Subject: organs and systems of plant organs. The escape. Laboratory work number 1. "The external structure of the escape of plants. The structure of the vegetative and generative kidney "The purpose of the lesson: familiarization with the main organs of plants, the study of the structure and development of escape from the kidneys. Tasks: Educational:

Become acquainted with the vegetative and generative organs of plants;

Recove the content of the concept of "escape"

Teach distinguishing vegetative kidneys from generative.

Developing:

Develop the ability to compare, analysis, generalization;

Develop communicative skills and skills.

Form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe deployment process of the kidney;

Teach recognize vegetative and generative shoots and kidneys.

Educational:

Continue work on the formation of scientific worldview.

Wood formation:

Personal Wood:

The establishment of communication between educational activities and the motive.

Regulatory Wood:

Learn to plan, build an activity algorithm, make forecasting;

Teach self-esteem, self-control work;

Learning to work according to the sample, according to the algorithm.

Communicative Wood:

Develop the attention of students;

Teach the ability to listen and write down the content and explanation of the teacher or the student's answer;

Teaching the issue.

Cognitive Wood:

Work on the formation of logical skills:

Synthesis analysis;

Comparison;

Generalizations and classifications;

Proof of;

Nomination hypotheses and their rationale;

Building a chain of reasoning.

2. Reading and working with text.

Equipment: ICT.

Concepts: Escape, vegetative and generative kidney

LESSON STRUCTURE: 1. Organization 2. Target installation 3. Actualization of reference knowledge 4. Studying a new topic + execution L.R. 5. Final consolidation 6. Homework 7. Commenting estimates

During the classes:

date : ___________

Laboratory work number 1

Subject: The external structure of the escape of plants. The structure of vegetative and generative kidney

Purpose: get acquainted with the structure of the kidneys and their location on the stem.

Equipment: cuttings of the shoots of trees (poplar, birch, lilac, elderberry, rowan, kleon), shrubs (currants, gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries); Herbarian copies of plants; blades, magnifiers; Tables: "Building the kidney", "Development of a shoot of kidneys"; Tutorial drawings on with. 72-73.

1. Open albums for laboratory work And make records:

Authorities that provide basic processes of vegetable organism: nutrition, growth, breathing, isolation, called vegetative.

The main vegetative organs of plants - escape and root.

In addition to vegetative, plant has generative bodies - breeding bodies.

These include: flower, fruit, seed.

The escape - This is a stem with leaves and kidneys located on it.

The presence of leaves - the main difference between the root stem .

The kidneys can be the top and side.

The tops are located on the top of the escape, the side - on his sides above each sheet.

The angle between the sheet and the above part of the stem is called a sinus sheet, and the side kidneys that are in the sinuses of the leaves - stool.

The stalk plot on which the leaf and stuffed kidney are called the node. It is usually thicker of interstice - a plot of stem between two nodes.

Thus, escape consists of repetitive sites: interstitial, knots with leaves and kidneys.

Such a structure has vegetative shoots.

Draw Escape and make notation in the laboratory album.

Fig. 1 Building escape

Draw a vegetative and generative kidney and make notation in the laboratory album.

Fig. 2 Structure of vegetative and generative kidney plants

Spring kidney on shoots swell.

Inside the kidneys occurs intensive growth of all its parts, especially leaves and interstitial.

For some time, scales remain tightly closed. Then they are moving away and green rolled leaves of a young escape appear.

In the future, kidney scales when deploying the kidneys are falling.

On the stem from the fallen scales remain the scars in the form of rings - renal rings. You can calculate the age of the branches of trees and shrubs.

General structure of plants

Plants whose body is formed by different organs called higher plants or lombaled .

Seed Definition

Seed - This is the organ reproduction and plant resettlement.

seed poppy

seed seychelles Palma

Seed External structure

Outside the seed has dense cover - peel .

• from damage;
• from drying;
• from the penetration of pathogenic organisms.

seed bombing

(beans)

one-bedroom seed

(wheat)

Seed Internal structure

Seed Germination of seeds

In monocoons underground germination of seeds, and in bobbers - overhead .

Monocoan - mainly herbs, less often trees, shrubs and liauns (lily, tulip, aloe, lily of the lily, onions, garlic, wheat, corn, rye, oats, millet)

Dichomotic - Cabbage, radish, radish, apple tree, raspberry, cherry, strawberry, beans, peas, potatoes, pepper, tomato, sunflower.

