Topic 2. Health as an integral characteristic of the state of the individual.

Questions:

1. The concept of health, types of health.

2. Health criteria.

Sources of information for health assessment.

The concept of health, types of health.

The concept of health is defined differently by different specialists.

The term " health” implies full, absolute health. But an absolutely healthy person does not exist in nature. There is a significant diversity of ideas about what health is and how it is measured, as evidenced by the presence of more than one hundred definitions of this concept.

Definitions of health can be subdivided into functional, adaptive, integrative, etc. On the other hand, one can single out biomedical, social, and other aspects of health.

Functional definitions associate health with the ability of a person and his body to perform various functions. First of all, we are talking about biological, physiological and social functions.

AT biomedical aspect under health understood the state of any living organism in which it as a whole and all its organs are able to fully perform their functions; absence of sickness, disease.

Health also defined as:

Dynamic balance of the functions of all internal organs and their adequate response to the influence of the environment.

A specific, qualitatively specific state of a person, which is characterized by the normal course of physiological processes that ensure its optimal life activity.

According to V.P. Kaznacheev (1978), health is a process of preservation and development of physiological, biological and mental functions, optimal labor and social activity with a maximum duration of an active creative life. The author presents human health as a dynamically changing natural phenomenon, the combined action of which, under special conditions, can ensure a long life.

Along with functional adaptive definitions of health. Thus, health in a generalized form can be defined as: a person's ability to adapt to the environment and his own capabilities, to resist external and internal negative factors, illnesses and injuries, to save himself, to expand his opportunities for full-fledged life, that is, to ensure his well-being.

Along with biomedical, there are social, environmental and other aspects of health. Overstrain of protective and adaptive mechanisms when exposed to extreme stimuli on the body can lead to the development of the disease.

Thus, health is not only the absence of disease. The concept of "health" should include factors social welfare.

In particular, health is commonly understood as a complex, holistic, dynamic state of an organism that develops in the process of realizing its genetic potential in a specific socio-economic environment. In this understanding, health is the ability of a person to optimal social activity with a maximum life expectancy.

Also, human health is significantly influenced by the environment, environmental conditions of life.

Some general result of many years of discussion regarding the conceptual aspects of health was the definition adopted in the documents World Health Organization (WHO). In the constitution of the World Health Organization 1948 health defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".

Thus, health is:

- the process of preserving, developing the physical functions of a person, his mental and social potentials;

- the ability of a person and, in general, a living organism to adapt to the environment and its own capabilities, to resist external and internal negative factors;

- the process of maximum duration of healthy life with optimal working capacity and social activity.

world health day celebrated annually on April 7, world mental health day– 10 October.

Human health changes with age from birth to adulthood. The best health in a person is in 20-25 years.

Distinguish between "health" and "state of health".

Health status- this is the degree of approximation to absolute health. Between the concepts of illness and health, there are a number of transitional states.

The state of human health can be in three states: health, pre-illness, illness.

The concept of health has undergone a significant evolution associated with shifts in the development of the epidemiological situation, called epidemiological revolutions. The main achievements of the second epidemiological revolution in the developed countries of the world are the reduction to a minimum (at the current level of development of society) of mortality from major chronic diseases, which led to an increase in life expectancy.

The sciences that study health include: dietology, pharmacology, biology, epidemiology, psychology (health psychology, developmental psychology, experimental and clinical psychology, social psychology), psychophysiology, psychiatry, pediatrics, medical sociology and medical anthropology, psychohygiene, defectology and others. .

Types of health.

The concept of health can refer to both an individual and a population, human society.

individual health a person is considered as a natural state of the organism, characterized by complete balance with the biosphere and the absence of any pronounced painful changes.

Population (public) health considered by most researchers as a category of socio-economic, which characterizes the viability of society as a social organism. Accordingly, the assessment of the state of health of the population is based on a combination of characteristics of its reproduction, duration and quality of life.

The following components of individual health are distinguished:

1. Physical health:

- the current state of the functional capabilities of organs and systems of the body; the perfection of self-regulation in the body, the harmony of physiological processes; the ability to withstand external and internal negative factors, diseases and injuries; maximum adaptation to the environment.

2. Mental health:

- the state of the mental sphere and general mental comfort, providing an adequate behavioral response. Normal mental health is also understood as the harmonious development of the psyche, corresponding to the age, age norm of a given person. High mental performance is one of the main indicators of mental health and an important indicator of a favorable functional state of the body as a whole.

3. Moral health:

- a complex of moral values, attitudes and motivations that characterize a healthy personality; a system of values, attitudes and motives for the behavior of an individual in society.

