The gross domestic product is a special macroeconomic indicator, which is often referred to as synonymous with the economy. It shows the sum of all goods and services produced in the country and ready for consumption at market prices. The activity of absolutely all organizations, commercial, budgetary, non-financial institutions, branches of foreign companies, etc. is taken into account. Thus, GDP shows how efficiently the country's economy works. In addition, the analysis of this indicator over the past years allows us to speak of either positive or negative dynamics.

Also calculated. This calculation is done in all countries, including Russia. General levelGDP is divided by the total number of citizens of the state, and according to the results, one can say about their well-being. In 2015, Luxembourg occupies the first place in the ranking, with a wide margin from the rest. It should be noted that Qatar was previously in first place; The main income for this country comes from liquefied gas, and along with the collapse of prices for this natural resource, the Middle East monarchy moved to third place.

In 2016, the IMF forecast a decline in GDP by 0.6%. The projected increase in GDP in Russia in 2017 by 1.1%, and in 2018 - by 1.2%.

Main branches of Russia

• 19% of GDP falls on trade (wholesale and retail), as well as repair of vehicles, motorcycles, household items and personal items;
• 16% - taxes;
• 16% - financial activities, real estate transactions, rent, provision of utilities and social services;
• 14% - manufacturing industry;
• 9% - mining;
• 8% - transport and communications;
• 6% - education, health care;
• 5% - construction;
• 4% - agriculture, forestry, fishing and fish farming;
• 3% - production and distribution of gas, electricity and water.

The development of those industries that "sag" will lead to an increase and, consequently, an increase in the per capita rate. The growth in the volume of such industries can seriously improve the situation. In addition, the development of one direction or another, as a rule, always requires additional human resources. Accordingly, the unemployment rate may decline.

Dynamics of GDP over 25 years

Since the proclamation of the Russian Federation, there have been quite a few changes and significant events. The graph shows how the per capita GDP has increased over the past 25 years, and that in recent years there has been a slight decline.

In addition to dry data, it is also necessary to remember that Russia is a large country that experienced rather difficult and unstable times in the past, so it is not easy to bring the economy to a qualitatively new level. GDP per capita in 2017 in Russiaaccording to the IMF data, it amounted to USD 27893, which corresponds to the 47th place in the rating. Analysts and economic experts predict another three years of crisis for Russia. According to optimistic forecasts, the peak of the crisis has already passed, and some even talk about GDP growth in 2017 due to the rise in oil prices. The IMF predicts that the economy will fall by 1.1%, and argues that even an increase in the cost of a barrel cannot save the situation. The crisis can drag on for several years due to sanctions and their consequences. Internal imbalance does not allow the economy to work efficiently, so growth is possible only if it is resolved.

Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

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GDP (gross domestic product, eng. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT) - an indicator of the level of national income. Expresses the aggregate market value of all final goods and services produced during the year in all sectors of the economy on the territory of the state for consumption, export and accumulation. Unlike the so-called ... ... Big topical political encyclopedia

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Books

• Russia is not Singapore. What kind of GDP do we need, Mukhin Yuri Ignatievich. In his new book, the well-known publicist and writer Yuri Mukhin dwells on an amazing phenomenon in world politics and economy of the 20th century - the "Singapore economic miracle". It…
• Russia is not Singapore. What kind of GDP do we need, Mukhin Yuri Ignatievich. In his new book, the famous publicist and writer Yuri Mukhin dwells on an amazing phenomenon in world politics and economics of the 20th century - 171; Singapore economic miracle 187 ;. It…

Products produced in the year under review. The value is expressed in the national unit of the state. The statistics of the GDP of the countries of the world allows us to evaluate the economic indicators in a particular state and make forecasts for future development.

Real and nominal GDP

The nominal indicator is the price of the final calculated according to the market, depending on changes in income and price index. Real indicator - the growth indicator is used to determine the value of the goods, and not the price change:

The term "GDP deflator" hides the ratio of the nominal to the real indicator:

The indicator implies the total amount of all government income for the year, divided by the number of inhabitants. Used to simplify comparisons of government productivity, as GDP per capita is a measure of economic activity. It is also a kind of "indicator" of the O level of a country with a high gross domestic product, we can say that it is favorable and comfortable for living:

World GDP structure

The development of society affects three stages: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. Each of them is characterized by a certain type of economic structure. The table clearly shows the characteristics of each stage:

Until the 18th-19th centuries, incomes were also provided by related hunting, fishing and forestry. The agrarian structure at that time covered all existing states (today it is found in the least developed countries). Later, this way of life was replaced by the industrial era. Its main feature is dominance. The second half of the 20th century was marked by the scientific and technological revolution with the formation of a post-industrial system - the service sector now prevails over production. The structure of employment of the population by industry:

The predominance of agriculture is observed today in Afghanistan, Somalia, Cambodia, Laos, Tanzania and Nepal (over 50%).

