Monitoring in environmental studies of the environment. Lesson "Understanding environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoringIs a set of organizational structures, methods, methods and techniques for monitoring the state environment, the changes occurring with it, their consequences, as well as for the types of activities, production and other facilities that are potentially dangerous for the environment, human health and the controlled area.

Monitoring types:

- depending on the scale of the monitoring system - global, national, regional, local;

- on the level of human change in the environment - background and impact;

- from the monitoring object - actually environmental, air, water, land, animal world, hazardous waste, radiation, social and hygienic;

– development monitoringbased on indicators of demographic, environmental, social and economic.

Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 10, 2002 "On Environmental Protection" uses only two concepts:

1) environmental monitoring- a comprehensive system for monitoring the state of the environment, assessing and forecasting its changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

2) state environmental monitoring- environmental monitoring carried out by public authorities and their subjects.

Objectivesstate environmental monitoring (Art. 63):

- monitoring the state of the environment, including in areas where sources are located anthropogenic impact;

- monitoring the impact of anthropogenic sources on the environment;

- meeting the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals in reliable information necessary to prevent and (or) reduce the adverse effects of changes in the state of the environment.

Subjects of environmental monitoring- executive authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, specialized organizations authorized to carry out the functions of environmental monitoring, economic entities, public organizations.

Environmental monitoring is carried out by a special observation network. This is a system of stationary and mobile observation points, including posts, stations, laboratories, bureau centers, observatories. A significant part of the observation network operates within the framework of the Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, other federal executive bodies and their territorial bodies.

Objects of environmental monitoring- this is the environment as a whole and its individual elements; negative changes in the quality of the environment that can have a negative impact on the health and property of people, the safety of territories; types of activities assessed by legislation as posing a potential threat to the environment, human health and ecological safety of territories; equipment, technologies, production and other technical objects, the existence, use, transformation and destruction of which poses a danger to the environment and human health; emergency and other sudden physical, chemical, biological and other circumstances that can have a negative impact on the environment and human health; territories and objects with a special legal status.

The monitoring system is implemented at several levels, which correspond to specially developed programs:

- Impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale);
- Regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the joint impact of various factors typical for the regional economy);
- Background (based on biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded).

When environmental information moves from the local level (city, district, zone of influence of an industrial facility, etc.) to the federal scale of the map base on which this information is applied increases, therefore, the resolution of information portraits of the environmental situation at different hierarchical levels of environmental monitoring changes. ... So, at the local level of environmental monitoring, the information portrait should include all sources of emissions (ventilation pipes of industrial enterprises, wastewater discharges, etc.). At the regional level, closely located sources of exposure “merge” into one group source. As a result, in the regional information portrait, a small city with several tens of emissions looks like one local source, the parameters of which are determined from the monitoring data of sources.

At the federal level of environmental monitoring, an even greater generalization of spatially distributed information is observed. Industrial regions and rather large territorial formations can play a role as local sources of emission at this level. When moving from one hierarchical level to another, not only information on emission sources is generalized, but also other data characterizing the ecological situation.

When developing an environmental monitoring project, the following information is required:

- sources of pollutants entering the environment - emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial, energy, transport and other facilities; wastewater discharges into water bodies; surface washings of pollutants and nutrients into surface waters of land and sea; introduction of pollutants and biogenic substances onto the earth's surface and (or) into the soil layer together with fertilizers and pesticides during agricultural activities; places of burial and storage of industrial and municipal waste; technogenic accidents leading to the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere and (or) the spill of liquid pollutants and hazardous substances, etc .;
- transfers of pollutants - processes of atmospheric transfer; transfer and migration processes in the aquatic environment;
- processes of landscape-geochemical redistribution of pollutants - migration of pollutants along the soil profile to the level of groundwater; migration of pollutants along landscape-geochemical interface, taking into account geochemical barriers and biochemical cycles; biochemical circulation, etc .;
- data on the state of anthropogenic sources of emission - the capacity of the emission source and its location, hydrodynamic conditions of emission into the environment.

In the zone of influence of emission sources, systematic monitoring of the following objects and parameters of the environment is organized.

1. Atmosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the gas and aerosol phases of the air sphere; solid and liquid precipitation (snow, rain) and their chemical and radionuclide composition; thermal and humidity pollution of the atmosphere.
2. Hydrosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the surface water environment (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.), groundwater, suspensions and these deposits in natural drains and reservoirs; thermal pollution of surface and ground waters.
3. Soil: chemical and radionuclide composition of the active soil layer.
4. Biota: chemical and radioactive contamination of agricultural land, vegetation cover, soil zoocenoses, terrestrial communities, domestic and wild animals, birds, insects, aquatic plants, plankton, fish.
5. Urbanized environment: chemical and radiation background of the air environment in settlements; chemical and radionuclide composition of food, drinking water, etc.
6. Population: characteristic demographic parameters (population size and density, fertility and mortality, age composition, morbidity, level of congenital malformations and anomalies); socio-economic factors.

Monitoring systems for natural environments and ecosystems include monitoring tools: the ecological quality of the air environment, the ecological state of surface waters and aquatic ecosystems, the ecological state of the geological environment and terrestrial ecosystems.

Observations within the framework of this type of monitoring are carried out without taking into account specific emission sources and are not associated with the zones of their influence. The basic principle of the organization is natural-ecosystem.

Objectives of observations carried out within the framework of monitoring natural environments and ecosystems are:

- assessment of the state and functional integrity of the habitat and ecosystems;
- identification of changes in natural conditions as a result of anthropogenic activities on the territory;
- study of changes in the ecological climate (long-term ecological state) of territories.

At the end of the 1980s, the concept of public ecological expertise arose and quickly became widespread.

The initial interpretation of this term was very broad. Independent environmental expertise was understood as a variety of methods of obtaining and analyzing information (environmental monitoring, environmental impact assessment, independent research, etc.). Currently, the concept of public ecological expertise is defined by law.

"Environmental expertise - establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and the admissibility of the implementation of the object of expertise in order to prevent possible adverse effects of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise"

Environmental expertise can be state and public.

Public ecological expertise is carried out at the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as at the initiative of local self-government bodies by public organizations (associations).