Moral health is the moral force that motivates creative activity. The hallmarks of a person's moral health are, first of all, a conscious attitude to work, mastery of the treasures of culture, an active rejection of mores and habits that are contrary to a normal way of life.

Moral health is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with relatives, friends and society, the ability to predict and model events and draw up a program of one's actions.

4. Spiritual health:

- a system of spiritual values ​​and beliefs. To a large extent, spiritual health is provided by faith. What to believe and how to believe is a matter of everyone's conscience.

5. Social health:

- reflects the level of professional and social well-being, socio-economic conditions of a person's life.

In the description of the concept "social health" both individual and social characteristics are used.

6. Reproductive health:

- reflects the level of functioning of the reproductive system (the number of conceptions of children born), as well as the state of health of children born.

Individual health can be assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative assessment determines the level of health status. Quantitative assessment is carried out on a set of indicators that characterize physical, mental and social health.

Health- the natural state of the body, characterized by its balance with the environment and the absence of any painful changes.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Constitution of the World Health Organization

• Health is the constant availability of energy necessary to ensure the harmonious functioning of the body.
• Health is the basis of human well-being; health allows you to open up all his physical and spiritual capabilities.
• Health is a concept not only physical, but also moral; a morally healthy person is generous, noble, friendly and optimistic.
• Health is the absence of causes and incentives for diseases in a person.
• Physical health is a building tool in the hands of a highly moral person and a destructive hammer in the hands of a scoundrel.

Health Benefits

• Health provides opportunities - physical adaptation to various conditions; personal growth.
• Health gives strength - for work, study, communication and building relationships.
• Health gives freedom - physical actions and movement around the world.
• Health gives interest - to life.
• Health brings joy - from the realization of the infinity of one's own possibilities.
• Health creates a platform for human self-realization.

Manifestations of health in everyday life

• Physical exercises. Physical activity brings many benefits to a person, strengthening the body and character.
• Military service. A sick person is a weak warrior, which is why there are diseases whose carriers are not called up for military service.
• Labor activity. The more physically healthy and strong a person is, the greater the period of time he is able to work with full dedication.
• No "chemical dependency". A person who constantly takes medication is like an alcoholic. The absence of such vices as addiction, including drug addiction, characterizes a healthy person.
• Gen. A healthy person does not need excessive comfort and luxury, but needs conditions that ensure hygiene.
• Parenting. Tempering children from an early age helps to grow them into healthy people, strong physically and strong in spirit.

How to achieve health

• Health is not a character trait of a person, but a combination of physical and moral qualities that develop through systematic exercises. To become healthy is the main duty of every person to himself.
• hardening. Any procedure for hardening the body - whether it is dousing with cold water or long walks in the fresh air - is a contribution to the "piggy bank" of one's own health.
• Physical education. Moderate physical activity (not “peak”, as in professional sports) gradually strengthens the human body.
• Refusal of excesses. The simpler the food of a person, the more healthy he is; the simpler the life, the more resilient it is.
• Control over emotions. Strong negative emotions weaken the human body, taking away the energy necessary for the full functioning of the body. By controlling his emotions (anger, anger, resentment), a person takes care of his health.
• Inner harmony. Achieving inner harmony is the result of spiritual work on oneself; this work also brings physical benefits in the form of improved health.

Golden mean

Soreness | lack of health

Health

Suspiciousness - an excess of attention to the state of one's own body.

Popular expressions about health

A healthy beggar is happier than a sick king. - Arthur Schopenhauer - Life is a source of joy; but in whom the spoiled stomach, the father of sorrows, speaks, all springs are poisoned for this. - Nietzsche - All healthy people love life. - Heinrich Heine - Those who have aching bones do not think to visit. - Russian proverb - Strength and weakness of the spirit are simply incorrect expressions: in reality, there is only a good or bad state of the organs of the body. - La Rochefoucauld - Taking care of your health is the best medicine. - Japanese proverb - A. Serdyuk / Human health in an unhealthy world The author, synthesizing the experience of traditional and alternative medicine, identifies the key, mandatory rules that allow maintaining human health in the 21st century. Alexander Sviyash / Health is in the head, not in the pharmacy The well-known psychologist Alexander Sviyash is convinced that all human diseases are born in our minds and only then manifest themselves as the corresponding symptoms. By working with internal energies and attitudes, almost any disease can be cured.