The share of the service sector in the GDP of the countries of the world is gaining momentum, which means that they are characterized by an interest in mental workers. Obviously, the share of expenditures on an even larger percentage is dominated by small states that live off the provision of financial services and. World GDP statistics for 2000 (share of industries,%):

Data for Russia

During 1990–2016, the direction of economic development in Russia changed significantly. There is a simultaneous increase in the extraction of minerals and an increase in transactions with and finance. But the volume of agriculture, forestry, manufacturing and transport enterprises is declining.

Share of military spending in GDP of countries

Wikipedia has information on the share of the GDP of the world's states going to military spending in 2016:

Studies are carried out annually, on the basis of which the GDP rating of developed and lagging countries is compiled. The place of countries in the world in terms of GDP is determined by the World Bank, which has undergone many structural changes since its inception. Over the past 20 years, it has become a UN specialized agency. The GDP of the countries of the world is calculated in dollars. Today the undoubted leaders are:

1. USA - the national unit of the state is considered one of the stable currencies of the world and is used as an international one. Thanks to this fact, the indicator under consideration in the United States is so great: 18.12 trillion. dollars. If we consider it as a percentage, then the annual growth of the country's gross domestic product averages 2.2%, or 55 thousand dollars per capita. The main "earning" corporations in the country are Microsoft and Google.
2. China - the second state in the world in terms of economic growth. Today the country's gross product is 11.2 trillion. dollars, annually increases by 10%.
3. Japan - 4.2 trillion. dollars. Today the indicator is increasing annually by 1.5%. There are 39 thousand dollars per capita.
4. Germany - the gross product of the state is 3.4 trillion. dollars or 46 thousand per capita. Growth for 2016 is 0.4%.
5. Great Britain - 2.8 trillion. dollars.

GDP statistics of the world's leading countries :

GDP statistics in Europe in 2016

Among the countries of the European Union there are also leaders and laggards. According to statistics, the most developed in the EU are:

1. Liechtenstein - GDP per capita just over 85 thousand.
2. Netherlands - for every inhabitant there are 42.4 thousand euros.
3. Ireland - 40 thousand euros on a similar indicator.
4. Austria - 39.7 thousand euros.
5. Sweden - the gross product is 38.9 thousand euros.

Additionally, the following states can be noted:

World GDP Forecasts

Forex experts estimate the GDP of the leading countries of the world in the EU ambiguously: it may increase by 1.7%, but there is a possibility of a decrease - 15%. In addition to the increase, there may be a decrease in the level of GDP of the countries of the world. This phenomenon can affect:

1. Venezuela - the estimated forecasted decrease in the gross domestic product by 3.5% is due to the lack of oil, pharmaceuticals and other basic products in the country.
2. Brazil - the prices set for the mined iron ore contribute to a decrease in the gross product by 3%.
3. Greece - the estimated decrease is 1.8%.
4. Russia - the indicator is expected to decrease by 0.5%, which is due to the imposed sanctions of the EU and the United States. In addition, a decrease in the value under consideration in Russia may result from a drop in oil prices. Experts do not exclude economic recession in the country. A crisis is possible with a probability of up to 65%.

Countries with fast growing GDP 2016

The GDP growth rates of the countries of the world are different, however, experts distinguish 13 of them, which are distinguished by a special growth rate.

GDP or gross domestic product of a state is a macroeconomic coefficient that determines the ability of the national economy to produce services and goods over the past year in various areas of the economy in order to consume and export.

That is, GDP is a consequence of the economic activity of enterprises and other institutions in the country, regardless of citizenship and nationality.

State GDP per capita is a coefficient that characterizes the economic condition and development of the state. Gross Domestic Product is the ratio of GDP to population in a country.

GDP indicators characterize, first of all, indicators of the population's standard of living.

On the video GDP of the USA:

United States of America

The US economy has held its leading position for over 100 years. But, unfortunately, the country has a large gap between the rich and the poor.

The United States has a high GDP due to the presence of natural resources.

The USA is the world's largest exporter.

The main sectors of the country are the oil industry, the automotive industry and production takes place thanks to high technologies.

Also, the USA produces cars, gasoline, steel, chemical products, electronics.

But, unfortunately, the United States is now gradually beginning to lose its leading position, and the rapidly developing economy of China can replace it.