The objects of the state ecological expertise are:

- drafts of master plans for the development of territories,
- all types of urban planning documentation (for example, master plan, development project),
- draft schemes for the development of sectors of the national economy,
- projects of interstate investment programs,
- projects of integrated schemes for nature protection, schemes for protection and use natural resources (including land use and forest management projects, materials justifying the transfer of forest lands to non-forest lands),
- draft international treaties,
- materials of justification of licenses to carry out activities that can have an impact on the environment,
- Feasibility studies and projects for construction, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of organizations and other objects of economic activity, regardless of their estimated cost, departmental affiliation and forms of ownership,
- drafts of technical documentation for new equipment, technology, materials, substances, certified goods and services.

Public ecological expertise can be carried out in relation to the same objects as the state ecological expertise, with the exception of objects, information about which constitutes state, commercial and (or) other secret protected by law.

The purpose of the environmental expertise is to prevent possible adverse impacts of the planned activity on the environment and associated socio-economic and other consequences.

Foreign experience testifies to the high economic efficiency of ecological expertise. The US Environmental Protection Agency conducted a sample analysis of the environmental impact reports. In half of the cases studied, a decrease in the total cost of projects was noted due to the implementation of constructive environmental protection measures. According to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a possible increase in the cost of projects associated with an environmental impact assessment and subsequent consideration of environmental restrictions in working projects pays off on average in 5-7 years. According to Western experts, the inclusion of environmental factors in the decision-making process at the design stage is 3-4 times cheaper than the subsequent one before the installation of treatment equipment.

Experiencing the results of the destructive action of water, wind, earthquakes, avalanches, etc., people have long implemented monitoring elements, accumulating experience in predicting weather and natural disasters. This kind of knowledge has always been and still remains necessary in order to minimize the damage caused to human society by adverse natural phenomena and, what is especially important, to reduce the risk of human losses.

Most natural disasters need to be assessed from all angles. Thus, hurricanes that destroy buildings and lead to human casualties, as a rule, bring heavy rainfall, which in arid regions give a significant increase in yields. Therefore, the organization of monitoring requires in-depth analysis, taking into account not only the economic side of the issue, but also the characteristics of historical traditions, the level of culture of each specific region.

Moving from the contemplation of environmental phenomena through the mechanisms of adaptation to a conscious and increasing influence on them, a person gradually complicated the method of observing natural processes and, willingly or unwillingly, was involved in the pursuit of himself. Even ancient philosophers believed that everything in the world is connected with everything, that careless interference in the process, even of a seemingly secondary importance, can lead to irreversible changes in the world. Observing nature, for a long time we evaluated it from a philistine standpoint, without thinking about the expediency of the value of our observations, that we are dealing with the most complex self-organizing and self-structuring system, that man is just a particle of this system. And if in Newton's time mankind admired the integrity of this world, now one of the strategic thoughts of mankind is the violation of this integrity, which inevitably follows from the commercial attitude to nature and the underestimation of the globality of these violations. Man changes landscapes, creates artificial biospheres, organizes agro-natural and completely man-made biocomplexes, rebuilds the dynamics of rivers and oceans and makes changes in climatic processes. Moving in this way, until recently, he turned all his scientific and technical capabilities to the detriment of nature and, ultimately, himself. The negative feedbacks of living nature are increasingly resisting this onslaught of man, the discrepancy between the goals of nature and man is becoming more and more apparent. And now we are witnessing the approach to the crisis line, beyond which the genus Homo sapiens cannot exist.

The ideas of the technosphere, noosphere, techno world, anthroposphere, etc., which were born at the beginning of this century, in the homeland of V. I. Vernadsky were received with great delay. The entire civilized world is now looking forward to the practical implementation of these ideas in our country, with its size and power of energy potential capable of turning back all progressive initiatives outside its borders. And in this sense, monitoring systems are a cure for insanity, the mechanism that will help prevent humanity from sliding towards disaster.

The companions of human activity are catastrophes that are growing in power. Natural disasters have always happened. They are one of the elements of the evolution of the biosphere. Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, forest fires, etc. cause enormous material damage every year and consume human lives. At the same time, the anthropogenic causes of many disasters are gaining momentum. Regular accidents of oil tankers, the Chernobyl disaster, explosions in factories and warehouses with emissions of toxic substances and other unpredictable disasters are the reality of our time. The growing number and power of accidents demonstrates human helplessness in the face of an impending environmental disaster. It can only be put off by the rapid large-scale implementation of monitoring systems. Such systems are being successfully implemented in North America, Western Europe and Japan.

Environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring) - complex observations of the state of the environment, including the components of the natural environment, natural ecological systems, the processes occurring in them, phenomena, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the environment.

Usually on the territory there are already a number of observation networks belonging to different services, and which are departmental fragmented, not coordinated in chronological, parametric and other aspects. Therefore, the task of preparing estimates, forecasts, criteria for alternatives for choosing management decisions based on departmental data available in the region becomes, in the general case, uncertain. In this regard, the central problems of organizing environmental monitoring are ecological and economic zoning and the choice of "informative indicators" of the ecological state of territories with verification of their systemic sufficiency.

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Types and subsystems of environmental monitoring

When organizing monitoring, it becomes necessary to solve several problems at different levels, therefore I.P. Gerasimov (1975) proposed to distinguish three stages (types, directions) of monitoring: bioecological (sanitary and hygienic), geosystem (natural and economic) and biosphere (global). However, this approach in the aspect of environmental monitoring does not provide a clear division of the functions of its subsystems, neither zoning, nor parametric organization, and is mainly of historical interest.

There are such subsystems of environmental monitoring as: geophysical monitoring (analysis of data on pollution, atmospheric turbidity, investigates meteorological and hydrological data of the environment, and also studies the elements of the inanimate component of the biosphere, including objects created by man); climate monitoring (service for monitoring and forecasting fluctuations of the climate system. It covers that part of the biosphere that affects the formation of climate: atmosphere, ocean, ice cover, etc. Climate monitoring is closely linked with hydrometeorological observations.); biological monitoring (based on the observation of the reaction of living organisms to environmental pollution); monitoring of public health (a system of measures for observation, analysis, assessment and forecasting of the state of physical health of the population), etc.