1. health - About good, good health. Rich, heroic, bullish, bullock, kind, solid, iron, enviable, amazing, cow (colloquial), strong, horse (colloquial). Dictionary of epithets of the Russian language
2. health - Health, health, health, health, health, health, health, health, health, health, health, health Zaliznyak's grammar dictionary
3. health - HEALTH, health, pl. no, cf. 1. The normal state of a properly functioning, intact organism. Upgrade your health. To drink someone's or someone's health. Enduring health. | The state of the body (colloquial). Poor health. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
4. health - HEALTH The state of the body, characterized by perfect self-regulation of organs and systems, a harmonious combination of physical, moral and social well-being. (Terminology of sports. Explanatory dictionary of sports terms, 2001) Glossary of sports terms
5. health - HEALTH -I; cf. 1. The normal state of the body, in which all its organs function correctly. Unhealthy. Caring for Strengthen the Lose h. Have a toast to someone. h. Z. children. 2. Well-being, this or that state of the body. Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
6. health - orff. health, I Lopatin's spelling dictionary
7. health - impeccable ~ heroic ~ iron ~ enviable ~ strong ~ horselike ~ indestructible ~ excellent ~ amazing ~ Dictionary of Russian Idioms
8. health - noun, s., use. often (not) what? health, why? health, (see) what? health than? health about what? about health 1. Health is the state of the human body in which it does not get sick. Take care of your health. | Take care of your health. Dictionary of Dmitriev
9. health - You live well (colloquially) - without any reason, reason; without any reasons. It would be good to kill or steal horses, otherwise you ended up in prison, you live great. Chekhov. For good, for health - on time, before something happened. unpleasant. Phraseological dictionary Volkova
10. health - see: It would be health ...; health stick Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Argo
11. health - noun, number of synonyms: 10 painlessness 8 hygiene 2 hygiene 2 health 3 health 3 health 3 health 2 salus 2 well-being 7 state of health 3 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
12. health - Health / e [y / e]. Morphemic spelling dictionary
13. health - HEALTH - DISEASE Without illness and health is not happy. Proverb. He says that psychopathy is neither health nor disease. This is an intermediate link. Lunacharsky. Sociological and pathological factors in the history of art. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language
14. health - HEALTH, I, cf. 1. Correct, normal activity of the body, its complete physical and mental well-being. Health status. Protect h. Adjust h. 2. This or that state of the body. Strong, weak How z.? Yours (your)... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
15. health - improve health, upset health Abramov's synonym dictionary
16. HEALTH - HEALTH - eng. health; German Gesundheit. The state of the human body as a living system, characterized by its complete balance with the external environment and the absence of c.-l. pronounced changes associated with the disease. sociological dictionary
17. health - -i, cf. The state of the body in which all its organs function correctly and normally. Lose health. Unhealthy. Take care of your health. □ He smelled of indestructible health. Turgenev, Singers. Small Academic Dictionary
18. health - A state of physical, mental and social well-being. The health of an individual (individual) is associated with the most important indicators of vital activity (their stability and fluctuations) ... Biology. Modern Encyclopedia
19. health - health cf. 1. The state of the body in which all its organs function correctly. 2. The well-being of a person. 3. trans. Spiritual and social well-being. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
20. HEALTH - (English health) - in accordance with the definition of WHO (1948), “Z. is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. There are a number of other definitions: 1) individual ... Big psychological dictionary
21. health - Krasnocheekoe (Pushkin). Dictionary of literary epithets
22. Health - I Health is the quality of human life, characterized by perfect adaptation to the effects on the body of natural habitat factors, the ability to bear children, taking into account age and the adequacy of mental development ... Medical Encyclopedia
23. health - HEALTH or health cf. the state of the animal body (or plant) when all vital functions are in perfect order; absence of sickness, disease. What is your dear health? Yes, my health is bad. Health is the most expensive (more expensive than money). Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

“Health is not the absence of disease as such or physical infirmity, but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being” . However, this definition cannot be used to assess health at the population and individual levels. According to WHO, in health statistics, health at the individual level is understood as the absence of identified disorders and diseases, and at the population level - the process of reducing mortality, morbidity and disability.

P. I. Kalyu in his work “Essential characteristics of the concept of “health” and some issues of restructuring health care: an overview” considered 79 definitions of health formulated in different countries of the world, at different times and by representatives of various scientific disciplines. Among the definitions are the following:

1. Health is a normal function of the body at all levels of its organization, the normal course of biological processes that contribute to individual survival and reproduction.
2. Dynamic balance of the body and its functions with the environment
3. Participation in social activities and socially useful work, the ability to fully perform basic social functions
4. Absence of disease, disease states and changes
5. The ability of an organism to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions

According to Kalju, all possible characteristics of health can be reduced to the following concepts:

• Medical model - for definitions containing medical signs and characteristics; health as the absence of diseases and their symptoms
• Biomedical model - the absence of subjective feelings of ill health and organic disorders
• Biosocial model - medical and social signs considered in unity are included, while priority is given to social signs
• Value-social model - health as a human value; it is to this model that the WHO definition applies.

