Varvara Yakovleva

Evgeniya Bosh

Vera Grebenshchikova

Rose Schwartz

Rebekah Maisel

Rosalia Zemlyachka

Antonina Makarova

Makarova (Tonka the machine-gunner) was the executioner of the Lokot Republic, a collaborationist semi-autonomy during the Great Patriotic War. She was surrounded, she preferred to go to the service of the Germans as a policeman. I personally shot 200 people with a machine gun. After the war, Makarova, who got married and changed her last name to Ginzburg, was searched for for more than 30 years. Finally, in 1978, she was arrested and subsequently sentenced to death.

In September 1918, the decree "On the Red Terror" was proclaimed, which gave rise to one of the most tragic pages in the history of Russia. In essence, having legalized the methods of radical elimination of dissenters, the Bolsheviks untied the hands of both outspoken sadists and mentally unhealthy people who received pleasure and moral satisfaction from the murders. Strange as it may seem, the representatives of the fairer sex distinguished themselves with special diligence.

Varvara Yakovleva

During the civil war, Yakovleva acted as deputy, and then head of the Petrograd Extraordinary Commission (Cheka). The daughter of a Moscow merchant, she showed striking rigidity even for her contemporaries. In the name of a "bright future" Yakovleva was ready to send as many "enemies of the revolution" as she wanted without batting an eye. The exact number of her victims is unknown. According to historians, this woman personally killed several hundred "counter-revolutionaries."

Her active participation in mass repressions is confirmed by the execution lists of October-December 1918, published signed by Yakovleva herself. However, soon the "executioner of the revolution" was recalled from Petrograd on the personal order of Vladimir Lenin. The fact is that Yakovleva led a promiscuous sex life, changed gentlemen like gloves, so she turned into an easily accessible source of information for spies.

Evgeniya Bosh

"Distinguished" in the field of executions and Eugene Bosch. The daughter of a German immigrant and a Bessarabian noblewoman, she took an active part in revolutionary life since 1907. In 1918 Bosch became the head of the Penza committee of the party, its main task was to confiscate grain from the local peasantry.

In Penza and the surrounding area, Bosch's cruelty in the suppression of peasant uprisings was recalled decades later. Those communists who tried to prevent the massacre of people, she called "weak and soft", accused of sabotage.

Most historians studying the topic of the red terror believe that Bosch was mentally ill and herself provoked peasant demonstrations for subsequent demonstrative reprisals. Eyewitnesses recalled that in the village of Kuchki the punitive woman shot one of the peasants without batting an eye, which caused a chain reaction of violence from the food detachments subordinate to her.

Vera Grebenshchikova

Odessa punitive Vera Grebenshchikova, nicknamed Dora, worked in a local "emergency department". According to some reports, she personally sent 400 people to the next world, according to others - 700. Most of the nobles, white officers, too well-off, in her opinion, burghers, as well as all those whom the woman executioner considered unreliable fell under Grebenshchikova's hot hand ...

Dora liked more than just killing. She enjoyed the many hours of torture of the unfortunate man, causing him unbearable pain. There is information that she tore off the skin from her victims, tore out their nails, and engaged in self-harm.

Assisted Grebenshchikova in this "craft" a prostitute named Alexandra - her sex partner, whose age was 18 years. She has about 200 lives on her account.

Rose Schwartz

Lesbian love was also practiced by Rosa Schwartz, a Kiev prostitute who ended up in the Cheka from a denunciation of one of the clients. Together with her friend Vera Schwartz, she also loved to practice sadistic games.

The ladies wanted a thrill, so they came up with the most sophisticated ways to mock the "counter-voluntary elements." Only after the victim was brought to an extreme degree of exhaustion was she killed.

Rebekah Maisel

In Vologda, one more “Valkyrie of the revolution”, Rebekah Eisel (Plastinina's pseudonym), was unrestrained. The husband of the woman executioner was Mikhail Kedrov, the head of the special department of the Cheka. Nervous, embittered by the whole world, they took out their complexes on others.

The Sweet Couple lived in a railway carriage near the station. Interrogations were also conducted there. They shot me a little further away - 50 meters from the carriage. Aysel personally killed at least a hundred people.

The executioner woman also managed to make some fun in Arkhangelsk. There she carried out the death sentence against 80 White Guards and 40 civilians suspected of counter-revolutionary activities. By her own order, the Chekists flooded a barge with 500 people on board.

Rosalia Zemlyachka

But in cruelty and ruthlessness there was no equal to Rosalia Zemlyachka. Coming from a family of merchants, in 1920 she received the post of the Crimean Regional Party Committee, then she became a member of the local revolutionary committee.

This woman outlined her goals at once: speaking to members of the same party in December 1920, she said that the Crimea must be cleared of 300 thousand "White Guard elements." The purge began immediately. Mass executions of captured soldiers, Wrangel officers, members of their families and representatives of the intelligentsia and nobility who failed to leave the peninsula, as well as “too wealthy” local residents - all this became a common occurrence in the life of Crimea in those terrible years.

In her opinion, it was unreasonable to spend ammunition on "enemies of the revolution"; therefore, those sentenced to death were drowned, tied to their feet with stones, loaded onto barges, and then drowned in the open sea. At least 50 thousand people were killed in this barbaric way. All in all, under the leadership of Zemlyachka, about 100 thousand people were sent to the next world. However, the writer Ivan Shmelev, who witnessed the terrible events, stated that there were actually 120 thousand victims. It is noteworthy that the ashes of the punisher are buried in the Kremlin wall.

Antonina Makarova

Makarova (Tonka the machine-gunner) was the executioner of the Lokot Republic, a collaborationist semi-autonomy during the Great Patriotic War. She was surrounded, she preferred to go to the service of the Germans as a policeman. I personally shot 200 people with a machine gun. After the war, Makarova, who got married and changed her last name to Ginzburg, was searched for for more than 30 years. Finally, in 1978, she was arrested and subsequently sentenced to death.

WOMEN EXECUTIONERS

Until the 20th century, there were no female professional executioners in history, and only occasionally there were female serial killers and sadists. Landowner Daria Nikolaevna Saltykova, nicknamed Saltychikha, entered Russian history as a sadist and murderer of several dozen serfs.

During her husband's life, she did not notice a particular propensity for violence, but soon after his death, she began to regularly beat the servants. The main reason for punishment was dishonest attitude to work (washing floors or washing). She struck the guilty peasant women with the first object that came to hand (most often it was a piece of wood). Then the guilty grooms were flogged and sometimes beaten to death. Saltychikha could pour boiling water over the victim or singe her hair on her head. She used hot curling irons for torture, with which she grabbed the victim by the ears. She often dragged people by the hair and hit their heads hard against the wall. According to witnesses, many of those killed by her did not have hair on their heads. The victims, on her orders, were starved and tied naked in the cold. Saltychikha loved to kill brides who were going to get married in the near future. In November 1759, in the course of torture that lasted for almost a day, she killed a young servant Khrisanf Andreev, and in September 1761 Saltykova personally beat the boy Lukyan Mikheev. She also tried to kill the nobleman Nikolai Tyutchev, the poet's grandfather Fyodor Tyutchev. Land surveyor Tyutchev for a long time was in a love relationship with her, but decided to marry the girl Panyutina. Saltykova ordered her people to burn down Panyutina's house and gave sulfur, gunpowder and tow for this. But the serfs were afraid. When Tyutchev and Panyutina got married and went to their Oryol estate, Saltykova ordered her peasants to kill them, but the executors reported the order to Tyutchev (156).

Numerous complaints from peasants led only to severe punishments for the complainants, since Saltychikha had many influential relatives and was able to bribe officials. But two peasants, Savely Martynov and Yermolai Ilyin, whose wives she killed, in 1762 managed to convey a complaint to Catherine I., who had just ascended the throne.

During the investigation, which lasted six years, searches were carried out in Saltychikha's Moscow house and her estate, hundreds of witnesses were interviewed, and accounting books containing information about bribes to officials were seized. Witnesses told about the killings, gave dates and names of victims. From their testimony, it followed that Saltykova had killed 75 people, mostly women and girls.

The investigator in the case of the widow Saltykova, court adviser Volkov, based on the data from the house books of the suspect, compiled a list of 138 names of serfs, whose fate was to be clarified. According to official records, 50 people were considered “dead from disease”, 72 people “were missing”, 16 were considered “leaving for their husbands” or “on the run”. Many suspicious death records have been identified. For example, a twenty-year-old girl might go to work as a servant and die a few weeks later. The groom Ermolai Ilyin, who filed a complaint against Saltychikha, died in a row three wives. Some peasant women were allegedly released to their native villages, after which they either immediately died or disappeared without a trace.

Saltychikha was taken into custody. During the interrogations, the threat of torture was used (no permission to torture was obtained), but she did not confess to anything. As a result of the investigation, Volkov came to the conclusion that Daria Saltykova was “undoubtedly guilty” of the death of 38 people and “left in suspicion” regarding the guilt of another 26 people.

The trial lasted over three years. The judges found the accused "guilty without leniency" in thirty-eight proven murders and torture of courtyards. By the decision of the Senate and Empress Catherine II, Saltykova was stripped of her noble rank and sentenced to life imprisonment in an underground prison without light and human communication (light was allowed only during meals, and conversation was only with the chief of the guard and a woman nun). She was also sentenced to serve for an hour a special "revolting spectacle", during which the convict was to stand on the scaffold chained to a pillar with the inscription "torturer and murderer" over her head.

The punishment was carried out on October 17, 1768 on Red Square in Moscow. In the Moscow Ivanovsky convent, where the convict arrived after being punished on Red Square, a special "penitential" cell was prepared for her. The height of the room dug in the ground did not exceed three arshins (2.1 meters). It was located below the surface of the earth, which excluded any possibility of getting inside daylight. The prisoner was kept in complete darkness, only for the time of the meal was a candle stub passed to her. Saltychikha was not allowed to walk, she was forbidden to receive and transmit correspondence. On major church holidays, she was taken out of prison and taken to a small window in the wall of the church, through which she could listen to the liturgy. The strict regime of detention lasted 11 years, after which it was weakened: the convict was transferred to a stone annex to the temple with a window. Visitors to the temple were allowed to look out the window and even talk to the prisoner. According to the historian, "Saltykov, when it happened, the curious would gather at the window behind the iron grating of her dungeon, swear, spit and stick a stick through the window that was open in the summer." After the death of the prisoner, her cell was converted into a sacristy. She spent thirty-three years in prison and died on November 27, 1801. She was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery, where all her relatives were buried (157).

Eserka Fanny Kaplan became famous for her attempt on Lenin's life at the Michelson plant. In 1908, being an anarchist, she made a bomb, which suddenly exploded in her hands. After this explosion, she almost went blind. Half blind, she shot at Lenin from two steps - once missed, and twice wounded him in the arm. She was shot four days later, and the corpse was burned and scattered in the wind. In Lenin, Professor Passoni describes her as crazy. During the Civil War in Ukraine, a gang of another passionary, anarchist Maruska Nikiforova, who sided with Father Makhno, committed atrocities. Before the revolution, she was serving a twenty-year term in hard labor. The whites eventually caught and shot her. It turned out that she is a hermaphrodite, i.e. not a man or a woman, but from those who were previously called witches.

In addition to Marusya Nikiforova and Fanny Kaplan, there were many other women who influenced the outcome of the bloody October coup. The activities of such revolutionaries as Nadezhda Krupskaya, Alexandra Kollontai (Domontovich), Inessa Armand, Serafima Gopner, Maria Aveide, Lyudmila Stal, Evgeniya Shlikhter, Sofia Brichkina, Cecilia Zelikson, Zlata Rodomyslskaya, Klavdia Sverdlova, Nina Didrikil and many others undoubtedly contributed to the victory of the revolution, which led to the greatest calamities, the destruction or exile of the best sons and daughters of Russia. The activities of most of these "fiery revolutionaries" were mainly limited to "party work" and there is no direct blood on them, that is, they did not pass death sentences and did not personally kill in the basements of the Cheka-GPU-OGPU-NKVD nobles, businessmen, professors, officers, priests and other representatives of "hostile" classes. However, some "Valkyries of the revolution" skillfully combined party propaganda and "combat" work.

