The verb will (past tense form would) in English has two functions:
The first is the designation of the actionwhich is planned for the future:

I will go there. (I'll go there).

The second - which helps to express desire, readiness, determination to take action: She will have her own way. (She will do it her own way.)

And also a certain degree of confidence and persistence of the speaker:

That will be a doctor at the door. (Looks like the doctor came.)

A bit of history

Curiously, there was no special in ancient English. People guessed that the action was planned using the context. For Russian speakers, the consonant word "will" will help to remember the main lexical meaning of the verb. Indeed, in fact, one of the most popular uses of will is precisely the expression of the will to do something (or, on the contrary, refuse to act).

Feature of modern of English language is that there is no future tense in it, without additional shades: necessity, compulsion, desire, speaker or writer. This must be taken into account when using the verbs will and would.

It should be recalled that until recently, teachers of classical English grammar for the education of the Simple future tense () required the use of the verb shall in the 1st person. Nevertheless, the language lives and develops and today will is considered the colloquial norm for all persons and numbers. On rare occasions, the use of shall lends a more formal or mentor tone to speech.

Basic uses of the verb will

• To indicate intention, desire, promise:
  He will help you. He will help you.
  We will come and see you next week. We will visit you next week.
• To express a request, order:
  You will tell me all secrets! You will tell me all the secrets!
  This form of categorical order - almost a threat - is noticeably softened by the use of please:
  Will you close the dour, please? Could you close the door?
• To express some degree of confidence:
  We’ll see you tomorrow. We'll see you tomorrow.
  He will be about fifty. He must be about fifty years old.

Basic uses of the verb would

To express the possibility of certain actions in the past (translated with the particle "would").

If he knew, he would be glad. If he knew, he would be glad.

It is important to remember here that there is a strict rule of timing in English. Therefore, if the main sentence is used in the past tense, then in the subordinate clause, Future in the Past is used. For this purpose, we just use would. The difficulty, often giving rise to errors, is that the subordinate clause is translated into Russian simply by future tense.

I knew that you would give me a chance. I knew that you would give me a chance.

In the present tense, this form is used for particularly polite, non-categorical requests.:

Would you come in? Will you come in?
Would you close the window? Will you close the window?

To describe your past behavior:

He would visit her every day. He used to visit her every day.

Used in reasoning and assumptions:

I wonder whether he would object ... I wonder if he would mind ...

Sometimes the same verb is used to describe and convey direct speech:

She said she would leave. She said she would leave.

Abbreviated and Negative Forms of Will and Would

In English speech, the abbreviated (reduced) form of verbs is often used. In cases where the proposal is in the affirmative, everything is quite simple:

I will - I’ll
I’ll. visit this museum
I will visit this museum.

He (she) will -he’ll (she’ll)
He’ll (she will) ask me about it. He (she) will ask for it

We will - We’ll
We’ll (we will) look after the children.
We'll look after the children.

The shorthand form would be even easier to use. It is formed according to one rule, reducing to the short "‘ d ":
We were confident that he 'd (he would) find a solution. We were confident that he would keep his promise.

Some difficulties can arise when using the shortened negative form of the verb will. In this case, you need to remember that you cannot use the general principle of reduction for this verb! The forms willn’t and willnot do not exist! The correct ones are won’t from will (will not);

We won’t invite them. We will not invite them.

The verb would forms a short negative form as a general rule: wouldn’t

We knew that they wouldn't go to Moscow.We knew that they would not go to Moscow.

Features of the use of the verbs will and would

It is curious that in colloquial speech won’t is pronounced exactly the same as the verb want (to want, to desire). Their meaning can be recognized using context as well as strict grammatical requirements. The verb want has its own meaning. It is not modal, therefore, it must be separated from another verb by the to particle.

Let's take two sentences as an example:

• We won’t invite them... We will not invite them.
• We want to invite them; already translated differently: We want to invite them.

There are several common expressions (idioms) with the verb would, which are popular in colloquial speech: would rather; would better; would sooner.

• I would rather go on the next train. I think I'll take the next train.
• You would better look after him. You'd better watch him.
• She said she would sooner stay at home. She would rather have stayed at home.