Root Definition

Root - specialized plant organ.

Root functions:

• Soil (mineral) nutrition;
• Fixing plants in the soil.

Root Types of roots. Root systems

Main root Developed from an embryonic root.

Putting roots develop on the stem part of escape. Can grow on the leaves.

Side roots Arise on the roots of all kinds.

Urichned root systems Characterized for all monocotyledonic plants and some digestive.

Root External and internal structure

Root zones:

1) the division zone is active cell division;

2) growth zone - growth (pulling) cells;

3) the zone of suction is the absorption of water;

4) the zone of conduct - transport substances.

The escape Building escape

The escape consists of the axial part, or stem , and its side parts, called leaves .

Functions: The formation of organic substances during photosynthesis.

The escape Vegetative and generative kidneys

Bud - This is a successful escape.

Late position

Fine - Vasilek, Peony, Rose, Len, peas.

Suggested - carnation, lilac, elder, maple.

Mutovaya - Elodea, Oleander, Voroniye Eyes.

Sheet External structure

Sheet is part of escape.

The flat sheet of sheet provides the greatest contact of the surface of the plant with an air medium and sunlight.

There are plants in which there are no petioles and horses.

Sheet Internal structure

Functions:

1) Photosynthesis

2) Gas exchange

3) evaporation

4) removal of unnecessary substances - leaf fall .

Stem

Stem - This is the axial part of the escape consisting of knots and intersdes.

Functions:

• Conductive
• Reference
• Flashing

Flower Structure

Flower - This is the generative body. The components of its elements provide sexual reproduction.

Functions: Food and seed formation

Receptacle - The upper end of the flower pads on which the flower is located.

Venchik and cup Form a picker.

Perianth - Protects pestle and stamens from adverse conditions, and attracts pollinators with its brightness.

The main parts of the flower

A fruit is developing from Zajazi Pestik, and seeds are formed from the sumps.

Socuagement

Simple - Flowers are located one by one on the main axis of escape.

Sophisticated - On the main axis of escape there are branched small inflorescences.

Vegetative root organosors
Root functions:
1. Fastening the plant in the soil.
2. Absorption of water soil and minerals.
3. Power supply of nutrients
4. Synthesis of physiologically active substances (hormones)
Root system - the totality of the roots of one plant.
Main root
Derived from
germinal root
Side roots
From the main thing
Podid
roots
From the aboveground part of the plant -
Leaves
or
Stem.
On the
abilities
Plants
form
Podid
Roots based reproduction
their cuttings.

Types of root systems

Rod root system (disadvantaged plants) - the main root is good
expressed.
The urine root system (single-barrel plants) - in case of dying
The embryonic root, the foundation of escape is formed apparent roots,
Approximately similar in size.

Root tip structure

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Root case. The root has unlimited
growth. It grows upside, here is concentrated
Educational tissue (meristem). Top root
protected by a root case, which also
Performs a function of plant growth direction.
Classes Celsickers are able to react to influence
gravity and cause positive
Geotropism of the plant.
The division zone - cells intensively multiply,
Conduring the growth of the root in length.
Stretching zone - cells that have stopped sharing
stretched along the root axis and increase in
sizes.
Suction area - root cover cells form
root hairs absorbing water and
Mineral salts. Around the root hair cage
form a mucosa case that increases
Contact with colloidal soil solution.
Absorption contribute to the highlighted hairs
acids (coal, apple, lemon), which
Mineral salts dissolve. Root hairs
Quickly die away, the duration of their life
It is 10-20 days.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe transportation is absorbed
root hairs of substances to plant organs.

Channel modifications

Roots
Thickened
roots
Moderators
in
As a result of accumulation
Nourishing
Substances
(beets, trouser, turnip,
carrot,
Turnip
parsley.).
Root tubers
–
thickening
Podepie
roots
(orchis,
dahlia).
Contractile
(retractable roots) -
In plants S.
by modifying the stem
(rhizuy)
These roots develop.
Such roots are better
Tighten clubnelukovitsy
in the soil.