The most striking representative of this cohort is the prototype of the commissar in the "Optimistic Tragedy" Reisner Larisa Mikhailovna (1896-1926). She was born in Poland. Father is a professor, a German Jew, mother is a Russian noblewoman. She graduated from a gymnasium and a neuropsychiatric institute in St. Petersburg. Member of the Bolshevik Party since 1918. During the Civil War, a soldier, political worker of the Red Army, commissar of the Baltic Fleet and the Volga Flotilla. Contemporaries remembered her giving orders to revolutionary sailors in an elegant sea coat or leather jacket, with a revolver in hand. The writer Lev Nikulin met with Reisner in the summer of 1918 in Moscow. According to him, Larisa chanted in a conversation: “We are shooting and will shoot counter-revolutionaries! We will! "

In May 1918, L. Reisner married Fyodor Raskolnikov, Deputy People's Commissar for Naval Affairs, and soon left with her husband, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front, to Nizhny Novgorod. Now she is the flag secretary of the commander of the Volga military flotilla, the commissar of the reconnaissance detachment, the correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper, where her essays "Letters from the Front" are published. In a letter to her parents, she writes: “Trotsky summoned me to his place, I told him a lot of interesting things. He and I are now great friends, I was appointed by order of the army as commissar of the intelligence department at headquarters (please do not confuse with espionage counterintelligence), recruited and armed thirty Magyars for bold assignments, got them horses, weapons and from time to time I go with them on reconnaissance ... I speak German with them. " In this role Larisa was described by another passionary, Elizaveta Drabkina: “A woman in a soldier's tunic and a wide plaid skirt, blue and blue, was galloping ahead on a black horse. Deftly holding on to the saddle, she boldly swept across the plowed field. It was Larisa Reisner, the chief of army intelligence. The rider's pretty face burned with the wind. She had bright eyes, chestnut braids grabbed at the back of her head ran down from her temples, a severe wrinkle crossed her high, clean forehead. Larisa Reisner was accompanied by the soldiers of the reconnaissance company of the International Battalion. "

After heroic deeds on the Volga, Reisner, together with her husband, who commanded the Baltic Fleet, worked in Petrograd. When Raskolnikov was appointed diplomatic representative in Afghanistan, she left with him, however, leaving him, she returned to Russia. Upon her return from Central Asia, Larisa Reisner was expelled from the party for "behavior unworthy of a communist." Elizabeth Poretski, the wife of intelligence officer Ignas Poretski, who knew Reisner intimately, writes in her book: “There were rumors that during her stay in Bukhara she had numerous contacts with the officers of the British army, with whom she went to the barracks naked, in the same fur coat. Larisa told me that the author of these inventions was Raskolnikov, who turned out to be insanely jealous and unbridledly cruel. She showed me the scar on my back from his whip. Although she was expelled from the party and the young woman's position remained unclear, she was not deprived of the opportunity to travel abroad due to her relationship with Radek ... ”(161: 70). Reisner became the wife of another revolutionary, Karl Radek, with whom she tried to kindle the fire of the "proletarian" revolution in Germany. She wrote several books, wrote poetry. The bullets that passed her at the front killed all those who loved her. The first - her lover in his youth, poet Nikolai Gumilyov, who was shot in the Cheka. Raskolnikov in 1938 was declared an "enemy of the people", became a defector and was liquidated by the NKVD in Nice, France. Karl Radek, "conspirator and spy of all foreign intelligence services," also died in the dungeons of the NKVD. One can only guess what fate awaited her, if not for illness and death.

Reisner died of typhoid fever at the age of thirty. She was buried at the "Communards' site" at the Vagankovsky cemetery. One of the obituaries said: "She should have died somewhere in the steppe, in the sea, in the mountains, with a tightly gripped rifle or Mauser." The life of this “Valkyrie of the Revolution” was very briefly and figuratively described by the talented journalist Mikhail Koltsov (Fridlyand), who knew her well and was also shot: “The spring laid down in the life of this happily gifted woman unfolded spaciously and beautifully ... From St. Petersburg literary and scientific salons - to the lower reaches of the Volga, engulfed in fire and death, then to the Red Fleet, then - through the Central Asian deserts - into the deep jungles of Afghanistan, from there - to the barricades of the Hamburg uprising, from there - to coal mines, to oil fields, to all peaks, to all rapids and nooks the world, where the elements of struggle are bubbling - forward, forward, on a par with the revolutionary locomotive rushed the hot, indomitable horse of her life. "

Mokievskaya-Zubok Lyudmila Georgievna was also a militant and bright revolutionary, whose biography surprisingly resembles the biography of Larisa Reisner. She is a student of the same St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute, which "gave out" a whole constellation of revolutionaries and passionaries. Born in Odessa in 1895. Mother, Mokievskaya-Zubok Glafira Timofeevna, noblewoman, did not take part in political life. Father Bykhovsky Naum Yakovlevich. Jew, socialist-revolutionary since 1901, in 1917 - member of the Central Committee. He lived in Leningrad and Moscow. He worked in trade unions. Arrested in July 1937, shot in 1938. Mokievskaya-Zubok was the first and only commander in history and at the same time commissar of an armored train. In 1917, being a maximalist socialist revolutionary, Lyudmila came to Smolny and connected her life with the revolution. In December 1917, Podvoisky sent her to the Ukraine to get food, but she, under the name of a student Mokiyevsky Leonid Grigorievich, entered the Red Army and from February 25, 1918 became commander of the armored train "3rd Bryansk" and at the same time the commissar of the Bryansk combat detachment ... She fights with the Germans and Ukrainians on the Kiev-Poltava-Kharkov line, then with the Krasnovites at Tsaritsyn, her train participates in the suppression of the Yaroslavl rebellion. At the end of 1918 the armored train arrives at the Sormovo plant for repairs, where Lyudmila receives another armored train - "Power to the Soviets" and is appointed its commander and commissar. The armored train was assigned to the operational subordination of the 13th Army and fought in the Donbass on the De-Baltsevo-Kupyanka line. In the battle near Debaltseve on March 9, 1919, Mokievskaya died at the age of twenty-three. She was buried in Kupyansk with a large crowd of people, the funeral was captured on film. After the arrival of the Whites in Kupyansk, the body of Lyudmila Mokievskaya was dug up and thrown into a dump in a ravine. They buried her again only after the re-arrival of the Reds (162: 59-63).

However, there was another, completely special category of overly active, and often just mentally ill "revolutionaries" who left a truly terrible mark on the history of Russia. How many were there? We will probably never get an answer to this question. The communist press shyly avoided describing the "deeds" of such "heroines". Judging by the well-known photograph of members of the Kherson Cheka, the ferocity of which has been documented, where there are three women out of nine photographed employees, this type of "revolutionary" is not uncommon. What are their fates? Some of them were destroyed by the system they served, some committed suicide, and some of the most "honored" ones were buried in the best Moscow cemeteries. The ashes of some of them are even walled up in the Kremlin wall. The names of most of the executioners are still kept with seven seals as an important state secret. Let's name the names of at least some of these women, who especially distinguished themselves and left a bloody mark in the history of the Russian Revolution and the Civil War. By what principle and how to rank them? It would be most correct according to the amount of blood shed by each of them, but how much was shed and who measured it? Who is the bloodiest of them all? How to calculate it? Most likely, this is our Countrywoman. Zalkind Rosalia Samoilovna (Zemlyachka) (1876-1947). Jewess. Born into a family of a merchant of the 1st guild. She studied at the Kiev women's gymnasium and the medical faculty of the University of Lyon. She was engaged in revolutionary activities from the age of 17 (and what did she lack?). Prominent Soviet statesman and party leader, party member since 1896, active participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. and the October armed uprising. Party aliases (nicknames) Demon, Zemlyachka.

During the Civil War as a political worker in the Red Army. Member of the Central Committee of the party in 1939, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR since 1937. In 1921, she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner - "for services in political education and increasing the combat capability of the Red Army units." She was the first woman to receive such an award. For what "merits" the order was received, it will be clear from the further description of her "exploits". Later she was awarded two Orders of Lenin.

Speaking on December 6, 1920 at a meeting of the Moscow party activists, Vladimir Ilyich said: “There are 300 thousand bourgeoisie in Crimea now. This is the source of future speculation, espionage, and any help to the capitalists. But we are not afraid of them. We say that we will take them, distribute them, subjugate them, digest them. " When the victors, overwhelmed with celebration, invited Lev Davidovich Trotsky to chair the Revolutionary Military Council of the Soviet Republic of Crimea, he replied: "I will then come to Crimea when not a single White Guard will remain on its territory." “The war will continue as long as at least one white officer remains in the Red Crimea,” his deputy E.M. Sklyansky.

In 1920, the secretary of the Crimean regional committee of the RCP (b) Zemlyachka, together with the leader of the emergency "troika" for Crimea, Georgy Pyatakov, and the chairman of the revolutionary committee, "specially authorized" Bela Kun (Aron Kogan, who had flooded Hungary with blood), began to "digest" the Crimean bourgeoisie: organized mass executions of captured soldiers and officers of the army P.N. Wrangel, members of their families, representatives of the intelligentsia and nobility who found themselves in Crimea, as well as local residents who belonged to the "exploiting classes." The victims of Zemlyachka and Kuna-Kogan, first of all, were the officers who surrendered, believing the widespread official appeal of Frunze, who promised those who surrender life and freedom. According to the latest data, about 100 thousand people were shot in Crimea. The writer Ivan Shmelev, an eyewitness to the events, names 120 thousand people shot. The fellow countrywoman owns the phrase: "It's a pity to waste cartridges on them - to drown them in the sea." Her accomplice Bela Kun said: "Crimea is a bottle from which not a single counter-revolutionary will jump out, and since Crimea is three years behind in its revolutionary development, we will quickly move it to the general revolutionary level of Russia ..."

Given the special, truly brutal nature of the crime, let us dwell on the activities of Rosalia Zalkind in more detail. Mass repressions under the leadership of Zemlyachka were carried out by the Crimean Extraordinary Commission (KrymChK), county Cheka, TransChK, MorChK, headed by Jewish Chekists Michelson, Dagin, Zelikman, Tolmats, Udris and Pole Redens (163: 682-693).

The activities of the special departments of the 4th and 6th armies were led by Efim Evdokimov. In just a few months he "managed" to destroy 12 thousand "White Guard elements", including 30 governors, 150 generals and more than 300 colonels. For his bloody "exploits" he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, however, without a public announcement of this. On the award list of Evdokimov, the commander of the Southern Front M.V. Frunze left behind a unique resolution: “I consider the activities of Comrade Evdokimov worthy of encouragement. Due to the special nature of this activity, it is not very convenient to carry out the awards in the usual manner ”. The famous polar explorer, twice Hero of the Soviet Union and holder of eight Orders of Lenin, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, honorary citizen of the city of Sevastopol, Rear Admiral Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, who "worked" in the period under review as a commandant, i.e. the main executioner and investigator of the Crimean Cheka.

The result of his KGB career was the award of the Order of the Red Banner ... and a long stay in the clinic for the mentally ill. Not surprisingly, the renowned Arctic explorer disliked reminiscing about his past. The destruction of the unfortunate took on nightmarish forms, the condemned were loaded onto barges and drowned at sea. Just in case, they tied a stone to their feet, and for a long time afterwards, through the clear sea water, the standing dead were visible in rows. They say that, tired of paperwork, Rosalia loved to sit at the machine gun. Eyewitnesses recalled: “The outskirts of the city of Simferopol were full of stench from the decomposing corpses of those shot, which were not even buried in the ground. The pits behind the Vorontsov garden and the greenhouses on the Krymtaev estate were full of the corpses of the shot, lightly sprinkled with earth, and the cadets of the cavalry school (future red commanders) traveled a mile and a half from their barracks to knock out gold teeth from the mouths of the executed with stones, and this hunt always gave great booty. " ... During the first winter, 96 thousand people out of 800 thousand of the Crimean population were shot. The slaughter lasted for months. The executions went all over the Crimea, machine guns worked day and night.

The poems about the tragic massacre in Crimea, written by the eyewitness of those events, the poet Maximilian Voloshin, burn with horror from everything that happened there:

The east wind howled through the broken windows

And machine guns pounded at night,

Whistling like a scourge over the meat of the naked

Male and female bodies ...

Winter was Holy Week that year,

And red May merged with bloody Easter,

But that spring Christ did not rise again.

Not a single mass grave of those years in the Crimea has yet been opened. In Soviet times, a ban was imposed on this topic. Rosalia Zemlyachka ruled the Crimea so that the Black Sea turned red with blood. Zemlyachka died in 1947. Her ashes, like many other executioners of the Russian people, were buried in the Kremlin wall. We can only add that Pyatakov, Bela Kun, Evdokimov, Redens, Mikhelson, Dagin, Zelikman and many other executioners did not escape retribution. They were shot in 1937-1940.

Ostrovskaya Nadezhda Ilyinichna (1881-1937). Jewish woman, member of the CPSU (b). Nadezhda Ilyinichna was born in 1881 in Kiev in the family of a doctor. She graduated from the Yalta female gymnasium, in 1901 she joined the Bolshevik Party. She took an active part in the events of the revolution of 1905-1907. in Crimea. In 1917-1918. Chairman of the Sevastopol Revolutionary Committee, the right hand of Zemlyachka. She supervised executions in Sevastopol and Evpatoria. Russian historian and politician Sergei Petrovich Melgunov wrote that in the Crimea, the most actively executed in Sevastopol. In the book “Sevastopol Golgotha: Life and Death of the Officer Corps of Imperial Russia”, Arkady Mikhailovich Chikin, referring to documents and testimonies, says: “On November 29, 1920 in Sevastopol, on the pages of the Izvestia of the Provisional Sevastopol Revolutionary Committee, the first list of executed people was published. Their number was 1634 people (278 women). On November 30, the second list was published - 1202 executed people (88 women). According to the newspaper "Latest News" (No. 198), in the first week after the liberation of Sevastopol, more than 8,000 people were shot. The total number of those executed in Sevastopol and Balaklava is about 29 thousand people. Among these unfortunates were not only military ranks, but also officials, as well as a large number of people with high social status. They were not only shot, but also drowned in the Sevastopol bays, tied to their feet with stones ”(ibid., P. 122).