You can also remember with these verbs, which will make your speech more natural and help you remember the verbs better:

• Hawks will not pick hawks' eyes. - in literal translation we are talking about hawks. Russian analogue: Raven crows, eyes will not peck out.
• Many words will not fill a bushel. - Words cannot help matters.

I have lived in the United Kingdom for almost five years now, but I still get confused about the use of the verbs "do" and "would". For example, what is the difference between the expressions " He wouldn "t know"and" He doesn "t know"?

• Answer

Hi Mohammed, thanks for your question.

Hi Mohammed, thanks for the question.

The main point to consider here is that "does" and "doesn" t "are all present simple forms of the verb" to do ". One of the main uses of the present simple is to express a general truth, a fact, habit or routine when we "re not only thinking about now but thinking in general. In your example, you say He doesn "t know - this suggests to me a simple fact or general truth about his situation, in the same way that if I say I don "t own a cat or He doesn "t like ice-cream this is simply a general fact or truth without any particular time attached to it.

The main thing to consider here is that "does" and "doesn" t "are forms of the simple present tense from the verb" to do. "The simple present tense is mainly used to express general truths, some familiar and routine fact, when we have mind not only the present moment, but speaking in general. In your example, you say: " He doesn "t know" = "He does not know"It makes me think that this is just a fact, a general statement about his situation - as if I said:" I don "t own a cat" = "I do not have a cat" or " He doesn "t like ice-cream" = "He doesn't like ice cream"is a simple fact / truth without any reference to a specific time.

"Would"can be used in several different ways, but to relate my answer to your specific example, He wouldn "t know, we "re using it in this case to hypothesise or imagine how much - or conversely - how little he knows. Here we don" t think it "s very likely that he would know, but it" s not as definite as using the present simple form "doesn" t know "where you feel absolutely sure about the limits of his knowledge. So one of the most common uses of" would "or" wouldn "t" is to hypothesise or imagine a situation or action. If we want to express this in the past, we have to use "would" or "wouldn" t "with" have "and the past participle - in this case" wouldn "t have known" or "wouldn" t have done. "For example:

The verb " would"there are multiple meanings, but in your specific example" He wouldn "t know"verb" would"expresses your personal hypothesis / assumption about how much - or, conversely, how little - he knows. [Therefore He wouldn "t know = He hardly knows = It is unlikely that he knew]. In this case, it seems to us that most likely he does not know. But that's presumably, while " doesn "t know"expresses absolute certainty that he does not know. So, one of the most common uses of the verb" would" or " wouldn "t"- to express our hypothesis / assumption / idea about a situation or action. If we want to express this in the past tense, we must use" would "or" wouldn "t" with a verb in the perfect tense (that is, have + past participle time) - in this case it will turn out " wouldn "t have known" or " wouldn "t have done". For instance:

There was no point asking him yesterday because he wouldn "t have known then.

Yesterday it was useless to ask him, because yesterday he would hardly have known.

These are certainly not the only uses of "would", but I hope, at least, this answers your question about the functions of "would" as it appears in your sentence.

The verb would in English is used:

• 1. As an auxiliary verb for the formation of verb forms Future in the Past (future in the past) in the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural (instead of the verb will).

He says he will come to see me tomorrow.
He says that (he) will visit me tomorrow.

BUT:
Not said (that) he would come next day.
He said he would visit me the next day

He said he would come early.
He said he would come early.

• 2. To express a strong desire to refuse to perform an action. In relation to inanimate objects, would in these cases expresses resistance to human efforts.

Not wouldn’t go to the doctor.
He never wants to go to the doctor.

I tried to close the case but it wouldn’t.
I tried to close the suitcase, but it wouldn't close in any way.

In expressions:

a) would like instead of the verb want ( to want) in the present tense to express a more polite form.

I would like to see you. I would like to see you.
I would like an (some) ice-cream. I would like ice cream.

b) would like in interrogative sentences to express a proposal for something, an invitation to something.

Would you like to try on this hat?
Would you like to try on this hat?

Would you like a well-done steak?
Would you like a well-toasted steak?

