Ancient Greek Vazopis
- The concept applied to the painting painted paintings on ancient Greek ceramics. The Vazopanis of Ancient Greece includes the painting of vessels of various historical periods, ranging from the dogma culture and up to Hellenism, that is, starting from 2500 BC. e. And including the last century, preceding the emergence of Christianity.Greek ceramics is the most common find in archaeological studies of antique Greece, it is possible to detect it in the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe resettlement of the ancient Greeks. In addition to the Greek metropolis, which largely coincided with the territory of modern Greece, it includes: the west coast of Asia Minor, the island of the Aegean Sea, Crete Island, partly Island of Cyprus and the areas of Southern Italy populated by the Greeks.
As an export goods, Greek ceramics, and with it an ancient Greek vazopcript, got into Etruria, to the Middle East, to Egypt and North Africa. Painted Greek ceramics find even in the burials of Celtic nobility.
The first items of Greek vases were found in a new time in Etruscan burials. Therefore, they were originally attributed to Etruscan or Italian art. For the first time about the Greek origin of finds, Johann Yoachim Winchelmann said, but their Greek origin was finally established on the basis of the first archaeological finds at the end of the XIX. in Greece. With XIX. Ancient Greek vazopis is an important area of \u200b\u200bresearch of classical archeology.
The ancient Greeks painted any kind of clayware used for storage, food intake, in rites and holidays. The works of ceramics, decorated especially carefully, brought the temples as a gift or inqualized in the burial. The past firing, resistant to environmental vessels, ceramic vessels and their fragments are preserved with tens of thousands, so an ancient Greek vazopus is indispensable when the age of archaeological finds is established.
Thanks to the inscriptions on the vases, the names of many potters and vases are preserved, starting from the archaic period. In the event that the vase is not signed to distinguish the authors and their works, painting styles, art historians are made to give the Vasopians "service" names. They reflect either the subject of painting and its characteristic features, or indicate the place of detection or storage of the corresponding archaeological objects.
Periodization of ancient Greek Vazopysi
Depending on the time of creation, historical culture and style, an ancient Greek vazopus is divided into several periods. Classification corresponds to historical periodization and varies on styles. Styles and periods do not coincide.
Periodization begins S. creit Mino Vazopys
followed by miktensky or Elaladic Vazop
which existed in part at the same time.
In the narrow sense of the word an ancient Greek vasopier, which appeared after the fall of the Myckenes Empires and the disappearance of their culture, begins approximately from 1050 BC. e. Period geometrics
. At the end orientalizing period
In the VII century BC e. and with the beginning of the archaic period appeared blackfoot Vazopis
and followed by her still in the archaic period redfish Vazopis
. Both styles will master in the vasopy of classical ancient Greece in the Y and IV centuries. BC.
Next appear styles using additional colors, such as, for example, white Background Vazop
, starting with the second quarter of the IV century. BC e. Appear vaza-Gnafia
The painting of which is dominated by white. Starting from the second half of the III century. BC e. The production of decorated painting ceramics gradually fades, ceramic vessels decrease in size, their painting is simplified or carried out with less thoroughness. Vazopanis on ceramics is replaced by embossed decorations.
Vazopi to ancient Greece
Crete-Mine Vazopcript, Clay dishes decorated with painted appears in the Criton-Mine Cultural Area since 2500 BC. e. Simple geometric patterns on the first vases by 2000 BC. e. replaced by floral and spiral motifs that are applied white paint on black matte background, and so-called style Camares . Palace period in the Ministry of Economic Culture (1650 BC) made serious changes and in the style of painting ceramics, which is in the new sea style Decorated with images of a variety of seafood inhabitants: Nautilus and octopus, corals and dolphins performed on a light dark paint background. Starting from 1450 BC. e. Images are increasingly stylized and become somewhat rougher.
Archaeological Museum, Heraklion, Archaeological Museum
Mycken period
, about 1600 BC. e.
With the beginning of the late Eldelle period, the first highly developed continental culture grows, leaving the trail and in vasopysi. Early samples are distinguished by a dark tone, predominantly brown or matte-black patterns on a light background. Starting from the Middle Square (about 1400 BC, animals and vegetable motives are becoming popular. Later immediately after 1200 BC. e. In addition to them, images of people and ships appear.
Ancient Greek Vazopis
Geometric
With a sunset of mycken culture around 1050 BC. e. geometric ceramics Gets a new life in Greek culture. On the early stages Until 900 BC e. Ceramic dishes are usually painted large strictly geometric patterns. Typical VAZ ornaments were also conducted with circles and semicircles with a circulation. The alternation of geometric patterns of drawings was established by various registers of patterns separated from each other with a vessel with horizontal lines. During the heyday, geometrics there is a complication of geometric patterns. Complicated alternating single and double meals appear performed. These are stylized images of people, animals and objects. Chariots and warriors in fruitless processions occupy central parts of VAZ and jugs. In the images, black, less often red colors on light shades of the background. By the end of the VIII century. BC e. This style of painting in Greek ceramics disappears.
Orientalizing period
Starting from 725 BC e. In the manufacture of ceramics, the leading position occupies Corinth. The initial period that matches orientalizing , or otherwise protocynefic style It is characterized in vasopy with an increase in curly friezes and mythological images. The position, oddness, themes and the images themselves were influenced by the eastern samples, for which were primarily characterized by images of griffins, sphinxes and lions. The technique of execution is similar to blackfoot vases. Consequently, at this time the three-fold firing required for this was already applied.
Blackfoot Vazopis
Bowl with eyes "Dionysis" Execia
From the second half of the VII century. Before the V c. BC e. Black-phi vasopus is developing in an independent style of ceramics decoration. All more often on images began to appear human figures. Composite schemes were also subject to change. Faces, battles, mythological scenes telling about the life of Hercules and the Trojan War are the most popular motifs on vases.
As in the orientalizing period, the silhouettes of figures are drawn using a slip or glossy clay on the dried enevently clay. Small details were watched by Styhel. The neck and bottom of the vessels were decorated with a pattern, including ornaments, which are based on curly plants and palm leaves (t. N. palmetti). After the roasting the foundation became red, and the glossy clay acquired a black color. White color For the first time began to use in Corinth and first of all in order to display whiteness of the skin in female figures.
Other ceramics production centers, such as Athens, borrowed the technique of Corinth Vasopian style. By 570 BC e. Athens even surpassed Corinth in terms of the quality of their VAZ and the scope of production. These Athenian vases received the name in art historian "Attic black-definite ceramics" .
For the first time, the master of pottery and the artists-Vasopisians were proud to sign their works, so that their names were preserved in the history of art. The most famous artist of this period is the exequisy. In addition to him, the names of the masters of Vasopysis Paciad and Harez are widely known. Starting from 530 BC. e. With the advent of redfigured style, a black-phony vase loses its popularity. But in V c. BC e. The winners of the sports competitions on the so-called Panafine were presented panafine Amphoras which were performed in black technician. At the end of the IV century. BC e. Even the short period of renaissance of chernofigi vases in the Vazopysis of Etruscans has arrived.
Amphora-Bilingva: black and curly side
Redfish Vazopis
Amfora-Bilingva: Red Fij
Redfish vases for the first time appeared about 530 BC. e. It is believed that this technique for the first time applied the painter Andokid. Unlike the already existing distribution of colors of the base and images in black-deficient vases, the silhouettes of figures began to paint, but on the contrary, leaving the figures are impaired. Separate bristles on uncompressed figures drawn the finest details of images. Different shapes of the slip allowed to receive any shades of brown. With the advent of redfigure vases, the opposition of two colors began to be beaten on the biling vases, on one side of which the figures were black, and on the other - red.
