The effectiveness of the anti-alcohol policy depends not on the prohibitions and rhetoric of politicians, and from the realization of thoughtful measures, spoke in an interview with the "RG" director of the Institute of Demographics HSE, Professor Anatoly Vishnevsky.

The expert shared his recipes of "sobering" people, and also expressed considerations on the increasing problem of migration. In migrants from the former Union republics, Vishnevsky does not see anything bad.

Despite the positive dynamics of fertility, Russia in terms of mortality is still superior to developed countries. There are many factors, including alcohol abuse. Why is the anti-alcohol policy is not effective?

Anatoly Vishnevsky:I am now with great alertness about our anti-alcohol and anti-bacter rhetoric. Although I know perfectly well how alcohol affects mortality. For example, the anti-alcohol campaign of the 80s showed how the mortality rate was reduced when they limited its consumption. But she also showed that the effect of campanery was short-granded, he quickly came up.

And my alertness is explained by the fact that our deputies and officials learned this rhetoric. If you listen to what they say, it turns out that good deputies and officials got a bad, drinking and smoking people, and therefore we are behind other countries on the life expectancy. And they, deputies and officials, nothing to do with it. Maximum that they can, this is something else to ban or limit.

In fact, the problems of our high mortality lie deeper, it is a kind of systemic defect. Not vodka is to blame in drunkenness. We must understand why people drink, and build the right alcohol policy. We do not have it, but you will say that this is needed, you will definitely be repaired: we need not alcoholic, and anti-alcohol policy. And they think that they said something clever.

And what is "proper alcoholic politics"?

Anatoly Vishnevsky:Any correct policy is based on the understanding of the causes of the phenomenon. It is necessary to study risk groups - not everyone drinks: as notorious abuse depends on age, social situation, place of residence? Drunkenness in Russia is a problem that deserves that it is constantly qualified people who need some scientific center - and needed a long time ago. We need years of accumulation of experience. And if we have conducted some studies on this topic in latelySo, on the initiative of the British.

Among other things, it is necessary to study the successful experience of other countries. It is already clear that our trouble is in a special structure of alcohol consumption. In our structure, we are very high, the proportion of strong drinks, which, besides, often consume salvo. You can have a bottle of wine for the evening, and nothing will become with you. And if you immediately "slammed" a glass of vodka, or even more, then you have a heart muscle may not withstand. Once in Finland was the same type of alcohol consumption, like us. But they coped with the problem. And in Poland - too.

There has changed the structure of consumption. From vodka switched to beer. And from beer you do not die. It is impossible to say that all europe sober. In the same France there is a problem of alcoholism. But mortality there is one of the lowest in Europe.

The causes of high mortality rates, as I said, quite a few. But one of the important, I also believe that life in Russia is not very highly appreciated - nor own, nor alien. This affects everything with the doctor's patient, and on the definition of the spirit of the health budget. All the same residual principle.

5 billion people will soon be the population of Asia, and in the Asian territory of Russia there are only 30 million

The economic crisis somehow affects the fertility or for mortality?

Anatoly Vishnevsky:Indirectly affects at least mortality. For example, drunkenness can increase if people remain without work fall into other troubles, the desire to "remove stress" is growing. As a rule, poorer people suffer from crises, marginal layers. Criminalize increases. And the general background worsens.

As for the birth rate, here the influence of the crisis is less. The birth of a child is one of the ways of self-realization, self-affirmation for a woman and for the family, so recorded in our culture, in our value system. The sale of value installations is not so much dependent on the material circumstances. Now housing, and the financial situation is incomparably better than it was, say, in the post-war years. But then the families did not refuse children, and now they do not refuse. The birth of a child is usually aware of the acquisition as an achievement.

Of course, it cannot be said that the decision to give birth or not to give birth at all does not depend on how much factors affect it - both family and economic, and personal. But there is a value dominant that determines the system of priorities, and children occupy a fairly high place in it. The crisis cannot radically change these priorities, people often act in the difficulties. Another thing is that social support for the family is particularly important at such periods, allowing to mitigate the crisis strikes. We need some basic organizational and infrastructure conditions, which can always be calculated by the family that makes a decision on the birth of a child, they are also needed to the crisis, and for those who are interested, and the family will take care of everything. Kindergarten Or a children's clinic without queues always needed.

With the help of migration, you can raise the population and is it worth doing this?

Anatoly Vishnevsky:Significantly "increasing" the population for "his account", due to the birth rate now is unrealistic. Migrants certainly need such a huge country as Russia. But the reception of a large number of migrants brings with you very big problems.