Levels of health in medical and social research

New Zealand brand promoting health

Health indicators

Human health is a qualitative characteristic that consists of a set of quantitative parameters: anthropometric (height, weight, chest volume, geometric shape of organs and tissues); physical (pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature); biochemical (the content of chemical elements in the body, erythrocytes, leukocytes, hormones, etc.); biological (composition of the intestinal flora, the presence of viral and infectious diseases), etc.

For the state of the human body, there is the concept of "norm", when the values ​​of the parameters fit into a certain range developed by medical science and practice. Deviation of the value from the specified range can be a sign and evidence of a deterioration in health. Outwardly, the loss of health will be expressed in measurable disturbances in the structures and functions of the body, changes in its adaptive capabilities.

From the WHO point of view, people's health is a social quality, and therefore the following indicators are recommended for assessing public health:

• deduction of the gross national product for health care.
• availability of primary health care .
• level of immunization of the population.
• degree of examination of pregnant women by qualified personnel.
• nutritional status of children.
• infant mortality rate.
• average life expectancy.
• hygiene literacy of the population.

Some biological indicators of the norm for the average adult

From a health point of view, two levels of blood pressure can be defined:

1. optimal: SBP less than 120, DBP less than 80 mm Hg.
2. normal: SBP 120-129, DBP 84 mmHg.

SBP - systolic blood pressure. DBP - diastolic blood pressure.

Public health criteria

• Medico-demographic - fertility, mortality, natural population growth, infant mortality, the frequency of premature births, life expectancy.
• Morbidity - general, infectious, with temporary disability, according to medical examinations, the main non-epidemic diseases, hospitalized.
• primary disability.
• Indicators of physical development.
• Mental health indicators.

• Independent: correlations with health and illness are strongest
  • Factors predisposing to health or disease
    • Behavioral patterns; behavioral factors of type A (ambition, aggressiveness, competence, irritability, muscle tension, accelerated type of activity; high risk of cardiovascular disease) and B (opposite style)
    • Supportive dispositions (eg optimism and pessimism)
    • Emotional patterns (eg, alexithymia)
  • Cognitive factors - ideas about health and illness, about the norm, attitudes, values, self-assessment of health, etc.
  • Social environment factors - social support, family, professional environment
  • Demographic factors - gender factor, individual coping strategies, ethnic groups, social classes
• Transmitting factors
  • Coping with multilevel problems
  • Substance use and abuse (alcohol, nicotine, eating disorders)
  • Health-promoting behaviors (environmental choice, physical activity)
  • Compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle
• Motivators
  • stressors
  • Existence in the disease (processes of adaptation to acute episodes of the disease).

Physical health factors:

• Level of physical development
• Fitness level
• The level of functional readiness to perform loads
• The level of mobilization of adaptive reserves and the ability for such mobilization, providing adaptation to various environmental factors.

When examining differences in the health of men and women, the World Health Organization recommends using gender rather than biological criteria, since they best explain the existing differences. In the process of socialization, the rejection of self-preserving behavior in men is encouraged, the implementation of risky behavior aimed at more earnings; women are oriented towards maintaining health as expectant mothers, however, with an emphasis on such a manifestation of health as external attractiveness, instead of healthy functioning, characteristic female disorders can occur - as a rule, eating disorders.

The difference in life expectancy between men and women depends on the country of residence; in Europe it is sufficient, and in a number of countries in Asia and Africa it is practically absent, which is primarily associated with female mortality from genital mutilation, complications of pregnancy, childbirth and poorly performed abortions.

It is shown that doctors provide women with less complete information about their disease than men.

Health factors include income and social status, social support networks, education and literacy, employment/work conditions, social environment, physical environment, personal experience and health skills, healthy development of the child, level of development of biology and genetics, medical services, gender, culture .

mental health

Mental health is the ability of a person to cope with difficult circumstances of life, while maintaining an optimal emotional background and the adequacy of behavior. The concept of mental health, euthumia("good state of mind") is described by Democritus, the image of a person who has achieved inner harmony is described in Plato's dialogues concerning the life and death of Socrates. The source of mental suffering in the works of various studies is often called culture (this is typical for Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm). Viktor Frankl calls a person's value system the most important factor in mental health.

Several models of mental health have been developed in connection with a gendered approach to health care:

Healthy lifestyle

Physical education is one of the main components of a healthy lifestyle.

In the psychological and pedagogical direction, a healthy lifestyle is considered from the point of view of consciousness, human psychology, and motivation. There are other points of view (for example, biomedical), but there is no sharp line between them, since they are aimed at solving one problem - improving the health of the individual.