The redfish style has enriched a vasopcript with a large number of mythological plots, besides them, sketches are found on red-burning vases everyday life, female images and interiors of pottery workshops. Unprecedented for Vasopysis, realism was achieved complex in the design of equestrian stubbanks, architectural structures, human images in three quarters and from the back.
Already in V c. BC e. In the lower Italy there were famous workshops who worked with this style of Vasopysi and competing with vasopic workshops in Attica. The redfore style was copied in other regions, where they did not receive special recognition.
White Background Vazop
Leek, made in the technique of white background. 440 BC e.
For the painting of the VAZ in this style, white paint was used as a basis, on which black, red or multicolor figures were applied. This technique of vasopy was used mainly in the painting of leeks, Aribals and Alabastron.
Vaza-Gnafia
Ohinohua-Gnaphia. 300-290 BC e.
Vases-Gnafia, named at the place of their first detection in Gnaphia (Apulia), appeared in 370-360. BC e. These vases come from Lower Italy are widespread in Greek metropolises and beyond. A white, yellow, orange, red, brown, green and other colors were used in the muffin paintings on the black lacquer. There are symbols of happiness, religious images and vegetable motives on the vases. From the end of the IV century. BC e. The painting in the style of Gnafia began to be performed exclusively white paint. The production of angius continued until the middle of the III century. BC e.
Vases from a box
About 300 g. BC. e. In the Apulian Canoma there was a regionally limited center of pottery, where ceramic products were signed by water-soluble, which do not require firing paints on the white background. These works of Vasopysis got a name "Cant's VAZ" and used in burial rites, and also invested in burial. In addition to the peculiar style of Vasopysis, the canosian ceramics are characterized by large stucco images of figures installed on vases. Canya vases were manufactured during the III and II centuries. BC e.
Vases from Centourpe
Centiprian Vase, 280-220. BC E.
As in the case of calaosk vases, centiprian vases We received only local distribution in Sicily. Ceramic vessels were compiled together of several parts and were not used according to their direct purpose, but only invested in burial. For the painting of Centipian VAZ, pastel tones were used on a gentle pink background, the vases were decorated with large sculptural images of people in clothes of different colors and magnificent appliquational reliefs. In Centultipian vases, sacrifices of sacrifice, farewell and burial rituals were depicted.
Thanks to the excavations, it was revealed that pottery art in antiquity was widely developed and distributed. Often, clay vessels were used to prepare food, as they were the most durable and durable dishes.
In addition, in the utensils from the burned clay stored dried fruits, wearing water both for drinking and washing. Depending on the shape of the product, each vessel had its purpose. In the jars kneaded the dough, the drinks were served in Krinka to the table, the vessels were coated in the pots, the vessels were kept, honey, braga.
Creating vessels
More ancient manufacture of tanks, manual modeling, later turned into molding of products with a pottery circle and firing furnaces.
The bottom of the vessel was made of a long raw clay strip, screwed onto the tabletop of a foot device in the form of a spiral. Then the body and the neck of the product was formed from the same tape. After creating initial form The vessel of its walls altered, bonding the ribbon coats and making the surface smooth.
With a different method, the vessel was formed from one piece of clay by pulling the raw material up on a rotating circle, at the same time the master attached the product the right form.
There was also a third method in which molds were used. Another raw and not quite finished vessel was removed and sucked.
The first pots from clay had an uneven, coarse surface with a cone-shaped bottom and a wide neck. Later, the bottom of the products has become more flat and stable.
The most common clay vessel was a low pot without a rounded shape handle. He was stable, had a wide neck and was applied in the kitchen for various purposes.
The pot with handles was called brother and was used to feed food to the table.
The liquid vessel was smaller, had a handle and drain spout. It was called this undova tableware. A pitcher belongs to the varieties of this container.
In the 19th century, the clay vessels were replaced by metal cast-windows, saucepans, buckets and various modern utensils.
Municipal educational institution Additional education of children "Children's Art School".
Plan - Abstract
Open lesson.
Subject: "Ceramics of ancient Greece. Vase "
Thing: History of Arts.
Teacher: Trifonova Olga Vladimirovna.
tulun
2008
Lesson "Ceramics of ancient Greece. Vazopis. "
Purpose:
To form students an idea of \u200b\u200bthe forms of antique vessels and their manufacturing technologies and give the concept of stylistic features of the painting of ancient vessels.
Acquisition of students in the selection of information, the ability to highlight the main significant moments and creatively submit them to independent work.
Development of aesthetic taste and creative abilities of students, continue the formation of cognitive interest in the history of ancient Greece
Equipment and materials:
Computer, projector, board
Illustrative material with a picture of black and red-chicken Greek vases.
Literary series: Poems O. Tarutina from the book "What I saw in the Hermitage", Valery Brysov "Antique Vases".
Type of lesson: combined.
Tasks lesson:
1. Meeting with antique ceramics and vessel manufacturing technology.
2. Congratulation of knowledge about the culture of an ancient Greek society.
1. Meeting with painting styles by antique ceramics and species of ancient ornaments.
2. Congratulation of knowledge about the spiritual features of the culture of an ancient Greek society.
Scheme of lesson:
Introduce students with various forms of ancient vessels.
Acquaintance with the process of manufacturing a ceramic product.
Generate students with various styles of painting antique vessels.
Introduce the guys S. symbolic meaning Ancient Greek ornaments.
Acquaintance with the process of painting ceramic product.
During the classes:
Organizing time. (Emotional attitude of children)
Conversation.
We continue the journey through ancient Greece. And today we are interested Athens and ratherone of the districts of the city is ceramics. From the name of the Athenian suburb of Ceramick, where they worked especially skillful potters, the word "ceramics" happened. Ceramics - (OT.grech . keramikos. – clay, pottery), products that were sculpting from clay, and then burned.Such products soko was valued in ancient Greece, and potters and vasesdaily and honor.
The poetic prologue to the lesson will be the poem of Valery Brysov "Antique Vases".
They are captivating and gentle,
They are exquisite - careless,
Then harmonically - dimensional
Then seductive - incorrect,
Always finished and solid
Immeasurably - inseparable,
And the completion of their lines
Sounds like full verse.
From formidable and huge mutual effects
To thin, sharpened Scythians,
Amphoras, leeks, phials,
| Ariballa and the smallest
Kaliki, everything is a living miracle:
In the features of a broken vessel,
Mystery of death
Lots of some soul!
Deep millennium darkness,
Different with the light!
And loyal of the world - Dam!
As a verse of the Divine Poem,
Like forever valuable diamonds,
Challenges fragmented vases,
That their creator, although b a moment,
All the secrets of eternity are comprehended.
1916 -1917
I invite you to the exhibition of ancient Greek VAZ. We will open the veil of time and look at the part of the ancient Greek Bazaar VAZ.
Exhibition VAZ (slides)
Like many other peoples, the Greeks believed that the first people were molded from clay. According to the myth of the creation of the world, the story, about how God Prometheus began to knead the clay, gave her a form in the image and likeness to her, and Athena, according to legend, breathed in the soul to them, she was a patronage of goncharov.