Would you like another cup of coffee?
(Would you like) another cup of coffee? (Want to…?)

in) would care instead of the verb want (want) in the meaning of the present tense, but only in interrogative and negative sentences.

Would you care to see my etchings?
Would you like to see my prints?

Would you care to have some more tea?
Would you like some more tea?

d) if only + would to express regret for an action that was not taken.

If only he would drive more slowly.
If only he went slower.

If only she would go by train.
If only she went by train.

• 3. As a modal verb in the following cases:

a) to express intention, desire.

Didn't say he would lend me some money to buy a car.
He said he would lend me money to buy a car.

BUT: In the affirmative, if would expresses an intention, it is used in a subordinate clause.

I said that I would help him.
I said I would help him.

In its negative form, would is used on its own in the meaning of unwillingness to do something - wouldn't (often with a connotation "no way", "no pretext").

I wouldn’t lend him money to buy a car.
I don't want to lend him money to buy a car. (I refused…)

He wouldn’t come to see me. (He refused to come.)
He didn't want to visit me. (He refused to come.)

b) to express repetition of action or persistence.

Not would wait for me at the corner of our house.
He usually waited for me at the corner of our house. (Or: And he (but he) was still waiting for me at the corner of our house. Depending on the context.)

c) to express a polite request.

Would you show me that suit?
Please show me that suit over there.

Would you tellme where the nearest underground station is?
Can you tell me where the nearest metro station is?

Two forms that we use in English speaking. This is the form of present tense - will, and the past tense form is would... Both the first and second forms can work as auxiliary verbs in English. Willin combination with the infinitive is needed for education, and wouldin the same company to create future tense in the past () and subjunctive forms. For instance:

I will visit this museum when I come back to Kiev. - I will go to this museum when I come to Kiev again.

She told me you would invite friends to this cafe. - She said that you will invite your friends to the cafe.

I knew she would be asked at once. “I knew she would be asked immediately.

Modal verb willand modal verb wouldhave both similar and different situations of use, so let's talk about each separately.

Modal verb WILL

Modal verb willis necessary in order to express:

1. Desire, determination, intention, promise, consent.
   

   She will not tell me what is wrong. “She doesn't want to tell me what happened. (what's wrong)

   They will help him. - They will help him. (Promise)

   I will have my own way. - I'll do it my way. (determination)

2. Order.
   

   You will tell your parents that I wish to speak to them. - Tell your parents that I want to talk to them.

   Stop chattering, will you? - Don't talk, okay?

3. Request, polite questions.
   

   Will you say it again? - Could you say it again?

   Will you close the window? - Could you please close the window?

4. Persistence, perseverance, resistance in negative sentences.
   

   The door will not open. - The door won't open.

   The pen will not write. - The pen doesn't write in any way.

Modal verb WOULD

Rereading the use of the modal verb willand note that points 1, 3 apply to the modal verb would... This can be seen in the following examples:

He was poor and would do any work. - He was poor and agreed to any job.

Would you tell me the time, please? - Please, tell me what time it is.

But the modal verb wouldthere are also certain meanings inherent only to him. Among them we remember the cases in which the modal verb would expresses:

1. Stubborn unwillingness to take any action in the past (this works in negative sentences).
   

   She asked him twice to give up drinking, but he wouldn’t listen to her. - She twice asked him to stop drinking, but he did not want to listen to her.

2. Repetitive habitual action in the past. Therefore, in this case it approaches the value known to us, which is used everywhere.
   

   He would always say hello. - He always said hello.

Modal verb willand modal verb would are the latest in a series of articles on this section of English grammar. I hope you understand the material and there will be no difficulties in the process of studying it.

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shall- the need to take an action, expressed in the form of an order or a firm promise - must necessarily .

As a modal verb shall used with an imperfect infinitive, pronounced in full form with logical stress (without reducing to ’Ll) and is not separately translated into Russian.

Used:

1 IN affirmative and negative sentences are used to express:

and) order, warning, warning or threatdirected to the 2nd or 3rd person.

b) firm, categorical promise, assurance, confidence on behalf of the speaker:

You shall have whatever you want.	By you will be whatever you want.
They shall have this picture.	They have will be this picture. (I promise them)
He shan’t come here.	He will not come here. (I will not let)
We shall win!	we win! (expression of strong resolve)

2 IN issues set in order to obtain instructions, orders, advice or offers... In this sense, shall is used with the 1st and 3rd person unit. and many others numbers.