In general terms, the process of environmental monitoring can be represented by the following diagram: environment (or a specific environmental object) -\u003e measurement of parameters by various monitoring subsystems -\u003e collection and transmission of information -\u003e data processing and presentation (formation of generalized estimates), forecasting. The environmental monitoring system is designed to maintain environmental quality management systems (hereinafter referred to as the "management system"). Information about the state of the environment obtained in the environmental monitoring system is used by the management system to prevent or eliminate negative environmental situations, to assess the adverse consequences of changes in the state of the environment, as well as to develop social and economic development, development of programs in the field of ecological development and environmental protection.

In the management system, three subsystems can also be distinguished: decision-making (specially authorized state body), management of the implementation of the decision (for example, the administration of enterprises), implementation of the decision using various technical or other means.

Environmental monitoring subsystems differ in terms of objects of observation. Since the components of the environment are air, water, mineral and energy resources, biological resources, soils, etc., the corresponding monitoring subsystems are distinguished. However, the monitoring subsystems do not have a single system of indicators, a single regionalization of territories, uniformity in tracking frequency, etc., which makes it impossible to take adequate measures when managing the development and ecological state of territories. Therefore, when making decisions, it is important to focus not only on the data of “private systems” of monitoring (hydrometeorological services, resource monitoring, social and hygienic, biota, etc.), but to create on their basis integrated environmental monitoring systems.

Monitoring levels

Monitoring is a multilevel system. In the chorological aspect, systems (or subsystems) of the detailed, local, regional, national and global levels are usually distinguished.

The lowest hierarchical level is the level detailed monitoring implemented within small territories (sites), etc.

When combining detailed monitoring systems into a larger network (for example, within a district, etc.), a local level monitoring system is formed. Local monitoring is intended to provide an assessment of system changes over a larger area: city, district

Local systems can be combined into larger - systems regional monitoringcovering territories of regions within a province or region, or within several of them. Such systems of regional monitoring, integrating the data of observation networks that differ in approaches, parameters, tracking territories and frequency, allow to adequately form comprehensive assessments of the state of territories and make forecasts of their development.

Regional monitoring systems can be combined within one state into a single national (or state) monitoring network, thus forming national level) monitoring systems. An example of such a system was the "Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring of the Russian Federation" (EGSEM) and its territorial subsystems, which were successfully created in the 90s of the twentieth century to adequately solve the problems of territory management. However, following the Ministry of Ecology in 2002, the EGSEM was also abolished, and at present in Russia there are only departmental-scattered observation networks, which does not allow adequately solving the strategic tasks of managing territories, taking into account the environmental imperative.

Within the framework of the UN environmental program, the task has been set to unite national monitoring systems into a single interstate network - the "Global Environmental Monitoring System" (GEMS). It is supreme global level organization of an environmental monitoring system. Its purpose is to monitor changes in the environment on Earth and its resources in general, on a global scale. Global monitoring is a system for tracking the state and forecasting possible changes in global processes and phenomena, including anthropogenic impacts on the Earth's biosphere as a whole. While the creation of such a system in full, operating under the auspices of the UN, is a challenge for the future, since many states do not yet have their own national systems.

The global system for monitoring the environment and resources is designed to solve common human environmental problems throughout the entire Earth, such as global warming, the problem of preserving the ozone layer, forecasting earthquakes, forest conservation, global desertification and soil erosion, floods, food and energy resources, etc. An example of such a subsystem of environmental monitoring is the global observational network for seismic monitoring of the Earth, operating within the framework of the International Earthquake Control Program (http://www.usgu.gov/), etc.

Environmental monitoring program

Scientifically based environmental monitoring is carried out in accordance with the Program. The program should include the general goals of the organization, specific strategies for its implementation and implementation mechanisms.

The key elements of Environmental Monitoring Programs are:

a list of objects under control with their strict territorial reference (chorological monitoring organization);
list of control indicators and admissible areas of their change (parametric organization of monitoring);
time scales - frequency of sampling, frequency and time of data submission (chronological organization of monitoring).

In addition, the application in the Monitoring Program should contain diagrams, maps, tables indicating the location, date and method of sampling and data presentation.

Ground remote surveillance systems

At present, monitoring programs, in addition to traditional "manual" sampling, are focused on data collection using electronic remote monitoring devices in real time.

The use of electronic measuring devices for remote monitoring is carried out using connections to a base station, either through a telemetry network, or through land lines, cellular telephone networks or other telemetry systems.

The advantage of remote monitoring is that multiple data links can be used in a single base station for storage and analysis. This dramatically increases the efficiency of monitoring when the threshold levels of monitored indicators are reached, for example, in certain control areas. This approach allows taking immediate action according to the monitoring data if the threshold level is exceeded.

The use of remote monitoring systems requires the installation of special equipment (monitoring sensors), which are usually masked to reduce vandalism and theft when monitoring is carried out in easily accessible locations.

Remote sensing systems

Monitoring programs widely use remote sensing of the environment using aircraft or satellites equipped with multichannel sensors.

There are two types of remote sensing.

Passive detection of terrestrial radiation emitted or reflected from an object or in the vicinity of observation. The most common radiation source is reflected sunlight, the intensity of which is measured by passive sensors. Sensors for remote sensing of the environment are tuned to specific wavelengths - from far infrared to far ultraviolet, including the frequency of visible light. The huge amounts of data that are collected by remote sensing of the environment require powerful computational support. This makes it possible to analyze weakly different differences in the radiation characteristics of the environment in remote sensing data, to successfully exclude noise and “false color images”. With several spectral channels, it is possible to enhance contrasts that are invisible to the human eye. In particular, when monitoring biological resources, one can distinguish between subtle differences in changes in the concentration of chlorophyll in plants, revealing areas with different nutrient regimes.
In active remote sensing, an energy stream is emitted from a satellite or aircraft and a passive sensor is used to detect and measure the radiation reflected or scattered by the target. LIDAR is often used to obtain information about the topographic characteristics of the study area, which is especially effective when the area is large and manual survey will be expensive.