Gonchar was like God, Vaza Vaza, breathed his soul in them.
In ancient Greece, three ways to manufacture ceramic vessels have developed.
- The most ancient way - model vessel manually.
The vessels were sculpted from flavors.
Or using a rope frame, inside or outside an incelaved clay.
Later a pottery circle appears. The potted circle on Crete was already used by 2 thousand BC. e. . Starting from the VIII century. BC e., as crafts from agriculture, pottery distributed in all Greek cities. But there always existed centers that set the tone and fashion.
Also later, products made in shape appear in Ancient Rome Forming products takes a leading place.
What did you need to do with a ceramic vessel?
Clay, burned in the fire - the first artificial material obtained by a person. There is an old Russian mystery: "I was on Copans, I was on the topman, I was on Crozay, I was on fire, I was on the rombing. When young was young, the people were fed. And the old began to swinging. "
What is said in the riddle? (Your options)
“copans "- Pits where clay mined. Find the right clay is a completely difficult thing. For example, a good quality, brown and red clay mined 12 km. From Athens from the bottom of the Keff River, and in Corinth, they used local, whitish clay, which, after firing, purchased a pale green or brown hue.
“Toppers "- a place where clay is well kneading. And then the potted circle - "grouse", then - "Fire", that is, the firing. The last stage of processing was "Ovwar" - the immersion of the product in the liquid (rye, oat-haired and other decoctions).
As a pot of people fed, it is not necessary to explain to explain, but why in the old age of Pelenali? (Even the cracked pots were not thrown away, they were wrapped up with ribbons of sparkled beered, and they could still serve for a long time).
The Greek oven for firing consisted of two compartments: firing and firing chambers, separated by a wall with holes, so that soot did not sit on the vessels. The temperature in the furnace was from 800 to 960 degrees !! It was adjusted with the help of blower fur. Most furnaces were up to 1.5 m and used simultaneously for drying products.
For studies forms of Greek VAZm. you will get acquainted with you only with several main vessels, and in fact there aremore than a hundred .
The most common Greek vessel is amphora.
Amphora - with a narrow throat with two, as a rule, vertical handles, two wooden sticks were encouraged in them and we wore it together if the amphora was big and heavy. The amphoras poured wine, olive oil and water, stored and transported grain in them, they could have been a wide variety of sizes.
Consider the drawing below:
kanfar - a wine vessel in the form of a cup with two handles, mainly on a high leg. Considered the attribute of God Dionisa.
ohinooya - a jug for water or wine.
crater - in the shape of a cup of flowerthe vessel with a wide throat on a stable stand served for mixing wine with water during a feather. To cool the diluted wines in the crater put psicter (vessel for wine cooling) filled with cold water vessel with a hollow leg.
hydhium - having a steady base and three handles (two - to raise, and the third - to pour), was intended for transfer and water spill, During the feasts.
lekif - Vessel for oil, incense, ritual vessel, used in the funeral ceremonial.
scythos - a large bowl for wine. The Greeks drank wine, diluting it with water, drinking undiluted wine was considered a bad tone and was called "drinking in Scythian". He had big pens so that those who stayed on the beds could easily hold them.
kiaf - scoop for dilute wine.
kilik is the most common bowl for wine drinking a wide bowl that had a thin, comfortable leg and two horizontal knobs.
pelics - storage vessel.
Pyphos. (barrel) - (Greek. píthos. ), a large clay vessel used in the criticalmycken and antique era for storing grain and others. Economic supplies. Prophyos had an ovoid shape and added 1.5-2 to height m.Greek pyphhosas were deprived of decor. They were usually carried out to the ground and on top acted with a stone or clay lid.
Psycter - Vessel on a high cylindrical leg, which allowed to put psicter in another vessel filled with cold water or ice. Used to cool beverages.
alabastra (Extracted vessel, similar to lecture) - Usually, this vessel was made of alabaster mineral, but often from clay. They had an oblong, rounded book shape, flat throat and ear, for which he was suspended during storage. As a rule, used for storing perfume ointments.
Pixid - Round or oval box for decorations, ointments or spices.
Students have cards with basic forms of Greek vessels.
Work with the scheme (Figure No. 1
)
The world of the ancient Greek clearly decayed at the levels: Olympus - the dwelling of the gods, a narrow strip of the earth, where the man and Tartar - the kingdom of the dead. Really, a person faces them at the moments of birth and death, i.e. the moments of the transition. And the vessels begin to play ritual roles not only towards God, but also in relation to the deceased person.
Let's come back to amphore. Amphora has a leg, Tulovo, handles, neck - throat and a whisk. Its parts are called parts of the human body. In ancient Greece, for the ancient Greek Amfora is a person. Moreover, the Greeks believed that Amfora was a woman, amphora's female essence. In the ancient Greek cities located on the shores of the Black Sea, in the basements of houses, archaeologists sometimes find infant burials. Baby in Pontic Greece was buried like this: the amphora wall is cleared, and the baby in the embryonic posture, that is, in that position, in which he is in the womb, is stacked in the amphora and bury it right in the basement of the house. Therefore, for the Greeks, Amfora served as a symbol of maternal womb. In the ancient burials, the bones of adults were found in clay barrels - the bluffs. A small urn with the dies of the deceased is buried in the ground, and a large human-like amphora or a leek with a blank or bottom is installed on the grave. In the days of commemoration of the departed in such a vessel poured water with honey that penetrates the deceased in the underground world - "fed" dead. So Amfora is a tombstone monument. Therefore, Amfora is a sign of the mother's womb, at the same time it is also a coffin, they bury them.
We reviewed that the ancient dishes were saturated with spiritual content.
Greek ceramics was intended for constant use, but, despite its functionality, she skillfully decorated with painting. Both the shape and size, and the painting of the vessels - everything was subordinate to the strict rules that the artist had to know well.
The development of painting ancient Greece can be judged by drawings adorning the vases that have come down to us starting from 11-10 centuries. BC e. On the ancient Greek vases you can allocate ornament and picture - Scene painting.
Greek ornaments (children in notebooks write their names)
The ornament was decorated with less important parts of the vase - leg and neck.
For example, such a ornament is called "Palmetta"- Stylized Palm List Image:
This ornament was borrowed by the Greeks, this is a Sumerian ornament, which personified in the Sumer, in the anterior Asia, the fiery goddess Ishtar. The Greeks were identified by the goddess Ishtar with Aphrodite, and Palmetta became a sign of peace and love. Such palmettes decorate not only dishes. They appear on the skate of the ancient Greek temples.
Very common was meander“Meander"This is the name of the river in Thrace - the pattern in the form of a broken or curve curve with curls. There is a legend that a long time ago in Greece saw the river bed from a high hill. It was wriggle, and it looked like a loop. In similarity with the river, the ornament was named, so the famous Greek ornament of meander arose.
When we look at AMFOR, it is washed in a circle of this most meander. That is, Amfora is the world around which the river-ocean flows, personified meander. Often, this ornament of the Greeks depicted on the neck of the vessel, or I framed Tulovo.
And then appeared and wave-shaped The ornament also loved the Greeks to portray
bud lotus
And the leg of the amphora often covers the toothed ornament, it is called "Reverse" This is a sign of a cup of flower. The flower at the bottom there is a cup of green leaves, from which the flower grows. Amphora is a flower or a fruit growing out of such a cup. That is, this is a sign of fruiting nature.