Shall I call for you this evening?	Me after you come in tonight?
Shall I help him?	Help him?
Shall I wait for you?	Me you wait?
What shall I do?	What should I do?

should

should- As a modal verb, the verb is very close in meaning. ought (to).

Expresses:

a) the need to perform an action due to someone's subjective, individual opinion: " should ";

b) assumption, with a touch of confidence: " must be, probably, probably ".

1 In combination with imperfect infinitive expression advice, desirability, recommendation regarding the present or the future.

2 should + Perfect Infinitive expression regrets, reproach, censure about the fact that:

and) that the action was not taken (if the sentence is affirmative). Corresponds to Russian should (would), should (would), should (would) .

You should have done this work.	You it was necessary to (followed ) to do this job. (but you didn't)
He should have driven more carefully.	Him should (had) go more carefully. (but he didn't)
You should have told me the truth.	You followed to tell the truth to me.

b) that the undesirable action took place (in negative sentences):

Note: In addition to these cases, the verb should can be used in questions, usually after question words, to express bewilderment, great surprise, indignation:

Why should I do it?	Why do I need this make?
Why should I help him?	Why on earth would I must him to help?
How should I know?	Where do I come from know? How do I know?

Probabilistic value

To express guesses with a tinge of confidence – probably should be etc. In this meaning. should used with a non-perfect infinitive (less common than with must).

You should be hungry by now.	You, probablyalready hungry.
He should be here any minute.	He it should be here any minute.
The shop should / (ought to) be open now.	Score it should be is now open.

will and would

Unlike a couple shall / shouldwhere the verb should acquired as a modal new values \u200b\u200bthat coincide in meaning with ought (to), verb would saved all values \u200b\u200bas modal will in the past time. Verb would even more common in colloquial speech, and besides, it also has additional meanings, for example, probabilistic (like should).

Will and would are used for:

1 In the affirmative -to express firm determination, desire, intention used with 1st person units and many others numbers combined with an imperfect infinitive. Usually with 1 person it is used shall, and the use will gives a shade of determination, desire. In this case, it is not reduced to "ll and pronounced with stress... It may not translate into Russian or translate as " want, by all means " etc.

In the 2nd and 3rd person units. and many others numbers for expressions of command, obligation , recommendations (more often used in schools or military institutions).

Would used in constructions would ("d) ratherperhaps preferable, would ("d) betterit's better, would ("d) soonerrather:

"I ' d rather do it myself ", said Mother.	"I, perhapsI'll do it myself, "said the mother.
I would (I "d) better shoot her once instead of shooting her lovers every week.	I would be better shot her once than shoot her lovers every week.
He ’D sooner die than let me think he was a coward.	He rather would die, which would make me think he was a coward.

2 In negative form in combination with a simple infinitive is used (in the present - will, in the past - would):

and) To express stubborn reluctance or refusal perform any action:

I won’t do it again.	I I will never do it again.
He won’t (will not) go to the director and talk with him.	He doesn't want go to the director and talk to him.

Verb would in this meaning is used both in the present and in the past tense - no way, no way (want / wanted)

I wouldn’t lend him money to buy a car.	I i do not want lend money for him to buy a car.
We invited him several times, but he wouldn’t come.	We invited him several times, but he did not wish come.

b) Expresses with inanimate nouns opposition, resistance, refusal to function properly. Corresponds to Russian " no way".

The lock will not open.	Castle no way opens.
The pen won’t write.	A pen does not write.
The engine wouldn’t start.	Motor did not start in any way.

3 In interrogative form in 2nd person for expression polite requests, suggestions, invitations ... Are used will and would, and expressions with would less formal, more polite and conversational. In Russian is not translated literally, but in various words expressing a polite request.

Will you give him this letter?	You do not give is this letter to him? (Give him this letter, please.)
Will you have some more tea?	Want to more tea?
Will you wait a little?	Won't you wait are you a little

The form would in this case conveys a more polite request:

Would you show me that suit?

please , show me that suit.

