative thinking are considered valuable labor capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will become tertiary, that is, the scope of services.
Industrial Society
Industrial Society - Society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, production of machinery, the emergence of adequate forms of labor organization, the use of achievements of technical and technological progress. It is characterized by mass, streaming production, mechanization and automation of labor, the development of the market for goods and services, the humanization of economic relations, ascending the role of management, formation of civil society. .
Industrial Society is a society based on industry with flexible dynamic structures, for which it is characteristic: the division of labor and the growth of its performance, a high level of competition, the accelerated development of the entrepreneurial resource and human capital, the development of civil society and management systems of all levels, widespread development of media Communications, high level of urbanization and growth in quality of life.
Industrial society arises as a result of the industrial revolution. The redistribution of labor is happening: the employment of the population in the field of agriculture falls from 70-80% to 10-15%, the share of employment of the population in industry is increasing to 80-85%, the urban population increases.
Business activity is becoming a dominant production factor. For the first time introduced an entrepreneurial resource as a leading development factor Josef Schumpeter. As a result of the scientific and technical revolution, the industrial society is transformed into a post-industrial society.
Essence and Development of Industrial Society Development
The essence of industrial society reflect the emergence and development of the entrepreneurial resource, as a component of human capital, the human capital, as well as competition - the main factors of the formation and development of the industrial economy and society, industrial revolution drivers and generating innovation.
The concept of development of an industrial society is to form and develop the class of entrepreneurs, education, especially special, science, culture, medicine, in improving the quality of life of the population and the effectiveness of the elite, in the formation of civil society.
Industrial society and economics began to be formed in the first half of the 19th century. In economics and society, revolutionary changes took place during this period of time:
The accumulation of creative human capital, knowledge and innovation (in industry);
Industrialization and mechanization of industries, transition from manual labor to machine;
Competitive relations and competitive markets were formed, democracy and civil society were formed;
Increased levels and quality of life of the population; culture, education, science developed and gradually prepared the base for the next turn of the accelerated growth of the economy, the development of industry and technologies;
There was an advanced development of human capital at the expense of the priority growth of investments in education, including in vocational education, in science, in innovation.
The main locomotive of the development of the industrial economy was and remains competition.
Traits of industrial society
- The emergence of creative class - entrepreneurs (capitalists) and hired workers.
- Growth and development of special and general education, science, culture, quality of life, infrastructure.
- Transition to machine production.
- Moving the population in the city - urbanization.
- The uneven growth of the economy and development - stable growth alternates with recession and crises.
- Social and historical progress.
- Unlimited exploitation of natural resources to harm ecology.
- The basis of economics - competitive markets and private property. The ownership of the means of production is regarded as natural and inherent.
- Labor mobility of the population is high, the possibilities of social displacements are practically not limited.
- The most important values \u200b\u200bin the industrial society recognized enterprise, hard work, honesty and decency, education, health, ability and readiness for innovations.
For industrial society, a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production is characterized; Accelerated development of science and technology, communication tools, invention of newspapers, radio and television; expanding the possibilities of educational and educational activities; population growth and an increase in his life expectancy; significant increase in the level and quality of life in comparison with previous epochs; increasing the mobility of the population; division of labor not only within the framework of individual countries, but also on an international scale; centralized state; Smoothing of horizontal differentiation of the population (dividing it into caste, class, classes) and the growth of vertical differentiation (division of society on the nation, "worlds", regions).
Waves of development and technological injections of the industrial economy
Transition from industrial society to post-industrial
Notes
Literature
- Winter V.V., Nefedov S.A. History of science and technology. Yekaterinburg, 2003.
- Joseph Alois Shumpeter (1883-1954). Theory of Economic Development
- Korchagin Yu. A. Human capital as an intense socio-economic factor in the development of personality, economics, society and statehood, Moscow, HSE, 2011
- Tyomina TM Economic history of foreign countries. - M.: "Yusticinform", 2006.
- Glazyev S.Yu. Economic theory of technical development. - M.: Science, 1990. - 232 p.