A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life, the achievement of active longevity and the full performance of social functions, for active participation in labor, social, family, household, leisure forms of life.

The relevance of a healthy lifestyle is caused by an increase and a change in the nature of stresses on the human body due to the complication of social life, an increase in man-made, environmental, psychological, political and military risks that provoke negative changes in health status.

healthcare

Health care is a branch of state activity, the purpose of which is the organization and provision of affordable medical care for the population, the preservation and improvement of its level of health.

Health care can make up a significant part of a country's economy. In 2008, the health care industry consumed an average of 9.0 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in the most developed OECD countries.

Health care has traditionally been considered an important factor in the overall health and well-being of people around the world. An example of this is the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO to be the first disease in human history to be completely eliminated by a deliberate public health intervention.

World Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization, WHO ) is a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 193 member states, whose main function lies in solving international health problems and protecting the health of the world's population. It was founded in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

In addition to WHO, the UN Specialized Group includes UNESCO (Organization for Educational, Scientific and Cultural Affairs), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNICEF (Children's Fund). Member states of the UN are admitted to the WHO, although, in accordance with the Charter, admission of non-UN countries is also possible.

Valeology

Valeology (from one of the meanings of lat. valeo- “to be healthy”) - “general theory of health”, which claims to be an integral approach to the physical, moral and spiritual health of a person from the natural, social and human sciences - medicine, hygiene, biology, sexology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, cultural studies, pedagogy and others. Some experts classify it as an alternative and marginal paramedical retrograde course.

see also

Notes

1. Health psychology: a new scientific direction // Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 28-30. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
2. Alexandra Bochaver, Radoslav Stupak XXIV European Conference on Health Psychology "Health in Context" (Russian) // Psychological journal. - M .: Nauka, 2011. - V. 2. - T. 32. - S. 116-118. - ISSN 0205-9592.
3. Preamble to the Charter (Constitution) of the World Health Organization
4. Kalyu P.I. The essential characteristic of the concept of "health" and some issues of restructuring healthcare: an overview. - M., 1988.
5. Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 42-43. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
6. What is public health? Retrieved 2010-06-24
7. Association of Schools of Public Health. Impact of Public Health. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
8. World Health Organization. life expectancy at birth, accessed 20 April 2011.
9. 1.ESH-ESC Guidelines Committee. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertension 2007; 25:1105-87
10. All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology: National Cardiological Recommendations.
11. Here and below: Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 31-39. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
12. Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 70. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
13. Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 230-240. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
14. World Health Organization. The determinants of health. Geneva. Accessed 12 May 2011.
15. Public Health Agency of Canada. What Determines Health? Ottawa. Accessed 12 May 2011.
16. Lalonde, Marc. " A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians." Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.
17. Mental health and culture // Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 176. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
18. Mental health and culture // Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 181. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
19. Mental health and culture // Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 203-204. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
20. Mental health and culture // Psychology of health / edited by G.S. Nikiforov. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - S. 211. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
21. Sandra Bem Gender Schema theory and Its Implication for Child Development: raising gender-aschematic Children in a gender-shemtic Society // Psychology of women: Ongoing debates. - Yale University Press, 1987.
22. Movements to music in the system of organizing a healthy lifestyle for preschoolers in kindergarten. - Dissertation, 1997.
23. Izutkin D. A. Formation of a healthy lifestyle. - Soviet health care, 1984, No. 11, p. 8-11.
24. Martynenko A. V., Valentik Yu. V., Polessky V. A. and others. Formation of a healthy lifestyle for young people. - M.: Medicine, 1988.
25. Shukhatovich V. R.

1. The concept of "health", its essence and components

Human health is its main asset. Money can't buy health. Once you lose your health, you can't get it back. You can endlessly swallow vitamins, pills, constantly be treated: if harm is done to the body, then this is reflected at the genetic level. Health is not only a fully functioning body, but also spiritual harmony. This is what is said in the interpretation. concepts of "health", found in the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO): "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Human health is a multifaceted and multifaceted concept, which is widely studied in the biomedical literature. Currently, various definitions of health are widespread, each of which emphasizes the importance of one or another aspect in the complex characterization of this state of the body. However, for all interpretations, the common fact is that it reflects the quality of the organism's adaptation to environmental conditions, represents the result of the process of interaction between man and the environment. It is also obvious that the state of health is formed as a result of the interaction of both exogenous and endogenous factors.

The most complete description of the concept of health is given in the definition of one of the founders of the science of health, Viktor Porfiryevich Petlenko: "Health is a normal psychosomatic state of a person, capable of realizing its potential of bodily and spiritual forces and optimally satisfying the system of material, spiritual and social needs."

