Formwork is a design of shields, struts and stops, which serves to give concrete and reinforced concrete products. If we talk about construction, this system is necessary when pouring the foundation of any type, but the largest designs are needed when the device L A is needed. Apply formwork and when creating reinforcing belts in the masonry of walls from building blocks. In the same buildings, often the reinforced belt is needed to create a solid base for fastening. roofing system. It is formed by the help of formwork. We need this design and when pouring concrete tracks or concreting, with some other types of work.
What is better - Formwork or homemade rental?
There are three inventory options with elements that will be reused. Floating formwork, disassembled after solidification of concrete and assembled, if required, in another place, a sliding formwork, which without removal is dismantled in a new place, sliding, sliding in the so-called plane. The face of the structure without changing the form. . The answer to this question depends on whether we will end the concrete surface, as well as from the time we spend on the construction and pace of our work.
Removable and non-removable
According to the principle of use, the formwork can be removable (collapsible) and non-removable. As it is clear from the name, the removable understands the concrete gains strength above the critical (about 50%). Therefore, it can be used several times. Depending on the material, the same kit can withstand from 3 to 8 fills, industrial options can be used by several dozen, and some - hundreds of times.
The formwork is usually rented for 30 days, so they are usually installed immediately before the pouring concrete. Formwork rental is not expensive, prices begin with several hundred zlotys. Single-family houses are most often used for single-sided formwork. Nevertheless, we can also buy or rent a formwork. Dock formations are light, steel and galvanized frames. Washing plates or waterproof plates form the basis for future concrete or reinforced concrete structures, and their components are connected along using the hard metal framework.
Failure formwork becomes an inhabitual part of the foundation. Such systems began to use relatively recently. Make them mainly of extruded polystyrene foam. The blocks of different configurations are produced, which are connected with the help of locks and metal studs. From the blocks, as from the designer, the necessary form is recruited.
Preliminary stage of work
The bottom of the excavation should be wide enough on both sides of the excavation. After excavations to the bottom, we suck the layer of 10 cm of the so-called. Concrete concrete. It acts as an insulating layer and protects concrete from the fire. On this concrete concrete, we collect formwork and fittings. Wooden formwork must be installed very precisely and smoothly. Before pouring concrete, the formwork can be filled with water. The concrete mix must be very precisely filling the formwork. The assembled foundation bench must be protected too fast drying, for which special films are used.
Failure formwork becomes part of the foundation - it is also a part-time insulator
The non-removable polystyrene formwork not only gives the form, but also at the same time is heat-hydro insulation, also has sound-insulating properties. It is worth it a lot, but immediately solves a lot of problems, and the time spent on the foundation device is significantly reduced.
Final verdict - Film rental profitable?
You can also water the bench for a few days. Do not speed up the artificial drying of concrete. Wooden formwork is a simple form that, with a small practice, we can do without any problems. However, it is worth remembering that the manual mold did not cost us all - we must buy boards, nails and spend some work on their work.
Formwork rental is particularly economical for system solutions. His rent should not cost more than a few hundred zlotys within 30 days. In this case, it is really good to think about whether it is worth losing at least a few days for formwork alone.
There is another type of non-removable formwork - hollow concrete blocks. They also have different configurations - wall, angular, with radius, etc. Consist of two or three walls and several jumpers, holding the walls in a certain position. Compared with each other with locks, reinforced with rods.
Requirements for formwork
Since the whole system is created to give the shape of concrete and reinforced concrete products, it must be sufficiently durable and elastic to resist the pressure of the mass of liquid concrete. Because the materials for formwork are presented quite serious requirements for the part of the strength. In addition, the collected shields must have a smooth and smooth inner surface: it forms the walls of the foundation, and the hydro and / or thermal insulation materials are then fixed on them. Fix them easier to smooth (at least relatively) surfaces.
Designs of wood
At the same time, we remind you that anyone. Monolithic concrete structures are manufactured as a formwork. At first it becomes a formwork, and then fills it with a concrete mixture. If necessary, the armature is pre-mounted in formwork. It is dismantled when concrete binds, that is, after two or four weeks. Formwork requires, in particular, reinforced concrete ceilings, foundations, concrete plinths, jumpers and jumpers.
Frontal blinds with boards - Is it worth it?
This is the most popular, cheap material for the construction of formwork. When they are made of them, they completely deserve formwork names. The formation of this kind is easy, although painstakingly assemble. The consumption of boards is huge, which is especially felt during the construction of the ceiling formwork and the foundation walls. It is more difficult to determine the wear in the case of foundations or stairs. At the ceiling of similar dimensions, they will need about 180 pieces.
Materials for removable design
In construction organizations, there are metal structures collected on studs and bolts. In private construction, formwork shields make from boards, moisture resistant plywood and OSP. Wooden bars are used as stops and spacers. No one bothers to make a metal design, but it is very expensive and in one-time use is unprofitable.
What is the cost of buying a formwork?
Boards are mounted faster than fees. They are used, in particular for concrete floorsAs they do not require cutting, such as foundations for foundations, stairs, wreaths or other elements. Unmanaged plates can still be useful. Flexible thin plywood will be ideal for constructing curvilinear forms.
Floating formwork - What are the pros and cons?
They can be walls or ceilings. Walls are plates made of aluminum or steel frame with one-sided plywood wall. The smallest boards weigh about 10 kg. Their transport facilitates the work with four handles. Panels are clamped together, and the angles use special metal profiles.
During the construction of the cottage or country house, the boards made of boards are most often used. The breed can use any, and coniferous, and deciduous. It is better to take edged: a solution should not be covered through the formwork, and it is impossible to achieve this with an unedged board.
Beams are supported by stamps. The advantage of the adjustable formwork is the accuracy of their formwork. It does not matter whether the finished specific element will remain unfinished. Rent of profitable formwork is profitable. This cost is similar to the price on the boards, which increased due to the value of the construction formwork. Unfortunately, you must hurry with their devotion. Thus, they are installed immediately before pouring concrete, they are usually removed within 30 days.
What to do with unnecessary formwork?
It may also be necessary to make a deposit in the amount of about 500 zł. Elements will be taken for construction and taken from there. Unloading in price, sometimes the installation too. Lawn mowers - after dismantling and cleaning, you can use them to build another formwork. Instead of building a second formwork, the slab can be used for a hard roof. Floating formwork - if you are borrowed, it must be returned as soon as possible. If we buy them - we will be able to resell them to another investor.
- Later, they are usually no longer suitable for anything, except for burning.
- This is the most economical application.
With a foundation height, up to 1.5 meters, the formwork board should have a thickness of at least 40 mm. Shields are fastened with a sections of 60 * 40 mm or 80 * 40 mm brucks. If the foundation height is big - it is not enough such bars in order to keep the mass of concrete. With a height of more than a meter, you need to use a bar 50 * 100 mm and more. For assembly, nails or self-tapping screws are used. Their length is 3/4 from the total thickness of the board and the bar (for the size above 60-70 mm).
Installing an element during construction
Errors made at this stage will deteriorate for many years and influence both the course of the construction process and to use the object after its completion, so it is important to study the foundations and formwork bases to avoid the most frequent deficiencies.
The method of building a foundation and foundation depends on several factors, but primarily from geological conditions, i.e. from the type and power of the soil on construction site, as well as from the depths of her frost. The final decision on the method of construction and construction of the foundations of the building is made by the designer, taking into account the calculations made by the designers. Most often concrete or reinforced concrete foundations They are stacked directly into the ground using formwork or using ready-made forms.
Make formwork and plywood. There is even a special formwork, laminated paper with synthetic impregnations. The coating has increased resistance to the aggressive medium, which is liquid concrete. This material FSF is labeled (using formaldehyde glue).
Plywood thickness for formwork - 18-21 mm. Shields are collected on a metal or wooden frame. Wooden frame Make 40 * 40 mm from Brawn, the fasteners need to use a shorter - 50-55 mm. When using plywood, it will be easier to work with self-drawing: nails are clogged hard.
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Formation of foundations - Main types
The formwork called the formwork formwork is a special form that is designed to give a form. concrete mix. The frying pan is a temporary design of wooden boards or waterproof boards plywood or metal. For homes for one family, a disposable formwork is commonly used, but you can also use inventory from items that will be reused. If it is decided to use the re-formwork, three options are available: floating formwork, which is sacrificed after solidification of concrete and is assembled if necessary in another place; Sliding formwork, which is shifted without dismantling to a new place and sliding formwork, slides in the so-called plane.
OSB is used for this purpose infrequently, but this option also takes place. The thickness is about the same: 18-21 mm. Structurally does not differ from plywood shields.
The dimensions of these sheet materials are selected based on the dimensions of the required formwork shields - so that the waste is as small as possible. Of particular surface surface is not required, therefore you can take low-grade materials, which are usually called "construction".
How to make a shutter?
In the case of concrete or reinforced concrete structures and with such basics foundation plates Or waterproof plates form the basis for the future foundation. Formwork elements are connected together with rigid metal frames. In the case of foundations foundations in the ground, the bottom of the excavation should be wider than the foundation bench on both sides. The base with the formwork is quite laborious in execution, but effectively prevents the combination of the concrete mixture with the Earth.
Before laying formwork in the excavation, it pours out in the so-called concrete concretewhich acts as an insulating layer and protects the concrete from the fusion from the ground. This ensures a guarantee of the later stability of the foundation, and also has a positive effect on his porosity and, therefore, makes it more resistant to frost. For concrete concrete, then apply formwork and reinforcement. The formwork must be installed very precisely and smoothly. Immediately before pouring a concrete mix, it is recommended to fill with water formwork.
What makes the formwork for the foundation decide to decide: depends on the prices of these materials in your region. The usual approach is economic: what is cheaper, then use.
Formwork for a ribbon foundation with your own hands
The most voluminous - formwork for belt Fundament. She repeats the contours of the house and all carrier walls from two sides of the tape. When building a more or less large building with a large number of partitions, the consumption for materials for the formwork of the foundation will be very significant. Especially with the deep attachment of the funldament.
The last step is to pour a pre-prepared concrete mix. Concrete must be very carefully filled with formwork, it can be evenly aligned with the planks and seal. Do not add water, as this may lead to the weakening of the foundations. The assembled concrete formwork should be protected too quickly drying concrete. For this, special foils are used, but you can also water them within a week.
As you can see, an accurate formwork is necessary for all subsequent construction work. Therefore, it is worth being patient and not to accelerate the artificial drying of concrete. Creating a solid foundation requires time and accuracy. Properly built foundations guarantee the stability of the house and, therefore, the safety of people who should live in it.
The design of the shields and their connection
When assembling the formwork, it is important to make shields durable: they will need to keep the mass of concrete until the cursing occurs.
The dimensions of the formwork shields are changing and depend on the geometry of the foundation. Height is slightly higher than the foundation height, the length of each shield is determined by themselves, but usually it is inconvenient from 1.2 to 3 m. With very long structures, it is inconvenient to work, so that the optimal length of about 2 m. The total length of the entire formwork should be such that They became accurate on the markup of the foundation (do not forget to take into account the thickness of the shield).
When pouring the concrete elements of a single-family house, such as hubs, stairs, structural elements or ceilings, a formwork is required, and often the question arises - to make a formwork independently or can it be rented? Panels are temporary structures from wooden boards, waterproof plywood or metal plates.
The method of manufacturing foundations depends on geological conditions, as well as from the depth of frost. The foundations are the foundation of the house, depending on them, how the building will work after the hill. Such a formwork is easy to do, but time consuming. System Blinds - formwork and formwork.
In the manufacture of formwork from boards, cut several pieces of the same length, fasten with bars and nails or screws. When using nails clog them from the inside of the shield, bend on Broke. With self-drawing, it is easier to work: they do not need to bend, since they provide dense adjacent elements due to threads. They are tightened from the inside of the shield (the one that will be addressed to the wall of the foundation).
Rotary formwork, which is dismantled after solidification of concrete and is assembled if necessary elsewhere. Sliding formwork, which is moving to a new place without dismantling. Sliding formwork, sliding in the so-called plane.
Formwork manufacturing technology for tape foundation
What is better - renting or self-efficacy? The answer to this question depends on whether we will end the concrete surface, as well as from the time we spend on the construction and pace of work. Formwork is usually rented for 30 days, so they are installed immediately before pouring concrete. Formwork rental is not expensive, prices begin for several hundred zlotys.
The first and last bar are attached from the edge at a distance of 15-20 cm. Between them, at a distance of 80-100 cm, put additional. To install formwork shields, it was convenient, two or three bars (along the edges and in the middle) make a 20-30 cm longer. They are sharpened and when installing are scored in the ground.
Shields from plywood or OSB are collected on the frame from Bar. When assembly, it is important to strengthen the corners well. In this design, they are the weakest place. You can enhance them using metal corners.
Installing formwork with your own hands
If the shields made with several elongated bars, they need to be set on the tensioned marking cords. The complexity is that at the same time it is necessary to exhibit in the vertical plane. For fixing, you can use the scored by the mark and the verticals of the bars. When the shield plane is installed close to these bars. They will be support, and guides.
Since the bottom of the trench or the pit should be even (compact it and level it under the level), then put horizontally shields should be simply. Try not to score them hard: it will be easier then to align. Lower one of the corners to the level of the submetock. The slots should not be, the solution should not flow. Having achieved a dense fit, take the construction level, apply along the shield and hammer the second edge until the top edge is installed horizontally. The next shield is already set about the established: they must be at the same level in the same plane.
If the shields are made without long bars, on the bottom of the pit, along the line marking ribbon, the bar is fixed, which will be emphasis. Shields are attached close to it, then with the help of voids and struts are fixed.
Strengthening - Splits and Stop
In order to under the mass of the concrete, the formwork does not fall apart, it must be fixed outside and from the inside.
Outside set off. The backups must stand at least than through the meter. Special attention should be paid to the corners: there are stops in both directions. If the shield height is more than 2 meters, then one belt stops not enough. In this case, there are at least two tiers of struts: upper and lower.
It is necessary to stabilize the distance between two opposite shields. For this purpose, stiletts from reinforcement with a diameter of 8-12 mm, gaskets made of metal and nuts of the corresponding diameter. Studs are installed in two tiers: at the top and bottom, at a distance of 15-20 cm from the edge.
The length of the studs are larger than 10-15 tape width. There are two options:
- In both ends of the reinforcement, thread is cut. Then the two metal sealing plates and nuts will be required for each stud.
- On the one hand, the pin is bend and flattened, a thread is cut with the arc. In this case, the nut is needed one (the plates are still two).
The inner distance between the shields equal to the design width of the tape is fixed by segments plastic pipes. Their inner clearance should be a little more rapid thickness.
The assembly occurs as follows:
- In both shields, a long hole drill is drilled.
- Between them is set to cut pipe.
- Stiletto has been doing.
- Metal plates are installed (they will not allow the hairpin to break the shield material).
- Nuts are twisted and tightened.
You need to work together, and better - threesome. One inside between the shields installs the tubes, and for the person to install the spills and twisting of the nuts.
When removing the formwork, first spin nuts and remove the hairpins, then dismantle the slopes and stops. Freed shields are removed. They can be used further.
How to spend less
A lot of material is leaving for the manufacture of formwork for a tape base: shields form the entire tape on both sides. With great depth, the consumption is very large. Let's just say: it is possible to save. Make only part of the formwork and upload not all in one day, and parts. Despite the widespread opinion, it will almost not affect the strength of the foundation (if you know the secrets), and you can save it decently. You can share the foundation or horizontally, or vertically.
Fill layers
With a big depth, it is more profitable to make fill with parts horizontally (layers). For example, the required depth 1.4 m. You can smash the fill into two or three stages. At two stages, it will be necessary to make shields with a height of 0.8-0.85 m, at three - 50-55 cm.
The order of work is:
When installing the second (and third, if necessary) the tier shields are slightly found on the already flooded area, covering the tape from the sides. At the same time, the bottom row of studs usually serves as a stopper and emphasis. Therefore, when they are installed, put them all on the same level from the bottom edge of the shields.
Armature is already connected, the internal studs are cut. It remains only to put other tubes to return to the place of the hairpins and put out the external stops and disclosures. Time to install the next layer of formwork is not so much.
Why does such a way affect the strength of the foundation? Because when calculating the strength of concrete is not taken into account. She goes to "stock." In addition, the load in ribbon foundations is distributed along the long side. And in the length we have no breaks. So the foundation will stand for a long time.
Vertical division
The second way is the breakdown of the vertical plan. The foundation can be divided into two or three parts. Only you need to share not exactly "along the line", but disseminate the joints for a while.
In the building selected for the installation, you install the formwork with "plugs" in those places where the installed part ends. Inside the installed part knit armature carcass. At the same time, the rods of longitudinal reinforcement should go beyond the formwork at least 50 diameters of the reinforcement used. For example, a rod is used 12 mm. Then the minimum release beyond the formwork will be 12 mm * 50 \u003d 600 mm. The next rod is tied to this issue, and one after another they will enter these 60 cm.
One important detail: breaking the plan of the house in parts, make it so that the "pieces" fill up during this period at different levels (see in the picture).
The second way is to divide the plan for several sites (in the figure they are marked by different colors)
Pour the collected section of concrete. As in the previous method, after 7 * 8 hours it will be necessary to climb the solution, but already on vertical surfaces. Take a hammer and removing the sidewall-plug, get dry cement-sandy solution To the rubbent (near the formwork will most likely, a layer of a solution without aggregate). As a result, the surface will be shrumbat, which is good for clutch with the next portion of the solution.
These methods can safely be used in private construction: they are practiced in the construction of monolithic multi-storey houses, and there are workers on concrete walls and the foundation is incomparable.
There is another trick. Everyone says that boards or phaneur can then be used in auxiliary work. In practice, it turns out differently: it is impossible to cut into the cement in the cement of wood or Phaneru. In addition, it becomes dirty and rough, and it is also impossible to clean and polish it: no grain "does not take." So, so that wood (and plywood, if non-aluminated) remains suitable, the front of the shields are tightly tightened. It is fixed with a construction stapler and brackets. If it is damaged, the replacement takes quite a bit of time. The formwork enhanced in this way gives an almost perfectly smooth surface of the foundation, which facilitates the subsequent work on hydro and heat insulation.
Filling the foundation is carried out in the pre-equipped formwork. This design should be mounted in compliance with the row. established rules and norms. Familiarize yourself with the features of existing formwork varieties, by order of their calculation, instructions on the construction of the most common designs and proceed to work.
Of course, before the construction of the formwork you need to decide on the type of foundation that you will be erected. We recommend reading the following materials on our portal:
- First of all, we suggest you familiarize yourself with step-by-step technology Construction of a belt foundation. In which, among other things, it is described about the method of building a formwork from a tree.
The foundation formwork can be made from different materials.
Metal
Universal and most expensive formwork. For assembly, steel sheets are used with a thickness of 1-2 mm.
Metal formwork is perfect for the arrangement of tape and monolithic foundation structures. The reinforcement can be welded directly to the formwork sheets, which will contribute to an increase in the stiffness of the foundation.
The main advantage of metal is the simplicity and convenience of its processing - the sheets can be used without any problems under the required form concrete base.
The main disadvantage of the metal formwork is its very high cost, if compared with other existing options.
Reinforced concrete
Relatively expensive formwork variety.
Such a formwork is equipped from concrete slabs. Depending on the thickness of the used plates, when filling the foundation, it will be possible to slightly reduce the consumption of the concrete mix, which will save on the construction of the base without deteriorating the strength and other important characteristics of the structure.
Among the shortcomings it is necessary to note the high weight of the plates, which requires the involvement of special equipment for their installation.
At the same time, if the formwork is made from the finished plates and the size of one element is not enough, you will have to install additional struts, which will also not be better reflected in the final value of the structure.
Polystyrene foam
Very high quality and practical option. The formwork is collected from the finished separate blocks of polystyrene foam. Formwork elements are extremely easy to install. They can be processed without any problems under the required form.
The main disadvantages are difficulties at the selection stage of certain structural elements (usually it is roundings and angles) and relatively high cost.
Screw materials
To assemble the formwork, you can use various kinds of remedies: slate, strap and other suitable materials from which you can make the design of the necessary form without cracks in the walls.
The main and large account is the only noticeable advantage of such a formwork design is its low cost.
Among the numerous deficiencies, the following points deserve special attention:
- complexity of assembly;
- risk of leakage of the blended mixture;
- low bearing capacity;
- the need to use additional extensions and supports.
This formwork is only suitable for small buildings.
Wood
The most popular option. Most often apply sheet plywood and boards.
Advantages need accessibility and relatively low price material. Wooden elements are easy to install - all activities are performed without applying hard-to-reach and complex tools.
The main disadvantage is the need to use in some situations of additional elements to enhance the design. This necessity most often causes the different dimensions of the materials used.
Wooden formworks are the most popular and one of the easiest in assembly options, so newcomers are advised to give preference to such structures.
Before starting the construction of formwork, be sure to calculate.
The procedure for performing calculations will be considered on the example of a standard wooden formwork for the foundation. Traditionally, ready-made factory boards have a length of 600 cm, a thickness of 2.5 cm, and the width is about 10-15 cm.
To calculate, divide the perimeter of the future concrete base for the length of the board used. The foundation height is divided into one board width. Multiply values. So you define the required number of formwork boards. On average, 1 m3 leaves 40 to 65 elements. A specific amount depends on the width of the boards used.
To the estimated value of the formwork design, add the cost of buying a bar for fixing the main elements and struts to enhance the system. Depending on the specific situation, additional costs can be up to half from the cost of boards (plywood).
Also consider additional costs for fittings, fasteners and missing tools that will need to buy. If you wish, consider the use of a removable rental formwork. You can take the design for temporary use on the nearest construction site. In most cases, the lease of formwork is somewhat cheaper than its independent arrangement.
Failure opal
Full designs are distinguished by simplicity and high mounting speed. After infusion construction solution Formwork remains in the foundation.
Most often, non-removable formworks are assembled from girlfriend. Also for such work, you can use CSP and Fiberboard. In the case of the arrangement of a bar base, the formwork functions can take on hollow pipes from metal or asbestos. In this situation, the formwork contributes to an additional increase in the strength of the concrete base. At the same time, from the use of spacers and additional reference elements, in most cases you can refuse.