Remote sensing allows you to collect data on hazardous or hard-to-reach areas. Remote sensing applications include forest monitoring, the impact of climate change on Arctic and Antarctic glaciers, and coastal and ocean depth research.

Data from orbiting platforms, obtained from various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, combined with ground-based data, provide information for monitoring trends in the manifestation of long-term and short-term phenomena, natural and anthropogenic. Other applications include natural resource management, land use planning, and various areas of earth sciences.

Interpretation and presentation of data

The interpretation of environmental monitoring data, even from a well-designed program, is often ambiguous. Often there are analyzes or “biased results” of monitoring, or a rather controversial use of statistics to demonstrate the correctness of a particular point of view. This is clearly seen, for example, in the interpretation of global warming, where proponents argue that CO 2 levels have increased by 25% over the past hundred years, while opponents argue that CO 2 levels have only increased by one percent.

In new scientifically based environmental monitoring programs, a number of quality indicators have been developed to integrate significant amounts of processed data, classify them and interpret the meaning of integral assessments. For example, the UK uses the GQA system. These general quality ratings classify rivers into six groups based on chemical criteria and biological criteria.

To make decisions, it is more convenient to use the assessment in the GQA system than a set of particular indicators.

Literature

Izrael Yu.A. Ecology and control of the state of the natural environment. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979, - 376 p.
Izrael Yu.A. Global Observing System. Forecast and assessment of the environment. Monitoring basics. - Meteorology and Hydrology. 1974, No. 7. - P.3-8.
V. M. Syutkin Environmental monitoring of the administrative region (concept, methods, practice on the example of the Kirov region) - Kirov: VSPU, 1999. - 232 p.

(Free access)

G. V. Kuzenkova Introduction to Environmental Monitoring: A Study Guide. - N. Novgorod: NF URAO, 2002 .-- 72 p.
A.K. Murtazov Environmental monitoring. Methods and means: Textbook. Part 1 / A.K. Murtazov; Ryazan State University S.A. Yesenin. - Ryazan, 2008 .-- 146 p.
Snytko V.A., Sobisevich A.V. The concept of geoecological monitoring in the works of academician I.P. Gerasimova // Geography: development of science and education. - T. 1. - Publishing house of the Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, 2017. - pp. 88–91

State general environmental control conducted by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, representative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the governments of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the administration of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments.

State special (subordinate) environmental control carried out mainly by bodies of supra-departmental competence. This type of control is characterized, firstly, by the fact that these bodies, within their competence, control the activities of executive authorities, enterprises, as well as citizens on issues of nature management and environmental protection. Secondly, the fact that there is no organizational subordination between the subjects and objects of this control.

The system of bodies carrying out environmental monitoring includes specially authorized state bodies in the field of environmental protection, the use and protection of certain natural resources:

Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia);
Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resource Use (Rosprirodnadzor);
Federal Agency for Water Resources (Rosvodresursy);
Federal Agency for Forestry (Rosleskhoz);
Federal Agency for Subsoil Use (Rosnedra).

Specially authorized bodies carry out state environmental control in the form of preventive and current. Wherein preventive control is carried out in relation to various types of environmentally significant activities and in a variety of ways. The main ones are agreements with environmental authorities, their issuance of opinions on draft decisions. So, in accordance with Art. 65 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation of 01/29/1997 No. 22-FZ, the construction sites of objects affecting the condition and reproduction of forests are coordinated with the state authority of the constituent entity of the Federation and the corresponding territorial body of the federal forest management body with the obligatory state ecological expertise. Specific methods of implementing preventive environmental control also include the state examination of pre-design and project documentation for the construction and reconstruction of economic and other facilities that affect the state of water bodies. An examination is a check of the compliance of the documentation with the initial data, technical conditions and the requirements of design and construction standards (Article 80 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation).

Current state environmental control carried out by specially authorized bodies at the stage of operation of enterprises and other environmentally significant objects, in the process of nature management. The Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources Management and its territorial bodies are called upon to exercise state control not only over environmental protection, but also over the rational use of natural resources and the protection of individual natural resources.

The most important condition for solving the tasks assigned to the bodies of state environmental control is the availability of a sufficient amount of powers of state inspectors for nature protection. Their most important powers are stipulated by Federal Law No. 7-FZ of 10.01.2002 "On Environmental Protection".

In addition to specially authorized bodies in the field of nature management and environmental protection, functional ministries and departments are endowed with special functions for the implementation of environmental control and supervision. For example, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, through its departments for the management of hunting resources and fisheries, carries out state control over the use and protection of game animals and the conduct of hunting; supervises the observance of hunting rules, issues certificates for the right to hunt and permits (licenses) for the production of game animals in the Russian Federation. The Russian Ministry of Agriculture also exercises state control over the protection and use of aquatic biological resources; controls the targeted use of fisheries enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership of the allocated state funds, the operation of fish-passing and fish protection structures; fulfillment of obligations under intergovernmental agreements, conventions and other agreements in the field of fishing regulation, protection and reproduction of aquatic biological resources.

Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation is the responsibility of various government services. In this case, the distribution of functions between the central bodies of the executive federal power is carried out as follows.

Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources (Rosprirodnadzor)- coordination of the activities of ministries and departments, enterprises and organizations in the field of environmental monitoring (EPO); organization of monitoring of sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment and areas of their direct impact; organization of monitoring of flora and fauna, monitoring of terrestrial fauna and flora (except for forests); ensuring the creation and functioning of environmental information systems; maintaining with interested ministries and departments data banks on the environment, natural resources and their use.

Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet)- organization of monitoring of the state of the atmosphere, surface waters of the land, marine environment, soils, near-earth space, including integrated background and space monitoring of the state of the environment; coordination of the development and functioning of departmental subsystems for background monitoring of environmental pollution; maintaining the state fund of data on environmental pollution.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Natural Resources)- subsoil monitoring, including monitoring of groundwater and hazardous geological processes; monitoring of the aquatic environment of water management systems and structures in the catchment areas and wastewater discharge. Rosrybolovstvo - monitoring of fish, other animals and plants.

Federal Forestry Agency (Rosleskhoz)- forest monitoring.

Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr)- land monitoring, implementation of topographic, geodetic and cartographic support of the USEM, including the creation of digital, electronic maps and geographic information systems.

Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor)- coordination of the development and functioning of subsystems for monitoring the geological environment associated with the use of subsoil resources at enterprises of the extractive industries; monitoring of industrial safety (except for facilities of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the State Atomic Energy Corporation "Rosatom").

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)- monitoring the impact of environmental factors on the health status of the population.

Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense of Russia)- monitoring of the OPS and sources of influence on it at military facilities; provision of EGSEM with means and systems of military equipment of dual use.

Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Economic Development of Russia)- participation in the development and functioning of the USSEM in the regions of the Arctic and the Far North.

On regional level environmental monitoring and (or) control is usually charged with the responsibility of:

Rostekhnadzor (monitoring and control of emissions and discharges of operating enterprises);
Committee for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring (impact, regional and partly background monitoring);
the sanitary and epidemiological service of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (the state of workers, residential and recreational areas, the quality of drinking water and food);
The Ministry of Natural Resources (primarily geological and hydrogeological observations);
enterprises carrying out emissions and discharges into the environment (monitoring and control over their own emissions and discharges);
various departmental structures (subdivisions of the Ministry of Agriculture, water and sewerage enterprises, etc.). In order to effectively use the information already received by public services, it is important to know exactly the functions of each of them in the field of environmental monitoring.

The decisions of these bodies are binding. They can be appealed in court or in an arbitration court.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE FGBOU "DAGESTAN STATE UNIVERSITY" FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

Abstract on the topic: Environmental monitoring

Prepared by:

Mukhamedova A.A.

Makhachkala

Introduction

Concept, types of monitoring and their characteristics

Classification: land, water, biological (flora and fauna), food, mineral, forest resources and their characteristics

Environmental assessment

Environmental forecast and forecasting

Environmental modeling

General issues of nature protection

Conclusion

List of references

Introduction

The scientific and technical activities of mankind at the end of the twentieth century became a tangible factor in the impact on the environment. Thermal, chemical, radioactive and other environmental pollution in recent decades have been under close scrutiny of specialists and cause just concern, and sometimes even alarm of the public. According to many forecasts, the problem of environmental protection in the 21st century will become the most significant for most industrialized countries.

In such a situation, an established large-scale and effective network for monitoring the state of the environment, especially in large cities and around environmentally hazardous facilities, can be an important element in ensuring environmental safety and the key to sustainable development of society.

In recent decades, society has been increasingly using information about the state of the natural environment in its activities. This information is needed in the daily life of people, in housekeeping, in construction, in emergency situations - to notify about impending dangerous natural phenomena. But changes in the state of the environment also occur under the influence of biospheric processes associated with human activities. Determining the contribution of anthropogenic changes is a specific task.

For over 100 years, observations of changes in the weather and climate have been carried out regularly in the civilized world. These are all familiar meteorological, phenological, seismological and some other types of observations and measurements of the state of the environment. Now it is no longer necessary to convince anyone that the state of the natural environment must be constantly monitored.

The range of observations and the number of measured parameters are becoming wider, and the network of observation stations is getting denser. The problems associated with environmental monitoring are becoming increasingly complex.

Concept, types of monitoring and their characteristics

The term "monitoring" itself first appeared in the recommendations of the special commission SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems) at UNESCO in 1971, and in 1972 the first proposals for a Global Environment Monitoring System (Stockholm UN Environment Conference) appeared to define a system repeated targeted observations of elements of the natural environment in space and time. However, such a system has not been created to this day due to disagreements in the volumes, forms and objects of monitoring, the distribution of responsibilities between the already existing observing systems. We have the same problems in our country, therefore, when there is an urgent need for routine monitoring of the environment, each industry must create its own local system monitoring.

Environmental monitoring is called regular observation of natural environments, natural resources, flora and fauna, carried out according to a given program, which makes it possible to identify their states and processes occurring in them under the influence of anthropogenic activity.

Environmental monitoring should be understood as an organized monitoring of the natural environment, in which, firstly, a constant assessment of the environmental conditions of the human environment and biological objects (plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.) is provided, as well as an assessment of the state and functional value of ecosystems secondly, conditions are created for determining corrective actions in cases where the target indicators of environmental conditions are not achieved.

The objects of environmental monitoring are:

1.atmosphere;

2. hydrosphere;

3. lithosphere;

4. soil, land, forest, fish, agricultural and other resources and their use;

6. natural complexes and ecosystems.

In accordance with the above definitions and assigned to system functions, monitoring includes several basic procedures:

1. selection (definition) of the object of observation;

2. examination of the selected object of observation;

3. drawing up an information model for the object of observation;

4. measurement planning;

5. assessment of the state of the object of observation and identification of its information model;

6. predicting changes in the state of the object of observation;

7. presentation of information in a user-friendly form and bringing it to the consumer.

It should be taken into account that the monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions. The environmental monitoring system should accumulate, systematize and analyze information: about the state of the environment; the reasons for the observed and probable changes in the state (i.e., the sources and factors of influence); on the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment in general; on the existing reserves of the biosphere.

Thus, the ecological monitoring system includes observations of the state of the elements of the biosphere and observations of sources and factors of anthropogenic impact.

Environmental monitoring of the environment can be developed at the level of an industrial facility, city, district, region, region, republic within the federation.

In 1975. the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) was organized under the auspices of the United Nations, but it only began to operate effectively in recent times... This system consists of 5 interconnected subsystems: the study of climatic changes, long-range transport of pollutants, hygienic aspects of the environment, the study of the World Ocean and land resources. There are 22 networks of operating stations of the global monitoring system, as well as international and national monitoring systems. One of the main ideas of monitoring is reaching a fundamentally new level of competence when making decisions on a local, regional and global scale.

Exists classification of monitoring systems by factors, sources and magnitude of impact.

Monitoring of influencing factors - monitoring of various chemical pollutants (ingredient monitoring) and various natural and physical factors of influence (electromagnetic radiation, solar radiation, noise vibrations).

Monitoring of pollution sources - monitoring of stationary point sources (factory pipes), mobile point sources (transport), spatial (cities, fields with introduced chemicals) sources.