Human health is a complex concept consisting of several components:

1. Somatic health
2. physical health
3. Occupational health
4. sexual health
5. reproductive health
6. moral health
7. mental health

Consideration of each component of human health is extremely important. First of all, you need to turn to physical health.

Somatic health is the current state of the organs and organ systems of the human body.

basis physical health is a biological program of individual human development. This development program is mediated by the basic needs that dominate in him at various stages of ontogeny.

The next element of human health is directly physical health, on which the working capacity and life expectancy directly depend.

Physical health is a state of the body in which the indicators of the main physiological systems lie within the physiological norm and adequately change when a person interacts with the environment.

In fact, physical health is a state of the human body, characterized by the ability to adapt to various environmental factors, the level of physical development, the physical and functional readiness of the body to perform physical activity.

Figure 1. Factors of human physical health

In modern science, it has been proven that not only physical, but also mental health affects the overall health of a person and his activities.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which a person realizes their abilities, can withstand the normal stresses of life, work productively and contribute to their community.

The basis of mental health is the state of general mental comfort, which provides adequate regulation of behavior.

sexual health is a complex of somatic, emotional, intellectual and social aspects of a person's sexual existence, positively enriching a person, increasing a person's sociability and his ability to love.

reproductive health is a component of health that determines the reproductive function of the body.

moral health can be characterized as a system with the characteristics of the motivational and need-information basis of human life. The basis of the moral component of human health is determined by the system of values, attitudes and motives of the individual's behavior in the social environment.

Occupational Health- This is a state that determines the effectiveness of a person's professional activity.

If we consider human health from the point of view of assessing the internal potential, then it is reasonable to turn to the point of view of practical medicine, according to which there are three main human conditions:

1. Health is the state of optimal stability of the body;
2. Predisease - a condition with the possible development of a pathological process in the body and a decrease in adaptation reserves;
3. Disease is a process that manifests itself in the form of clinical changes in the state of the human body.

Health can be considered as a biosocial potential of human life. It includes a number of components reflected in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Components of the biosocial potential of human life

The life energy discovered in 1936 lies at the basis of the biosocial potential of a person. It was discovered by W. Reich in 1936. Vital energy is a structural formation, which, as the name implies, includes biological and social components.

Table. Characterization of the components of the biosocial potential of human life.

Component	Characteristic
Mind potential.	The ability of a person to develop intelligence and be able to use it
Will Potential	The ability of a person to self-realization; the ability to set goals and achieve them by choosing adequate means.
The potential of feelings	The ability of a person to express their feelings congruently, to understand and to accept without judgment the feelings of others.
body potential	The ability to develop the physical component of health, to "realize" one's own physicality as a property of the individual.
Public Potential	The ability of a person to optimally adapt to social conditions, the desire to constantly improve the level of communicative competence, to develop a sense of belonging to all of humanity.
Creative potential	The ability of a person to creative activity, to express himself creatively in life, going beyond limiting knowledge.
Spiritual Potential	The ability to develop the spiritual nature of man.

Essence of health is the viability of the individual, and it is desirable to quantify the level of this viability. The need for such a quantitative assessment was repeatedly pointed out by the famous surgeon, academician N.M. Amosov. In his opinion, the amount of health can be defined as the sum of the reserve capacities of the main functional systems. These reserve capacities can be characterized by the so-called reserve ratio, which is the ratio of the maximum manifestation of a function to its normal level.

2. Factors that determine human health

Human health, the occurrence of certain diseases, their course and outcome, life expectancy depend on a large number of factors.

All factors that determine health are divided into factors that promote health ("health factors") and factors that impair health ("risk factors").

Depending on the sphere of influence, all factors are grouped into four main groups:

1. Lifestyle factors (50% of the total share of influence);
2. Environmental factors (20% in the total share of influence);
3. Biological factors (heredity) (20% of the total share of influence);
4. Factors of medical care (10% of the total share of influence).

Health-promoting lifestyle factors include:

1. Absence of bad habits;
2. Balanced diet;
3. Healthy psychological climate;
4. Attentive attitude to your health;
5. Sexual behavior aimed at creating a family and procreation.

The main lifestyle factors that impair health include:

1. Smoking, alcohol, drug addiction, substance abuse, drug abuse;
2. Unbalanced nutrition in quantitative and qualitative terms;
3. Hypodynamia, hyperdynamia;
4. stressful situations;
5. Insufficient medical activity;
6. Sexual behavior that contributes to the occurrence of sexual diseases and unplanned pregnancy.

The main environmental factors that determine health include: training and working conditions, production factors, material and living conditions, climatic and natural conditions, the degree of cleanliness of the environment, etc.