And here are the recollections of an eyewitness given by the author: “Nakhimovsky Prospect is hung with the corpses of officers, soldiers and civilians arrested in the street and immediately executed without trial. The city died out, the population is hiding in the cellars, in the attics. All fences, walls of houses, telegraph and telephone poles, shop windows, signboards are pasted over with posters "death to traitors ...". Officers were always hung with shoulder straps. Most of the civilians hung out half-naked. Sick and wounded, young schoolgirls - sisters of mercy and Red Cross employees, zemstvo leaders and journalists, merchants and officials were shot. In Sevastopol, about 500 port workers were executed for the fact that during the evacuation they ensured the loading of the Wrangel troops on ships ”(ibid., P. 125). A. Chikin also cites testimony published in the Orthodox bulletin "Sergiev Posad": "... In Sevastopol, victims were tied up in groups, inflicted serious wounds on them with sabers and revolvers and thrown half-dead into the sea. In the Sevastopol port there is a place where divers refused to go down: two of them, after being at the bottom of the sea, went crazy. When the third decided to jump into the water, he went out and said that he saw a whole crowd of drowned men tied with their feet to large stones. The flow of water set their hands in motion, their hair was disheveled. Among these corpses, a priest in a cassock with wide sleeves raised his hands as if making a terrible speech. "

The book also describes executions in Yevpatoria on January 18, 1918. The cruiser Rumania and the transport Truvor were in the roadstead. “The officers went out one by one, flexing their joints and greedily swallowing the fresh sea air. On both courts, the executions began at the same time. The sun was shining, and the crowd of relatives, wives and children crowded on the pier could see everything. And I saw. But their despair, their pleas for mercy only amused the sailors. " For two days of executions on both ships, about 300 officers were destroyed. Some officers were burned alive in furnaces, and before the murder they were tortured for 15-20 minutes. The lips, genitals, and sometimes hands were cut off to the unfortunate and thrown into the water alive. The entire family of Colonel Seslavin was kneeling on the pier. The colonel did not immediately go to the bottom, and from the side of the ship he was shot by a sailor. Many were completely undressed, their hands tied and their heads pulled towards them, and thrown into the sea. The badly wounded staff captain Novatsky, after being torn off the bloody bandages that had dried to his wounds, was burned alive in the ship's furnace. From the shore, his wife and 12-year-old son watched his bullying, to whom she closed her eyes, and he howled wildly. The executions were supervised by a "thin, hair-cut lady" teacher Nadezhda Ostrovskaya. Unfortunately, there is no information about the revolutionary awards of this executioner in a skirt. True, in Evpatoria, a street is not named after her. She was shot on November 4, 1937 in the Sandarmokh tract. Having made so many efforts to consolidate communist power, Ostrovskaya, like many other party functionaries, was destroyed by the very system in the creation of which she was once involved. Fighting against officers, nobles and other "enemy elements", Ostrovskaya could hardly imagine that years later she would share their fate.

The crime family of the Yevpatoria Bolsheviks Nemichi played a big role in the fate of many executed in Crimea, which became a part of the judicial commission that met on Truvor in the days of the shootings. This commission was created by a revolutionary committee and examined the cases of those arrested. Its structure, along with the "revolutionary sailors", included Antonina Nemich, her partner Feoktist Andriadi, Yulia Matveeva (nee Nemich), her husband Vasily Matveev and Varvara Grebennikova (nee Nemich). This "holy family" determined the "degree of counter-revolutionary and bourgeois" and gave the go-ahead for execution. “Ladies” from the “holy family” encouraged the executioners and were themselves present at the executions. At one of the rallies, sailor Kulikov proudly said that he had thrown 60 people overboard into the sea with his own hand.

In March 1919, Nemichi and other organizers of the murders in the Yevpatoriya raid were shot by whites. After the final establishment of Soviet power in Crimea, the remains of the sisters and other executed Bolsheviks were buried with honors in a mass grave in the center of the city, over which in 1926 the first monument was erected - a five-meter obelisk crowned with a scarlet five-pointed star. Several decades later, in 1982, the monument was replaced by another. At its foot, you can still see fresh flowers. One of the streets in Evpatoria is named in honor of the Nemichs.

Braude Vera Petrovna (1890-1961). Revolutionary Socialist Revolutionary. She was born in Kazan. At the end of 1917, by decision of the Presidium of the Kazan Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, she was sent to work on the investigative commission of the provincial tribunal, in the department for combating counter-revolution. From that moment on, all her further activities were associated with the Cheka. In September 1918 she joined the CPSU (b). She worked in the Cheka in Kazan. With her own hands she shot the "White Guard bastard"; during a search she personally undressed not only women, but also men. The Social Revolutionaries in exile who visited her for a personal search and interrogation wrote: “There is absolutely nothing human left in her. This is a machine doing its job coldly and soullessly, evenly and calmly ... And at times one had to be perplexed that this was a special kind of a sadistic woman, or simply a completely deafened human machine. At this time, lists of counter-revolutionaries who were shot were printed in Kazan almost every day. Vera Braud was spoken of in whispers and with horror (164).

During the Civil War, she continued to work in the Cheka of the Eastern Front. Denying herself from the persecuted fellow SRs, Braude wrote: “In further work as deputy. I fought mercilessly against the [social] - [revolutionaries of all kinds, participating in their arrests and executions, of the chairman] of the Cheka in Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. In Siberia, a member of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee, the well-known right-wing Frumkin, in spite of the Novosibirsk Provincial Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), even tried to dismiss me from my job as chairman of the Cheka in Novosibirsk for shooting [socialist] - [revolutionaries], whom he considered "irreplaceable specialists." For the liquidation of the White Guard and Socialist-Revolutionary organizations in Siberia, V.P. Braude was awarded a weapon and a gold watch, and in 1934 she received the "Honorary Chekist" badge. She was repressed in 1938. Charged with being “a cadre socialist revolutionary; on the instructions of the Central Committee of the Left SRs, she made her way into the organs of the Cheka and the CPSU (b); informed the SRs about the work of the NKVD. " Released in 1946, Braude herself noted that she was convicted of "disagreeing with some of the so-called" active "methods of investigation."

In a letter to V.M. Molotov from the Akmola camp, with a request to understand her case, she detailed her understanding of the methods of conducting the investigation. V.P. Braude wrote: “I myself have always believed that all means are good with enemies, and according to my orders, active methods of investigation were used on the Eastern Front: conveyor belt and methods of physical pressure, but under the leadership of Dzerzhinsky and Menzhinsky, these methods were used only in relation to those enemies [ontr] whose revolutionary activities were established by other methods of investigation and the fate of which, in the sense of applying capital punishment to them, was already predetermined ... These measures were applied only to real enemies, who were then shot, and not released and did not return to common cells, where they could demonstrate in front of other arrested persons the methods of physical pressure applied to them. Thanks to the massive application of these measures not in serious cases, often as the only method of investigation, and at the personal discretion of the investigator ... these methods turned out to be compromised and deciphered. " Braude also recalled: “I did not have a gap between political and personal life. Everyone who knew me personally considered me a narrow fanatic, perhaps I was, since I was never guided by personal, material or careerist considerations, since ancient times I devoted myself entirely to work. " Rehabilitated in 1956, reinstated in the party, as well as in the rank of major in state security. Received a decent personal pension (165).

Grundman Elsa Ulrikhovna - Bloody Elsa (1891-1931). Latvian. Born into a peasant family, she graduated from three classes of a parish school. In 1915 she left for Petrograd, established contacts with the Bolsheviks and became involved in party work. In 1918 she got to the Eastern Front, was appointed commissar of the detachment for suppressing the rebellion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Osa, led the forced requisitions of food from the peasants and punitive operations. In 1919 she was sent to work in the state security agencies as the head of the information section of the Special Department of the Moscow Cheka. She worked in the Special Department of the Cheka of the Southern and South-Western Fronts, in the Podolsk and Vinnitsa provincial Cheka, fought against peasant uprisings. Since 1921 - head of the Informative (intelligence) department of the All-Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission. From 1923 - head of the secret department in the representative office of the GPU in the North Caucasian region, from 1930 - in the central office of the OGPU in Moscow. During her work, she received numerous awards: the Order of the Red Banner, a personalized Mauser, a gold watch from the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine, a cigarette case, a horse, a certificate and a gold watch from the OGPU Collegium. She became the first woman to be awarded the "Honorary Chekist" badge. She shot herself on March 30, 1931 (166: 132-141).

Khaikina (Shchors) Fruma Efimovna (1897-1977). In the camp of the Bolsheviks since 1917. In the winter of 1917/18, from the Chinese and Kazakhs hired by the Provisional Government for the construction of railways, she formed an armed detachment of the Cheka, which was stationed at the station Unecha (now in the Bryansk region). She commanded the Cheka at the border station Unecha, through which emigrant flows to the territory of Ukraine, controlled by the Germans under an agreement with Skoropadsky, went. Among those who left Russia that year were Arkady Averchenko and Nadezhda Teffi. And they too had to deal with Comrade Khaikina. The impressions were indelible. In "A friendly letter to Lenin from Arkady Averchenko," the humorist remembers Fruma with a "kind word": "At Unech your communists received me remarkably. True, the commandant of Unecha, the famous student comrade Khaikina, first wanted to shoot me. - For what? I asked. "Because you scolded the Bolsheviks in your feuilletons." And here is what Teffi writes: “The main person here is Commissioner X. A young girl, a student, or a telegraph operator, I don’t know. She's everything here. Crazy - as they say, an abnormal dog. The beast ... Everyone obeys her. She searches herself, judges herself, shoots herself: sits on the porch, here she judges, here she shoots ”(167).

Khaikina was notable for her particular cruelty, she took a personal part in executions, torture and robberies. She burned alive an old general, who was trying to leave for Ukraine, who had kernels sewn into stripes. They beat him with rifle butts for a long time, and then, when they were tired, they simply doused him with kerosene and burned him. Without trial or investigation, she shot about 200 officers who were trying to drive through Unecha to Ukraine. Emigration documents did not help them. In the book "My Klintsy" (authors P. Khramchenko, R. Perekrestov) there is the following passage: "... after the liberation of Klintsy from the Germans and the Haidamaks, the revolutionary order in the posad was established by Shchors' wife, Frum Khaikina (Shchors). She was a determined and courageous woman. She rode in a saddle on a horse, in a leather jacket and leather pants, with a Mauser on her side, which she used on occasion. She was called in Klintsy “Khaya in leather pants”. In the coming days, under her command, everyone who collaborated with the Haidamaks or sympathized with them, as well as former members of the Union of the Russian People, was identified and shot at Orekhovka, in a clearing behind the Gorsad. Several times the clearing was stained with the blood of enemies of the people. The whole family was destroyed, even teenagers were not spared. The bodies of the executed people were buried to the left of the road to Vyunka, where in those years the houses of the posad ended ... "

The German command, having heard enough terrible stories from those who came from the other side, sentenced this demonic woman to be hanged in absentia, but this did not come true (the revolution began in Germany). The demonic woman, just in case, changes her surname, now she is Rostov. She followed along with her husband's detachment and "cleaned" the "liberated" territories from the counter-revolutionary element. Carried out mass executions in Novozybkov and executions of insurgent soldiers of the Bohunsky regiment, commanded by Shchors. In 1940, after Stalin remembered about the Ukrainian Chapaev-Shchors and Dovzhenko, by his order, rented his famous militant, Shchors's wife, as the widow of a Civil War hero, received an apartment in the "government house" on the embankment. After that, and until her death, she worked mainly as the "widow of Shchors," carefully hiding her maiden name, under which she led the Chechen Committee in Unecha. She was buried in Moscow.

Stasova Elena Dmitrievna (1873-1966). A well-known revolutionary (party nickname Comrade Absolute), was repeatedly arrested by the tsarist government, Lenin's closest ally. In 1900, Lenin wrote: “In case of my failure, my heir is Elena Dmitrievna Stasova. A very energetic, dedicated person. " Stasova is the author of the memoirs "Pages of Life and Struggle". To describe her "services" to the Russian people would require a separate big work. We will limit ourselves to listing her main party merits and state awards. She is a delegate to seven party congresses, including the twenty-second, was a member of the Central Committee, Central Control Commission, All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, was awarded four Orders of Lenin, medals, she was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. We are interested in the punitive activities of the honored revolutionary, which for obvious reasons is not advertised by the Bolsheviks.