Another ornament called "Turkish Braided"
This ornament is perhaps the most ancient of all listed. This ornament gives the strength of the product. So far, the dishes from clay have not learned to burn so that it does not fall apart, they made a frame for her, spilled a basket, and topped the clay on top. Clay on the frame holds very well. When the ceramics learned to burn, the memories that the prosperity of the twigs attached the strength of the product, it remained, therefore, these twigs began to draw, before translucent through clay, draw, and still paint.
Consider more "Solar ornaments" - Image of the sun. This is a sign of a sunny wheel, a swastika. It happens right-sided swastika and left-sided. The swastika may be different sex. In one case, the swastika personifies the sunny, male, dry, day, good principle, in another case - moon, wet, evil, female, night. Depending on how the swastika is drawn, it has a different meaning. This is an oldest type of solar ornament.
Often on a vase you can see the image "Human Eyes"
(consider kilik in the picture) or "Gorgon's head with a drown language." It is a charm. This painted eye or the gorgon head protects the owner of the vessel from a bad eye. Therefore, the vessel is also a talisman.
Now consider the existing vessel painting styles.
It is customary to allocate four styles of Vasopysi (Consider the drawings, write to the notebook):
1st geometric styleIn IX - VIII centuries. BC e. There is a geometric style in the vasopy, the only decoration of which was a linear geometric ornament from patterns of signs in the form of squares, triangles and circles. During this period, a favorite Greek ornament appears - Meander is a pattern in the form of a continuous broken at the right corner of the line. The geometric ornament was located horizontal stripes, perhaps had some kind of magical meaning. (Figure 4, 5,6)Later, in the VIII century BC e. In the abstract drawing began to include conditional, flat, stylized images of figures of people and animals. Take, for example, a well-known vase from Dipilon, on which the scene of mourning of the deceased leader is depicted among the geometric pattern .
(
Figure 2, 3)
4
5
6
2
3
2nd carpet styleIn the VII century BC Eh in Corinth arises a special style of vasopy, which has entered the eastern motifs. Painting fills the entire vessel covering its carpet. The surface of juicy and chubby in the form of the Rhodic jug - Oinohoi is divided into friezes - stripes with measuringly protruding animals. In the Rhodes vases, gravily depicted or calmly walking with each other, birds, poultry, sometimes real, but often fantastic - sphinxes, sirens with beautiful dynamic lines of elastic contours.
Geometric patterns are inferior to plant motifs. Palmettes, stylized flowers and lotus buds, forming a belt and rings are used. Carpeted vases are saturated with a full-blooded and cheerful energy.
3rd blackfoot style In the second half of the VI century. BC e. Championship in ceramics passed to Athens. Athenian ceramics prevailed in the ancient market for more than 200 years. The first style of Athenian Vazopysi was a black-phony style. This is a light (red) background and black images. At first, the artist shouted the contours of figures, then poured them with a black varnish, according to which the cutters worked on the cutter. Additional white paint was used for greater effect. It was not the entire surface on the black-chigure vessels, but only highlighted fields. The entire surface of the vessel was flooded with brilliant, mirror varnish. Black-phony painted is characterized by decorativeness and silhouette, lack of volume and image convention.Multifigure compositions of this style preput scenes from the life of gods, heroes and mere mortals.Talented masters appear (Execia - author of famous VAZ: amphoras with the image of Achille and Ajax, playing bones;
cilica with the image of Dionysus in the roaster. A masterpiece of black-phi-burning ceramics is considered to be a Vase "Francois" (called by the name of her archaeologist), in which the mythological scenes are depicted with five belts: a solemn procession of the wedding of the wedding of the Tsar Pelia and marine nymphs, the battle, the death of Achilla, hunting for the Vepry.
4th Red Style.
About 530th century BC e. Athenian masters created a more perfect red-chicken style of painting ceramics, which gradually began to push the black-phony painting. On a black background of a lacquered vessel, unpainted light glove color figures were highlighted. Details no longer scratched, and drawn with a thin black line. This technique made it more freely to depict the figures of people and animals. In Athens, a whole pleiad of brilliant vases appeared (Efronia, Eutimia, etc.), which began to work in a new, redfigure style.
Fastening the material passed.
How do we know about the daily household life of the Greeks? (Greek vases told us about this).
Name of Vazopysi
Characteristics Styles
Geometric style
IX. – VIII. explosive BC e.
Ornament from patterns of signs in the form of squares, triangles, circles and Greek ornament - Meandr. The ornament was located horizontal stripes. Later began to include conditional, flat, stylized images of figures of people and animals
Carpet style
VII – VI explosive BC e.
Eastern motives. Painting fills the entire vessel
especially often depicts grazing or calmly walking with each other, birds, sometimes real, but often fantastic - sphinxes, sirens with beautiful dynamic lines of elastic contours.
Blackfoot style
VI – V. explosive BC e.
This is a light (red) background and black images. At first, the artist shouted the contours of figures, then poured them with a black varnish, according to which the cutters worked on the cutter. Additional white paint was used for greater effect. ABOUT it is damped with decorativeness and silhouette.
Red Style
V. – IV explosive BC e.
On a black background of a lacquered vessel, unpainted light glove color figures were highlighted. Details no longer scratched, and drawn with a thin black line.
The outcome of the lesson.
It was the vasopcript that gave a scientist an idea of \u200b\u200bhow the ancient Greeks looked like, that ate, drank, wore, what were their homes and what life they led. The vessel gradually became a reflection of real life. That is, a vase is an integral part of their life from 3 years of age and to death. Turn to the poem
O. A. Taratutin.Antique vases
(From the collection "What I saw in the Hermitage")
Beautiful these antique vases
i liked for some reason not immediately.
"Think, vases!" - We thought.
other were occupied by our minds.
At first we looked at them, bored,
then we looked at one by chance
then peeled ... and maybe it's an hour
i could not break away from the VAZ.
Then the giant vases, then dwarfs-vases,
and each vase - with a drawing-story!
The hero in the chariot flies to the war.
Argonauts float into someone else's country.
Perseus kills Medusa Gorgon.
Athena Pallada dictates laws.
Fights with Hector Grozny Achilles
(And Hector, as can be seen, deprived of strength) ...
But Artemis, the goddess of hunting,
from the Making Luke shoots into someone.
And it plays Orpheus on Lira.
And this is awarded sports trophy.
But - Odyssey feeding tips.
And this is a centaur ...
And this ... And this ...
But we describe and try
the world's largest collection of VAZ.
Homework: Painting VAZ (think in what technique (redfigure or blackfigure) Perform your homework).
Conclusion
As a result, we will get a mini-museum of children's work on the topic "Ancient Greek ceramics."
The outcome of the lesson.
So, the guys are nearing our lesson. I thank you all! Thank you.
Ancient Greece. History and forms.
Ceramics is known with deep antiquity and is possibly the first material created by the man. It was believed that the occurrence of ceramics is directly related to the transition of a person to a settled lifestyle. More recently, the first samples of ceramics belonging to us belonged to the era of the upper Paleolithic. However, in 1993, Xianzhendon pots were blinded with 20 thousand years ago. Ancient object from burnt clay dates back to 29-25 millennia BC.
Ancient Greekceramicsdue to its relative durability, it is a good archaeological material for studying the art, life and history of ancient Greece. Vazopanis of ancient Greece includes the painting of vessels of various historical periods, ranging from the dohy mina cultureand Val Linism, that is, starting the C2500 BC. And including the last century, preceding the appearance of Christianity.