In terms of the magnitude of the impact, monitoring is spatial and temporal.

The following monitoring systems are distinguished by the nature of the information generalization:

* global - tracking global processes and phenomena in the Earth's biosphere, including all its ecological components, and warning about emerging extreme situations;

* basic (background) - tracking general biospheric, mainly natural, phenomena without imposing regional anthropogenic influences on them;

* National - countrywide monitoring;

* regional - tracking processes and phenomena within a certain region, where these processes and phenomena may differ both in their natural character and in anthropogenic impacts from the baseline background characteristic of the entire biosphere;

* local- monitoring the impact of a specific anthropogenic source; chemical radioactive nature management expertise

* impact - monitoring of regional and local anthropogenic impacts in especially dangerous zones and places.

The classification of monitoring systems can also be based on observation methods (monitoring by physicochemical and biological indicators, remote monitoring).

Chemical monitoring is a system for observing the chemical composition (natural and anthropogenic origin of the atmosphere, precipitation, surface and ground waters, oceans and seas, soils, bottom sediments, vegetation, animals) and monitoring the dynamics of the spread of chemical pollutants. The global task of chemical monitoring is to determine the actual level of environmental pollution by priority highly toxic ingredients.

Physical monitoring - a system for observing the influence of physical processes and phenomena on the environment (floods, volcanism, earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts, soil erosion, etc.).

Biological monitoring - monitoring carried out with the help of bioindicators (i.e., such organisms, according to the presence, state and behavior of which changes in the environment are judged). The main task of biological monitoring is to determine the state of the living component of the biosphere, the biota's response to anthropogenic impact, and determine its deviation from the normal natural state at various levels.

Ecobiochemical monitoring - monitoring based on the assessment of two components of the environment (chemical and biological).

Remote monitoring - mainly, aviation, space monitoring with the use of aircraft equipped with radiometric equipment, capable of active sounding of the objects under study and registration of experimental data.

To geophysical monitoring the definition of the reaction of the inanimate component both in micro- and macroscale, up to the reaction and determination of the state of large systems - weather, climate, tectonosphere. This also includes monitoring of pollution-related factors: solar radiation, atmospheric turbidity, temperature, etc.

Monitoring of different environments is subdivided into monitoring:

a) atmosphere - surface layer and upper atmosphere, precipitation;

b) hydrospheres- surface waters (waters of rivers, lakes and reservoirs), waters of the oceans and seas, groundwater;

c) lithosphere, including soil.

Particular attention should be paid to the transitions from one environment to another, on the path of transfer, distribution and migration of pollutants.

Monitoring of the content of various substances in the living component of the biosphere (biota) can also be attributed to this type of monitoring.

When developing an environmental monitoring project, the following information is required:

1. Sources of pollutants entering the environment are emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial, energy, transport and other facilities; wastewater discharges into water bodies; surface washings of pollutants and nutrients into surface waters of land and sea; introduction of pollutants and biogenic substances onto the earth's surface and (or) into the soil layer together with fertilizers and pesticides during agricultural activities; places of burial and storage of industrial and municipal waste; technogenic accidents leading to the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere and (or) the spill of liquid pollutants and hazardous substances, etc .;

2. Transport of pollutants - processes of atmospheric transport; transfer and migration processes in the aquatic environment;

3. Processes of landscape-geochemical redistribution of pollutants - migration of pollutants along the soil profile to the level of groundwater; migration of pollutants along landscape-geochemical interface, taking into account geochemical barriers and biochemical cycles; biochemical circulation, etc .;

4. Data on the state of anthropogenic emission sources - the capacity of the emission source and its location, the hydrodynamic conditions of emission into the environment.

Objectives of observations carried out in the framework of monitoring natural wednesday and ecosystems are:

1. assessment of the state and functional integrity of habitats and ecosystems;

2. identification of changes in natural conditions as a result of anthropogenic activities on the territory;

3. study of changes in the ecological climate (long-term ecological state) of territories.

The main tasks of environmental monitoring of anthropogenic impacts:

1. observation of sources of anthropogenic impact;

2. observation of the factors of anthropogenic impact;

3. monitoring the state of the natural environment and the processes occurring in it under the influence of anthropogenic factors;

4. assessment of the physical condition of the natural environment;

5. forecast of changes in the state of the natural environment under the influence of anthropogenic factors and assessment of the predicted state of the natural environment.

There are several departmental monitoring systems in the Russian Federation, for example, the service for monitoring environmental pollution of Roshydromet, the service for monitoring water resources of Roskomvod, the service for agrochemical monitoring and monitoring of agricultural land pollution by Roskomzem, etc.

Classification: land, water, biological (flora and fauna), food, mineral, forest resources and their characteristics

Mineral resources

This type of resource includes a wide and constantly expanding range of natural substances. They are characterized by unambiguous use (for the extraction of raw materials) and mainly for industrial purposes. Mineral resources are exhaustible, non-renewable (except for peat and sedimentary salts, the formation of which is still taking place, but very slowly). Their stock, although increasing as a result of geological exploration, is of limited size.

Mineral resources are subdivided according to the direction of use into three large groups:

* fuel (combustible) - liquid fuel (oil), gaseous (natural gas), solid (coal, oil shale, peat);

* metal ores - ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare, noble metals;

* non-metallic - mining and chemical raw materials (apatites, phosphorus, rock and potassium salts), technical ores (asbestos, graphite, mica, talc), construction raw materials (clays, sands, stone, limestones), etc.

The main feature of the distribution of mineral resources is their uneven distribution in the bowels of the Earth.

Water resources

Surface runoff (rivers, lakes and other bodies of water), underground runoff (groundwater and groundwater), glacier water, precipitation are considered as water resources, which are sources of water for meeting household and domestic needs. Water is a kind of resource. It combines the character of both exhaustible (groundwater) and inexhaustible (surface runoff) reserves. Water in nature is in continuous motion, therefore its distribution over the territory, seasons and years is subject to significant fluctuations.

Land resources

There are as many land resources on the planet as land, which makes up 29% of the earth's surface. However, only 30% of the world's land fund is agricultural land, i.e. land used by mankind for food production. The rest of the territory is mountains, deserts, glaciers, swamps, forests, and areas of permafrost.