- Glazyev S.Yu. The theory of long-term technical and economic development. - M.: Vardar, 1993. - 310 p.
- Korchagin Yu.A. Cycles of human capital development as innovative wave drivers. - Voronezh: Cire.
- Grinn L. E. Productive forces and historical process. 3rd ed. M.: Komkniga, 2006.
- Korotaev A. V., Malkov A. S., Halturina D. A. Laws of history. Mathematical modeling of the development of the world system. Demographics, economics, culture. 2nd ed. - M.: URSS, 2007.
see also
Links
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Watch what is "industrial society" in other dictionaries:
Modern step, or era, in the development of mankind. Preceding era: primitive society, ancient agricultural society, medieval agrarian industrial society. In the most developed Western European countries, the transition to I.O. started… … Philosophical encyclopedia
- (INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY) Society with a wide division of labor and support for large machine production. Industrial society is considered as a general designation for the capitalist and socialist formations of the recent past. Sen Simon ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.
The type of economically developed society, in which the prevailing industry of the national economy is industry. The industrial society is characterized by the development of division of labor, the mass production of goods, engineering and ... ... Financial vocabulary
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- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (rode tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Sen Simon; The concept of industrial society received widespread the concept of an industrial society ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Industrial Society - (Industrial Society), designation of the development stage of society, replacing the traditional, agricultural (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Sen Simon; A widespread concept of an industrial society received in 50 60 x ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Bourges. Sociology, and savings, societary theory. Development aimed against Marxist Leninsky Teaching on Social Progress During Society Significating Companies. Economy. formations. Formulated in two versions of Franz. philosopher R. ... ... Philosophical encyclopedia
One of the main categories in which modern philosophers, sociologists, political scientists and economists analyze the trends and features of modern, so-called. "Developed" societies in contrast to the "traditional", "agricultural" (rode tribal, feudal and others) ... ... The newest Philosophical Dictionary
industrial Society - The stage of development of society and public relations, which has developed after the industrial revolution, when, along with commodities, the basis of the economy began to develop processing industries (secondary sector of the economy) ... Dictionary on geography
- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agricultural (tropping, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Sen Simon; The concept of industrial society received widespread the concept of an industrial society ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Almanac of German history. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lion Copelleva. Industrial society in Germany and its development. Germans and "Office", Ishchenko V.V. , "Almanac" continues the tradition of the "Yearbook of German History", published at the Institute of Universal History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first issue presents articles of Russian and German historians, ... Category: Scientific publications, theories, monographs, articles, lectures Series: Publisher: URSS,
- Historical sociology in 3-parts. Part 3. Industrial and post-industrial society. Study Guide for undergraduate and Master
Now let's see what was a new type of man, the creator of the industrial world and whether he was happy. The new society, of course, gave him not only the material benefits, but also a feeling of a free autonomous personality: he could choose religion, political views, a profession at his own discretion, had the right to property, success and career, regardless of origin. And these numerous rights were firmly protected by laws and democratic institutions.
And at the same time, as many authoritative authors noted, the industrial society seeks to dominate each individual person, which paradoxically becomes even more non-free than before, despite democracy. In this regard, it is not by chance, but rather it is logical that totalitarianism has become one of the bitter fruits of industrial civilization. It became possible in the era of faith in the omnipotence of social engineering - a planned, rational restructuring of society, when a person himself, without noticing, gradually turned into a detail of the manufacturing and state car, losing the ability to think independently and make decisions. Real totalitarian regimes similar to the Stalinist regime in Russia are considered modern sociologists undesirable and unproductive, but quite possible options for the planned mass society. However, totalitarianism in a softened, veiled form may be present in the most democratic states. This indicated, in particular, E. Fromm: "We do not notice that they were victims of the power of the new kind. We turned into robots, but we live under the influence of the illusion, as if we were independent individuals ... The individual lives in the world, with whom all genuine ties lost, in which everything and all are instrumentalized; And he himself became part of a car created by his own hands. He knows what thoughts, what feelings, what wishes are surrounding from him, and think, feeling and wishes in accordance with these expectations, after losing their "I" ... ".