Greek ceramics is the most common find in archaeologicalresearch-law Greece, it is possible to find it in the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe settlement of the ancient Greeks. The first items of Greek Vazopysia were found at the present vertequet burials.
The ancient Greeks painted any kind of clay dishes, which was used for storage, food intake, in rites and festivals. Ceramics products, decorated especially carefully, brought the temples as a gift or invested in burial. Passing a strong firing, resistant to environmental vessels, ceramic vessels and their fragments are preserved with tens of thousands, therefore an ancient Greek vazopus is indispensable when the age of archaeological finds is established. Thanks to the inscriptions on the vases, the names of Nomagons and Vazops are preserved, starting with archaic period. In the event that the vase is not signed to distinguish the authors and their works, painting styles, art historians are taken to give vases "service" names. They reflect either the topics of painting and its characteristic features, or indicate the place of detection or storage of the corresponding archaeological objects.
1. Production technology and pottery workshops
The process of manufacturing ceramics in ancient times Restores scientists based on clay analysis, the results of excavation of antique pottery workshops, comparing them with modern analogues and the results of art historical research of the VAZ painting. Sources of information are also scenes from the life of the potters and Vazopis Skurinf clay plates. The image of pottery workshops are preserved on 16atical vases and on a singlebeaty skipos. Pottery workshop. Barrinf Pinaka with Pentescuphia. -550 GG N.E. Louvre
1.1. Clay
For success in pottery art, the quality is crucial. Mountain breed should be weathered. The source material is often swollen on the production site and mixed with other additives, which provided clay desired color after firing. Clay in Corinth had a yellowish tint, in the attic - reddish, in the lower Italy - a brown color. Before processing clay was cleaned. To do this, in the pottery workshop, the clay is discharged or washed in a large container. At the same time, large alumina particles descended to the bottom, and organic impurities rose to the surface of the water. The clay mass was then placed in the second tank, where excess water was removed from it. Next, the clay was removed and held in the wet state for a long time. During such maturation, the clay "grows" and becomes elastic. Too fat (soft) clay varieties before treatment was mixed with sand or grinding ceramic battle in order to "degrease" them, make a clay stronger. Since the traces of "degreasing" clay are lacking on decorated with painting of Athenian vases, it can be concluded that they were made of very well "aged" clay.
2. Ancient Greek Vazopis
Protogeometric and geometric style
With the decline of the Mycena Culture of the Seasury Invasion, all the achievements of former Vasopysis are lost. During the approximately century, there is aubamic ceramics, for which the complete absence of an ornament is characterized (in some cases It is decorated with several simple lines). About 1050 BC In Greek art, geometric motifs are distributed. In the early stages (protogeometric style) up to900 BC. Ceramic dishes are usually painted with large strictly geometric patterns. Typical VAZ ornaments were also carried out with a circulation circles and semicircles. The alternation of the geometrical replacements of the drawings was established by various registers of patterns separated from each other with a coating vessel with horizontal lines. During the period of the breakthometer, starting from 900 BC. e., there is a complication of geometric patterns. Complicated variables of single and double-monthly variables appear. These are stylized images of people, animals and objects. Chariots and warriors in the inventory processions occupy central parts of VAZ and jugs. In the pictures, black, less often red colors on light shades of the background. By the end of the 6th century BC. e. This style of painting in Greek ceramics disappears.
2.2.2. Orientalizing style
Starting C725 BC In the manufacture of ceramics, the leading position is occupied. The initial period that corresponds to orientalizing, or otherwise protocondfish styleit is characterized in vasopy an increase in curly friezes of imifological images. The situation, the order, themes and the images themselves were influenced by the eastern samples, for which were primarily characterized by image infections, Ilvy Sphinx. The technique of execution is similar to blackfoil vases. Currently, a three-time firing needed for this.
2.2.3. Blackfoot Vazopis
From the second half of the VII century to the beginning of the century before N.E. Black-phi vasopus is developing into an independent style of ceramics. All more often in the images began to appear human figures. Composite schemes were also subject to change. The most popular motifs of images on vases are becoming, battles, mythological scenes, telling about the life of EGRACLE and the Dihedral War. As in the orientalizing period, the silhouettes of figure figures are drawn by a mixer or glossy clay on the dried unconditioned clay. Small details are stuck with the shyhel. The cervical and bottom of the vessels were decorated with a pattern, including ornaments, which are based on curly plants and palm leaves (so Stranny palmettes).After the firing the base became red, and the glossy clay acquired a black color. White color for the first time began to use in Corinth first of all in order to display the whiteness of the skin in female figures.
Other ceramics production centers, such as Athens, borrowed the technique of Corinth Vasopian style. K570 to N.E. Athens even surpassed Corinth in terms of the quality of their VAZ and the scope of production. These Athenian vases received the name in art historian "Attic black ceramics."
For the first time, masterlong and vase painters began to sign their works with pride, thanks to which their names were preserved in the history of art. The most famous artist of this periodexex. In addition to him, the names of the masters of the Vazopisiad of Imeares are widely known. Starting from 530 to N.E. With the advent of redfigured style, a black-phony vase loses its popularity. But in the V century BC. e. Winners of sports competitions on the so-called Panfinities of the Panfinafine Amphoras, which were performed in black-phony technique. At the end of the century BC. Even there was a short period of renaissance with blackfoot vases from Etruscans.
2.2.4. Redfish Vazopis
2.2.6. Vaza-Gnafia
Vases-Gnafi, named at the place of their first detection in Gnaphia (Apulia), appeared in -360 BC. These vases come from Lower Italy are widespread in Greek metropolises and beyond. In the painting of angios on a black lacquer background, white, yellow, orange, red, brown, green and other colors were used. On the vases there are seeing happiness, religious images and plant motifs. From the end of the century to N.E. The painting in the style of Gnafia began to be performed exclusively white paint. The production of angios continued until the midiii century BC.
2.2.7. Vases from a box
2.2.8. Vases from Centourpe
As in the case of Cavozcis Vazami, centolipse Vasethey received only the local distribution of Vsicilla. Ceramic vessels were made up together of several parts and were not used according to their direct intended, but only invested in burial. For the painting of Centoipsek VAZ, used tones on a gentle pink background, vases were decorated with large sculptural images of people in clothes of various colors and beautiful appliquational reliefs. On Centoipseed vases, the scenarios were depicted, farewell and burial rites.
The form
Difostern forms can demonstrate this picture:
Actually, if you figure it out, the vases are dishes. The dishes are needed on the farm always, the need for it, apparently, appeared when an ancient person understood the need to store products .... and then he learns and cook food in it. Once a long time ago, in the era of Neolith, someone guess the blind item to quit into the fire. He acquired hardness, and so the ceramics was born. Today we willingly use ceramic dishes today and, it seems, humanity will not refuse it for a long time, despite the fact that we have an abundance of other materials for the production of dishes of all forms.
Anyone who at least a little interested in history and archaeology knows that ceramics is an important marker for dating cultural layers opening during excavations. It is precisely because she accompanied the person many thousands of years and because scientists know how it developed and changed throughout these centuries depending on the location on earth.
Why did the ancient Greeks invented such a variety of forms for their VAZ? The form of the vessel was determined depending on how it was intended for storage. And kept the ancient Greeks mostly olive oil, wine and water, as well as bulk products. Of course, there was a need and serve drinking and going to the table, and pouring wine, and the forms of antique ceramics multiplied and improved.