Biological resources

This type of resource includes forestry, hunting and fishing.

The natural recreational resources of Russia play an important role in organizing recreation and treatment of people. These include mineral springs (for drinking and taking baths), therapeutic mud, favorable for the treatment of many diseases, climatic conditions in a number of regions of Russia, and sea beaches. The variety of landscapes is also of great recreational importance. In almost every region of Russia there are places that are convenient and favorable for rest and treatment of people; coastal and mountainous areas have especially large recreational resources.

Forest resources

Forests cover about 4 billion hectares of land (about 30% of the land). Two forest belts can be clearly traced: the northern one with a predominance of conifers and the southern one (mainly tropical forests in developing countries).

In developed countries in recent decades, mainly due to acid rain, forests have been affected on an area of \u200b\u200babout 30 million hectares. This reduces the quality of their forest resources.

Most of the third world countries are also characterized by a decrease in the availability of forest resources (deforestation). Up to 11-12 million hectares a year are cut down for arable land and pastures, besides, the most valuable forest species are exported to developed countries. Wood also remains the main energy source of these countries - 70% of the total population uses wood as a fuel for cooking and heating homes.

The destruction of forests has catastrophic consequences: the supply of oxygen to the atmosphere decreases, the greenhouse effect increases, and the climate changes.

The provision of forest resources in the regions of the world is characterized by the following data (ha / person): Europe - 0.3, Asia - 0.2, Africa - 1.3, North America - 2.5, Latin America - 2, 2, Australia - 6.4, CIS countries - 3.0. About 60% of forests of temperate latitudes are concentrated in Russia, however, 53% of all forests of the country are suitable for industrial use.

Food resources

On the globe there are more than 80 thousand edible plants. But man uses only 30 cultures for food. Four of them - wheat, rice, corn and potatoes - provide us with more food than other crops combined. Other staple foods include fish, meat, milk, eggs, and cheese. Other equally valuable food resources include animals that play a direct indirect role in human life. Species of animals that provide meat, wool, leather, down, feather, etc. have a direct positive value. The indirect significance of such animals is that they can help to increase the productivity of plant food resources. For example, without insects, pollinators, many representatives of oilseeds, grains, melons, garden and berry plants could not exist.

Food provision is of great importance in satisfying the world's population with high quality food products that provide nutrition that is balanced in calorie content and dietary standards. The recent increase in population growth makes it possible to consider the increase in the world's population by 2010 to 8.1 billion rubles quite reliable. person.

Environmental assessment

The term "expertise" comes from the Latin expertus - experienced. It is understood as the study by a specialist (expert) of any issues, the solution of which requires special knowledge in the field of science, technology, art. Expert assessments are quantitative or ordinal assessments of processes or phenomena that cannot be directly measured, and therefore are based on the judgments of specialists.

“Environmentalexpertise- Establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and the admissibility of the implementation of the object of expertise in order to prevent possible adverse effects of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise "

The purpose of the environmental expertise is to prevent possible adverse impacts of the planned activity on the environment and associated socio-economic and other consequences.

Depending on which bodies organize the examination and what is the range of its objects, it is subdivided into state, sectoral, intra-economic, and public.

State ecological expertise is a set of actions by state bodies and special expert commissions for the review and assessment of draft plans, preplanned, design and estimate, regulatory and technical and other documentation, as well as new equipment, technology, materials and substances from the standpoint of their compliance with environmental standards, rules and regulations , the observance of which, in accordance with the legislation, is necessary at one stage or another of economic activity.

Unlike her, for example, sectoral environmental expertise is a set of actions organized and carried out by ministries-developers or ministries-customers to assess the new equipment, technology, materials and substances they create for their compliance with environmental norms, rules and regulations.

The objectives of the state ecological expertise:

1.determination of the level of environmental hazard that may arise in the course of economic and other activities, in the present or the future, and directly or indirectly have a negative impact on the environment and public health;

2. assessment of the compliance of the planned, projected economic or other activity with the requirements of environmental legislation;

3. determination of the sufficiency and validity of the environmental protection measures envisaged by the project.

State ecological expertise of industrial and economic and other activities is one of the forms of state authorization of certain types of activities, the spatial location of objects used in economic and other activities. This examination is carried out in order to verify the compliance of economic and other activities with the requirements of the environmental safety of the company. State ecological expertise is a mandatory procedure for monitoring environmental requirements when preparing decisions in the field of environmental management.

The object of this expertise is (Article 5 of the Law "On State Ecological Expertise"):

1. preplanned, pre-design documentation for economic and other activities that may have a negative impact on the environment.

2. draft plans (programs), main directions, schemes of development and distribution of productive forces and branches of the national economy.

3. operating enterprises, military, scientific and other facilities, regardless of the form of ownership.

Publicecologicalexpertise is carried out on the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as on the initiative of local government bodies by public organizations (associations).

Environmental forecast and forecasting

Forecast - any specific prediction or probabilistic judgment about the state of something (someone) or about the manifestation of some event in the future. Environmental forecast - predicting changes in natural systems on a local, regional and global scale.

Forecast, therefore, is a specific type of cognition, where, first of all, research is carried out not on what is, but on what will be.

Forecasting is a set of thinking techniques that allow, on the basis of a retrospective analysis of external and internal relations inherent in an object, as well as their probable changes within the framework of the phenomenon or process under consideration, to make judgments of a certain certainty regarding its future development.

Environmental forecasting is the prediction of the possible behavior of natural systems, determined by natural processes and the impact of humanity on them.

Forecasts can be subdivided by time, scale of predicted events and content (Fig. 1).

According to the lead time, the following types of forecasts are distinguished: ultra-short-term (up to one year), short-term (up to 3-5 years), medium-term (up to 10-15 years), long-term (up to several decades ahead), super-long-term (for millennia or more ahead ).

In terms of the scale of the predicted phenomena, forecasts are divided into four groups: global (they are also called physical and geographical), regional (within several countries of the world), national (state), local (region, region, sometimes an administrative region or even smaller territory, for example, reserve).