The main biological factors that determine health include heredity, age, sex and constitutional characteristics of the body. The factors of medical care are determined by the quality of medical care for the population.

3. Lifestyle and health

Lifestyle is a certain type of human activity. The way of life is characterized by the peculiarities of a person's daily life, covering his work activity, way of life, forms of using free time, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, participation in public life, norms and rules of behavior.

When analyzing a lifestyle, various types of activities are usually considered: professional, social, socio-cultural, household and others. The main ones are social, labor and physical activity. Being largely determined by socio-economic conditions, the way of life depends on the motives of a particular person, the characteristics of his psyche, the state of health and the functional capabilities of the body. This, in particular, explains the real diversity of lifestyle options for different people.

The main factors that determine a person's lifestyle are:

1. The level of a person's general culture;
2. The level of education; material living conditions;
3. Sex and age characteristics; human constitution;
4. Health status;
5. Ecological habitat;
6. Nature of work, profession;
7. Features of family relations and family education;
8. human habits;
9. Opportunities to meet biological and social needs.

A concentrated expression of the relationship between lifestyle and human health is the concept.

Healthy lifestyle unites everything that contributes to the performance of professional, social and domestic functions by a person in the most optimal conditions for human health and development.

A healthy lifestyle expresses a certain orientation of human activity in the direction of strengthening and developing health. It is important to keep in mind that for a healthy lifestyle it is not enough to focus only on overcoming the risk factors for the occurrence of various diseases: the fight against alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, physical inactivity, irrational nutrition, conflict relationships, but it is important to identify and develop all those diverse trends which "work" for the formation of a healthy lifestyle and are contained in various aspects of human life.

According to V.P. Petlenko, a person's lifestyle must comply with his constitution, while the constitution is understood as the genetic potential of the organism, the product of heredity and the environment. The constitution is always individual: there are as many ways of life as there are people. Determining the constitution of a person is still very difficult, but some methods for assessing it have been developed and are beginning to be introduced into practice.

Figure 3. Social principles of a healthy lifestyle

Analyzing the essence of the social and biological principles of a healthy lifestyle, one can easily be convinced that the observance of most of them is an indispensable condition for the formation of a physically cultured person.

Figure 4. Biological principles of a healthy lifestyle

The lifestyle of student youth also has its own specific features associated with the peculiarities of the age character, the specifics of educational activities, living conditions, recreation and a number of other factors.

The main elements of a healthy lifestyle for students are:

1. Organization of the regime of work (study), rest, nutrition, sleep, stay in the fresh air, meeting sanitary and hygienic requirements;
2. Striving for physical perfection by organizing an individual expedient mode of physical activity;
3. Meaningful leisure, which has a developing impact on the personality;
4. Exclusion from life of self-destructive behavior;
5. Culture of sexual behavior, interpersonal communication and behavior in a team, self-government and self-organization;
6. Achievement of spiritual, mental harmony in life;
7. Hardening of the body and its cleansing, etc.

Optimal physical activity is of particular importance.

For the body, physical activity is a physiological need.

This is explained by the fact that the human body is programmed by nature for movement, and active motor activity should be throughout life: from early childhood to old age.

Health and physical activity These are currently convergent concepts. "Muscle hunger" is as dangerous for human health as the lack of oxygen, nutrition and vitamins, which has been repeatedly confirmed. For example, if a healthy person, for some reason, does not move even for just a few weeks, then the muscles begin to lose weight. His muscles atrophy, the work of the heart and lungs is disturbed. The heart of a trained person holds almost twice as much blood as the heart of a non-exercising person. It is no coincidence that all centenarians are characterized by increased physical activity throughout their lives.

In reality, there is such a situation now that in modern society, especially among the majority of city dwellers, there are almost no other means to improve health and artificially increase physical activity, except for physical culture. Physical exercises should make up for the lack of physical labor, in the physical activity of a modern person.

Many people, justifying their reluctance to exercise, refer to the fact that they do not have enough time for this. In this regard, it is appropriate to recall the saying: "The less time you spend on sports, the more it will be required for treatment."

4. Heredity and its impact on health and morbidity

Heredity is an important factor affecting human health, but not always decisive. The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle and adherence to the basic principles of environmental safety of life can significantly reduce the impact of heredity.

Heredity is the inherent property of all organisms to transmit to offspring the characteristic features of the structure, individual development, metabolism, and, consequently, the state of health and predisposition to many diseases.

By inheritance, signs of not only a normal, but also a pathological, painful state of the body can be transmitted. More than 2000 human hereditary diseases are known.