Channel modifications

Respiratory roots -
tropical plants
Food
wetlands,
poor oxygen. it
side root processes
towering over water
or soil.
Air roots - tropical plants,
Living on the branches of trees, develop
Air roots. They are often found
orchids, bromeliev, some
Ferns. Air roots free
hang in the air without reaching land and
absorbing moisture falling on them from
Rain or dew.

Channel modifications

Roots of plants - parasites
Transformed into sucking
organs.
Roots suction cups, for example,
Pereviliki
Bacterial tubers
(bean plants)

Stem and escape

Escape is one of the main organs of the plant, consisting of a stem, leaves and
kidney.
The stem is part of the escape that provides a connection between roots and leaves.
The node is a plot of a stem, from which the sheet leaves.
Interstown - distance between neighboring
nodes.
The kidney is a successful escape. It consists of
shortened stem with ridiculous leaves and
Surrounded by renal scales performing
Protective function. Scheeis are present
Modified leaves.
Distinguish the top and side kidneys.
Top kidney - the top of the stem (cone
increment). From the top kidneys is formed
The main escape, and from the side - side shoots.
Top kidney regulates lateral growth.
In case of damage to the top kidney into growth
Sleeping kidneys are touched.

Types of kidneys
In addition to vegetative kidney
Plants eating a generative
(flower kidney),
Presented
shortened stem
Following flower or
Inflorescences. Flower kidney
concluding 1 flower,
called bud.

Besides the top and stuffed kidneys,
plants are often formed so
Called Podep Kidneys. These
kidneys do not have a certain
correct in location and arise
From inner tissues. The source of them
Education can be pericycle, Cambier,
Parenchima core rays.
Podep kidneys can form
And on the stems, and on the leaves, and even on
roots. However, on the structure of these kidneys
no different from ordinary
Top and stuffed. They are
Provide intensive vegetative
renewal and reproduction and have
Big biological significance. IN
particular with the help of pressing kidney
Kornelotpryskaya breeding
plants.

Forms of escape

Creeping - Stem
Stele on the ground
(strawberry,
blackberry).
Persecurity
–
Good
Developed
Mechanical
fabric (trees
herbaceous
cereal).
Women
(Liana)
chose
trunks
trees.
Climbing -
cling to support
Warms
(vine)
or apparent
roots

Branching escapes

Branching requires a plant to increase the area of \u200b\u200bcontact
with Wednesday - water, air and soil.
Branch
Upper
The top of the main axis of the plant
Wilchato (dichotomically)
branches and gives the beginning to two
The axes of the following
order (dispute and lower
plants).
Side
From the main axis away
Side axes
Monopodial
Top
bud
Plants active by
throughout life
Plants and main axis
It has unlimited
Growth (voted)
Sympodial -
Top kidney
Decrace or
stops growth,
Time like lateral
Escapes grow hard.

Structure of the Stem Wood Plant

Victims of escapes

Rhizome is a strong changed
underground escape resembling
Root (drink, Iris, Lily of the Lily). Carries
underdeveloped scratched leaf and
kidney. From the knots of the root often
Applying roots are departed. Reserve
Carbohydrates.
Tubers - strong thickened
Underground kidney stem
Performing
function.
Bulbs - shortened stem
- Dame, surrounded by juicy
leaves accumulating water and
Sahara.

The structure of sheet

List functions:
1. Photosynthesis
2. Transpiration (gas exchange and water evaporation).
The sheet consists of 2 main parts:
Sheet plate and stuff. Leaves
Without a pet, called seating.
Some plants have a base
Pacifics are developing,
Performing protective function.

Sheet
PLAIN
COMPLICATED
Consists of leaf
Plates and sweets.
whole
Birch, poplar,
Lipa, Pear,
cherry
Paddle
Plate
dissected, B.
Aspect
what
arise
blades
(Maple, Oak)
Disseated cut cuts
edge
Plates
reach almost
to average
vendors
Forming
Segments
Plates.
Several flyers
Plates located on
One cut.
Naked - Lupine (leaflets
attach at 1 point);
Current (peristoid) if on the main cut
Side leaves
Located on both sides
The length of the petiole, sheet
It is called peristoids.
Troy - if a complex
The sheet consists of three
Leaflets (Maple)

Sheet plates are permeated by residents - these are conductive bundles, also
Press the plants strength.
Venation
Mesh - (Curly)
In bombing
Parallel (arc)
- Monocoan