The main criterion for the evaluation of a person in the industrial society is its compliance with the requirements of the system, the ability to perform certain functions. All deviate from the specified samples of behavior is suppressed. Total supervision and "coverage" of a person who appears for society, first of all, the employees begins with a school bench and continues further, in all areas of its activities where it is necessary to constantly prove its suitability and efficiency. As a result, the person regresses his soul "is emitted", individuality is powered. Thus appears "man of mass", which Markuse called "one-dimensional", and D. Rovmen - "Locator Man": he ceases to be himself, lives and acts in accordance with generally accepted standards and, that the saddest thing needs to be imposed on the outside Stereotypes, i.e., in essence, imperceptibly loses freedom for itself and even ceases to need it. Such a person has nothing permanent: neither tradition, nor culture, nor religion, nor morality. Goals and values \u200b\u200bare constantly changing - depending on people who have to be navigating, because the main motto is "I am as much as I need." Only only the dependence on others and the search for the approval of the Company, as well as anxiety, insecurity, the desire to overcome competitors, anxiety and endless loneliness. All this leads to a crisis of identity, to the absence of constant attachments, sustainable "I", to the atrophy of the emotional sphere.
As a result, he would seem to seem to be all opportunities for self-realization, the development of their creative forces, a person was in the slave dependence on his own selfishness embodied in a society, where "universal consumption" and "entertainment industry" triumphed.
Let's summarize the analysis of industrialism. Industrial society optimally corresponded to the fourth stage of development of creation. It opened the widest perspectives to implement all the desires of the egoistic property: physical, bodily - due to technical progress; the desires of wealth, fame and power - due to democratic freedoms and liberal values; Thirst for knowledge - due to the rapid development of science, the attitude to which has acquired the nature of the cult. And finally, the person received for some time the opportunity to feel the most expensive owner, "God" in the artificial Mirka, which he created with his own hands, and who painted him a selfish perception. This artificial technological department was mistaken for the world's real world, laws invented by the egoistic consciousness were extrapolated to nature, although in reality they were increasingly entered into a contradiction. The society built on such fragile and "incorrect" grounds could not exist for a long time. However, his influence on the world has reached a huge scale, retracting into the fourth stage, those in which collectivist principles and religious norms continued to restrain the development of egoism.
Western model of society by waves penetrated the most remote corners of the planet. Colonial policy played a big role in this process: its result was the formation of the capitalist world system, at the beginning of the twentieth century. Having covered most of the planet. By 1914, Europeans or former European colonies controlled 84% of the sushi surface. In 1900, the British Empire, who never came the sun, stretched for 11 million square miles and numbered 390 million people
3. Types of society
Existence (also in other matters, as well as the existence, as well as those that may appear later) society, on the one hand, have a little similar, common, repeating (these are the same, such as signs of society), on the other hand, they can significantly ( Even) differing among themselves, i.e. Have your own features, distinctive features and originality. In this regard, any separately taken society can be closer in its own traits to other societies, and in relation to the other very long time from them is worthy. On this basis, all societies can be classified (typologize), i.e. Separate the minority of types, groups. And this is a grouping, the classification can be carried out according to various criteria or grounds. According to one criterion, all societies are divided into one groups (types), otherwise - on other types already, and in the third - to completely different types or classes (groups).
Let's start with the well-known all (and domestic and foreign) sociologists of the Marxist typology of societies. K. Marx put on its basis such a characteristic as a way of producing material goods, and especially good production relations, called them first of all five types of society, (replacing each other according to the principle of "lower to the highest") socio-economic forms. A less reasonable and famous called another type of society - it was based on the so-called Asian production method, i.e. In Marxist sociology, societies are allocated to the primitive - assigning method of production (primitive-communal), with an Asian production method, characterized by the presence of a special type of collective ownership of land, slave-owned societies whose specific feature is the property and the use of work of slaves, feudal societies with production based on On the operation of the peasants attached to the Earth, the bourgeois society, which differ in the transition to the economic dependence of formally free workers of hired labor, and finally, the communist or socialist society, in which the establishment of an equal treatment of all to the property to the means of production was assumed by eliminating private and own relations.