This is such complex topic - settlement of the territory of the native country by people of another culture, another race.

Anatoly Vishnevsky:Xenophobia is non-constructive. She can't tell anything but the idea to close the country from migrants or at least sharply limit their influx. But this idea is impracticable - if only because real migration flows depend not on only the host parties.

Outside of Russia, and all developed countries, a demographic explosion occurred, there is a rapid growth of the population.

The number of residents of Asia alone today is almost four and a half billion people, by the middle of the century there will be 5 billion. And on our Asian territory - the largest in Asia - more than India, more than 30 million people live.

So far, Russia is experiencing migration pressure mainly by a number of Asian former Soviet republics. There, after all, also a demographic explosion occurred. In 1950, in the four republics of Central Asia, there were 11 million people, now - 50. They have problems with earth, with water, these are poor countries, migrants from there go to us not from a good life. With these countries, we have a recent overall past, in the war they screwed a huge number of refugees from the occupied areas, they thinly know our tongue, and sometimes not at all, and they are not so much comes, by the standards of such a country as Russia . And still, many believe that they have already "got" us, "the FMS regularly reports how much illegal people they deported, sometimes playing ugly stories, like a recent unthinkable St. Petersburg history with the Tajik infant selected from the mother and deceased in the hospital. But 50 million is not 5 billion.

How will events develop? Is it possible to leave Siberia unnecessary? Now the same China does not show interest in our territories, at least official. But if this interest in China will awaken, we have nothing to oppose him. Maybe still need to settle these expanses, including with the help of migrants (not from China)? In this case, a weighted migration policy is already needed. Is it with us?

The whole history of mankind is the history of migration. Millennies people moved, settled all the land. And when it was impossible to move simply so, the migrations turned into military invasions. You can not forget about it.

Yes, you are right when talking about the difficulties of settling the territory of the native country by people of another culture and another race. But culture and race - not the same thing. What is more important: in order for a person to have such a cut of the eyes, like the Slavs, or so that he spoke Russian?

You can't change the eye cut, and you can pass the culture. Let's remember that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin had Ethiopian roots.

Of course, here too, there are limitations, the possibilities of integrating the seded population are not impossible. But it is these opportunities that need to build up, because people need people.

In Chukotka, in Magadan, the Nenets Autonomous District, on Sakhalin and Komi, there is a problem of alcoholism. And the most "sober" regions traditionally are Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Circassia and Kabardino-Balkaria.

unresolved problems include youth alcoholism, crime growth, the high proportion of counterfeit and the "irresponsibility of officials." According to experts, it is necessary to introduce additional legislative restrictions and improve the quality of life in the regions - "drink people not from a good life."

The rating was compiled on the basis of the open data of Rosstat, Rosalkogol regulation, Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the central base of statistical data and EMISS. The final score of the region was calculated on six criteria. It was estimated, in particular, the number of deaths from alcohol and consistent with alcoholism patients. As well as the number of crimes and offenses committed in a state of intoxicating, associated with illegal production and alcohol turnover. Another evaluation criteria were the volume of alcohol sold and analysis of regional legislation in this area.

Thus, Chechnya (12.78 points), Ingushetia (12.82) and Dagestan (14.18) have been recognized as the most sober regions for the fourth year in a row. Improved its position in the ranking and Karachay-Cherkessia: In 2015, she was the 25th, but from 2016 it fastest ranks fourth (20.02).

Following Kabardino-Balkaria (20.70), which has always been included in the top ten regions of "sober-free". Also this year, Belgorod (22.51) and Tyumen (22.52) regions, Stavropol Territory (23,61), Volgograd region (24.24) and Kalmykia (26.48) were also leaders.

The main problems of the implementation of anti-alcohol policies, according to the authors of the rating, are youth alcoholism, crime growth and the high proportion of counterfeit. Improkes the process and "irresponsibility of officials" - for example, attempts to legalize alcohol sales on gas stations and trade over the Internet, as well as the lack of proper control.

Anti-alcohol legislation in the field should be toughened, the chairman of the Committee of the Council of Social Policy Valery Ryazan is confident.

According to the expert, the authorities of some regions should be thought out, because "drink people not from a good life." And it is necessary to think not only about the prohibitions, but also about solving concomitant problems, raising the quality of life of citizens, the political scientist believes.