But to describe how different vessels differ from each other, you first need to master how it is called parts of the vase. This picture is very comfortable for this:
Perhaps the most famous for us from Greek VAZ -amphora
. It is unlikely that there is a person who did not hear about her.
Amphora (from the ancient Greekἀμφορεύς
"Vessel with two handles" - Egg-shaped vessel, sometimes with a narrowed lower part and an extended top, with a narrow throat, with two vertical handles, served for transporting wine and oil. Amphoras and decorated the life of the ancient Greeks, and were practical in everyday life. In the models it was convenient to store wine: close the narrow neck with wax or resin, and the wine located in the lower wide part did not evaporate and remained longer. The precipitate was accumulated in the lower narrow part and did not scold when the wine was poured from the amphora. AMFORA due to its cone-shaped lower part it was easy to burrow into the ground and thereby preserve the wine at lower temperatures.
Thanks to the oblong rounded form, the amophras were easy to put the fan in the holds of the ancient ships. Actually, the amphoras were an ancient package.
This is an amphora from the Berlin old museum (it is not forbidden to remove there, but all exhibits under glass). Images on vases is a separate very fascinating and extensive topic, because it is an artist in each of them, deepening in parallel in reading the myths of ancient Greece - an incredibly interesting occupation, but this is the material for many books, and not for one story)
It would be a mistake to believe that amphoras used exclusively the Greeks. They are found when excavations on a very extensive territory, there are many of them in the Black Sea and in the Crimea, for example .. and this Because Greek amphoras were very valued by Scythian kings. (looking for information for the article, I have seen a mention of such facts many times. If you remember, I recently even Putin is lucky and - oh, miracle! - to dig up with ancient amphor in hands :))
Amphoras were often sealed with a clay plug, which was fixed with resin or plaster. On the Handle of Amphora, the Greeks were made by the stamp indicating the city of the manufacturer (Sinop, Chersonese Tauride), and the Romans hung on the handle a label, for example, indicating the variety of wine.
Hydy(Lat. Hydria), otherwise calpedid (lat. - Kalpis) - Water vessel having three handles: Two small horizontal on sides and one vertical., as well as a long neck. Like amphoras, but Hydhium has a more rounded Tulovo.
Girls went with them to a source for water. Hydry wore on her head or on the shoulder, holding them with hand. Images of such scenes can be seen in the drawings depicted on the Vases themselves.
Sometimes the hydrosis was also used as urns for storing the ashes of the dead.
Personally, I really liked the idea of \u200b\u200bthree handles: for two it is convenient to carry water, and also to substitute a vessel under the water jet, and the third is needed when you creep the vessel, pouring out water from it, and also conveniently carry a blank vessel, holding it for a vertical handle.
Here is a hydroman from the Hermitage Collection, dates back to 510 a year before our era.
But the hydrosis from the Metropolitan Museum, which shows the scene of the filling of hydria from the source :)
As we see from the painting on a vase, nothing has changed from the sixth century to our era: women who come for water, use the occasion to have to talk to :)
Kanphara
- Wide drinking vessels with two handles, something like a cup. Most often on a high leg. Graceful knaps of canfara protrude beyond the top line of the vessel. Kanfar was considered the Hercules attribute and especially Dionysus: the Greek god of wine was often portrayed with Kanfar in his hands.
Kanfar from the Athenian Archaeological Museum
This is a drawing depicting God of Dionysus with Kanfar in his hands. He was drawn in 500 BC on our era on a dish, which is stored in the Louvre.
Kilik
(Greek. Kylix, Lat. Calix - "Round")
- Vase from which wine drank. This is a vessel having a flat bowl on a leg or a low pallet with two horizontal handles. Cyiliki were very rapid.Outside and inside the ciliary decorated with painting.In many cylobics there is an inscription:"Chaire Kai Piei EU" (Greek, "Rejoice and Pey Happily"). The narrative scenes were portrayed around the circumference on the outside of the cup (in the interruptions between the climbing the cylikes, they were suspended for the handle to the wall and such murals were clearly visible)
Here is a kilik from Greece, dated the first quarter of the 6th century to our era and being the exhibit of the State Museum of Fine Arts named after Pushkin.
The same kilik from the inside
and he is below 
CRATER (Greek. Krater, from Kerannymi - "Mix") - an ancient Greek vessel for mixing wine with water. According to customs, ancient Ellitymixed one part of the wine with two parts of water - to drink undiluted wine was considered a manifestation of wildness, no-dimensionality, although the drunkenness was common (remember the Vakha).Craters are large vessels with a wide mouth, like boilers, and two handles on the sides.
Examples of crater:
Leek- an ancient Greek ceramic vessel for oil. Initially was made cone-shaped, then a cylindrical shape with a vertical handle, a narrow throat, turning into a socket and was used in the funeral ceremonial. Marble leeks of large sizes, decorated with a rich ornament, were raised in the burial places.
So admire:
Ohinooya(from Greek. oinos. - Wine cheo - Lew) - an ancient Greek vessel for wine; It is an egg-shaped jug with one handle and three plums (nose), from which it was possible to pour into three bowls at the same time.
Pelica (Greek. Pelike, from Pleos - "Full") - type of an ancient Greek vessel for liquids with two pens on the sides. It is considered a variety of amphora.However, in contrast to amphora, Pelika has not tapering, but the expanding Bulovo. Pelics has a small leg and a wide sweeter with a low wedge. This type of vessel is known from the end of the VI century. BC e.During the classics, In the middle of V c. BC e., Pelics more often than other vessels were used for the storymural Since the expanding form of this vessel allows multifigure compositions on it.
Pelika "Athena and Hercules"
This is a pelica depicting Amazonacia from the collection of the State Museum named after Pushkin
Scythos. (σκύφος) is a ceramic bowl for drinking. Scythos was the mythical Hercules Cup, so the Scythos is also calledhercules Cup.
It has a burning Bulovo (often large capacity) with two handles from the very edge of a wide mouth, on a low pallet, often decorated with painting.
Skiffos with the image of Dionysus and Silena from the meeting of the State Museum named after Pushkin
This beauty is from the Art Museum of Vienna.
The largest vessel was called pyphos.having an egg-shaped and edge at the bottom, that is, it was impossible to install vertically such a vase.It was accepted to plunge into the ground, and on the expansion at the top 4 knobs were attached, the vase was used for economic purposes.
from here http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/DMI196607/View/89039/?page\u003d0#Preview
Dinos (Greek Dinos, DEINOS) - This is also a large vessel with a semicircular torso, but without a handle, made of ceramics or metal. Often, Dios was installed on a skillfully completed stand. He, like the crater, served for mixing wine with water.
This is a Dinos from a collection of Louvre
http://louvre.historic.ru/collect/greece/04/02.shtml
And this is the bottom from the collection of the Pushkin's Museum Museum
Photo from here http://www.antic-art.ru/data/greece_archaic/36_dinos/index.php.
In the Greek feast used alsomastos.reminiscent of the shape of a female breast (μαστός). A characteristic feature of these vessels was that they could not be put on the table without adding the wine poured in them.Such vessels were made in ancient Greece in the second half of the VI century. BC e. His wide mouth is narrowed by the book, the convex walls end in a small protrusion resembling a nipple.