American sociologists of Lensky and J. Lensky (1970) subdivided society into four main types. At the same time, for the basis of this unit, they took a way to obtain (mining) livelihoods. These are these types of society: 1) Societies living in hunting and gathering;
2) Gardening communities,
3) agrarian societies;
4) Industrial (industrial) society.
A little about each of them in the characteristics of vocabulary.
1) societies living hunting and gathering. Most of these societies, such as the Bushmen of South-West Africa and Aboriginal Central Australia, usually lead a nomadic lifestyle, engage in hunting, harvesting berries, roots and other vegetable foods. Hunters and collectors have the most primitive tools of labor: stone axes, spears, knives; Their property is limited to the most necessary objects that they carry with them, nomocating from place to place. Their social life is organized on the basis of related links; It is known that in the society of hunters and collectors of plants everyone knows who someone falls like a close or distant relative. The political structure in this society almost does not exist; He headed his foreman or the leader, other power structures in it did not work out.
2) Horticultural societiesfor the first time they emerged in the Middle East for about four thousand years before our era; In the future, they were distributed from China to Europe; Currently, they are mainly preserved in Africa, in the south of the Sahara. In the most primitive gardeners in the cultivation of gardens, metal implements or plows are not used. In more developed horticultural societies there are metal implements and weapons, but no plows are used. Just like the society of hunters and collectors of plants, gardening societies do not produce a surplus product; People who work, using only the hoom, are not able to create a highly productive agricultural system. The political structures of ordinary gardening societies have up to two social layers, but in more developed societies of this type there are four and more. The system of related bonds is also the basis of the social structure of these societies, but here it is significantly complicated; Sometimes societies consist of many clans, characterized by complex relationships, including rules governing the marriage relations between representatives of various kinds.
3) Agrarian societiesfor the first time they emerged in ancient Egypt, which was primarily the improvement of the plow and the use of animals as labor. Due to the increased productivity of agriculture, these societies could produce more products than was required to ensure the rural population. The appearance of the surplus agricultural product created the soil for the occurrence of cities, the development of crafts and trade. On the basis of agrarian societies, a state emerged (which formed a limited bureaucratic apparatus and the army), the ball invented writing, the first monetary systems appeared, and trade expanded. More complex forms of political organization began to take shape, so the system of related ties has ceased to be the basis of the social structure of society. Nevertheless, relatives continued to play an important role in political life: large civil and military positions passed from the Father to the Son, most of the commercial enterprises were family-owned. In agricultural society, the family continued to remain the basis of the production unit.
4) industrial (industrial) societythere were only in the modern era, at the end of the XVIII century. Under the influence of industrialization of the UK. The most advanced modern industrial societies have developed in North America, Europe (including Eastern Europe), in East Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea); In many other countries, for example, in India, Mexico, Brazilians of some African countries, significant industrialization also occurred. As with the transition from horticultural societies to agrarian, improvement of technology and the use of new energy sources played a major role in the development of industrial societies. Industrial production is associated with the use of scientific knowledge necessary to manage the production process; The muscular power of man and animals is inferior to the use of thermal energy (obtained by burning a stone angle), as well as electrical and in the future of atomic energy.
Society are also divided by dobindustrial, or traditional, industrial and post-industrial, or modern. In the pre-industrial society, agriculture was determining the development factor, in the industrial society - the industry, and in the post-industrial society - information (theoretical knowledge). One of the most important studies of the opposite between pre-industrial and modern societies was held by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tennis (1855-1936). He introduced the term "hemainsaft" (Gemeinschaft) and "Gesellsaft" (Gesellschaft) (they are translated as a "community" and "society") expressing the difference between traditional and modern societies. More precisely, the term "hemainshaft" refers to the rural community, and the term "Gezelshft" is a city industrial society. What are the main differences between the "hemainsaf" and "hezelshft"? N. Smelzer describes them as follows:
1. If we talk about the industrial motivation, Hemainshaft stimulates the desire of people to live in accordance with community interests, for example, peasant families during the harvest period helps each other for free. Society of type "Gezelshaft" is based on the rational implementation of personal interests; Individuals interact in the business situation and pay money for certain goods and services.