Sheet plates differ in the degree of dissection: shallow cuts - gear or
Palc edges of the sheet, deep cuts - blade, separate and dissected edges.
If the edges of the leaf plate have no surrounding, the sheet is called all-wide. If a
Revements along the edge of the sheet shallow, the sheet is called ace.
The blade sheet is a sheet, the plate of which is disseminated on the blade to 1/3 of the width of the half-width.
Separate sheet - sheet with a plate, dissected to ½ width of the half-width.
Dissected sheet - leaf, plate of which is disseminated to the main vein or to the base
Sheet.
The edge of the leaf plate is pil (sharp angles).
The edge of the leaf plate is gorgeous (rounded protrusions).
The edge of the leaf plate is the leaked (rounded grooves).

Attaching sheet to stalk

Internal structure of sheet

Top and bottom sheet covered with epidermis
(skin), which protects the sheet from drying,
mechanical damage, from pathogenic
organisms. Transparent cells, alive, also
There are cells with chloroplasts (closing
Cells) forming the gap - the dust.
Through the allocated fumes, the air enters the inner
leaf cells; through them gaseous substances, in
including a pair of water, leave the sheet out. For
insufficient provision of plants with water (which
can happen in dry and hot weather), dust
Close. These plants protect themselves from
draining, as water vapors with closed
Ustichny slots do not go out and persisted in
Interchangels of sheet. Thus, plants
Keep water in a dry period.

Under the epidermum is the main (chlorohenchim) column, and below
Spongent fabric with developed intercellular space. In spongy fabric
Less chloroplasts.

Effect of environmental factors on the structure of the sheet

1. Leaves of plants of wet places, as a rule, large with a large amount of stomit.
Many moisture evaporates from the surface of these leaves. Water plants are good
intersectors are developed, providing gases and contributing to
Floating plants. Stwitz are located on the upper side of the sheet, chloroplast
Are in the cells of the epidermis. In the ground chloroplasts only in the Ustiani.
2. Leaves of arid places are small in size and have devices,
Reducing evaporation. It is a thick omission, wax raid, relatively
A small number of stomps and others. Some plants are soft and juicy leaves. In them
Water poisoned. The leaves of many cereals in the hot period of the day are coincided in
tube.

Modifying leaves

In the process of adaptation to the conditions ambient Leaves in some
plants were changed because they began to play a role not peculiar
Typical leaves. At Barbaris, part of the leaves looked into the spines.

G.Y.Sultantangirov

biology teacher

Organ - part of the body having a certain structure and performing certain functions.

Views:

• Vegetative organs
• Generative bodies

• Root;
• Stem;
• Sheet;
• The escape;
• Flower.

Root -

this is an axial organ plant. It has an upheat growth, has positive geotropism, that is, it grows towards the center of the Earth.

• Fastening the plant in the soil;
• Suction, water and mineral substances;
• Supply of nutrients;
• Interaction with roots of other plants (symbiosis), mushrooms, microorganisms living in the soil (mycornis, legumes, legumes).
• Vegetative reproduction
• Synthesis of biologically active substances
• Many plant roots perform special functions (air roots, roots of suction cups).

Stem-

vegetative organ

plants having a radial structure, upheat growth in length.

• the place of formation of leaves and flowers, and in their sinuses - stubborn kidneys;
• assimilation of organic substances;
• transportation of water, mineral and organic substances from the root to the leaves and back;
• vegetative reproduction.

Sheet -

vegetative plant organ

developing on a stem having

bilateral symmetry,

growing base

inserting growth (single-bedroom) or

without the surface (dicotyled).

The main functions of the sheet

• assimilation of organic substances

(photosynthesis);

• transpiration (water evaporation);
• gas exchange (absorption and selection

• power supply of nutrients and water;
• vegetative reproduction.

The escape-

one of the main vegetative organs higher Plantsconsisting of a stem with leaves and kidneys located on it.

• photosynthesis process;
• transpiration;
• formation of reproductive organs (sporangies, cones, colors);
• reference;
• transport

Flower -

the organ of seed reproduction of flowering (coated brine) plants.

• ensuring sexual reproduction of plants;
• protection (flowers serve to cover and protect ripening fruits and seeds)

• All flowering plants have the same organs.
• An essential feature of all flowering plants is the presence of a flower (modified escape).
• All organs of the plant are interconnected.