Less than 25% of world production is concentrated in the USA, and earlier it was about 50%. The country's exports and imports fall on countries such as Canada, Mexico, Japan, China and European countries.

Now the United States has a large national debt, which significantly affects the development of the country's economy. At the moment, the US debt is approximately $ 19.3 trillion.

For those who want to know how to get it, read the contents of this article.

However, US GDP growth is still the highest in the world.

The US has a large number of jobs and a low unemployment rate, which fell for the first time in several years. Also, lower energy prices allow you to add more money to consumers to invest in other goods and services. There is an increase in wages and, accordingly, consumer spending.

Low prices in the state will lead to lower prices for foreign goods and strengthen the dollar.

But how to get a tourist visa in the United States, you can find out if you read the contents of this

On the video, Russia's GDP:

Of Russia

A decline in oil prices could significantly reduce Russia's GDP, which will lead to a deterioration in the state of the economy. The current sanctions and geopolitical tensions also negatively affect the economy.

Real incomes of the population continue to fall.

GDP per capita may fall to 11.9 thousand dollars, this situation is observed due to the deterioration of the economy due to the 2015 crisis, currency devaluation.

Such factors as a slowdown in the growth of labor productivity, high taxes, which amount to 35% of GDP, have a negative effect on the economy - this indicator characterizes the state as a developed state with high incomes.

The structure of the Russian economy is dominated by the sector of providing various services, as well as the food industry, chemical production, metallurgy, machinery and equipment production.

The strongest industries are the extraction of fuel and energy minerals, as well as the manufacture of electrical equipment and many others.

In order to improve the economic state of the state, it is necessary to reduce the tax burden, invest in economic development and increase labor productivity.

The reasons for low economic indicators are geographic location, historical features, a shortage of minerals, interethnic conflicts, wars. The main cause of poverty in countries is political instability.

Quite often, the terms "economic growth" and "GDP" slip through the news. Many have heard about them, but I think not everyone is well aware of what they are. Meanwhile, in order to assess the economic state of the country, experts use precisely these indicators - so let's look at this issue in more detail.

GDP concept

GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. In other words, GDP is a measure of the value of services and goods produced by any state ... That is, these are absolutely all products that are produced in the country and are expressed in monetary terms. This indicator is usually expressed in US dollars as it is a stable currency. In English, the name of the term Gross Domestic Product with the corresponding abbreviation GDP.

Economic growth is closely related to GDP. It represents the increase in gross domestic product both per capita and in absolute terms. The main goal of economic growth is to raise the living standard of society: therefore, when measuring it, not only changes in GDP itself are taken into account, but also population growth. For example, if output grew by 5% per year, but the total population also increased by 5%, then the standard of living of each resident will remain the same.

The absolute GDP growth shows whether there has been economic growth in a country over a certain time period or not. The growth rate is accordingly used to find out whether economic growth has accelerated or slowed down. The same indicators are applied on a per capita basis when the GDP divided by the population is taken. An increase in the population with a constant GDP leads to a decrease in the standard of living - and vice versa, a decrease in the population while maintaining the volume of GDP allows us to speak of a higher standard of living.

The factors of economic growth are 2 different groups:

1. Intensive growth factors. These include technological progress, employee growth, improved resource allocation, improved production management, etc. Intensive growth depends on a qualitative change in production factors and technology modernization.

2. Extensive growth factors. These include land, capital, labor, natural resources. Extensive growth occurs due to the use of additional resources: an increase in the number of employees, equipping with equipment, etc.

In their pure form, the factors of economic growth are practically not found. As the statistics of the last 30 years show, in developed industrial countries the contribution of extensive and intensive factors is almost the same, while in other countries economic growth occurs due to extensive factors. This is how, according to the International Monetary Fund, the nominal GDP was distributed in the world in 2015:

Quite expectedly, Africa has a reddish-brown coloration with the lowest GDP, despite the large size of the continent. Little Europe looks better than Latin America. Finally, the map clearly shows the two leaders, the United States and the Asian region. Russian GDP (about $ 1.3 trillion) is at the level of Brazil or Germany and is several times lower than the United States and China. Even small Japan has an absolute GDP of almost four more. The chart below shows the comparative values \u200b\u200bof GDP and market capitalization of different countries at the end of 2016:

Market capitalization is the aggregate value of all securities traded on the market. As you can see, although there is a correlation between GDP and capitalization, the indicators for individual countries may differ significantly. While the United States is confidently in first place in terms of both GDP and market capitalization, China, which is equally confidently occupying the second place in terms of GDP, barely makes it into the top 10 in terms of second indicator. Does this indicate the undervaluation of Chinese assets? Time will tell…