In August 1918, during the period of the "Red Terror", Stasova was a member of the Presidium of the Petrograd Cheka. The "efficiency" of the PSChK at this time can be illustrated by the report of the newspaper Proletarskaya Pravda on September 6, 1918, signed by the chairman of the PSChK Bokiy: “The Right Social Revolutionaries killed Uritsky and also wounded Comrade Lenin. In response, the Cheka decided to shoot a number of counter-revolutionaries. Only 512 counter-revolutionaries and White Guards were shot, 10 of them are right-wing Social Revolutionaries. " In the book "Heroic Symphony" P. Podlyashchuk wrote: "Stasova's work in the Cheka especially manifested her inherent integrity, scrupulousness towards the enemies of Soviet power. She was merciless to traitors, marauders and self-seekers. She signed sentences with a firm hand when she was convinced of the absolute correctness of the charges. " Her "work" lasted seven months. In Petrograd, Stasova was also engaged in the recruitment of the Red Army, mainly punitive, detachments from prisoners of the Austrians, Hungarians and Germans. So there is a lot of blood on the hands of this fiery revolutionary. Her ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.

Yakovleva Varvara Nikolaevna (1885-1941) was born into a bourgeois family. Father is an expert in gold casting. Since 1904, a member of the RSDLP, a professional revolutionary. In March 1918. became a member of the collegium of the NKVD, since May - the head of the department for combating counter-revolution at the Cheka, since June of the same year - a member of the board of the Cheka, and in September 1918 - January 1919. - Chairman of the Petrograd Cheka. Yakovleva became the only woman in the entire history of the state security organs to hold such a high post. After Lenin was wounded and the chairman of the Cheka Uritsky was murdered in August 1918, the "Red Terror" raged in St. Petersburg. Yakovleva's active participation in the terror is confirmed by the execution lists published with her signature in October-December 1918 in the newspaper Petrogradskaya Pravda. Yakovleva was recalled from St. Petersburg on the direct orders of Lenin. The reason for the recall was her "impeccable" lifestyle. Having become entangled in connections with the gentlemen, she "turned into a source of information for the White Guard organizations and foreign special services." After 1919 she worked in various positions: secretary of the Moscow Committee of the RCP (b), secretary of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), minister of finance of the RSFSR and others, was a delegate to the VII, X, XI, XIV, XVI and XVII party congresses. She was arrested on September 12, 1937 on suspicion of participation in a terrorist Trotskyist organization and on May 14, 1938, she was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment. She was shot on September 11, 1941 in the Medvedsky forest near Orel (168).

Bosh Evgenia Bogdanovna (Gotlibovna) (1879-1925) was born in the town of Ochakov, Kherson province, in the family of the German colonist Gottlib Maish, who had significant land plots in the Kherson region, and the Moldovan noblewoman Maria Krusser. For three years Evgenia attended the Voznesensk women's gymnasium. An active participant in the revolutionary movement in Russia. Established Soviet power in Kiev, and then fled with the Kiev Bolsheviks to Kharkov. At the insistence of Lenin and Sverdlov, Bosch was sent to Penza, where she headed the provincial committee of the RCP (b). In this region, according to V.I. Lenin, “a firm hand was needed” to intensify the work on the withdrawal of grain from the peasantry. In the Penza province, they remembered for a long time the cruelty of E. Bosch, shown during the suppression of peasant uprisings in the districts. When the Penza communists - members of the gubernia executive committee - prevented her attempts to arrange mass executions against the peasants, E. Bosch in a telegram addressed to Lenin accused them of "excessive softness and sabotage." Researchers are inclined to believe that E. Bosch, being a "mentally unbalanced person", herself provoked peasant unrest in the Penza district, where she went as an agitator for a food detachment. According to eyewitnesses, “... in the village of Kuchki, Bosh, during a rally in a village square, personally shot a peasant who refused to hand over his bread. It was this act that angered the peasants and caused a chain reaction of violence. " Bosch's cruelty towards the peasantry was combined with her inability to stop the abuses of her food detachments, many of whom did not hand over the grain confiscated from the peasants, but exchanged it for vodka. Committed suicide (169: 279-280).

Rozmirovich-Troyanovskaya Elena Fedorovna (1886-1953). An active participant in the revolutionary movement in Russia. Eugenia Bosch's cousin. The wife of Nikolai Krylenko and Alexander Troyanovsky. The mother of the third wife V.V. Kuibysheva Galina Aleksandrovna Troyanovskaya. Graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of Paris. In the party since 1904, she had the conspiratorial names Eugene, Tanya, Galina. I exposed the provocateur Roman Malinovsky. According to the personal characteristics of V.I. Lenin: "I testify, from the experience of me personally and the Central Committee of 1912-1913, that this worker is very important and valuable for the party." In 1918-1922. was simultaneously the chairman of the Main Political Directorate of the People's Commissariat for Railways and the chairman of the Investigative Committee of the Supreme Tribunal at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. She held positions of responsibility in the People's Commissariat of Railways, the People's Commissariat of the RFI, the People's Commissariat of Communications. In 1935-1939. was the director of the State Library. Lenin, then an employee of the Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Buried at the Novodevichy cemetery (170).

Benislavskaya Galina Arturovna (1897-1926), Party member since 1919.Since that time she has been working in the Special Interdepartmental Commission at the Cheka. Leads a bohemian life. In 1920 she met Sergei Yesenin, allegedly fell in love with him, and for some time the poet and his sisters lived in her room. According to other sources, she was "assigned" to him by the Cheka for observation. This version was supported by F. Morozov in a literary-historical journal by the fact that “Galina Arturovna was a secretary at the“ gray cardinal of the Cheka-NKVD Yakov Agranov, who was a friend of the poet ”. Many other authors also agreed that Benislavskaya was friends with the poet at the direction of Agranov. Galina Arturovna was treated in the clinic for a "nervous disease"; apparently, it is hereditary, because her mother also suffered from mental illness. Yesenin's life was cut short, or cut short, on December 27, 1925. Benislavskaya shot herself at the poet's grave on December 3, 1926, almost a year after his death. What was it? Love? Remorse? Who knows (171: 101-116).

Sobol Raisa Romanovna (1904-1988) was born in Kiev in the family of the director of a large plant. In 1921-1923. studied at the law faculty of Kharkov University, worked in the criminal investigation department. Since 1925, a member of the CPSU (b), since 1926 - work in the economic, and then in the foreign department of the OGPU. In 1938, according to the testimony of her convicted husband, with whom she lived for thirteen years, she was arrested and sentenced to eight years in prison. At the request of Sudoplatov in 1941, she was freed by Beria and reinstated in the state security organs. She worked as an operative of the Special Department and instructor of the intelligence department. In 1946 she retired and began her literary career under the pseudonym Irina Guro. She was awarded an order and medals (172: 118).

Andreeva-Gorbunova Alexandra Azarovna (1988-1951). The daughter of a priest. At the age of seventeen she joined the RSDLP (b). She was engaged in propaganda activities in the Urals. In 1907 she was arrested and served four years in prison. From 1911 to 1919 she continued her underground work. In 1919 he started working in the Cheka in Moscow. Since 1921, assistant to the head of the Secret Department of the Cheka for investigation, then deputy head of the Secret Department of the OGPU. In addition, she was in charge of the work of the detention facilities of the OGPU-NKVD. During her work in the agencies, she was awarded with military weapons and twice with the "Honorary Chekist" badge. She is the only female Chekist who was awarded the rank of major (according to other sources, senior major) of the state security, corresponding to the army rank of general. In 1938 she was dismissed due to illness, but at the end of the year she was arrested on suspicion of "sabotage" and sentenced to fifteen years in forced labor camps and five years of disqualification. In her statements addressed to Beria, she wrote: “It's hard for me in the camp - a Chekist who worked for eighteen years to fight the political enemies of the Soviet regime. Members of anti-Soviet political parties and especially Trotskyists, who knew me from my work in the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD, met me here and created an intolerable situation for me. " She died in Inta HTJI in 1951. The last document in her personal file read: “The corpse, delivered to the place of burial, is dressed in underwear, laid in a wooden coffin, on the left leg of the deceased there is a plaque with the inscription (surname, name, patronymic), there is a post on the grave with the inscription "letter No. I-16". By the decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of June 29, 1957, she was rehabilitated (173).

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Part Two The Executioners

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author Ignatov Vladimir Dmitrievich

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Antonina Makarovawas born in 1921 in the Smolensk region, in the village of Malaya Volkovka, in a large peasant family Makara Parfyonova... She studied at a rural school, and it was there that an episode occurred that influenced her future life. When Tonya came to the first grade, because of shyness, she could not give her last name - Parfyonova. Classmates began to shout “Yes, she is Makarova!”, Meaning that Tony's father's name was Makar.

So, with the light hand of a teacher, at that time almost the only literate person in the village, Tonya Makarova appeared in the Parfyonov family.

The girl studied diligently, with diligence. She also had her own revolutionary heroine - Anka the machine gunner... This movie character had a real prototype - a nurse of the Chapaevsk division Maria Popova, which once in battle really had to replace the killed machine gunner.

After graduating from school, Antonina went to study in Moscow, where she was caught by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The girl went to the front as a volunteer.

Camping Wife of the Surrounded

The 19-year-old Komsomol member Makarova was responsible for all the horrors of the infamous Vyazemsky Cauldron.

After the hardest battles, in complete encirclement from the entire unit, only a soldier was found next to the young nurse Tonya Nikolay Fedchuk... With him, she wandered through the local forests, just trying to survive. They did not look for partisans, they did not try to break through to their own - they fed themselves with whatever they had to, sometimes they stole. The soldier did not stand on ceremony with Tonya, making her his "field wife". Antonina did not resist - she just wanted to live.

In January 1942, they went to the village of Krasny Kolodets, and then Fedchuk admitted that he was married and his family lived nearby. He left Tonya alone.

They didn't drive Tonya out of the Red Well, but the local residents were already full of worries. And the strange girl did not strive to go to the partisans, did not rush to break through to ours, but strove to twist love with one of the men who remained in the village. Having turned the locals against herself, Tonya was forced to leave.

Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg. Photo: Public Domain

Salary killer

Tony Makarova's wanderings ended in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Lokot in the Bryansk region. The infamous "Lokotskaya Republic", an administrative-territorial entity of Russian collaborators, operated here. In essence, these were the same German lackeys as in other places, only more clearly formalized.

A police patrol detained Tonya, but the partisan or underground worker was not suspected of her. She was attracted by the police, who took her to them, gave her drink, fed her and raped her. However, the latter is very relative - the girl, who only wanted to survive, agreed to everything.

Tonya did not play the role of a prostitute under the police for long - once, drunk, she was taken out into the courtyard and put behind the Maxim machine gun. People stood in front of the machine gun - men, women, old people, children. She was ordered to shoot. For Tony, who took not only nursing courses, but also machine gunners, this was not a big deal. True, a drunk woman did not really understand what she was doing. But, nevertheless, she coped with the task.

The next day, Makarova learned that she was now an official - an executioner with a salary of 30 German marks and with her own bed.

The Lokot Republic mercilessly fought against the enemies of the new order - partisans, underground fighters, communists, other unreliable elements, as well as members of their families. Those arrested were herded into a barn that served as a prison, and in the morning they were taken out to be shot.

The cell accommodated 27 people, and all of them had to be eliminated in order to make room for new ones.

Neither the Germans nor even the local police wanted to take on this work. And here Tonya, who appeared out of nowhere, came in very handy with her shooting abilities.

The girl did not lose her mind, but on the contrary, felt that her dream had come true. And let Anka shoot enemies, and she shoots women and children - the war will write off everything! But her life is finally getting better.

1,500 lives lost

Antonina Makarova's daily routine was as follows: in the morning, shooting 27 people with a machine gun, finishing off survivors with a pistol, cleaning weapons, in the evening schnapps and dancing in a German club, and at night love with some cute German or, at worst, with a policeman.

As an incentive, she was allowed to take the belongings of those killed. So Tonya acquired a bunch of outfits, which, however, had to be repaired - traces of blood and bullet holes immediately interfered with wearing.

However, sometimes Tonya allowed "marriage" - several children managed to survive, because because of their small stature, the bullets passed over their heads. The children were taken out along with the corpses by the local residents who buried the dead and handed over to the partisans. Rumors about a woman executioner, "Tonka the machine gunner", "Tonka the Muscovite" spread around the area. Local partisans even announced a hunt for the executioner, but they could not get to it.

In total, about 1,500 people became victims of Antonina Makarova.

By the summer of 1943, Tony's life again took a sharp turn - the Red Army moved west, starting to liberate the Bryansk region. This did not bode well for the girl, but here she very opportunely fell ill with syphilis, and the Germans sent her to the rear, so that she would not infect the valiant sons of Great Germany.

Honored Veteran Instead of War Criminal

In the German hospital, however, it also soon became uncomfortable - the Soviet troops were approaching so quickly that only the Germans had time to evacuate, and there was no longer any concern for accomplices.

Realizing this, Tonya fled from the hospital, once again being surrounded, but now Soviet. But her survival skills were honed - she managed to get documents proving that all this time Makarova was a nurse in a Soviet hospital.

Antonina successfully managed to enter the service in a Soviet hospital, where at the beginning of 1945 a young soldier, a real war hero, fell in love with her.

The guy made Tonya an offer, she answered with consent, and, having got married, the young people left after the end of the war for the Belarusian city of Lepel, home of her husband.