2. In the sphere of social control, the Society of Type "Hemainshaft" gives a crucial importance to traditional customs, beliefs and written laws, while Gezelshft is a society based on the formal right.
3. In the field of labor division, the Society of the GEMAYSAF type is distinguished by a limited specialization, which is mainly based on related links - usually husbands, wives and children perform certain duties in the economy. For GEZELSAF type societies, professional roles are characterized by specialization of professional roles and the separation of the latter from family roles.
4. In the GEMAYSAFT type society, the culture is formed on the basis of religious values, and in GEZELSAFT - in secular.
5. The main social institutions in Hemainshaft are family, neighbors and community; In "Gezelshft" there are large associations and associations (business circles, government, political parties, voluntary associations).
E. Durkheim also shares common for sociology of the XIX century. The idea of \u200b\u200btwo types of society: traditional and modern. It allocates two types of social solidarity. Firstly, mechanical solidarityinherent in traditional, archaic society and based on the underdevelopment and similarity of the components of the society of people. Individual in such a society does not belong to himself, and the collective consciousness is almost entirely covered by individual features, that is, an individual "I" is leveled: "I am only we". Individuals differ little from each other, they test the same feelings are committed to the same values, recognize the same sacred. Society is united, because individuals are not yet differentiated. As is known, social coercion was expressed here in strict repressive laws punishing for the slightest deviation from the norms of collective behavior.
Secondly, organic solidarity, which is generated by the division of social labor and which is not based on similarity, but on the difference of individuals. And if mechanical solidarity implies the absorption of the individual by the team, then organic solidarity, on the contrary, involves the development of the personality. Solidarity based on the differentiation of individuals, Durkheim calls organic by analogy with the organs of a living being, each of which performs its functions and does not like other organs. It is due to the division of labor, the individual is aware of its dependence on society, which was previously maintained by repressive measures. As E. Durkheim emphasized, "since the division of labor becomes an important source of social solidarity, then it (division of labor) with this becomes the basis of a moral order." There is a reduction in the sphere of being covered by collective consciousness, the weakening of collective reactions to violation of prohibitions and the expansion of the zone of individual interpretation of social imperatives. Therefore, the transition from mechanical solidarity to the organic, he considers not only historical law, but also the main indicator of progress.
Allocate such types of societies as society departed (non-writing) and a society with writing; simple Society I. sophisticated (The first is the society of the well-developed and second - societies already having a state and law). English philosopher, historian and sociologist K. Popper called such types of society closed and open. The basis of their religion, according to a scientist, lies a different ratio of social control and freedom of the individual. Magical, tribal or collective society, and society in which individuals are forced to make decisions - open society.
In the 60s, the two already mentioned steps in the development of traditional industrial society are complemented by the third. The concept of post-industrial society appears, which is actively developed in American (D. Bell) and Western European (A. Tren) of sociology. The reason for the appearance of this concept is structural changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries, reducing in a broad look at the society as a whole. First of all, the role of knowledge and information has sharply increased. Having received the necessary education, having access to the latest information, the individual received preferential chances in promoting the social hierarchy stairs. Fruitful creative work - child of freedom - becomes the basis for success and prosperity of both human and society.
However, on the basis of technological, information progress developed processes that caused serious anxiety. The state of the ruling elite, thanks to the advantageous access to the most important socio-political information, proximity to electronic communications has become possessors of the enormous opportunity to influence the masses. It was for this danger that the role of the technocratic state and gradual submission to the civil society was pointed to A. Tpen in his book "Post-industrial society". That is, the post-industrial society is not just a qualitatively different combination of social institutions and norms providing, in particular, the priority of knowledge and education, but also the increase in the real threat to strengthening social control, and in a more sophisticated, hidden, and therefore more dangerous form.
Today, this typology is in social science, including the sociological, most significant and popular.