Methods for predicting the consequences of anthropogenic impact on the environment. All forecasting methods can be combined into two groups: logical and formalized.

Environmental modeling

Modeling is a method of studying complex objects, phenomena and processes by means of their simplified imitation (natural, mathematical, logical). Based on the theory of similarity (similarity) with an analog object.

Models are usually divided into two groups: material (subject) and ideal (mental).

Of the material models, physical models are the most widely used in nature management. For example, when creating large projects, such as the construction of hydroelectric power plants, related to changes in the natural environment. At first, reduced models of devices and structures are built, on which the processes occurring under pre-programmed influences are studied.

In the second half of the XX century. Among the types of models in ecology, ideal ones are becoming increasingly important: mathematical, cybernetic, imitation, graphic models.

The essence of mathematical modeling is that with the help of mathematical symbols, an abstract simplified similarity of the system under study is constructed. Further, changing the value of individual parameters, they investigate how the given artificial system will behave, i.e., how the final result will change.

Mathematical models built using computers are called cybernetic.

Studies in which a computer plays an important role in the very process of building a model and conducting model experiments are called simulation modeling, and the corresponding models are called simulation.

Graphical models represent block diagrams or expose dependencies between processes in the form of a table-graph. The graphical model allows the construction of complex ecosystems and geosystems.

According to the coverage of the territory, all models can be: local, regional and global.

General issues of nature protection

Nature protection is understood as a system of state, international and public events aimed at rational use, protection and reproduction of natural resources, protection of the environment from pollution and destruction in the interests of the present and future generations of people.

The problem of environmental protection at the end of the XX century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has acquired a fairly wide scale.

Many issues of the general problem of nature protection do not fit into the framework of individual states. Their consideration and solution requires a much broader approach.

The very idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to protect nature is quite old. Even at the dawn of human society, there were restrictions on the production of animals, birds, fish. Many tribes and peoples had forbidden areas, however, allocated for religious reasons, where it was forbidden to capture animals. Sacred, reserved forest tracts, separate rookeries of sea animals, etc. were of such importance. Later, such a positive role was involuntarily played by vast lands, where only monarchs, individual large feudal lords were allowed to hunt and where therefore many valuable species of animals and areas of ancient forests and virgin lands were preserved. steppes.

The unrestrained destruction of the natural resources and beauties of nature provoked protests from the advanced population. A social movement arose that was aimed at protecting nature. In the 18th century, it led to the creation of the first national parks, reserves, that is, officially protected areas.

The first two forms of landscape protection are associated with nature reserves and national parks.

Reserves are the highest form of natural landscape protection. Areas of land and water areas, withdrawn in accordance with the established procedure from any kind of economic use and properly protected. In the reserves, all natural bodies inherent in its territory or water area and the relationship between them are subject to protection. The natural-territorial complex as a whole, the landscape with all its components is protected.

The main purpose of the reserves is to serve as standards of nature, to be a place of knowledge of the course of natural, not disturbed by man, processes inherent in the landscapes of a certain geographical region. In the 90s. XX century there were 75 reserves in Russia, including 16 biosphere reserves, with a total area of \u200b\u200b19,970.9 thousand hectares. The international Russian-Finnish reserve "Friendship-2" was opened, work was carried out to create new international reserves in the border regions: Russian-Norwegian, Russian-Mongolian, Russian-Chinese-Mongolian.

National parks are areas of the territory (water area) allocated for the conservation of nature for aesthetic, health-improving, scientific, cultural and educational purposes. In most countries of the world, national parks are the main form of landscape protection. National natural parks in Russia began to be created in the 80s, and in the mid-90s. in the XX century. there were about 20 of them, with a total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 4 million hectares. Most of their territories are represented by forests and water bodies.

Zakazniks are areas of a territory or water area where certain species of animals, plants or part of a natural complex are protected for a number of years or permanently in certain seasons or all year round. The economic use of the remaining natural resources is permitted in a form that does not damage the protected object or complex.

Reserves are diverse in their purposes. They are created to restore or increase the number of game animals (game reserves), create a favorable environment for birds during nesting, molt, migrations and wintering (ornithological), protect fish spawning grounds, feed juveniles or places of their winter concentrations, preserve especially valuable forest groves, individual areas of the landscape of great aesthetic, cultural or historical significance (landscape reserves).

Natural monuments are separate irreplaceable natural objects of scientific, historical and cultural-aesthetic value, for example, caves, geysers, paleontological objects, individual centuries-old trees, etc.

In Russia there are 29 natural monuments of federal significance, which occupy an area of \u200b\u200b15.5 thousand hectares and are located mostly on the European territory. The number of natural monuments of local importance totals several thousand.

Conclusion

Nature protection is the task of our century, a problem that has become social. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have emerged.

However, the human impact on the environment has become alarming. To fundamentally improve the situation, you need purposeful and thoughtful actions. A responsible and effective policy in relation to the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm to Nature by humans.

The preservation and restoration of natural systems should be one of the priority directions of the state and society.

Russia plays a key role in maintaining the global functions of the biosphere, since in its vast territories occupied by various natural ecosystems, a significant part of the Earth's biodiversity is represented.

The scale of the natural resource, intellectual and economic potential of the Russian Federation determines the important role of Russia in solving global and regional environmental problems.

From all of the above, it follows that it is necessary to improve the environmental management system in our country. Conservation of nature and improvement of the environment are priority directions of the state and society. The tasks requiring urgent resolution are the creation of a single state structurecarrying out environmental monitoring, and stimulating research activities in the field of chemical analysis of environmental components, coupled with social programs designed to inform the nation about pressing environmental problems.

List of references

1. Budyko M.I. "Global ecology". - M .: Thought, 1997

2. Gerasimov I.P. "Environmental problems in the past, present and future geography of the world." - M .: Stroyizdat, 1999

3. Kuznetsov V.V. "Environmental monitoring". - Tyumen, 2001

5. Stepanovskikh A.S. Ecology. Textbook for universities. M .: UNITI-DANA, 2001 .-- 703 p.

6. Chernova N.M., Bylova A.M. "Ecology". - M .: Education, 1998

7. "Ecology, health and nature management in Russia" - Protasov V.F.,

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