So the female executioner Antonina Makarova disappeared, and her place was taken by the honored veteran Antonina Ginzburg.

They've been looking for her for thirty years

The Soviet investigators learned about the monstrous deeds of the "Tonka-machine-gunner" immediately after the liberation of the Bryansk region. The remains of about one and a half thousand people were found in mass graves, but only two hundred were identified.

They interrogated the witnesses, checked, specified - but they could not attack the trail of the punitive woman.

Meanwhile, Antonina Ginzburg led the ordinary life of a Soviet person - she lived, worked, raised two daughters, even met with schoolchildren, talking about her heroic military past. Of course, without mentioning the deeds of "Tonka the machine gunner".

The KGB spent more than three decades looking for her, but found it almost by accident. A certain citizen Parfyonov, going abroad, submitted questionnaires with information about relatives. There, among the solid Parfyonovs, for some reason Antonina Makarova, married to Ginzburg, was listed as her own sister.

Yes, how that mistake of the teacher helped Tonya, how many years thanks to her she remained out of reach of justice!

The KGB operatives worked with jewelry - it was impossible to blame an innocent person for such atrocities. Antonina Ginzburg was checked from all sides, witnesses were secretly brought to Lepel, even a former policeman-lover. And only after all of them confirmed that Antonina Ginzburg was "Tonka the machine gunner", she was arrested.

She did not deny, talked about everything calmly, said that nightmares did not torment her. She did not want to communicate with her daughters or her husband. And the front-line spouse ran around the authorities, threatened with a complaint Brezhnev, even at the UN - demanded the release of his wife. Exactly until the investigators decided to tell him what his beloved Tonya is accused of.

After that, the dashing, gallant veteran turned gray and aged overnight. The family disowned Antonina Ginzburg and left Lepel. You cannot wish the enemy what these people had to endure.

Retribution

Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg was tried in Bryansk in the fall of 1978. This was the last major trial of traitors to the Motherland in the USSR and the only trial of a woman punisher.

Antonina herself was convinced that the punishment could not be too severe due to the years ago, she even believed that she would receive a suspended sentence. She only regretted that because of the shame she had to move again and change jobs. Even the investigators, knowing about the post-war exemplary biography of Antonina Ginzburg, believed that the court would show leniency. Moreover, 1979 was declared the Year of the Woman in the USSR.

However, on November 20, 1978, the court sentenced Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg to capital punishment - execution.

At the trial, her guilt was documented in the murder of 168 people from those whose identities were identified. More than 1300 remained unknown victims of the "Tonka-machine-gunner". There are crimes that cannot be forgiven.

At six in the morning on August 11, 1979, after all requests for pardon were rejected, the sentence against Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg was carried out.

A beautiful Jewess from the "noble maidens"

February 1897. Small town Novozybkov, Chernigov province (now Bryansk region). In the Jewish family of the local official, Khaikin, there is a new addition. A girl was born, who, without deviating from customs, was given the name Fruma.

Her childhood and adolescence were no different from other female students from poor but decent families. Two classes of home education, as it should be, with tailoring and sewing and other feminine wisdom that every self-respecting future homemaker should know.

Then an educational institution for noble maidens, where they did not teach serious professions, but dances, noble manners, music and the law of God were present in the compulsory program. It was rumored that the older the angular Frum Haikin became in childhood, the more she turned into a real beauty. Plus the upbringing and manners - all this allowed the family to hope for a good groom. For old-fashioned parents, a good fiancé doesn't have to be very rich (but definitely not poor). The main thing is that he be educated and noble.

Side by side with "Comrade Mauser"

The revolution of the 17th brought confusion to all strata of the population of Russia, but the middle and wealthy classes had difficulty adapting to the new realities in which yesterday's idlers became representatives of the new government. However, yesterday's student Frum Haykina suddenly felt herself in this seething post-revolutionary whirlpool like a fish in water.

Joining the Bolsheviks immediately after the October events, at the beginning of 1918, Fruma surfaced in the village of Unecha (now the regional center of the Bryansk region) - but not so easily, but at the head of a fighting detachment of Chinese and Kazakhs, former railway workers, and now Cheka fighters.

The commissar was faced with a specific task - with an iron fist to bring order to the entrusted territory, as well as to monitor counter-revolutionary agitation, the local bourgeoisie, unreliable counter-revolutionary elements, kulaks, speculators and other enemies of the Soviet regime.

For the fulfillment of the assigned tasks, Fruma took up with passion and even some kind of ecstasy. Her motley, hardly speaking Russian "sonder-team" terrified the inhabitants of Unecha. But even more people were afraid of their "leather" commander. In a leather jacket, leather pants, with an eternal Mauser and with her narrow-eyed retinue, she walked along the beggar streets of the village, looking for enemies of the revolution.

An enemy, in her understanding, could be behind a sidelong glance - which means a hidden enemy. And then Fruma pulled out her Mauser from her holster and shot - at a 70-year-old man, at a woman tired of work, at a kid ... And when she got tired, she sat on the steps of the porch of the local Cheka and ordered her subordinates, who were mostly Chinese, to drag them to her all who "do not like". And then she ruled both the court and the tribunal.

He fought in the tsarist army, but now you sit at home, you do not help the revolution - against the wall. I kept a shop here - bourgeois, against the wall. A snap of a finger of this thin little girl in her twenties, and the Chinese dragged the poor fellow to the wooden wall of the building and ... they were shot on the spot.

And a recent student, who had been studying noble manners for more than one year, at that very time, right behind the porch, would lower her pants, sit down and ... relieve herself. Then she returned to her place, straightening her pants on the go, and shouted: "Lead the next one!" She was openly called the executioner, and she seemed to be proud of this nickname.

Married to ... the new order

They say that in the few months that Fruma Khaikina managed to manage in Unecha, only on her personal account there were about two hundred "enemies of the revolution", of which about eighty percent never even held weapons in their hands. Which old men, women and children are warriors?

But besides putting things in order in a particular settlement, one should not forget that the civil war was in full swing. Carrying out separate combat missions, in the spring of 1918, a large partisan detachment arrived in Unecha in the recent past of a tsarist officer, and now a red commander, Nikolai Shchors.

The two met. And it started spinning, away we go. They did not even notice how people around were whispering - they say, "commissar" and "commander" are twisting love in front of everyone. They were so lost in feelings that they overlooked the mutiny in the Bogunsky regiment, which Shchors was forming at that time. The rebels defeated the Cheka, occupied the headquarters of the regiment, seized the telegraph office, destroyed the railway line and sent a dispatch to the Germans asking them to occupy Unecha. Both Shchors and Fruma barely escaped, slipping out of the village at the very last moment.

This story brought them closer together. Unechu, of course, later the reds were recaptured from the rebels, but Shors and Fruma were no longer interested in this. In the fall of 1918, they got married and Fruma, who took her husband's surname, was henceforth not only a “front-line wife” for him, but also according to her passport.

Nikolai Shchors, as an experienced commander, was thrown to plug up many front-line "gaps" and Fruma Shchors was everywhere hand in hand with him, at night performing spousal duties, and during the day playing the role of an employee of the Cheka in her husband's units. Rumor has it that the commissars of their fighters often had to save Shchors himself from the lawlessness. They say that there are not enough people at the front - it is not necessary that all indiscriminately go to the wall ...

Limiting herself in the fight against enemies on the front line, Fruma Shchors later recouped herself in the settlements liberated by the Reds. Even many years later, the residents of Klintsy (also the modern Bryansk region) recalled how this "reckless woman" rode through the streets on horseback, in her invariable leather pants, with a Mauser on her side, pointing with a whip at the villagers who did not like her, whom the Red Army men who were with her dragged to the nearest fence and shot right in front of the family and children.

Often the commissar herself unloaded her beloved Mauser into the next enemy - right at a gallop and without aiming. I almost always got it.

Image of the widow Shchors

There are still legends about how Nikolai Shchors died. It is only known for certain that he died during a battle with the Petliurites on August 30, 1919 in the territory of the modern Zhitomir region (Ukraine). It was even rumored that one of his deputies could have shot him. Either he was aiming for the commander's place, or to end the terror by the Shchors spouses, or he was simply a traitor.

Nevertheless, with the death of her husband, the war ended for Fruma Schors. She took the body of the deceased commander and took him to bury him beyond the "distant lands" in Samara. And here, too, there was a place for rumors. Fruma herself said about the burial place of Nikolai Shchors that she wanted to save his body from the desecration of the White Guards, people said that she knew the true cause of her husband's death, but for some reason, not only did she not announce this, but generally took the body thousands of miles away to no one found any ending in this story.

Where did her ambition, iron character and even recent bloodthirstiness go? Taking the neutral name of Rostov, Fruma went to study for a technique. And then she switched to Soviet restoration projects, taking part in many construction projects of the GOELRO system at Moscow aircraft factories.

She seemed to have returned to the past, living quietly and imperceptibly, she did not boast of her combat past, she tried not to talk about her husband. So I would have lived modestly for myself, if not for Stalin with his "canonization". According to the leader, each republic of the USSR needed its own "root" hero. Then they remembered the already half-forgotten Nikolai Shchors.

Before his death, he did not serve as a red commander for a couple of years, but the Soviet propaganda machine could give odds to anyone. And now, soon, Nikolay Shchors is in the monuments, the names of the streets of Ukrainian (and not only) cities, schools and stadiums. A very significant role in the propaganda of the "heroization" of Shchors was played by his widow. To some extent, not on their own - or rather, not on their own initiative.

First, the party decided to make her husband a national hero, then pulled her out of oblivion. Who, if not a faithful ally of the red division commander, should popularize his image?

And now Fruma Rostova is already traveling around the cities and villages with stories about the "commander Shchors" - speaking at factories and factories, in schools and parks. In the end, the work of the "widow of Shchors" carried away. In fact, Fruma has become an integral part of the "brand" called "Schors".

Dovzhenko makes a film about Shchors - she is a consultant. The opera of the same name is staged - it is a constant participant in rehearsals. And, of course, the collection "Legendary Divisional Commander" could not do without her memories. True, in them she chose not to mention her "exploits", all the thoughts put in lines, exclusively about the "red commander".

For such a stormy agitational life, the "leather commissar" was rewarded with a torus. First, through her efforts, she "earned" the name of a Soviet hero for her husband, and only then the name of Shchors worked for her. An apartment with high ceilings in the "house on the embankment" was given to her exclusively as the widow of a hero of the civil war.

Fruma-Khaikina-Shchors-Rostova died quietly and imperceptibly at almost eighty. The year was 1977. A little wrinkled old Jewish woman, about whom tell who to the neighbors, how dashingly she once rode on a horse, shooting exactly at the heads of the “enemies of the revolution” on the move, they would never have believed.

In fact, until the end of her days, she lived inconspicuously. With the exception of two years of "bloody" commissarism in a distant war and an already bloodless period with the popularization of the name of a person with whom they managed to live less than a year. And with his name - all my life.

Merciless Fury of the Red Terror: The Demon Revolutionary

The name of Rosalia Zemlyachka was well known in the Soviet years: an active public figure, ideologist, holder of the Order of the Red Banner ... She took part in the revolution of 1905-1907, but she really became "famous" during the years of the Red Terror in Crimea. Even in her youth, choosing the pseudonym Demon for herself, Rosalia fully justified him with her deeds, sentencing tens of thousands of people to death.

The compatriot was actively involved in party work, led conspiratorial activities. Especially merciless Rosalia was in the position of the regional party committee in the Crimea. Arriving there to restore order, she tortured a huge number of people who seemed to be traitors to her.

The ideology of terror called for learning to hatred and forgetting about love for one's neighbor, this lesson Zemlyachka mastered like no one else. They were afraid of her, they were in awe of her, because any word could entail a death sentence. At first, she gave orders for the execution of thousands of Crimeans, then ordered to drown the unfortunate people, throwing them alive from the barges. Death accompanied her wherever she came.

Such cruelty was to the liking of Lenin; by his order, he awarded her the Order of the Red Banner. And this was the first precedent when a woman received such a high award. On the initiative of Zemlyachka, not only mass executions were carried out, but also terror of the population, people died of hunger, since the special forces took everything - food and things.

Until the end of her life, Zemlyachka remained faithful to the cause of the party. After the Civil War, she held high party positions, during the war years she was deputy chairman of the Party Control Committee under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).

She died at the age of 70, her ashes are still in the Kremlin wall. Despite the cruelty and atrocities, Zemlyachka remained a fond memory in the Soviet and post-Soviet years; it was not for nothing that streets in many Russian cities bore her name.

Rosalia Zemlyachka is a Russian revolutionary who sentenced tens of thousands of Crimeans to death

The role of Rosalia Zemlyachka, a Russian revolutionary, was played by Miriam Sehon in Mikhalkov's film

Despite the fact that the Bolsheviks, it would seem, shot thousands of people without trial or investigation with impunity, punishment nevertheless overtook them. So, Countess Yakovleva-Turner took revenge on the Bolsheviks for the executed groom.