There is even less connection between GDP and the returns on stock markets in different countries. According to Bernstein, one of the investment classics, "bad" economies often have good stock markets. This is because investors are demanding an additional payment for risk (why hold the assets of a developing country, if not in order to get a higher return than in reliable American securities). The speculative component of such expectations can push the asset price up. Nevertheless, in practice, among the stock markets of developing countries there are countries with both high and low returns relative to developed markets:

In Russia, with a negative indicator to Vanguard, there is a question with the calculation method - until 1995, the stock market did not exist in our country, and in the period 1995-2012 the RTS index in dollars surpassed the yield of its American counterpart.

It can be added that a country's GDP directly affects the popularity of the country's currency in the world, as well as its presence in the world basket of currencies. Thus, the successes of China in recent years have not gone unnoticed - at the moment the yuan occupies a larger percentage in the world's currency basket than the yen or the pound sterling. Although back in 2010, the yuan was absent there at all - which, however, is not very surprising, since the state of the currency basket is revised once every five years (source - the annual report of the IMF 2016). It is also not surprising that the introduction of the yuan was due to a noticeable reduction in the share of the euro, since the eurozone has been experiencing deflation in recent years, as well as problems with migrants. At the same time, America has shown excellent growth in the stock market since the last crisis in 2008 and kept rates on its government. bonds in the positive zone - so that the weight of the dollar in the currency basket remained practically unchanged, still dominating over other currencies:

Types of GDP

GDP has several types. The following indicators of economic growth are distinguished:

Nominal GDP includes the value of all goods in the state and is determined by prices in the market at the moment. It depends on the change in the price index (usually calculated in the prices of the current year). The indicator rises during inflation, falling during deflationary processes.

Real GDP is the total amount of output produced in a given time. Measured at a base cost, that is, at constant prices. It is calculated using the following formula: nominal GDP / general price level \u003d real GDP.

The difference between them is that the real GDP is affected only by the change in the volume of goods produced, and the nominal one is affected by the price of the product itself.

The ratio of nominal to real GDP is called the deflator. If inflation rose by 5% and nominal GDP by 3%, then real GDP would be negative.

Reflects the total value of all the benefits of a country that are created by its residents, regardless of their location.

The ratio of GDP to GNP is displayed by the following formula:

GNP \u003dGDP + ″ Income ″

where "Income" is income earned abroad by residents; nevertheless, it does not follow from this that GNP is always greater than GDP. If GNP is less than GDP, it means that foreigners earn more in this country than residents of this country receive abroad.

There are the following factor incomes in GNP:

salary and bonuses;

property income (rental income, profit from organizations)

This is the GDP divided by the population in the state. It seems to many that this is an objective indicator of the living standard of every citizen of the country - however, in fact, GDP per capita is not an indicator of his general well-being. If there are many poor people in a country, but at least a small number of very rich people are present, then the country's GDP can be large, although the real difference in incomes of its citizens is huge.

In Russia, per capita GDP is $ 16,735. I think everyone will agree that there are few people in our country who earn such an amount per year. Moreover, the term “per capita” applies only to able-bodied citizens. Consequently, the GDP per person is an even smaller figure.

How is economic growth measured?

The indicators that measure economic growth are GNP and GDP. Traditionally, they are considered to characterize the standard of living and the dynamics of the well-being of society. However, an increase in any value does not mean that economic growth has taken place: it may be that as a result of the distribution of GNP, the rich will become even richer and the poor poorer. So, without additional research, the indicators of GNP and GDP are rather arbitrary.

The size of the real national product depends on the size of the population. For example, India's GNP is 70% more than Switzerland's GNP. But in terms of per capita share, India is 60 times behind Switzerland. The average standard of living will rise only when the volume of production exceeds population growth, inflation is low and the distribution of benefits between different strata of society is more or less even.

Economic growth can be measured by annual growth rates. It is easy to do this: from the value of the real GNP of the current year, you need to subtract the value of the previous one. The difference should be correlated with last year's GNP and expressed as a percentage. By building such indicators, it is possible to identify a trend in economic development - however, studies of other factors affecting the standard of living are carried out less frequently.

Comparison of GDP of different countries

It is customary to measure a country's GDP in its currency. But this method will not work if you need to compare the GDP of two or more countries where different currencies are used. In this case, the GDP of each country is converted into US dollars and then compared.

Transfer to dollars is made in two ways:

1. Using exchange rates in the foreign exchange market.

2. Using PPP exchange rates - purchasing power parity. That is, the currency of one state must be converted into the currency of another in order to buy the same amount of goods in each country.