Here is an example of Mastos from the Louvre (photo from Wikipedia)
As can be seen from the ancient texts, the wine was an indispensable attribute of men's peters -sissiism
Kiafe
(Greek. Kyaphos - "Mug, Bucch")it was called the bucket, with the help of which the wine was poured from craters into cili.They have a bell-shaped tool with a wide mouth and a high loop-shaped handle, usually decorated with a spike, and in the middle part sometimes associated with a horizontal jumper.
Cotylas. Also called the ancient Greek vases, which were similar toskiphos.
Riton (from Greek. Рέω - "flow") in its form resembles a horn of an animal. It often ended in the lower part of the sculpture where the hole was, and decorated with reliefs and engraving. It was possible to drink from such vessels by putting the lips to the upper wide hole, or directing myself a jet of drink from the hole, which was drilled at the end of the muzzle of the image. Rions were made of metal (for example, gold, etc.), clay, bones, horns.
Ancient warriors wore a vessel for drinking with one handle - a certain prototype of modern flasks:cone.
Some sources argue that the coffee glass was called a portable lamp - a sort of a cup, in which oil was poured and wrapped wick. This case clearly meets the latest description (it is from the Hermitage meeting)
A.labastron - Pear-like or elongated cylindrical vessel with a rounded bottom, which, unlike rhythone, could stand vertically. A model for Alabastron served the form of East Vessels from Egypt, made from Alabasra to which they, in fact, are obliged to their name. Albastron were used for storing aromatic substances and liquids, mostly women. Men (especially athletes) to care for the body used in similar cases by the arybalas that were on the strap on the wrist. 
Aribal(αρύβαλλος) - a small vessel of a rounded round shape with a narrow drawn neck, which expanded from a flat whisk. Its name comes from a leather bag, which is usually inserted a bottle. Arybala is wide, in the shape of a ribbon, handle.
ARIBALL with the image of Hercules and Lion, the 4th century BC, Corinth, Greece, from the Museum of Fine Arts named after Pushkin. Hence: http://www.antic-art.ru/data/greece_archaic/42_ariball/index.php.
Mixed forms of Ariballa with leek (a vessel with a narrow high throat and a long handle) is called an aryballic leeks. They were used as containers for incense, aromatic oils, including in a funeral cult.
Askos (Greek - tube) -
A flat vessel of a rounded shape with a handle on the spout, was used for storing oils and refueling oil lamps. There are forms of Askos with two nose.
Pixid- Vessel having cylindrical shapes, with a lid. The name comes from the Greek word πυξός - "Samshat", from which they were initially pulled out. Pixides were also manufactured from ceramics, alabastra, metal or ivory. This is a kind of caskets that were used by women for storing jewelry and cosmetics. Piksides were also often found in women's burials. 
Until now, only a few pixides made of wood have been preserved. Pixides were also manufactured from ceramics, alabastra, metal or ivory. Pixides were used by women for storing jewelry and cosmetics.
I photographed this beauty in BerlinAltes Museum.
Tribal - A small vessel for storing the incense of a spherical shape on a high stand with a lid, which was crowned with a spherical head. Used in wedding rituals. 
Psycter (Lat. Psykter), otherwise, the bavage is an ancient Greek ceramic vessel, in shape resembling a mushroom, received distribution in the attic in the second halfVI in. BC e. Psicter was used with a cup crater
Lidion- vessel spherical form with a narrow conical leg. At the top of a wide neck with a horizontal rim. Lidion received its name from the leaders, the creators of this type of ceramics.Perhaps the form of the vessel has an Egyptian origin. Used to store incense.
Lebees Hamikos.(Lat.Lebes Gamikos. λέβης γαμικός - "Wedding Lebees") - ancient Greek clay vessel.
Lebees Hamikos is a large-size vessels and a rounded shape, with a long cylindrical neck and two handles. Lebes Hamikos was used at weddings and presented as a gift to brides. Lebees Hamikos also presented as a gift to the gods of fertility.
Lebees Hamikos also found in burials. 
Olpa(Lat.OLPA.) - an ancient Greek jug for storing fragrant oils and wines. The lower part has a pronounced volume, smooth shape lines lead to a wide round neck.The handle is on the side. Olpa has a smaller size than the Oyniche.
Epichisis(Lat.Epychisis ) - an antique vessel of a cylindrical shape, often with two horizontal profiles-exposure, thin neck, ending the bent spacing with an open plum, and a high curved handle. Epicheisis often decorated with painting. Appeared in southern Italy, in Puglia. Presumably epichisis was the subject of women's use and used for cosmetic procedures.
Calaf(Lat. Kalathos) (Greek. άάλαθος) - Basket used by ancient Greek women in various works, in the form of a lily flower, was made of different materials: clay, wood, noble metals. Kalaf played a big role in the festivities dedicated to the goddesses of Athena and Demeter, and was a symbol of a flower Persephone basket. Thanks to the festivities, the ancient Greek ceramic vessel of a similar shape and the foundation of the Corinthian capitals in the form of a wicker basket was obtained..
Calaph, found at the coolest Sicily, dates from 470 g. BC, Alkea and Sappo are depicted on it.State Antique Assembly, Munich.
Kernos.(lat. kernos ) - an ancient Greek ceramic vessel with cups on a whisk. It was distributed in the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Allegedly used in ritual purposes.
Laginos - Small ramers Flat vessel with a narrow throat. Used to storing aromatic oils.
Phial- In ancient Greece, a flat sacrificial bowl without a handle.
Phili was presented as gifts, as evidenced by numerous images on ancient Greek vases. This tradition was continued in other cultures - the ancient Romans, which were used in religious rites.
Phial in the hands of a warrior departing
Nestorid(Lat. -Nestoris) - Vase with high, thin handles attached to the neck and leaning on the sides. The vessel in shape and sizes looks like an amphora, but was used to ritual purposes.
Loutrofort(Lat.Loutrophoros.) - a special form of ancient Greek ceramics. From other types of ceramic vessels, Lutrofor is distinguished by a long neck and handles of a special form.
Loutrofort was used to store water in the marriage and funeral ceremonies and thus in the cultic purpose similar to the leek or Lebeges-Hamikos. Therefore, it is often found in the burials of unmarried women. Loutrofor also portrayed on the tombstones themselves as a sculpture or relief. Numerous Lutroforous images can be found on ceramics cemetery in Athens.
Guttus, Gut(Lat.Guttus.) - Vessel in antique Greece for dispensing liquid (oil or water) drops. It was made from various materials and served as presumably as a sacrificial vessel. The exact form and the form did not reach this day, but in modern archeology with the concept of Guttus, they connect a small jug similar to the jar with a round handle and a small short spout in the shape of a tube located at the top edge of the vessel.
Painting on the vesselsFor which the ancient Greeks applied special paints, and after the objects of life were burned, called "Vazopcript". Ceramics had a huge importance for the Greeks. They invented a huge amount of different types, sight and purpose, VAZ, jugs, amphorous and other vessels.
Ancient Greek vazopus is studied by scientists in historical periods. They begin with a miner (3 century BC). Over the centuries, the culture of painting and the painting of the vessels changed up to Hellenism (pre-trial period). At the time of prosperity of Greece, when peace reigned, art and culture developed intensively. Among the artists who became the most famous:
Timanf.
Zevxis.
Parraysi.
Apollodor Athens.
Execia.
Pasiad.
Hares.