As if the mother had denounced her daughter, the Chekists exposed the fascist organization of seventh graders. And who and by what right justifies the executioners today

« And if you know about all this, then you yourself should be shot!»*

Lyubov Rubtsova was born into a Bolshevik family who organized the first collective farm in the village of Drokino - now a suburb of Krasnoyarsk. The parents were transferred to Kansk. In the spring of 1938, Lyuba is 15 years old, she is a seventh-grader, participates in amateur performances, writes poetry.

One day, while cleaning the room, a mother discovers a bundle of handwritten leaflets of counter-revolutionary content under her daughter's mattress. The mother claims her daughter in the NKVD. According to another version, the communist Darya Dmitrievna Rubtsova took the leaflets to the city party committee - “to consult”.

_______________
*From a letter from a political prisoner to Joseph Stalin

We are all in the same house

The daughter will be arrested on April 7, 1938. They are accused of trying to create a fascist organization and drawing up a program for it, slandering the leaders of the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government. Lyubov Grigorievna will be released 18 years later, on October 29, 1955. She will return to Kansk and live with her mother. She won't get married, she won't give birth to children. He will die in 1966 - at the age of 44, torn apart by the camps.

Rubtsovs, daughter and mother

Before that, he will still have time to move to Krasnoyarsk. More precisely - on a sofa in a book publishing house (there was nowhere to stay), to publish there three modest collections of poems. In them - about the mother, and about the Motherland. “… Always with you. / Mom and Motherland ... / Only in separation / we learn how warm their hands are "(" Like the sky ").

Recently, excellent research works about the fate of Rubtsova were done by schoolchildren Grigory Panchuk (Kansk Naval Cadet Corps, head N. Khorets, teacher of Russian language and literature), Anna Chervyakova (school No. 88 in Krasnoyarsk, head L. Lineytseva, also a language teacher). It is understandable when children reconstruct the history of their family or write about great countrymen. But what is the story of Rubtsova - she did not become great, her poems are forgotten - today so attracts teenagers? I have no explanation.

Unless they feel that this story is about them. About the fact that we live like this, like Lyubov Grigorievna with her mother. In the same house.

They feel it for all those ridiculous or quite dramatic conflicts between them, who have suddenly become involved in politics, and adults. Often - relatives.

Rubtsova's story is not unique. Of course, you can't call her usual, but what new do we learn about ourselves when we plunge into the details of today's affairs - Varvara Karaulova or Pavel Grib? In the details of how the closest relatives hide the names of the fallen soldiers or refuse them altogether - for payments or simply by a shout from above?

But there is no need for broad projections on the motherland, on the state. We are not relatives for him, and who you ask there.

"... in order to establish fascism in the USSR"

From a letter from the regional prosecutor to the regional VKP (b) dated July 14, 1938:

“[…] By the NKVD organs of the Kansk region in April 1938 in the mountains. Kanske was opened by c.r. a group of 7th grade students, which included the following persons:
1. Rubtsova Lyubov Grigorievna born in 1922,
2. Zinina Anna Alexandrovna, born in 1923,
3. Ufaev Nikolay Vladimirovich born in 1924.

[…] In March 1938 Rubtsova and Zinina set themselves the task of creating in the mountains. Kanske, a fascist organization among students, which was supposed to fight the Soviet system in order to overthrow it and establish fascism in the USSR. […] Rubtsova and Zinina started making leaflets with a pronounced k.r. content that they intended to paste around the mountains. Kansku on the night of May 1, 1938

During the search, 20 items were confiscated from them. c.r. leaflets and 180 pcs. prepared letterheads. For the manufacture and pasting of k.r. leaflets Rubtsov and Zinin recruited a 6th grade student Ufaev N.N., the son of an employee, who gave them consent to paste around the mountains. Kansku on the night of May 1, 1938, b. leaflets. […] Their counterrevolutionary activities were exposed at the request of the mother of one of the accused, who discovered that K.R. leaflets.

All those accused of the crime committed by them pleaded guilty. For which they were brought to trial under Art. 58-10-11 UK. The indictment was approved by the regional prosecutor's office on July 10 of this year. and the case was sent for consideration to the special board of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Court. "

From the memoirs of Zinina, it is clear that the pioneers were outraged by the arrests of school teachers - the language specialist Pyotr Kronin (he also led the literary circle where Rubtsova studied) and the geographer Leonid Beloglazov. The leaflets were signed as follows: "The Committee for the Association of Lenin Supporters" and intended to paste them on the buildings of the NKVD and party organizations.

Zinin and Rubtsov will be sentenced by the Regional Court to 7 and 10 years in camps, respectively, and to 5 years of defeat in their rights each; the case against Kolya Ufaev will be dropped a year later due to lack of evidence. The Supreme Court of the RSFSR on August 20, 1939, the verdict will remain in force, excluding an additional punishment - disability.

One stroke: three days after the verdict on the case of creating a fascist organization among students, Stalin will propose a toast to Hitler's health - the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact will be signed in the Kremlin.

Further, the fate of Rubtsova and Zinina will diverge, but will duplicate each other. Both will escape. Rubtsova - from the Aban colony in September 1939 (she will be caught in two days and added to the term of a year and a half), Zinina - from the juvenile colony, seeking justice, will try to get to Moscow. Then from the Penza prison, in the same search, she will write a letter to Stalin ("And if you know about all this, then you yourself should be shot!"), And soon she will be transferred to an internal prison, and the military tribunal of the Volga Military District on March 9, 1941 will sentence to death. On April 12, 1941, it will be announced that the execution will be replaced by ten years in the camp. Then Karlag, a penal camp on Balkhash ...

"Refuse"

Both Rubtsova and Zinina will become masons, foremen. Thousands of miles apart, but on adjacent sites. Rubtsova - at the NKVD refinery in Krasnoyarsk, and Zinina - at the Dzhezkazgan mines and factories.

The brigades of Rubtsova and Zinina will make it to the front. The November 1945 order of the NKVD refinery ordered prisoners who systematically overfulfill production targets and behave well in everyday life - by the 28th anniversary of October - "to issue food parcels and uniforms for the first period of wear."

In 1948, Rubtsova was transferred to a logging site in Dolgiy Most (Abanskiy district). In the fall of 1949, the term expired, but Rubtsova was not released and sent into exile in the village of Zaimka, Boguchansky District. A well-known case: "They gave three, served five, released early."

She has a steam burn on her chest, tuberculosis and heart disease. She is 27 years old and is disabled at death.

Mother, Daria Dmitrievna, writes in the spring of 1950 to the head of the regional department of the MGB. She asks to transfer her daughter from the Far North under the supervision of the family, stressing that she, her mother, is a member of the CPSU (b) and "agrees to take her under personal responsibility." Then Lyubov writes a statement: about 60-degree frosts, about the impossibility for her, the patient, to do the work that is here, asks to be transferred south. “[…] Closeness to my family and favorable climatic and material conditions will help me to stand firmly on my feet and feel like a normal, full-fledged person, able to keep pace with my homeland, and give all my strength to my homeland, which is reaching out to me.”

On the statements of the mother and daughter - in pencil: "Refuse."

L. Rubtsova's statement addressed to the head of the Ministry of State Security of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with the resolution "Refuse"

And yet then she was transferred - south of Boguchany, but north of her native Kansk - to Aban, then to Ustyansk.

On October 1, 1955, the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR cancels the verdict, Rubtsova and Zinina are rehabilitated:

“[…] From the materials of the case it is clear that Rubtsova, being a student of the 7th grade of secondary school, after reading a number of books, for example,“ The Gadfly ”,“ The Idiot, ”“ The Brothers Karamazov, ”decided to become a heroine and stand out from the general masses of people. Believing that it would not be possible for her to become a positive hero, since she ran away from home twice, Rubtsova decided to become a negative “hero” [...] After reading the materials of the trial of the members of the Trotskyist bloc published in print, she wrote together with her friend Zinina, who was under her influence, a number of anonymous letters and anti-Soviet leaflets [...]. It has not been proven that Rubtsova and Zinina were guided by counter-revolutionary motives. Their actions were the result of their incorrect perception of works of fiction and superficial comprehension of the events of the surrounding reality. "

A month later, Love is released. They will no longer have intersections in their destinies with the one-piece Zinina - she will become a mother of four sons, a member of the city committee and a deputy of the city council (from the memoirs of Ruth Tamarina, published by the Sakharov Center), and Rubtsova will remain lonely, will embroider to help her mother, and at 44 will die. No, yet in the end they will agree that both will write poetry. And both will be working correspondents, working with local newspapers.

The smell of the day

In July 1938, the prosecutor of the region, Efraim Lyuboshevsky, approved the indictment of the fascist organization of seventh graders. Once again: girls 14 and 15 years old were arrested. The Kraysud will solder them 7 and 10 years in camps and 5 years of defeat in their rights.

Moreover, the decree of April 7, 1935 introduced the criminal liability of children between the ages of 12 and 16 for a strictly limited list of crimes that could not be expanded; the political article 58 could not apply to them; to their parents - please. But the Supreme Court of the RSFSR will also keep the verdict in force, slightly correcting it.

A letter from prosecutor Lyuboshevsky has survived: he informs about Rubtsova's case in the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. And there are indicative marks on it. It is no longer clear who, in front of the "secret" stamp, wrote "Sov." - "Sov. Secret". Either the prosecutor himself, or in the regional committee. Yet such socialist legality could not but embarrass the Bolsheviks, they hid it, hid themselves, their role in this mechanism.

Lyuboshevsky himself - for a completely different reason - will be arrested a couple of months later, on September 11, 1938. Together with him, a dozen more prosecutors and judges. Everyone is charged with the same 58th. The trial of the prosecutor will take place almost simultaneously with the trial of the schoolgirls, and Lyuboshevsky will also be discharged for 10 years in the camps. However, after 2.5 years he will be released and then, in February 1942, he will be completely rebilitated, in 1950 he will safely head the regional collegium of lawyers.

Elena Pimonenko, senior assistant to the regional prosecutor, will write in 2009 in Krasnoyarsk Rabochy about Lyuboshevsky and other prosecutors and judges who were taken in the fall of 38: “In reality, their fault was that they refused to 'fabricate' criminal cases and accuse in committing counter-revolutionary crimes of innocent people. "

Efraim Lyuboshevsky and Lyubov Rubtsova now coexist in the lists of victims of Stalin's repressions.

Lyuba's mother, communist Daria Dmitrievna Rubtsova, director of the Kansk base "Masloprom", will live a long full life. Will die in 1980.

The prosecutor's office has already in our time found an opportunity for the rehabilitation of Andrei Alekseev, who served as the head of the Minusinsk operative officer of the NKVD. Under his direct command in Minusinsk in 1937–38, at least 4500 people were shot (these are data from various researchers). Over the last 4 months of the 37th and 38th, the execution of 3579 prisoners was documented. Alekseev himself, referring to Yezhov, said that for 17 years he honestly worked in the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD, and in 1937 alone he personally arrested 2,300 Trotskyists, and more than 1,500 of them were shot.

Under Alekseev's leadership and direct participation, on August 5, 1938, 309 people were shot in one go. They write that Sardion Nadaraya set a record - half a thousand killed per night, but there is no evidence of this; the main executioner of the Lubyanka, Vasily Blokhin, ordered that no more than 250 people be delivered to his team for execution at a time. The Minusians, thus, emerged victorious in the socialist competition, the Stakhanov movement then thundered and developed in all sectors.

Yes, butcher Alekseev (he finished off with a crowbar, saving cartridges) a little later, too, was taken. On October 22, 1938, a special meeting dismissed him and three other officers - from that firing squad - from the organs "for discrediting the rank of NKVD officers" and sent them to the camps. Already on January 9, 1941, by the resolution of the same Special Meeting at the NKVD of the USSR, Alekseev was released on parole, and in August 1943 the conviction was removed.

And in our time - and rehabilitated. Why not, given the tonality and smell of the day?

Krasnoyarsk "Memorial" nevertheless did not allow Alekseev to appear in the martyrology, on the pages of the multivolume Books in memory of victims of political repression.

And Lyuboshevsky is there.

It's all about the nuances, apparently. This figure is more complex than the absolute villain Alekseev. And Daria Dmitrievna too, yes, a difficult, dramatic figure.

Education through shooting

There and then, where and when Rubtsova was buried in felling, in the village of Dolgiy Most of the Aban region in 1945, Anatoly Safonov was born, the future colonel general, in the 90s the first deputy director of the FSB, acting. Director of the FSB, at the beginning of the 2000s, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, from 2004 to 2011 - the president's special representative for international cooperation in the fight against terrorism and transnational organized crime, since 2012 - vice president of Rusatom Overseas CJSC, subsidiaries "State Corporation" Rosatom ".

On the demolition of the USSR, in 1988-1992, Safonov headed the Krasnoyarsk KGB Directorate. Not so long ago, being in his small homeland, the honorary citizen of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Safonov will remember:

In the late 1980s, it was decided to urgently, within a year and a half, to rehabilitate those who were convicted in the era of the Great Terror out of court - "twos", "threes", tribunals. And in the Krasnoyarsk Territory alone there are several tens of thousands. Huge arrays were being revised. He signed everything himself, looked at it, read it: the head of the department had to personally look at it, then the prosecutor signed it.