Figure 5. Parental gene distribution

It must be emphasized that the signs of each of the parents in the body of the child are manifested differently. The manifestation of hereditary diseases can occur throughout the entire period of individual development. A large number of hereditary diseases are known that manifest themselves not at an early age, but at later stages of development. Hereditary diseases, as well as a predisposition to a number of diseases (peptic ulcer, hypertension, gallstone disease, atherosclerosis, etc.) are not as rare as have long been thought, but many of them can be prevented.

5. Health and wellness

The current healthcare system is not able to maintain and strengthen human health, stop or reduce the growth of morbidity.

Unfortunately, due to poor ecology and hygienic illiteracy in Russia, a decrease in the level of health is noted in all age groups.

Of course, medicine, of course, is able to treat many diseases and often does miracles, saving a person from premature death. She has achieved great success in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, but the cure of diseases does not always bring health. In the human body, there is often a trace not only of the disease, but also of the treatment itself, saturated with mental, physical, chemical and biological factors that are not indifferent to health.

According to I.I. Brekhman, purely medicinal medicine is not the road that leads to the temple of health, no matter how much money is spent on the treatment of diseases, there will be no more health.

If you continue to be satisfied only with the level of medical medicine and do not deal with health as such, then the effect will be the same as when you try to fill a barrel with a holey bottom with water. No wonder the rulers of the ancient East paid their doctors only for those days when they were healthy.

6. Health in the hierarchy of human needs

Health, in its essence, should be the first human need, but the satisfaction of this need, bringing it to the optimal result, is complex, peculiar, often contradictory, mediated in nature and does not always lead to the desired result.

This situation is due to a number of circumstances:

1. In our state, the positive motivation of health has not yet been sufficiently expressed.
2. In human nature, the slow implementation of feedbacks of both negative and positive effects on the human body is laid down.
3. Health in society, primarily due to low culture, has not yet come to the fore in the hierarchy of human needs.

So, especially among young people, the various material benefits of life, career, success is recognized as a more important value. However, at an older age, most people recognize health as a global and important value.

The main motive for attending non-mandatory physical education classes is to strengthen and maintain health.

It is reliably known that in a state of physical and mental well-being, health is usually perceived as something unconditionally given, the need for which, although recognized, is felt only in a situation of its obvious deficiency.

Is there a positive motivation for staying healthy in healthy people? It turns out that it is clearly not enough.

Firstly, if a person is healthy, then he takes it for granted, and does not feel his health, does not know the size of his reserves, his qualities and puts off taking care of him until later, to retirement or in case of illness. At the same time, very often people burdened with diseases, nevertheless, do not take effective measures aimed at their elimination. Obviously, a person's concern for his physical and mental well-being is determined not so much by the level of health as by the person's personal attitude towards him.

Secondly, the importance of the attitude of others, public opinion. Unfortunately, we do not have a high enough level of fashion for health. As before, those who care about their health run the risk of being branded as eccentrics, different from most people who are fatally indifferent to their health.

Thus, we have to state that positive motivation for health is clearly insufficient. A lot of people with their whole way of life go not to health, but away from it. And the main reason is in the mind of a person, his psychology.

From this follows the need to educate each member of society in relation to health as the main human value, as well as the development of the basic provisions and conditions for a healthy lifestyle, the methodology for their implementation, inculcation and development by people.

7. The influence of the cultural development of the individual on the attitude to health

Is there a great connection between the cultural development of a person and the attitude towards oneself, towards one's health? Patients can be people of different levels of culture. But the preservation and reproduction of health is directly dependent on the level of culture.

Recently, there have been many publications on the role of culture in human development. They note that a person is a subject and at the same time the main result of his own activity. Culture from this point of view can be defined as self-consciousness, self-production of a person in specific forms of activity.

Very often people do not know what they are able to do with themselves, what huge reserves of health they have, that a healthy lifestyle can be cured and maintain health for many years.

Thus, against the background of general literacy, people do not know much, and if they do, they do not follow the rules of a healthy lifestyle. For health, such knowledge is needed that would become a being, habits. The attitude towards health is a subjective category, but it can be an important objective factor of health. Focus on health On the contrary, it motivates behavior and mobilizes health reserves.

Literature

1. Brekhman I. I. Valeology - the science of health - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1990.
2. Fundamentals of a healthy lifestyle of a St. Petersburg student // Ed. V.P. Solomina - St. Petersburg: Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen 2008
3. mental health. Newsletter // URL: http://www.who.int
4. Skok N.I. Biosocial potential of persons with disabilities and social mechanisms of its regulation // Sotsis. 2004. No. 4. S. 124–127
5. Physical health. Newsletter // URL: http://www.who.int