In the expression would you mindbe kind, be kind:

Would you mind closing the window? Do you mind close a window?

Expression would you like ... (not) would you like to ... (often meets):

Would you like to see the room? You wish see the number?(at the hotel)

4 Ordinary or frequently repeated actions in the present. (will) or in the past (would):

Probabilistic value

To express assumptions – probably should be etc.

need

how modal verb has only one shape need, used only in interrogative and negative sentences with an infinitive without a particle to... Means the need to perform an action ( need, need ) or lack thereof (in negative sentences).

1 C simple infinitive used in interrogative and negative sentences in relation to the present or future tense, expressing the need. Forms interrogative and negative forms without an auxiliary do.

and) IN negative proposals need expresses the absence of such a need - no need, no need, no need .

You needn’t do it.	You no need make this is.
You needn’ t hurry .	You not necessary rush.
You needn’t tell me about it.	You not necessary speak me about it.
She needn’t go there.	To her no need go there.

A distinction should be made between:

You must not come here.You can't (prohibited) come here.

You needn’t come here. You not necessary (not necessary) come here.

b) IN interrogative - doubt about the appropriateness of the action, while most often a negative answer is assumed - is it necessary (whether), it is necessary (whether), it should (whether) .

Need I repeat it?	Whether it is necessary to me to repeat this is?
Need I write to him?	If necessary to me to write him?
Need we go there?	If necessary /Is it worth us go there?

Answers to the question:

Differences:

Shall I help him?	Help him? (I just ask for directions, orders without any semantic subtext)
Must I help him?	Must can I help him? (Is this mandatory? Is this my absolute moral obligation?)
Should I help him?	Should can I help him? (I'm interested in your personal opinion)
Need I help him?	If necessary can I help him? (I have a doubt, is it worth it or not?)

2 need (not) + Perfect Infinitive (refers to the past)

IN interrogative - the same doubt about expediency, but referred to the past.

Need he have come here? Was there a need him here come?

Need you have paid so much?Is it you it was necessary to pay so much?

In about tricky - means that the action was performed in the past, but it was not necessary (a waste of time and effort) - in vain, there was no need, there was no need etc.

You needn’t have come. You didn't have to come. (You should not have done it)

You needn’t have hurried. There was no need for you to rush (in vain you were in a hurry).

You needn’t have worried. There was no need to worry.

In indirect speech needlike must, does not change its shape.

Note: Modal verb need not to be confused with a significant / semantic verb needmeaning need, feel the need for something .

Semantic verb need used in all kinds of sentences and in different tense forms, which he forms with the help of auxiliary verbs. The interrogative and negative forms in Present and Past Indefinite are formed using an auxiliary do. After it is used addition expressed noun, pronoun or infinitive withto .

Modal verb need has only one form, does not require auxiliary verbs, is used in questions and negations. After it is used only infinitive without to... For instance:

Need I read it? (modal )	Is it worth (do; do; need) should I read this? (doubt)
Do i need to read it? ( semantic )	Need to to me to read this is? (just a question)

After the verb need a noun or a pronoun can be used as a semantic object in the role of an addition:

I need your help.	To me need yours help.
Do you need my help?	You need my help?
Did you need my help?	You needed my help?

He needs a pen.	Him need a pen.
Does he need a pen?	Him need a pen?

Father will need your car tomorrow.	Father will need yours car tomorrow.
Do you need any money?	You need money?
What do you need?	What do you want need to?

dare

Verb dare means: dare, have the courage or insolence to do something. Meetings. infrequently, and the same comments apply to it as to need.

How modal it has the form of the present. time dare and past dared, used with infinitive without particle to, forms interrogative and negative forms without an auxiliary do.

How is modal used in interrogative (usually with How dare ...?) and negative proposals. In the affirmative dare used in expression I dare say / speakwhich translates as (i) dare to say .

How dare you say it?	How are you dare speak this is?
For a while he dared not move.	For a while he didn't dare stir.

Note:how semantic verb it is conjugated according to general rules, the infinitive after it is used with to, questions and negations form with do.