And we saw how everything is connected - someone's feat and someone's baseness. When a wife, for good purposes, so that her husband does not go to the left, wrote a letter - educate your husband. And two pages later, the sentence was carried out. So they brought up.

I know that this woman is still alive, the children do not know what she wrote. Children write to us: tell me, who gave up their father? The mother of both of us brought up, she is a holy person for us, tell the truth - because she is crying today. Here's the truth. Can you tell her?

The question has been asked. You need to answer.

How mythological is Dovlatov's story about four million denunciations? Is this an equalization of the people and the authorities, executioners with victims? (Safonov's story is her paraphrase.) Clearly, an exaggeration. But how much? Nobody knows. The archives, having opened slightly in the early 90s, slammed shut.

All serious historians say that the role of denunciations in Stalin's internal terror is incredibly exaggerated in the mass consciousness. And there was no general denunciation, and the NKVD did not need it at all. Another thing is that Stalin's propaganda needed this myth, it lowered the feeling of mutual responsibility, knitted the people to them, forcing family members to publicly refuse each other and applaud the executions.

Insignificant rest of the executioners

This myth is also needed by today's propaganda - in order not to open archives. Say, we take care of you, we protect your personal secrets. The tale of four million denunciations is a fabulous absolute from the Chamber of Weights and Measures. Because the truth on this issue is impermissible to know. This myth will be cherished forever, it is undetectable by definition - because of its content, which is inadmissible to disclose. The authorities need him in order to prove to us: we and they are flesh of flesh.

But I remember this story - the mother and daughter of the Rubtsovs - precisely because it touches me. And the stories of those families that hide the names of the fallen soldiers for payments today also evoke a response. Because in reality we are different, not who the state wants us to be. Would be the ones, it would be all the same.

There were no millions. And about those who reported, people themselves guessed - for the most part. Lyubov Rubtsova knew everything about the role of the mother in her destiny.

The state security authorities are not hiding the names of the informers. The authorities hide the names of their own employees who killed thousands of innocent people. And, consigning to oblivion both the saints and the scoundrels, they create the illusion of a united Russia. "Where everyone is poisoned by one world, but what kind of world is there - all the outskirts, where thick mud is stored for future use, stuffed into the mouth."

And what, do we rot in this swamp, in gloom, in neti, where everything is mixed, millstones with grain, people with cannibals, and no guidelines, no consensus on the main values, no light?

Therefore, the archives slammed shut, and in the dock, Yuri Dmitriev - he dug up the execution ditches and the names of the murderers.

“May we be magnanimous, we will not shoot them, we will not pour salt water on them, sprinkle them with bedbugs, bridle them like a swallow, keep them sleepless for a week, neither beat them with boots, nor rubber truncheons, nor squeeze their skulls with an iron ring nor to push them into the cell like luggage, so that they lay one on top of the other - nothing that they did! But before our country and before our children, we are obliged to find everyone. " Remember Solzhenitsyn? About "generations of slobber"?

Why do we protect someone - the heirs of the executioners - insignificant peace, thereby pulling out "all foundations of justice" from under our children? Are we silent about the monstrous trauma that never lets the country go? “Young people learn that meanness is never punished on earth, but always brings prosperity. And it’s uncomfortable and scary to live in such a country! ”

How our past is closed

The archives are closed. After August 1991, they opened slightly, and we are still chewing on what we were able to look at then. Already in the mid-90s, they slammed shut again. 20 years ago, in September 1997, Vladimir Sirotinin, the first chairman of the Krasnoyarsk Memorial, told me:

Now, referring to the law on archives, we are not allowed to study archival investigations. They can only extradite the repressed person or his relatives. Or you need a power of attorney from them. The problem, for example, is now with access to the former party archive. Its director believes that any mention of reprisals refers to facts of personal life, and does not issue such documents. Here, when deciding to declassify the funds, they suddenly found out that in order to remove the “secret” stamp, the materials that were discovered in 1991 must be classified again. And they classified it. And so they left it. And now you need permission to work with them.

The previously opened funds are also being closed in the State Archives, and it is precisely those where there may be information about repressions. The documents of the military tribunal of the 94th division stationed in Krasnoyarsk ended up in the State Archives. In 1991 it was declassified. Now closed again. And these are not archival investigations. Other materials, where something is said about specific people, have also ceased to be given.

There is an archive in the regional department of the FSB. All their general documentation (orders for the NKVD, limits on executions, etc.) is declassified by law. Started to work. The procedure is as follows: when you get acquainted with the documents, the Chekist sits down opposite and watches you. Soon they told me: we do not have a free employee that would sit with you.

By law, every citizen can freely familiarize himself with the archival materials. But in reality, the first thing you will be asked for is a letter from the organization. The form is as follows: "I ask to be admitted" ... It is imperative that someone recommend you. I ask you to give me materials, in response I hear: why do you need this? The archives were subordinate to the NKVD, psychology, apparently, has survived from those times: to give documents as little as possible.

Now, if I were interested in the implementation of five-year plans! The director of the party archive is happy to give me documents if it is about spring sowing or harvesting fodder.

"The task is not to show the names of the NKVD members"

Sirotinin is gone. 20 years later, I ask the same questions to the current chairman of the Krasnoyarsk Memorial, Alexei Babiy:

If 75 years have not passed, access is closed, referring to the law on personal data. But, say, 80 years have passed since the Great Terror! And on this score there is a departmental instruction, and in this case they refer to it.

Relatives are now allowed to get acquainted with the case, regardless of whether 75 years have passed (but only if the person is rehabilitated), copies of some pages are made (they are not allowed to shoot anything), and they are given archival information. Non-relatives can get acquainted with the case if 75 years have passed, but they are not given any copies and are not allowed to reshoot. In any case, they hide information about third parties - NKVD employees and other persons involved in the case.

Actually, the main task is precisely not to show the names of the NKVD members. As a result, it is often impossible to understand the essence of the matter from the documents, which hide the names of the investigators and informers, and at the same time the plot.

And why does Denis Karagodin succeed? It is clear that he was investigating the great-grandfather's case. But now he has uploaded copies of Nikolai Klyuev's archival investigation file with the names of all his murderers - NKVD and prosecutors.

How Karagodin manages to do his job, I don't really understand. According to Klyuev, for example, he had to peel off pieces of paper in the archival investigation file, which are covered with surnames. How he managed it, if the employee was sitting opposite, I don't know. But in different archives they are treated differently. They just complained to me about the Khakass Republican Archives - they say they refused to give files at all. And in the Sverdlovsk archive, they say, the file was copied completely.

The main problem is that you cannot reshoot. Well, Sergei Prudovsky now needs to process the "two" protocols for the "Harbins" in the Omsk FSB. If you copy it by hand, you have to live there for six months. And you can reshoot in a couple of weeks.

On requests to remove information about repressed relatives from the "memorial" site: are people again afraid of something or are they ashamed of their executed grandfathers and grandmothers?

The relatives are recalling the materials they have given. They have a right to it, although there is nothing good about it. Or. One relative gave information, while other relatives demanded to be removed. They argued that "granny was against" this page of her biography published somewhere.

Afterword

Closing the archives does not save the country and the nation. On the contrary, it destroys them. By closing the archives, the state will continue to manage our past. It means, and mine our future.

What did Panchuk, a student of the cadet corps, and a schoolgirl Chervyakova take away from Rubtsova's fate? That she repented for the mistakes of her youth and glorified Lenin's work in verse? And her mother, who turned in her daughter, was proud of her loyalty to the cause of the party? (Judging by her statements and complaints, she did not agree with only one thing - she believed that such a long prison was not required to re-educate her daughter.)

Archives by law must be publicly available. We need accurate documentary knowledge about ourselves. And only this can prevent the opportunistic rewriting of history by the regime and prevent prosecutors, investigating judges from turning into executioners.

And children should know that everything appears through the murk of times, all the faces and all the faces, all the dirt, all the blood and all the nobility. That human deeds are written down forever and indestructible.

Cover doc. publication by Ya. Naumov "Chekistka. Pages from the life of the deputy chairman of the Kazan province Cheka VP Braude" - M., 1963. Artist V. Tanasevich.

Zvorykin B., Chekistka. Drawing from the book "History of the Soviets", Paris, 1922

Dora Evlinskaya, under 20 years old, a woman executioner who executed 400 officers in the Odessa Cheka with her own hands

The woman executioner is Varvara Grebennikova (Nemich). In January 1920, she sentenced to death the officers and the "bourgeoisie" on board the ship "Romania." Executed by whites

Executioner woman. Participant of "St. Bartholomew's Night" "in Yevpatoria and executions on" Romania ". Executed by whites

Other photographs of red monsters of the times of the Russian-Soviet (for the communists - "Civil") war: http://swolkov.ru/doc/kt/f13-1.htm; http://swolkov.ru/doc/kt/f13-3.htm;

1. First published: Nesterovich-Berg ML In the fight against the Bolsheviks. - Paris, 1931 - p. 208-209. / g. Kiev, in the summer of 1919 / "One of the military, who held a high post, suggested that I go with them to inspect the Chekhovka. It was located in a mansion on Lipki, along Sadovaya Street. A certain Jewess Rosa became famous for her cruelty here, despite her twenty years as a former chief of the Chechenka. (...)

Hooks were hammered into the walls of the room, and on these hooks, like in butchers' shops, human corpses hung, the corpses of officers, sometimes mutilated with delusional ingenuity: "shoulder straps" were carved on the shoulders, crosses on the chest, some of them had their skin torn off. - one carcass of blood hung on a hook. Right there on the tables stood a glass jar and in it, in alcohol, the severed head of some man of about thirty, of extraordinary beauty ...

We were with the French, British and Americans. We were terrified. Everything was described and photographed. "

2. K. Alinin. "Check". Personal memories of the Odessa emergency. With portraits of the victims of the Cheka. - Odessa, 1919.

"In the executions, as I have already said," amateurs "- Cheka employees also took part. Among them, Abash mentioned some girl, an employee of the Cheka, 17 years old. She was distinguished by terrible cruelty and mockery of her victims." [Abash is a Latvian sailor, an employee of the Cheka.]

3. First published: Archive of the Russian Revolution. T. II. - Berlin, 1922 - p. 194-226. / g. Riga, January-March 1919 / "At this time, instead of the expected watchmen, four Latvian women with guns entered the cell." How many of you are here, "asked the first, still very young girl in a huge black hat with ostrich feathers, fashionable , a short velvet suit and fishnet stockings. There was something unpleasant in her rather beautiful face. When she received the answer, she remarked with a grin: "Well, it's time to clean up the apartment for new tenants. And what about this one?" - she pointed with a gun at Rolf lying under his greatcoat. Daisy replied that he was very sick. “Well, so much the better, we have less work.” She went on. ”(...)“ Rumors of mass executions are confirmed by eyewitness accounts. the majority refused to shoot. This "sacred duty" was assumed by Latvian women. I think this is the only example in the history of the world. "

4. “An interesting example is given in her memoirs by the writer Teffi; In 1918, in the town of Uneche, where the border checkpoint was located, the commissar terrified the entire city, walking with two revolvers and a saber and personally "filtering" outgoing refugees, deciding whom to let in and whom to shoot. Moreover, she was reputed to be honest and ideological, she did not take bribes, and the belongings of the killed were disgustedly inferior to subordinates. But she carried out the sentences herself. And Teffi suddenly recognized her as a village dishwasher woman, once quiet and downtrodden, but distinguished by one oddity - she always volunteered to help the cook cut chickens. "Nobody asked - she went hunting, never let her pass." http://www.gramotey.com/?open_file\u003d1269008064

5. “In Evpatoria, more than 300 people were seized. and subjected to painful executions, which took place on the ships "Truvor" and "Romania" under the leadership and with the direct participation of the commissar Antonina Nimich. The victim was dragged out of the hold onto the deck, stripped, cut off the nose, ears, genitals, chopped off the arms and legs, and only after that thrown into the sea. (...) Evgenia Bosch, who was raging in Penza, had to be recalled during the war, doctors recognized her as a sexual psychopath. Obvious shifts on the same basis were observed among other leading workers - Concordia Gromova, Rosalia Zalkind (Zemlyachki) - one of the leaders of the genocide on the Don. (...) There was Commissar Nesterenko, who forced the soldiers to rape women and girls in her presence. (...) There were monsters in Moscow - (...) the Latvian investigator Braude, who loved to personally search the arrested, undressed both women and men, and climbed into the most intimate places. And she also loved to shoot. (...) In Rybinsk, the Chekist "Comrade Zina" committed atrocities. (...) Kedrov's wife, a former paramedic Rebekah Plastinina (Maisel), was also clearly abnormal. In Vologda, she conducted interrogations in her apartment car, and from there the cries of the tortured were heard, who were then shot right next to the car, and in this city she personally executed more than 100 people. (...) / in Kholmogory / His wife Rebekah Plastinina also committed atrocities - she personally shot 87 officers and 33 civilians, sank a barge with 500 refugees and soldiers, perpetrated reprisals in the Solovetsky Monastery, after which the bodies of drowned monks came across in the net of fishermen. And even when a commission was sent from Moscow under the leadership of the executioner Eyduk and took away some of the arrested for interrogation at the Cheka, she made sure they were returned and destroyed. (...) / in Odessa / There was also a young woman Vera Grebennyukova, nicknamed "Comrade Dora", she committed atrocities during interrogations, pulled out her hair, cut ears, fingers, limbs. And according to rumors, in two and a half months one shot 700 people. (...) and an ugly Latvian named "Pug", who wore short pants with two revolvers in her belt - her "personal record" was 52 people. overnight. (...) In Yekaterinburg ... the Latvian Shtahlberg, in Baku ... "Comrade Lyuba". (...) And in Kiev, the Hungarian woman Remover was arrested for ... unauthorized executions. She selected just suspects, witnesses summoned to the Cheka, who came with the petitions of the relatives of the arrested, who had the misfortune to provoke her, took their basement, undressed and killed. She was recognized as mentally ill, but this was discovered when she had already managed to kill 80 people. - and earlier in the general stream of the condemned were not even noticed. (...) "http://www.gramotey.com/?open_file\u003d1269008064

6. In his "Notes" the son of Gorky's literary friend N. G. Mikhailovsky - recalls a conversation with a young Chekist: “... this nineteen-year-old Jewess who arranged everything, frankly explained why all the emergency services are in the hands of Jews. “These Russians are soft Slavs and are constantly talking about the end of terror and extravagance,” she said to me: “If only they are admitted to prominent posts in the emergency services, then everything will collapse, softness will begin, Slavic slovenliness and nothing will remain of terror. We Jews will not give mercy and we know: as soon as the terror stops, there will be no trace of communism and communists. That is why we allow Russians to go to any place, just not in the emergency ... ”With all my moral disgust ... I could not disagree with her that not only Russian girls, but also Russian men - the military could not compare with her in her bloody craft. Jewish, or rather, common Semitic Assyrov-Babylonian cruelty was the core of the Soviet terror ... "http://stihiya.org/likbez_67.html

7. "Transferred to Moscow, Peters, who among other assistants had a Latvian Krause, literally flooded the entire city with blood. There is no way to convey everything that is known about this woman-beast and her sadism. It was said that she terrified by her mere appearance, that trembled with her unnatural excitement ... She mocked her victims, invented the most cruel types of torture mainly in the genital area and stopped them only after complete exhaustion and the onset of sexual reaction. The objects of her torment were mainly young men, and no feather was in able to convey what this Satanist performed with her victims, what operations she performed on them ... Suffice it to say that such operations lasted for hours and she stopped them only after young people writhing in suffering turned into bloody corpses with eyes frozen in horror ... "http://www.uznai-pravdu.ru/viewtopic.php?p\u003d698

8. "In Kiev, the Chechen Republic was in the power of the Latvian Latsis. His assistants were Avdokhin," Comrade Vera ", Rosa Schwartz and other girls. There were fifty extravagances. Each of them had its own staff of employees, or rather executioners, but among them the greatest cruelty In one of the cellars of the Chechen government, a semblance of a theater was set up, where chairs were set up for lovers of bloody shows, and executions were carried out on the stage, that is, on the stage. After each successful shot, shouts of "bravo", "encore "and glasses of champagne were brought to the executioners. Rose Schwartz personally killed several hundred people, previously squeezed into a box, on the upper platform of which a hole for the head was made. But shooting at a target was for these girls only piece fun and did not excite their dull nerves. demanded more thrill, and for this purpose Rosa and "Comrade Vera" gouged out their eyes with needles, or burned them out with cigarettes, or hammered thin nails. " http: //www.biglib.com.ua/read.php? pg_which \u003d 72 & dir \u003d 0015 & a ...

9./1918 / "If we talk about the January events in Yevpatoria, then the main organizers and creators of terror in this seaside town were sisters - Antonina, Varvara and Yulia Nemich. This is confirmed by numerous testimonies, including Soviet ones. In March 1919 Nemichi and other organizers of the murders in the Yevpatoria raid were shot by whites.After the final establishment of Soviet power in Crimea, in 1921, the remains of the sisters and other executed Bolsheviks were buried with honors in a mass grave in the city center, over which in 1926. erected the first monument - a five-meter obelisk, crowned with a scarlet five-pointed star.A few decades later, in 1982, the monument was replaced by another one.At its foot you can still see fresh flowers (in any case, this was the case last autumn, 2011). in honor of the Nemichi in Evpatoria, one of the city streets is named. " http://rys-arhipelag.ucoz.ru/publ/dmitrij_sokolov_tovarishh_nina/29-1-0-3710

Now I pose a question about the alleged "equivalence" and "reciprocity" of terror during the years of the Russian-Soviet war: How many ladies performed executioner duties in the troops of the White Movement?

Please, comrade "Soviet patriots", give the names and surnames of these "White Guard" women-executioners, as I gave for the "red" women-Chekists.

Who of you will tell me exactly how the "bloody anti-communists" from among the White Guard ladies mocked the captured Bolsheviks and ordinary Red Army men? - if he can, of course ...

By purchasing a product called "Providence", you change your image and dependence on the thoughts of the infidels in vain foreign clothes with incomprehensible names and meanings.

By purchasing a product called "Providence", you are acquiring clever work in the service of the Providence of God.

Rosalia Zemlyachka (Demon)
Jewish woman. Father's last name is Zalkind
(So \u200b\u200bmuch hatred and anger towards white officers, towards their wives and children. Mb Rosalia Zemlyachka hated smart, intelligent Russians? And her task was to exterminate her best people on Russian soil?)

Fury of Red Terror

The Soviet power, established in Crimea after the departure of Wrangel's troops, marked its reign with one of the most terrible tragedies of our time: in a relatively short period, a huge number of former White Army servicemen who believed the new government and did not leave their homeland were exterminated in the most cruel way. This cruelty also had a female face ...

What are "friends of the people"?

Sometimes Zemlyachka was asked: how did she, a girl from a bourgeois family, become a revolutionary? Who led her, a young schoolgirl with curly black hair and gray curious eyes, to hatred towards the representatives of the class from which she herself was?

She was born in 1876. The enterprising man Samuil Markovich Zalkind owned an excellent apartment building in Kiev, and his haberdashery store was considered one of the best and largest in the city. He wanted to bring the children into people and brought them out - they learned and became engineers and lawyers. But, alas, they did not think quite the way their father wanted. They saw the blessing of their native country in the revolution, even in its most extreme and ugly forms. All the children of Samuel Zalkind have been to the royal prisons. So the merchant of the first guild, Zalkind, was forced to post a deposit every now and then, taking on bail one or the other son ...

Cruel Rose named Zemlyachka.

But most of all in the family they loved Rose. She was the most capable, the most impatient, the most perceptive and (even the brothers admitted it) the most intelligent.
In 1894, after graduating from the gymnasium, Rosa entered the University of Lyon for a course in medical sciences in France.
A student acquaintance gave her to read a brochure by Vladimir Ulyanov "What are" friends of the people ... "And soon Rosa Zalkind joined the Kiev Social Democratic organization, becoming a professional revolutionary. And a year later Zemlyachka (that was now her revolutionary pseudonym) was arrested.
She did not manage to get away from prison. The prison was replaced by exile to Siberia. In exile, Zemlyachka got married and acquired another surname - Berlin. She fled from exile alone, her husband remained in Siberia and soon died. Later, she herself could not really determine the reason for her marriage: whether it was sympathy for a comrade in the fight, or she wanted to support a weaker comrade
The time spent in prisons made her violent, sometimes to the point of pathology. The new party nickname - Demon - suited her perfectly.
Upon returning to Russia in 1905participated in organizing the Troubles of 1905, in the December battles in Moscow. She acquired the first experience of shooting at the tsarist troops, which turned out to be in great demand later, in the Crimea, during the execution of Wrangel's officers. After the victory of the revolution, the leadership of the party entrusted her with a very responsible job ...

The demon broke free.

In 1920, Wrangel's army left the Crimea, but tens of thousands of soldiers and officers did not want to leave their native land, especially since Frunze in leaflets promised those who remained, life and freedom. Many remained.

On Lenin's instructions, two “iron Bolsheviks” fanatically loyal to the Soviet regime and equally hating its enemies were sent to Crimea “to restore order” with practically unlimited powers: Rozalia Zemlyachka, who became secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee of the Bolshevik Party, and the Hungarian Comintern Bela Kun, appointed specially authorized for Crimea. The 35-year-old Kuhn, a former prisoner of war officer in the Austro-Hungarian army, had managed by that time to proclaim the Hungarian Soviet Republic, which was drowning in blood, after which he came to "make a revolution" in Russia.

Crimea was transferred into the hands of Bela Kun and Rozalia Samuilovna. The triumphant winners invited Leon Trotsky to the chair of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Soviet Republic of Crimea, but he replied: "Then I will come to Crimea when not a single White Guard remains on its territory." The leaders of the Crimea took this not as a hint, but as an order and a guide to action. Bela Kun and Zemlyachka came up with an ingenious move to destroy not only the prisoners, but also those who were at large. An order was issued: all former servicemen of the Tsarist and White armies must register - surname, rank, address. For evading registration - execution. There was only no notice that those who came to register would be shot too ...

Red terror in Crimea, 1920-1921

With the help of this truly devilish trick, several tens of thousands of additional people were identified. They were taken to their home addresses one by one at night and shot without any trial - according to the registration lists. A senseless bloody destruction of all those who laid down their arms and remained on their native land began. And now the numbers are called different: seven, thirty, or even seventy thousand. But even if there are seven, to shoot that many thousand is work. This is where the pathological cruelty that had accumulated over the years in Rosalia Zalkind appeared. The demon broke free. It was Zemlyachka who said: "It's a pity to waste cartridges on them, to drown them in the sea."

Destruction took nightmarish forms, the condemned were loaded onto barges and drowned at sea. Just in case, they tied a stone to their feet, and for a long time afterwards, through the clear sea water, the standing dead were visible in rows. They say that tired of paperwork, Rosalia loved to sit at a machine gun ...
Eyewitnesses recalled: “The outskirts of the city of Simferopol were full of stench from the decomposing corpses of those shot, who were not even buried in the ground. a mile and a half from their barracks to knock out gold teeth from the mouths of the executed with stones, and this hunt always gave great prey. "

Memorial plaque in memory of the massacres in the Crimea in 1920-1921.

... During the first winter, 96 thousand people out of 800 thousand of the Crimean population were shot. The slaughter lasted for months. On November 28, Izvestia of the Provisional Sevastopol Revolutionary Committee published the first list of those executed - 1634 people, on November 30 the second list - 1202 people. In a week in Sevastopol alone, Bela Kun shot more than 8,000 people, and such executions took place throughout the Crimea, machine guns worked day and night. Rosalia Zemlyachka ruled the Crimea so that the Black Sea turned red with blood.
The terrible massacre of officers led by Zemlyachka made many shudder. Also, women, children and old people were shot without trial or investigation. The massacres received such a wide response that the All-Russian Central Executive Committee set up a special commission of inquiry. And then all the "especially distinguished" commandants of the cities presented in their defense telegrams from Bela Kun and Rosalia Zemlyachka, inciting to mass executions, and reporting on the number of innocent victims. In the end, this not at all "sweet couple" had to be removed from the Crimea ...

All her life she deified Lenin and even wrote the extremely tendentious Memoirs of V. I. Lenin. Always and with everyone she was dry and withdrawn and, one might say, completely devoid of personal life. Many considered her indifferent, while the majority feared and hated her. One of the veterans of the party, "the last of the Mohicans" of the pre-revolutionary RSDLP, talking about the Bolshevik Rosalia Zemlyachka, who for many years led the bodies of party and Soviet control, assessed one of her qualities: "Whom he will love - for those compatriot whom he dislikes - for those sores" ...

Zemlyachka died in 1947. Her ashes, like many other executioners of her own people, are buried in the Kremlin wall ...

P. S. Observer of the weekly "Kommersant. Vlast" Evgeny Zhirnov, studying the history of the so-called Russian Party, found out that the famous Soviet writer Leonid Leonov (author of the novel "Russian Forest") served under the command of Zemlyachka in the newspaper of the 18th Army. And, says Zhirnov, "a far from young lady every night chose her partner for the night from the Red Army. And Leonov seemed to have to hide from her all the time." That is, it means, "lack of personal life" ...

http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/bahit/post292919132/
The famous red and proletarian poet Demyan Bedny wrote about her:

From paperwork and hibernation
To protect yourself completely,
Portrait of Comrade Zemlyachki
Hang it, buddy, on the wall!

Then wandering around the office,
Pray you find out by now
Countrywoman only in a portrait,
The original is a hundred times more menacing!

Even the head of the Cheka F.E. Dzerzhinsky eventually admitted that he and other heads of his department “made a big mistake.
Crimea was the main nest of the White Guard, and in order to destroy this nest,
we sent comrades there with absolutely extraordinary powers. But we
could not think that they SO use these powers "