It is known that Apollodor has created a unique painting technique, which was later called "Light". The artist began to call a dupes. The Greeks did not save the secret of making painting in blacksies, but the technique was again created. True, much later, in the Renaissance Epoch.
Artworks The ancient Greeks were displayed on the background. The painting on ceramics was dominated. Vazopus is a whole art that has given a huge impetus and painting Greeks. The most familiar shape for the Greeks of the VAZ was called:
amphora;
crater;
kilik;
gediosis.
There were other varieties of vessels. There are more than 50 species in total. In amphoras kept wine, butter. From Cilica Wine drank. Crater reminded the bowl. The name "Hydria" speaks for itself. It stored water in it.
Engineering painting: from simple - to complex
Vazopus began with completely simple patterns. Among them are uncomplicated geometric shapes (triangles, squares, circles, rectangles), wavy lines, fatty points. Later the ornaments became more complicated. Over time, there were stories from life. Historians note that in the drawing on one vase, it was possible to judge the life of a whole family. The faces of people, clothing, interior and life, animals, plants were drawn in detail. Drew scenes from history. Some patterns were pretty bizarre. Pictured feasts, scenes of war, mythological plots.
Clay pitchers with casual ornaments are considered a bright representative of the Minoan era. Flowers and curls applied on black white paint background. I liked the Greeks to portray sea motifs on the jugs. Among them are dolphins, octopuses, coral reefs, algae.
Changed the technique of drawing. Used different types of paints. Most of them after the roasting changed color, dark. More often they turned into shades of brown or red. By adding black, the masters sought an unsurpassed combination of colors. Over time, the artists invented black varnish and covered the spaces between the figures and patterns on the vases, and the pictures themselves were a dark bordeed shade.
Later, the vases like the painting on a white basis. Such ornaments were considered the highest pilot. Lines of white paint on a dark background used for the image of women to emphasize their white skin. Masters began to apply a greater variety of colors. Appeared: yellow, orange, green, blue and their shades. They were applied on both white and black backgrounds.
It was believed that only one drawing or a character on a vase is an unfinished job. Amphoras and jugs painted completely, on the most thoroughly. On him, most often, a simple ornament was blocked. The main drawing was on the Vaza itself. Many masters were not lazy to put autographs on their works.
In the drawings and plots that were applied to the vessels ancient Greeks - the shade of life, culture, traditions, customs, the history of this people. According to archaeologists, among the finds on the excavations of the ancient Greek settlements and cities, most of the ceramic products. Wherever the representatives of the Greek people settle, the researchers note the presence of paint pots and VAZ among the subjects.
In addition to the Greek Metropolis, the range of vases of vases was:
- Asia Minor.
- Islands in the Aegean Sea.
- Crete.
- Cyprus.
- Southern Italy.
As trade routes develop, Greek ceramics fell into Egypt, to the Middle East, to North Africa.
Archaeologists swept one interesting fact: Any object of utensils from clay, not to mention decorative jugs and vases, the Greeks painted. Mandatory to make gifts and offerings in the form of painted dishes of monks, olders, miners of the temples. Ceramic household items were invested in graves during burials.
A wide mark in the culture of ancient Greece left the Mycenaean ceramics. This period is dated 1600. BC. Mural samples differ significantly from the earliest. On Vasa ships and people, all in dark colors.
Later, not all of the geometric drawings were simple. In 900 BC. Geometer flourishes in Greece. With its development, patterns in jugs are changing. Initially, the circles and ellipses were displayed using a circulation. The figures are logically alternated, forming a chain and turning a simple ornament into a well-hand drawing. Such alternations separated from each other horizontal lines.
Not only the Greeks influenced the rest of the world, "giving fashion" on the ornaments and painting of vases. Over time, the traditional motives were brought by the ancient Egyptian plots. Sphinxes and lions appeared. But the technique of large differences from the early period did not happen.
Varieties of vessels in ancient Greece
The ancient Greeks invented the mass of traditional and bizarre forms of jugs for water and other liquids. Among them:
- Amphora. This vessel of oval shape, has 2 handles. Traditional volume - a little more than 25 liters.
- Alabastra. The vessel with a flat throat, to which "Ushko" was attached to be more convenient to hang on the wall. Painted perfume components in this small jug.
- Dinos. They mixed alcohol. More often - wine. By type, this vessel resembles a jug on the stand.
- Hydy. An extended vessel in which water or beverages for feasts stored. More often in such jugs only handles painted.
- Kanfar. Very similar to the Cup with handles and a high leg.
- Kiaf More like a bowl with one handle, long and curved. It was used for scratching liquids. They measured not only water, but also bulk substances. Kiaf volume - approximately 45 ml.
- Kilik. Flat bowl on a leg having a pair of handles.
- Crater He played the role of tank for dilution of strong wines. Its throat is quite wide.
- Scythos.. Almost half-liter bowl with 2 handles. Designed for drinks.
- Stamnos. Oval, flattened vessel for wine with a thin neck.
Basically, any vessels were used to store liquids or decoration of feasts. Some jugs specifically painted important dates and celebrations. These vessels served exclusively for guests, often they were given them.
The process of painting in ancient Greece
Scribed clay vessels in front of the firing. After the clay was predicted, the shape and billet dried in the sun, the masters began to apply the primer - the bases for the pattern. The base served as a solution of a slip or mineral liquid. Then they applied the ornament. The vessel was put on his knees and started work. The paint was taken by brushes of various shapes and magnitude.
Circular, wooden sticks were used, metal tool. Later, when the drawings were much more complicated, the wizards first made sketches, and then painted the "purish" option. In conclusion, the autograph was put, gave paint to dry and sent the product to the firing. In rare cases, the price of amphora or Scythos has been watched at the bottom or side of the bottom of the bottom.
Large decorative vases, which were where to "get roaring" the master, were whole works of art. The motives of the painting were devoted to the gods of ancient Greece, people - the heroes of the myths. In the event of such images, the scenes of the ancient Greeks were least. Pictures of feasts, wedding rites, Olympic competitions or scenes from the daily life of athletes, their workouts were widespread.
Later invented paints that did not require firing. They called such vases "Cantomic". They almost did not use them in everyday life. They were intended for laying in burial. Decorated vessels and stucco. They did it, mainly, Masters of Sicily. Some technicians who have not received widespread distribution, and were characteristic only for certain places. The most popular steel amphoras Athens., Laconia, Besotia.
Siemy Island
SIMI island belongs to the number of the most beautiful and most visited dodecanese. First of all, strikes the beauty of the port, which is called the most beautiful in Greece. The city climbs terraces on the slopes overlooking the hills. It was built mainly in 19 century. Houses with balconies and tiled roofs, painted in various warm colors. The city is declared an architectural monument, and the restructuring of old buildings and the construction of new is categorically prohibited.
Rhetoric in ancient Greece
Signs and superstitions in Greece
In Greece, Orthodox (orthodox) Christianity is the official state religion, but despite this, the Greeks do not differ in particular religiosity and believe in some signs. For example, a lot of interesting will be associated with the invitation of guests. Guest is especially important, the first one in the coming new year.
Democritus
Democritis Abdersky is one of the great philosophers of antiquity, it was he who was one of the first to laid the beginning of materialistic philosophy and atomotic (direction of natural philosophy). Democritis was born around the 460th year in the city of Abdara (Avdira), which was located in Thrace.
Greek beauty standard