An example from Wikipedia: if the price of a unit of goods in Russia is 30 rubles, and in the USA it is 2 dollars, then the exchange rate of the dollar against the ruble should be 15 rubles per dollar. If the exchange rate is 25 rubles per dollar, then buying goods in Russia (for 30 rubles), selling in the USA (for 2 dollars) and exchanging 2 dollars for 50 rubles at the current exchange rate, on each such transaction, you can get an income of 20 rubles for unit of goods. Accordingly, prices for goods in the United States will decline, prices for goods in Russia will rise, and the dollar / ruble exchange rate will decline. As a result, equilibrium will be achieved at a new level of prices and exchange rates (for example, a product costs 1.7 dollars in the United States, 34 rubles in Russia, and the dollar exchange rate is 20 rubles per dollar).

In reality, in developing countries there can be a huge gap between these methods, while in economically developed countries, the difference is usually small. The data on the GDP of countries are published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on its official website, using a method based on purchasing power. This gives an idea of \u200b\u200bhow the world's GDP or the economy of a particular continent is growing.

GDP determines the money turnover of the state. Like a private company, the state can make debts by attracting loans from both its own citizens (for example, through in Russia) and foreign individuals and legal entities (for example, through). Almost every country in the world has some kind of public debt, which can be expressed in relation to the GDP of that country. Consider one interesting diagram:

The diagram reads like this: the more a country's debt per capita, the larger the country's area. And the redder the color, the greater the ratio of debt to GDP. The biggest debtors: Japan, Ireland, Singapore. America, which has a huge external debt, nevertheless, per capita in relation to GDP has not yet reached 100%. In general, large public debt and the need for its gradual return to maintain the balance of the world economy can become an obstacle to the country's economic growth; however, this difficulty can be offset by effective monetary and economic policies.

Russian GDP

Let's take a closer look at the domestic GDP:

At the same time, the dependence of Russian GDP on oil prices is very interesting:

The curves in this case are close to 1 and have practically not changed over the past 17 years. Thanks to high oil prices in the 2000s, Russian GDP growth turned out to be noticeably higher than the world average and such leading countries as China or the United States - however, after 2010, a long-term recession begins, which ultimately led to negative values \u200b\u200bof GDP growth rates:

Raw material dependence is a problem not only for Russia. For example, a similar problem was faced for about 20-25 years in the United Arab Emirates, which solved it by developing the tourist infrastructure; Norway, also dependent on oil, has a gigantic equity fund in the fat 2000s that makes its citizens feel safe in times of crisis. In Russia, I do not see a real desire to solve this problem, confirmed by decisions from above - everything is limited to talking and observing oil prices. The video below clearly shows the change in GDP of the countries of the world over the past 60 years:

How GDP and human well-being are related

GDP identifies the general economic condition of a country. It lets you know about the general material state of the nation, since along with the growth of the level of production, the welfare of the state also grows. But, as mentioned above, the GDP does not reflect the social state of the nation - accordingly, it cannot be considered a universal indicator of the well-being of all citizens.

In addition, the GDP does not take into account the free time of citizens - and after all, its presence also allows one to judge the standard of living of society. Does not take into account the gross product and the improvement in the quality of goods, as well as any changes in the consumption and distribution of goods among people.

In addition, GDP does not include certain activities that affect people's living standards. These include:

• Non-market operations (car and house repairs, households, free work of scientists, etc.).

• Shadow economy (odd jobs).

By all accounts, the shadow economy is highly developed in Russia. It is understood as the provision of services and the production of goods for the population for a fee, which is not officially reflected anywhere - at the same time, from the point of view of the law, these can be both permitted and prohibited activities. The shadow economy makes it very difficult to achieve effective economic growth in the country.

At the same time, GDP takes into account costs that increase its size, but do not lead to an increase in welfare. Among them, one can highlight the fight against environmental pollution, huge landfills, noise, overpopulation, etc. These are side effects that overestimate the level of material well-being. In this regard, one can quote the statement of one American economist that "garbage is a product of economic life."

Thus, GDP cannot be called an indicator of the well-being of the population. Behind the formal numbers lies a number of diverse and difficult to account for sociological data that must be brought together in some way to get a more complete picture. In addition, the very economic theory and the view of world economic processes are changing - today it is hardly possible to give a more definite answer to the question of the relationship.

P.S. In conclusion, I suggest watching a very good video, available in parts here: http://arzamas.academy/authors/279 ... With the permission of the project, for ease of viewing, I merged all three videos into one and post the result below: