After the Paris peaceful conference of 1919, there was a provision that the borders between states should, as a rule (but not necessarily), pass through the middle of the main fairway of the river. But it also provided an exceptions like the border on one of the shores, when such a border has developed historically - under the contract or if one side colonized the second bank before it began to colonize the other.
Moreover, international treaties And the agreements do not have the inverse force. Nevertheless, in the late 1950s, when the PRC, seeking an increase in its international influence, entered into a conflict with Taiwan (1958) and participated in the border war with India (1962), the Chinese used new borders provisions as a reason to revise Soviet -Wisty border.
The leadership of the USSR was ready to go for it, in 1964 a consultation was held on border issues, but ended to no avail.
In connection with ideological disagreements during the cultural revolution in China and after the Prague spring of 1968, when the PRC authorities stated that the USSR rose on the path of "socialist imperialism", the relationship was particularly aggravated.
The island of Damansky, which was part of the Pozhara district of Primorsky Krai, is located from the Chinese side from the main channel of Ussuri. Its dimensions are 1500-1800 m from north to south and 600-700 m from west to east (area of \u200b\u200babout 0.74 km²).
During the flood period, the island is completely hidden under water and no economic value represents.
From the beginning of the 1960s, the situation in the area of \u200b\u200bthe island has bent. According to the statements of the Soviet side, the group of civilians and military personnel began to systematically violate the borderline regime and go to the Soviet territory, whenever the border guards were expelled without the use of weapons.
At first, the peasants came to the territory of the USSR to indicate the Chinese authorities and demonstratively engaged in economic activities: mortgage and grazing, stating that were in Chinese territory.
The number of such provocations has increased dramatically: in 1960 there were 100 of them, in 1962 more than 5,000. Then the Hongwebins attacks were made on border patrols.
The score of such events went for thousands, each of them was involved to several hundred people.
On January 4, 1969, a Chinese provocation with the participation of 500 people were held on the island of Kirkinsky (Cilizindao).
According to the Chinese version of the events, the Soviet border guards themselves arranged provocations and beat CNR citizens who were engaged in economic activity where they always did it.
During the Kirkino incident, they applied a BTR to extrude peaceful citizens and crushed 4 of them, and on February 7, 1969 several single automatic shots took place in the direction of the Chinese borderner.
However, it was repeatedly noted that none of such clashes, on whose fault they did not occur, could not pour into a serious armed conflict without approval by the authorities. The statement that the events around the island of Damansky on March 2 and 15 became the result of a carefully planned precisely by the Chinese side of the action, now the most widespread; Including directly or indirectly recognized by many Chinese historians.
For example, whether Danhuway writes that in 1968-1969, the response to Soviet provocations limited the directives of the CPC Central Committee, only on January 25, 1969, it was allowed to plan "response hostilities" at the island of Damansky forces of three mouths. February 19, this was consent General base and the Foreign Ministry.
Events March 1-2 and subsequent week
On the night of March 1 to March 2, 1969, there are about 300 Chinese soldiers in winter camouflage armed with automata AK and Carabins SCS, crossed the Damansky and clutched on a higher West shore of the island.
The group remained unnoticed to 10:40, when the 57th Imansky border detachment was received by the 2nd Imansky border detachment from the post of observation, which a group of armed groups of up to 30 people move in the direction of Damansky. 32 Soviet border guards left the place of events, including the head of the head of Senior Lieutenant Ivan Strelnikov, on GAZ-69 and GAZ-63 cars and one BTR-60PB. At 11:10, they arrived at the southern tip of the island. Border guards under the command of Strelnikov were divided into two groups. The first group under the command of Strelnikov went to the group of Chinese military personnel standing on the ice of the south-west of the island.
The second group, under the command of Sergeant Vladimir Rovyovich, was to cover the group Strelnikov from the southern shore of the island. Strelnikov expressed a protest about the breakdown of the border and demanded from the Chinese military to leave the territory of the USSR. One of the Chinese servicemen raised his hand up, which served as a signal to the opening of fire by the Chinese side by groups of Strelnikov and Rabovich. The moment of the beginning of the armed provocation managed to fix the military photoconduct to the film to the Military Photoconduct of the ordinary Nikolay Petrov. Strelnikov and the border guards who followed him died immediately, also in a speedy battle killed the border guards under the command of Sergeant Rabovich. Command over the surviving border guards took the junior sergeant Yuri Babansky.
Having received a report on shooting on the island, the head of the neighboring, the 1st Ozpaspa "Kulebyakina Sopgia" Senior Lieutenant Vitaly Bibenin left on BTR-60PB and GAZ-69 with 20 fighters to help. Bibenin was wounded in battle and sent a BTR in the rear to the Chinese, rich on ice the northern tip of the island, but soon the BTR was bent and Bibmenin decided to go out with his fighters to the Soviet coast. Having reached the BTR of the deceased Strelnikov and recreated into it, the Bibenin group moved along the positions of the Chinese and destroyed their command post. Those began a retreat.
In battle on March 2, 31 Soviet border guards, 14 were injured. The loss of the Chinese side (according to the Commission of the KGB of the USSR) amounted to 247 people killed
At about 12:00, the helicopter arrived at Damansky with the command of the Imansky border record and his head of the Colonel D. V. Leonov and reinforcement from the neighboring stamping. In the Daman, the 135th motorized rifle division of the Soviet army with artillery and artillery and the installations of the BM-21 Hydral Fire System of BM-21 "Hrad" were deployed in the rear. From the Chinese side, the 24th Infantry Regiment of 5,000 people was preparing for combat actions.
On March 3, a demonstration of the Soviet embassy was held in Beijing. On March 4, in the Chinese newspapers "Guenmin Zibao" and "Zefanjun Bao" (解放军报), the edge of the "Down of the New Kings!", Who had a guilty of the incident on the Soviet troops, which, according to the author of the article, "moved by the clique of renegade revisionists, brazenly They invaded the island of Zhenbodao on the Usuljiang River in the province of Heilongjiang of our country, opened a rifle and cannon fire on the border guards of the People's Liberation Army of China, killing and wounding many of them. " In the Soviet newspaper "True" on the same day, an article "Shame of provocateurs!" Was published. According to the author, "Armed Chinese detachment passed the Soviet state border and headed for the island of Damansky. According to Soviet border guards, which guarded this area, the fire was suddenly opened from the Chinese side. There are killed and wounded. " On March 7, the Embassy of the PRC in Moscow was subjected to picketing. The demonstrators also threw the building with ink bubbles.
Events March 14-15
March 14 at 15:00 he received an order to remove the units of border guards from the island. Immediately after the departure of the Soviet border guards, the island began to occupy Chinese soldiers. In response to this, 8 armored vehicles under the command of the head of the Motomagonian group of the 57th frontier of Lieutenant Colonel E. I. Yanshina in combat manner moved towards Damansky; The Chinese retreated on their own coast.
At 20:00 on March 14, the border guards received an order to occupy an island. The same night there was a group of Yanshina consisting of 60 people on 4 BTRs. On the morning of March 15, after playing on both sides of the broadcast through loudspeakers, at 10:00 from 30 to 60 stems of Chinese artillery and mortars, the shelling of Soviet positions began, and 3 companies of the Chinese infantry moved to the offensive. Fight battle.
From 400 to 500 Chinese soldiers took positions from the southern part of the island and prepared to go to the rear to Yansenin. Two BTRs of his group were chopped, the connection is spoiled. Four Tank T-62 under the command of D. V. Leonov attacked the Chinese at the southern tip of the island, but Tank Leonov was shot down (according to different versions, a shot from the RPG-2 grenade launcher or blew up on a Anti-Tank Mine), and Leonov himself was killed by a Chinese sniper shot When you try to leave the burning machine.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that Leonov did not know the island and as a result of this, the Soviet tanks were too close to Chinese positions. However, the loss price did not allow the Chinese to go to the island.
Two hours later, having spent the guests, the Soviet border guards were still forced to move away from the island. It became clear that the forces entered into battle are not enough and the Chinese are significantly superior to the detachments of border guards numerically. At 17:00 in a critical situation, in violation of the instructions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Soviet troops are not introduced into the conflict, on the orders of the commander of the Far Eastern Military District Oleg Losika, fire from secret at that time of reactive systems of salvo flame (RSZO) "Grad" was opened.
Shells destroyed most of the material and technical resources of the Chinese group and military, including reinforcement, mortars, shell stacks. At 5:10 pm, the onset of the 2nd motorized rifle battalion of the 199th motorized rifle shelf and the border guards under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Smirnov and Lieutenant Colonel Konstantinova will finally suppress the resistance of the Chinese troops in the attack. The Chinese began a departure from busy positions. Around 19:00 "came to life" several firepoints, after three new attacks were produced, but they were repulsed.
Soviet troops again moved to his shore, and the Chinese side no longer undertakes large-scale hostile actions in this area of \u200b\u200bthe state border.
In total during the clashes, Soviet troops lost 58 people killed and died from wounds (including 4 officers), 94 people were injured (including 9 officers).
The irrevocable losses of the Chinese side are still closed information and amount to different estimates from 100-150 to 800 and even 3,000 people. In the county Baocyne there is a memorial cemetery, where there is a dust of 68 Chinese military personnel who died on March 2 and 15, 1969. The information obtained from the Chinese Defense Ministry suggests that there are other burials.
For the shown heroism, five servicemen received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: Colonel D. Leonov (posthumously), senior lieutenant I. Strelnikov (posthumously), Junior Sergeant V. Orekhov (posthumously), Senior Lieutenant V. Bibenin, Junior Sergeant Yu. Babansky.
Many border guards and soldiers of the Soviet Army were awarded by state awards: 3 of Lenin orders, 10 - the orders of the Red Banner, 31 - the Order of the Red Star, 10 - orders of Glory III, 63 - Medals "For Cook", 31 - Medals "For Martial Merit" .
Settlement and consequences
The Soviet soldiers were knocked back by the Soviet soldiers because of the permanent Chinese shelling. The attempt to destroy it from the mortars was not crowned with success, and the tank fell under the ice. Subsequently, the Chinese were able to pull him on their own coast and now he stands in the Beijing Military Museum.
After melting ice, the exit of Soviet border guards on Damansky turned out to be difficult and to prevent Chinese attempts to capture accounted for sniper and machine-gun fire. On September 10, 1969, fire was ordered to stop, apparently, to create a favorable background of the negotiations began the next day at the Beijing airport.
Immediately Damansky and Kirkinsky took Chinese armed forces.
On September 11, in Beijing, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A. N. Kosygin, who returned to Ho Chi Mini's funeral, and the Prime Minister of the State Council of the PRC Zhou Egnlay agreed on the cessation of hostile shares and that the troops remain in occupied positions. In fact, this meant the transfer of Daman Kitai.
On October 20, 1969, new negotiations of the heads of governments of the USSR and the PRC were held, it was possible to reach an agreement on the need to revise the Soviet-Chinese border. Next, a number of negotiations were held in Beijing and Moscow and in 1991 Damansky Island finally departed to the PRC.
On March 2, 1969, on the island of Damansky, located on average, the Ussuri River, there was a fight between the Soviet border guards and the Chinese squad, which included border guards and military personnel of the People's Liberation Army of China.
On March 2, 1969, on the island of Damansky, located on average, the Ussuri River, there was a fight between the Soviet border guards and the Chinese squad, which included border guards and military personnel of the People's Liberation Army of China (NAK). To date, there are a variety of reasons, strokes and outcomes of this collision. In part, this situation is due to the fact that all Soviet border guards who were in the first detachment that entered into battle was died, only one seriously wound remained from the composition of the second detachment. The remaining participants in the events could not see the beginning of the battle. The main reasons are probably in the disinterest of both parties in the objective investigation of the conflict, the absence of mutual understanding and cooperation in this matter.
A group of Soviet border guards leads a fight for the island of Damansky on March 2, 1969
(Artist N. N. Semenov, Central Border Museum of the FSB RF)
Today there is, in principle, a one from the Russian and Chinese parties about the number of dead Soviet border guards. On March 2, in battle, which lasted about two hours, on the island of Damansky and on the ice of the Ussuri River 31 or 32 Soviet border guards were killed. The first were killed by the head of the head number 2 of the Imansky border leader, the operator of the special department of the detachment of Senior Lieutenant N. M. Buynevich and the five border guards who followed with them. The battle was almost simultaneously a fight, in which 12 people died in the separation of Sergeant V. N. Rabovich (seriously wounded by the ordinary G. A. Silver). Then, most of the branch of the younger sergeant Yu. V. Babansky died. After some time, the border guards of the heads No. 1 of senior lieutenant V. D. Bibenin entered the battle. From this outpost on March 2, 8 border guards were killed in battle, and 14 were injured. Almost generally accepted data on the losses of the Soviet side on March 2 are the following: from 66 participating border guards 31 died, one seriously wounded border guard died in Chinese captivity, 14 were injured.
Memorial at the city cemetery of Dalnerechensk, on which the remains are buried
The dead Soviet border guards of the Imansky border guard (photo of Sergey Gorbachev)
As for losses from the Chinese side (according to Soviet data, about 30 border guards and up to 300 NAK soldiers participated in battle), even in modern Russian publications there are different figures - from 17 dead Chinese servicemen to 300. In published Soviet documents and scientific publications It was not said about the number of those killed in the Damansky Chinese. Only in 2000s. With the filing of General V. D. Bibenin in historical literature a figure of 248 killed Chinese appeared. Soviet border guards after the retreat of the Chinese from the islands found there the corpse of one Chinese, the rest of the killed and wounded were probably evacuated by the enemy at the end of the battle.
The history of turmoil on the border between Russia and China is rooted in the XVII century, when Russian settlers arrived in the Amur region. After the series of collisions, Russia and the Empire of Qing concluded the first border agreement in Nerchinsk in the history of the two countries. Subsequently, the delimitation line has repeatedly shifted, its drawing was specified.
In the twentieth century, the relationship between the USSR and China looked cloudless for some time. The two largest socialist countries were in close alliance, the USSR provided China a variety of help - economic, technical, military. However, in 1969, armed conflict unfolded between states.
Stalin's 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s. Steel "honeymoon" in relations between the two countries. Soviet material and technical assistance largely laid the foundations of the future industrial power of China. However, with the coming to power in the USSR Nikita Khrushchev began cooling relations. First, Beijing has adversely perceived the settlement of the cult of Stalin's personality. In addition, ideological disagreements began between the USSR and China. The idea of \u200b\u200b"peaceful coexistence" with Western countries voiced by Khrushchev did not find an understanding of Mao Zedong. The Chinese leader was annoyed by the calm of Moscow, who did not provide Beijing in the series of border incidents, where the interests of China, India and Taiwan were crossed. And most importantly, Mao believed that China should go to the first roles in the socialist world, - the place of the slave did not suit him. The paths of the USSR and China began to disperse.
Against this background, the question of the border aggravated. According to the Beijing Treatise of 1860, in those places where the frontiers went on rivers, the border was not in the fairway or the Middle River lines, as is usually accepted, but in the Chinese shore. Thus, the USSR departed on the Island River, which the Chinese were considered as shining injustice. In addition, the border between the USSR and China on a number of plots was unclear, even border signs were often absent.
All 1960s. In the Soviet-Chinese border increased tensions. Most often, the Chinese people tried to penetrate numerous groups to penetrate the territory of the USSR, and the violators were delivered to the place centrally. Armed with stoles and metal bars, they tried to displace Soviet border guards from the islands to Ussuri. The Chinese broke the headlights and inspection devices of cars and a BTR, tried to beat the border guards themselves. There is a case when the peasants under the cover of the soldiers tried to penetrate the Soviet territory and plow her, chanting political slogans. More often, however, the chinese squads from several tens to a few hundred people tried to break through the border with Mao quotes in their hands. The border guards of the fire did not open and only displaced the violators back. There was a categorical ban on the use of firearms. For the expulsion of the Maoists, used tools, ranging from the butts and ending with fire machines, also went to the move to the homemade blotted horns and clubs.
In January 1968, the USSR Foreign Ministry made a note of the events on the island of Kirkins, where the Chinese acted most actively. However, the series of incidents in the Kirkinsky serious consequences did not have. A year later, the PRC tried the Soviet border guards for strength on the island of Damansky.
This island, located north of Vladivostok, is a strip of sushi width of about half a kilometer and more than 1,500 meters long. Duch, separating Damansky from the Western, Chinese coast of Ussuri, has a width of only 47 meters away from Soviet - 120 meters. The island stretches along the river from the northeast to the southwest.
During the period of Soviet-Chinese friendship, the Chinese from the cross-border zone for grazing and the billets of the hay are freely coming to this island. However, with the beginning of the cooling of the relations of the two countries, this practice was pretended. Now, when the river was embedded with ice, fights constantly happened with trying to cross her by mauists. The collisions lasted for several hours, and the border guards often received injuries.
In February 1969, the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army of China approved the plan for the capture of Damansky. This action was planned for the purpose of pressure on the USSR during future border negotiations. For the operation, three reconsishes of 200-300 people were selected each, commanded by officers with combat experience. The armed promotion was preceded by ordinary clashes, in which non-political activists also participated from the Chinese side, but directly servicemen. As a weapon, both sides were used only to clubs. In January 1969, the border guards beat several dozen cars and carbines from Chinese soldiers and found that the trophy weapons are equipped with combat cartridges.
After that, the head of the Imansky borderland, Colonel Democrat Leonov, in whose zone of responsibility was Damansky, sent a report to the headquarters of the Military District and asked to send additional techniques. In addition, Leonov asked clear instructions, but received only a confirmation of the previous orders: violators to push out into Chinese territory, not use weapons. Leonov did what he could: strengthened the outposts from Daman people and Brathi at the expense of his own reserves, and also organized permanent training with combat shooting.
Key events turned on the night from 1 to 2 March 1969. Three infantry companies of the Chinese army moved to the island of Damansky, where they remained until the morning. The Chinese have taken steps for disguise, so they did not even notice the outfit of border guards, on skis by the Damansky. However, on the morning of March 2, the observers of the border post found a group of armed Chinese at least 30 people moving towards Damansky. At the outbreak "Nizhne-Mikhailovka" raised people alarm. To meet the offenders left the head of the head Senior Lieutenant Strelnikov with 30 subordinates, going to oust the Chinese from the island.
Before Damansky, border guards divided. Strelniki walked from the front along with six border guards, two more groups moved at some distance. At 11 am, Strelnikov approached the Chinese and demanded to leave the island. In response, Chinese soldiers opened fire. The head of the head died in place along with everyone who was near. The same fate suffered a detachment that covered the flank. According to the third group, under the start of the younger sergeant Babansky, a fire from machine guns and mortars was opened, but he organized defense and requested support for the radio.
The remnants of the detachment were saved due to the clear actions of the commander of the neighboring border guard of the senior lieutenant Vitaly Bibenin, who moved to the place of battle at the head of the maneuverable group. More than half an hour, his squad led a fight without visible results. Then Bibenin decided to bypass the island on ice on the BTR and go to the rear by the Chinese unit. The intention of the officer was fulfilled completely: he managed to caress on the ice by the Chinese company river and defeat it a large-caliber machine gun of the armored car. The BTR was damaged by retaliatory fire, but Bibenin moved to another armored personnel carrier and brought the attack to the end. After some time, the second BTR was destroyed by an armor-piercing projectile from the Chinese coast, but ultimately raid Bibenin turned out to be decisive for the movement. The Chinese suffered heavy losses, moreover, judging by the found chips of field phones, a command post was destroyed. Violators moved away from the island.
This day became the most bloody for the Soviet side. 31 people died, 14 border guards were injured. One soldier disappeared, later the Chinese side handed his body.
Having learned about the hard way on Damansky, the commission led by the head of the headquarters of Lieutenant, Lieutenant, V. A. Matrosov and Deputy Chairman of the KGB, Colonel-General N. S. Zakharov. The USSR government sent a condemn note to Beijing, stating its readiness to take decisive measures to curb provocations. The maneuverable group led by Lieutenant Colonel E. I. Yanishin was nominated to Damansky in 45 people and 4 BTRs. The Soviet bank unfolded a backup squad. Parts of the 135th division of the Far Eastern Military District of the 135th division of the Far Eastern Military District were urgently pulled up, and reference points were erected on the positions of the border project. Meanwhile, the management of the KGB, in whose jurisdiction there were border troops, received an indication from Moscow: to prevent capture soviet territory And at the same time, do not allow the conflict to grow into a large-scale war.
On March 14, the group of Chinese soldiers tried to penetrate on Damansky. The fire of the duty machine gun stopped them, but then the border guards received an order to retreat from the island. They were supposed to change the maneuverable group of Yanshina. Since the border guards left the island before the maneuverable group arrived, the Chinese were taken by Damansky on March 15 again. About 11:35 A group of Yanshina approached the island, which joined the invaders into battle. Despite the fact that the best-trained and equipped with armored vehicles, Soviet soldiers had an advantage, the Chinese who constantly received reinforcement from their shore continued to resist. Commanders of border guards requested help from the leadership of the Military District, but did not receive it. Army parts were forbidden to enter into battle due to concerns that the border collision will turn into a war.
The interaction of hiking border guards and the BTR made it possible to put heavy losses to the enemy and generally successfully fight. However, the Chinese who had a large number of manual grenade launchers were hampered by a part of armored personnel carriers. The border guards accumulated wounded. At that moment an important event occurred. A tank company approached the command clause of the border project in the nine T-62 tanks. Colonel Leonov on the spot redeemed the KGB machine and tried to repeat the success of Raid Bibenin, that is, to bypass the island on the ice. However, the Chinese this time prepared for such developments and opened a dense fire from grenade launchers. The head tank was bent the manual anti-tank grenade launcher (according to another version, the T-62 hit the mine), the crew died, trying to get out of the car. Colonel Leonov was killed by a bullet when he left the tank.
A maneuverable group of Yanshina gradually exhausted ammunition, but nevertheless retained stability and behaved. The possibilities of Soviet troops seriously limited the absence of artillery support. The battle was carried out by the border guards with the support of tanks, the Chinese constantly conducted a mortar fire for suppression.
While around Damansky walked a fierce fight, key decisions were taken in Moscow. Commander of the Far Eastern Military District General Colonel O. A. Losik constantly requested Moscow, trying to get an order for the use of reactive artillery against the Chinese. At the disposal of the 135th motorized rifle division there was a division of the rocket settings "Grad". The officers of the Division were resolutely tuned and waited only for orders from the capital. However, management ignored requests from Far East. The Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev just at that moment was sent with a visit to Budapest, and the Ministers of Defense and Foreign Affairs and the Head of the Government of A. N. Kosygin were also part of the delegation. As a result, the leather (according to other information is his deputy, Lieutenant General P. M. Carpenters) adopted an independent decision on the use of heavy weapons. At 17:10, the artillery regiment and division of "Grads" of the 135th division opened fire on the rear positions of the Chinese group. At the same time, two army motorized rifle companies went to the counterattack on Damansky. The Chinese were knocked out from the island. The impact of artillery is primarily psychological - it turned out to be quite powerful to complete the confrontation of one fast attack.
As it turned out later, Chinese soldiers managed to visit the Soviet tank during the battle and remove the diverse equipment from it, including secret instruments to stabilize the gun. What remains from the tank was flooded in Ussuri, shelling ice from mortars. Subsequently, the cores of the combat vehicle were raised and taken to Beijing, where he was installed in the Museum of the Peal Liberation Army of China and this.
Fight March 15 became the culmination of confrontation on Damansky. Subsequently, the provocation undertaken by the Chinese side did not reach such a scope, their activity went to the decline. Later in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Zhalanashkol, another relatively large armed incident occurred, but the Chinese soldiers turned around the border were surrounded and quickly defeated, and one violator was captured alive. After these events, the military gave way to diplomats, the drawing of the Soviet-Chinese border began to be determined at the table of negotiations.
As a result of battles in Damansky killed 58 Soviet soldiers. It is much more difficult to determine the loss of the Chinese side. After collisions in the USSR, they declared the death of 800 and even 2,000 Chinese. Of course, this is an "score from above." Official Chinese data talk about the losses of 71 people killed and 88 wounded. This data is definitely confirmed by the presence of graves. However, there is reason to assume that this information is underestimated. So, a military hospital, where the treatment of Chinese wounded, reported on the treatment of 200 fighters received there as a result of fighting on the island. In addition, there are information about the execution of the cowardice of a certain number of Chinese soldiers and officers. Be that as it may, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe lower border of the loss of Chinese troops The official version of Beijing gives.
In the fall of 1969, negotiations were held in Beijing and Moscow, as a result of which agreement on the border was revised. The island of Damansky departed to China, in 1991 the transfer was finally framed.
Four border guards and one motorized rifle for the battle on Damansky received the title of the heroes of the Soviet Union. For Vitaly Bambienina, the confrontation on the Far Eastern Island was the first step of an impressive career: in 1974 he became the commander of the Alpha Group, and the resignation was released in the 1990s. Major General.
The incident on the island of Damansky leaves a number of issues, first of all, to the political leadership of the country. Key decisions were taken in the field. The categorical ban on the opening of fire led in the end to the shooting of border guards. Moscow had several days to develop a clear action plan, however, the border guards opposing the Chinese remained alone with the opponent, without the help of army parts with their heavy machinery. The use of tanks again took place thanks to the volitional decision of the officers of the army and the KGB in place. Finally, the point in the confrontation put the command of the motorized rifle division and the Military District, while Moscow was actually self-made from the management of the events.
Soviet soldiers showed common persistence for themselves and courage, but ultimately the Chinese achieved at the table of negotiations that they failed to achieve on the battlefield ...
On October 7, 1966, against the background of political disagreements between the Maoist China and the Soviet Union, all Chinese students were sent from the USSR. In general, China was an ally of the USSR, and there were no fundamental and large-scale conflicts between countries, but some outbreaks of tension were still observed. We decided to recall the five most acute conflicts between the USSR and China.
So historians call the diplomatic conflict between the PRC and the USSR, which began in the late 1950s. The peak of the conflict came in 1969, while the end of the conflict is considered the end of the 1980s. The conflict was accompanied by a split of the international communist movement. Critica Stalin in the Khrushchev report at the end of the XX Coupss Congress, the new Soviet course on economic development With the policy of "peaceful coexistence" with capitalist countries, Mao Zedun's discontent was caused as contrary to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Leninsky sword" and the whole communist ideology. Khrushchev's policy was called revisionist, and her supporters in the PDA (Liu Schoqi and others) were repressions during the "cultural revolution".
"The Great War of Ideas between China and the USSR (so conflict was called in the PRC) Mao Zedong was launched in order to strengthen his power in the PRC. During the conflict, the Chinese demanded from the USSR to transfer to China Mongolia, demanded permission to create atomic bombs, "Lost Territories" and the other.
Border conflict on the island of Damansky
On March 2 and 15, 1969, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Damansky on the Ussuri River, 230 km of South Khabarovsk and 35 km of the west of the district center of Lights, the largest Soviet-Chinese armed clashes occurred. Moreover, they were the largest in the modern history of Russia and China.
After the Paris peaceful conference of 1919, there was a provision that the borders between states should, as a rule (but not necessarily), to pass in the middle of the main fairway of the river. But it also provided exceptions.
The Chinese used new provisions on the borders as a reason to revise the Soviet-Chinese border. The leadership of the USSR was ready to go for it: in 1964, consultation was held on the border issues, but ended to no avail. In connection with ideological disagreements during the "cultural revolution" in China and after the Prague Spring of 1968, when the PRC authorities stated that the USSR rose on the path of "socialist imperialism", the relationship was particularly aggravated.
The island of Damansky, which was part of the Pozhara district of Primorsky Krai, is located from the Chinese side from the main channel of Ussuri. From the beginning of the 1960s, the situation in the area of \u200b\u200bthe island has bent. According to the statements of the Soviet side, the group of civilians and military personnel began to systematically violate the borderline regime and go to the Soviet territory, whenever the border guards were expelled without the use of weapons. At first, the peasants came to the territory of the USSR to indicate the Chinese authorities and demonstratively engaged in economic activities there. The number of such provocations has increased dramatically: in 1960 there were 100, in 1962 more than 5,000. Then they began to attack Hungaibins on border patrols.
On October 20, 1969, new negotiations of the heads of the Government of the USSR and the PRC were held, and the parties managed to reach an agreement on the need to revise the Soviet-Chinese border. But only in 1991, Damansky finally departed to the PRC.
In total during the clashes, Soviet troops lost 58 people killed and died from wounds (including 4 officers), 94 people were injured (including 9 officers). The loss of the Chinese side is still closed information and make up, by different estimates, from 500-1000 to 1500 and even 3 thousand people.
Border conflict at Lake Jalanashkol
This fight is part of the "Daman Conflict", he occurred on August 13, 1969 between the Soviet border guards and Chinese military personnel who broken the border of the USSR. As a result, the violators were pushed out of Soviet territory. In China, this border conflict is known as an incident at the terctic, by the name of the river, current from the Chinese district of Yuminin towards Lake Jalanashkol.
Conflict on the Sino-Eastern Railway
Conflict on Sino-Eastern railway (CER) occurred in 1929 after capturing the ruler of Manchuria Zhang Syulyan control over the Sino-Eastern Railway, which was a joint Soviet-Chinese enterprise. In the course of subsequent hostilities, the Red Army defeated the enemy. Signed on December 22, the Khabarovsky Protocol put an end to the conflict and restored the status of the road existed before collishes.
Vietnamo-Chinese military conflict
The last serious crisis between China and the USSR occurred in 1979, when NAA PRC (Chinese Army) attacked Vietnam. According to Taiwanese writer Lun Intai, this act was largely related to the internal political struggle in the Chinese Communist Party. The then leader of the PRC Deng Xiaopin had to strengthen his position in the party, and he tried to achieve this with the help of a "little victorious campaign."
From the first days of war, Soviet specialists who were both in Vietnam and in neighboring countries began combat activities together with Vietnamese. In addition to them, reinforcements began to tighten from the USSR. The USSR Air Bridge was installed - Vietnam.
The USSR expelled the Chinese Embassy from Moscow, and he sent his staff not by the plane, but by rail. In fact, after the Ural ridge to the border itself with China and Mongolia, they could see the tanks running east. Naturally, such preparations were not ignored, and the Chinese troops were forced to leave Vietnam and return to the starting positions.
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Damansky Island. 1969
The Daman conflict of 1969 is an armed clash between the troops of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. The name of the event gave geographical position "The fight was walking around the Dadaman Island (sometimes it is mistakenly called the Daman Peninsula) on the Ussuri River, which flows 230 kilometers south of Khabarovsk. Daman events are believed to be the largest Soviet-Chinese conflict in modern history.
Prerequisites and Causes of Conflict
After the end of the second opium war (1856-1860), Russia signs an extremely beneficial agreement with China, which has entered the story as a Beijing treatise. According to official documents, the border of Russia has now ended in the Chinese bank of the Amur River, which meant full use water resources Only by the Russian side. Nobody thought about the accessories of the desert Amur Islands in connection with the small population in the territory.
In the middle of the 20th century, China ceased to arrange this situation. The first attempt to move the border ended unsuccessfully. In the late 1960s, the leadership of the PRC began to argue that the USSR goes along the path of socialist imperialism, and therefore the exacerbation of relations cannot be avoided. According to some historians, a sense of superiority over the Chinese cultivated in the Soviet Union. Military personnel, more than ever before, began to pretend to follow the observance of the Soviet-Chinese border.
The situation in the Daman Island area began to heat up in the early 1960s. The Chinese military and civilian constantly broke the border regime, penetrated someone else's territory, but the Soviet border guards expelled them without the use of weapons. The number of provocations has grown every year. In the middle of the decade, the attacks on the Soviet border patrols of Chinese Hongvaybins became more frequent.
At the end of the 60s, the scuffle between the parties stopped reminding the fights, the firearms were applied first, and then military equipment. On February 7, 1969, the Soviet border guards for the first time produced several single shots from the automata in the direction of the Chinese military.
Armed collision
On the night of March 1 to March 2, 1969, more than 70 Chinese military armed with automata Kalashnikov and the Karabins SCS took a position on the high shore of the Daman Island. This group was noticed only at 10:20 in the morning. At 10:40, the border detachment in the amount of 32 people led by the senior lieutenant Ivan Strelnikov arrived on the island. They demanded to leave the territory of the USSR, but the Chinese opened fire. Most of the Soviet detachment, including the commander, died.
Damansky's island arrived reinforcement in the face of Senior Lieutenant Vitaly Bibenin and 23 soldiers. About half an hour has continued a shootout. On the Burenin, the Machine machine gun failed, the Chinese led the shelling from the mortars. The ammunition was brought by Soviet soldiers and helped evacuate the wounded residents of the village of Nizhnyyihylovka.
After the death of the commander, the operation was assumed by the Junior Sergeant Yuri Babansky. His separation was dispersed on the island, the soldiers took the battle. After 25 minutes, only 5 fighters remained alive, but they continued to fight. At about 13:00, the Chinese military began to retreat.
From the Chinese side, 39 people died, with Soviet - 31 (and another 14 were injured). At 13:20, the troops of reinforcements from the Far Eastern and Pacific border districts began to flow to the island. The Chinese prepared for the occurrence of the regiment of 5 thousand soldiers.
On March 3, a demonstration took place near the Soviet embassy in Beijing. On March 4, in China's newspapers, only the Soviet side was guilty of the incident on the Daman Island. On the same day, the "Pravda" published completely opposite data. On March 7, a picket was held near the Chinese Embassy in Moscow. In the walls of the building, demonstrators threw dozens of bubbles with ink.
On March 14, a group of Chinese military, moving towards the island of Damansky, was fired by Soviet border guards. The Chinese retreated. At 15:00, the division of the fighters of the USSR Army left the island. Immediately, Chinese soldiers were taken immediately. A few times this day, the island switched from hand to hand.
On the morning of March 15, a serious fight was faced. Soviet soldiers There was not enough weapons, and the fact that they had, constantly failed. Numerical advantage was also on the side of the Chinese. At 17:00 Army commander of the Far Eastern District, Lieutenant General O.A. The leather broke the disposal of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU and was forced to enter the secret reactive systems of the Hallery Fire "Grad" into battle. It solved the outcome of the battle.
The Chinese side in this section of the boundary was no longer solved for serious provocations and fighting.
Consequences of conflict
During the Daman conflict of 1969, 58 people died and died from the Soviet side, another 94 people were injured. The Chinese lost from 100 to 300 people (this is still classified information).
On September 11, in Beijing, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Zhou Egnlay and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A. Kosygin concluded a truce, which in fact meant that the island of Damansky now belongs to China. On October 20, an agreement was reached on the revision of the Soviet-Chinese border. Finally, the Daman Island became the official territory of the PRC only in 1991.