Russian path of anti-alcohol policy

Attempts by state regulation of the alcohol market in Russia were undertaken repeatedly in the royal time. In 1896, under the emperor Nicolae II, the state "wine monopoly" was introduced, eliminating almost all the private sale of alcohol in the country. During the period russian-Japanese war In 1904-1905, a complete ban on the sale of vodka in a number of regions, which lasts until 1907 was followed. Later, in 1914, in connection with the World War II, the Government Decree, the sale of alcohol was banned throughout the country. This allowed 1915 to reduce the consumption of alcoholic beverages up to 0.2 liters per person (in 1913 the value of this indicator was 4.7 liters per person). As a result, the "dry law" introduced by Nicholas II lasted in Russia until August 1923.

Subsequently, the Soviet government also made repeated attempts to introduce various restrictions on the sale of alcohol. So, in 1958, a resolution was adopted, according to which the sale of vodka was prohibited by the majority of catering enterprises located in the areas of train stations, airports, in places of recreation of citizens, as well as in close proximity to industrial enterprises, educational institutions of education and health care. In 1972, temporary restrictions on the sale of alcohol were introduced in the USSR: the sale of alcohol filth of 30 degrees was allowed from 11.00 to 19.00, i.e. Until the official closure time shopping alcohol.

In 1985, the most large-scale anti-alcohol campaign was deployed in the history of the USSR, during which the rules for selling alcohol became even tougher, many trading points were closed. In the same stores where trading with alcohol was permitted, alcohol was possible only from 14.00 to 19.00. In addition, a ban on drinking alcohol in parks, squares, as well as long-distance trains. The economic crisis that began in 1987 in the country, as well as the mass discontent of the population of the campaign events, forced the government to collapse the fight against alcoholism. However, temporary restrictions on the sale of alcohol canceled were not and acted in the country until mid-1990. According to the estimates, over the years of the campaign of selling alcohol products per capita decreased by 60%. At the same time, during these years, the "shadow" market of alcohol began to actively develop, the scope of moonshine and illegal alcohol production increased, the number of poisoning alcohol surrogates increased.

Unfortunately, after the collapse of the USSR, the anti-alcohol policy was not among the priorities of the Russian government. In the conditions of rapidly developing market relations, the state has lost both a monopoly on the production and sale of alcohol, and control over the time of its sale. In the 1990s, many manufacturers and sellers, including major international companies, were published on the alcoholic beverage market. According to Rosstat, the sales of alcohol in liters of pure alcohol per capita adult has increased dramatically from 7.1 in 1990 to 10-11 in the 2000s.

Researchers emphasize the negative role of weakening the anti-alcohol policy of the state. Trazman notes that the increase in mortality observed in Russia in the early 1990s was caused by the current price policy regarding alcohol (low relative price of vodka), and not social stress from political and economic reforms in the country. Other authors consider the end of the anti-alcohol Gorbachev anti-alcohol campaign the main cause of the so-called "Russian mortality crisis".

Recent years are characterized, however, increased attention from the Russian government to regulating the situation on the alcohol market. The key document in this regard was adopted in 2009 "the concept of the implementation of state policy to reduce the abuse of alcohol products and the prevention of alcoholism among the population of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020." In addition to legislative regulatory measures, economic measures are laid as to limit the price availability of alcohol (increasing excise taxes on alcohol, the establishment of minimum retail prices) and to reduce its physical availability (reducing points and alcohol sales time). The goals and directions of the state's anti-alcohol policy were further recorded in the decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 7.05.2012 No. 598 "On the improvement of state policy in the field of health care".

Since July 2011, uniform nightlife restrictions on the sales of alcoholic beverages are introduced - from 23.00 to 8.00. According to the law, from January 1, 2013, the ban on the night sale of alcohol was distributed and on beer. Unified federal restrictions imposed in 2011 were sufficiently soft compared to those that were previously established individual regions.

In 2011, a significant increase in excise taxes on alcohol introduced back in 1992 begins. So, in 2010, they accounted for 231 rubles per 1 liter of anhydrous ethyl alcohol with a fortress of more than 9%, in 2011 - 254 rubles, in 2012 - 300 rubles, in 2013 - 400 rubles, in 2014 - 500 rubles, and from 1 January 2015 increased to 600 rubles.

The new state policy measures for Russia include the legislative establishment of the minimum price of vodka. One of the main reasons for the introduction of this mechanism was the decline in the price of vodka relative to the average salary than and explained by many researchers an increase in the consumption of alcohol observed in Russia over the past 20 years. The relative price of alcohol in the country was constantly declining during these years, making it more and more affordable. So, in the mid-1990s, 25 liters of vodka or 100 liters of beer could be bought on average wages, and in 2009 - already 79 and 358 liters, respectively. Changes in the minimum price of vodka and the availability of alcohol in the ratio with medium salary are shown in Table. 1. In 2010, the value of the minimum price of vodka was established for the first time and at a sufficiently symbolic level - 89 rubles per half-liter bottle. But afterwards the price rises several times, and by August 1, 2014 reached 220 rubles.

Table 1. Minimum price of vodka relative to the average wage

Date of administration	Minimum price, rubles for 0.5 l	Average salary, rubles	How many bottles can be bought?

However, from February 1, 2015, the minimum retail price of vodka was first reduced to 185 rubles (or by 16%). Among the reasons for this fact, experts identify both the freezing of the betting rates of the vodka excise on 2015 and 2016 and an increase in the sector of the alcohol market.

Thus, to the number of the most notable measures for regulating the alcohol market in last years It is possible to attribute the introduction of the minimum retail price of the sale of vodka, increasing excise taxes on alcohol and establishing temporary prohibitions for the sale of alcohol. As expected, official statistical data show, starting in 2010, a stable reduction in sales of both alcoholic beverages in general (in terms of pure alcohol) and vodka. Sales of beer, a slightly increased in 2011, began to decline again, and in 2014 the average alcohol sales, beer and vodka were lower than the 2010 level (Table 2).

Table 2. Dynamics of sale of alcoholic beverages in Russia, 2010-2014


*Summary annual sales:*
All alcoholic beverages, ppm Dkl Alcohol
Vodka, million dyk
Beer, million df
*Per capita per capita per year:*
All alcoholic beverages, in l alcohol

Is it possible to say that positive changes observed at the macro level are a consequence by the state of anti-alcohol policy? Given that similar economic measures have been actively using governments of different countries for many years, analyze well-known studies on their effectiveness assessment.

According to a survey conducted in 2009 in the six Russian regions by a group of researchers in the Institute of Demography, two-thirds of respondents expressed concern about the propagation of drunkenness and related to the destructive consequences. In B. about sources of people are worried about a significant number of disadvantaged families, unfortunate children of abusers of alcohol parents, adolescent alcohol. The question arises: what can be explained by such a high social danger of mass alcoholization of the population of Russia at relatively small differences in the volume of consumption with other countries?

Many researchers see the main cause of such a situation in the influence of harsh climatic conditions, as a result of which the special structure of consumption was formed, with strong spirits prevailing in it. The presence of a large number of human customs and traditions requiring drinking and treat with hot drinks (and in significant volumes) for various occasions and events have turned alcohol into an integral attribute of the life of the Russian population. In addition, Historically, the habit of drinking a lot and quickly, often on an empty stomach. This is at times increasing the negative effect of alcohol consumption. And, unfortunately, the abuse of alcohol is dangerous not only the health and life of the abusing, but also his closest environment.

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, accompanied by many political reforms, the wide prevalence of excessive consumption of alcohol acquired the nature of the national disaster. Economic, social and political transformations had the result of the deterioration of the living conditions of tens of millions of people. The feeling of insecurity and uncertainty has always contributed to a significant increase in the population's demand for alcohol, the use of which for many serves as a kind of tool from reality, oblivion, "overcoming" stress.

The transition to a market economy in 1992 and the refusal to the state monopoly on the production and sale of alcohol products led to the loss of controlling the alcohol industry. These events in combination with high taxes on alcohol products caused a surge of its illegal production. Cheap and low-quality vodka caused multiple poisoning. The degree of danger of consumption of counterfeit vodka for the health and life of people can be judged according to the State Statistics Committee (now - Rosstat): random alcohol poisoning from 16.1 thousand people. In 1991, up to 55.5 thousand people rose. In 1994, then reduced to 35 thousand in 2005. The share of illegal products to this day remains high - according to the Ministry economic Development It is about 40%.

At the end of the XX century. The country has covered the mass moonshop. According to various data and today, a significant part (60-70%) of rural residents is mainly used by the moonshine, produced independently or acquired from familiar or neighbors. At the moment, it is impossible to solve this problem, since the law does not prohibit the manufacture of a moonshine for personal use.

Is it possible with such a state policy to achieve any significant positive changes in the alcohol situation, weaken it negative influence on the vital activity of society?

Turn to the experience of the past. In the tsarist Russia of the Anti-Alcohol Policy, until the reign of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II was not. In the country, a monopoly on the production of alcoholic beverages was periodically introduced, but its main goal was to extract the state.

When in late XIX. A century drunkenness reached the unprecedented scale, the next wine monopoly was introduced under the good pretext, and the first movements for sobriety arose. The main task of the latter was the organization of leisure of the population, since the absence of civilized entertainment was one of the reasons for the excessive use of alcohol. It was complemented by poverty, severe life conditions, the rejection of many people in the country of change, and, of course, the habits and lack of knowledge about the dangers of alcohol. In addition, the introduction of the wine monopoly obviously aggravated the alcohol situation, increasing the availability of alcoholic beverages.

Mass drunkenness and discovers who have a place during the revolution showed the ineffectiveness of state measures and activities of anti-alcohol movements. The closures of kabaks and educational events were not enough to combat such a serious social problem.

Petersburg (December 1909 - January 1910) and Moscow (1912) Congresses to combat drunkenness revealed serious differences between officials and activists of movement for sobriety. Officials defended the wine monopoly, considering its merits to streamline alcohol consumption, while representatives of anti-alcohol associations saw in it the main reason for the growth of alcohol consumption. The activity of both parties was criticized by the clergy, which considered the fight against drunkenness as "peaceful cultural work", Not as a means to achieve political goals. Be that as it may, by the beginning of World War II, an important task was carried out - the formation of a negative attitude towards alcohol.

Starting from the restrictions on the sale of alcohol on August 22, 1914, the Council of Ministers in October of the same year gave the right to local authorities to completely stop trading with alcoholic beverages. A year later, the income of the treasury from the production of wine was reduced by three times compared to the first half of 1913, which caused essential imbalances in the economy. Forced emission of money led to inflation. The population began to actively consume colognes, denaturants, braga, moonshine.

The February Revolution and the renunciation of Nicholas II from the throne could not but affect the social setting and social order. None of the measure undertaken by the Temporary Government could have been able to overcome massive drunkenness and differed in unprecedented cruelty of pogroms. Only the Bolsheviks, taking power, strongly suppressed all the manifestations of drunk anarchy. The main tool was repressions against drunks and hooligans, which were equated to the "enemies of the people." They reinforced "dry law": according to the decree of the government of December 19, 1919, only nationalized or controlled factories could sell alcohol and alcohol-containing drinks.

Despite his hard measures, the government could not cope with the moonshine. The harm from the manufacture of moonshine consisted not only in the soldering of the population, but also the destruction of a huge amount of grain, which was in short supply. The forced legalization of the alcohol and the introduction of a wine monopoly that followed in 1924 was made from the drunkard, the "counter-revolutionary" of the wins, lowering a person who did not meet the ideological image of the Soviet citizen.

In 1928, the All-Union Council of Anti-Alcoholic Societies was created. As part of its activities, the organization of cultural events, active propaganda of sobriety, the international association of anti-alcohol societies was planned. However, it was not possible to embody these ideas in life: in 1930, the government criticized the society for exceeding the authority and the wrong choice of drunkenness methods. United in 1932 with the society "For Healthy Life", the anti-alcohol movement ceased to exist. But it did not mean at all that the authorities allowed the situation on a self-shot.

Removing the ban on alcohol, a gradual reduction in the production of drinking alcohol and the expansion of the range of alcoholic beverages became the first steps towards the education of "culture of peetium". He was blocked in 1941, with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. At the front, the vodka was one of the means of removing stress. Many did not get a habit after the war, but the high cost of the drink forced the population again to engage in moonshine. In the fight with the last government increased vodka production, reduced its price, which ultimately led to a significant increase in alcohol consumption. It is impossible to name it - many countries in the postwar years noted an increase in alcohol consumption volumes.

Alcohol problem aggravated and demanded a solution. But rigid administrative measures in the compartment compartment with pricing policies could not bring significant results, because it was not the struggle with drunkenness, but with drunkards.

With the coming to the leadership of the country of Mikhail Gorbachev, a new anti-alcohol campaign was launched. Another increase in prices, coupons, huge queues later poured into the spread and an increase in the volume of moonshine. But, even looking at this, these measures allowed almost a quarter to reduce the mortality rate of the population. In addition, some researchers pay attention to the fact that children born during the action of the alcohol campaign were distinguished by the best state of health. The completion of the campaign led to an increase in alcohol consumption and improving the crime level associated with alcohol abuse.

Thus, the preceding practice of combating an alcohol problem in Russia, if demonstrated an improvement in the situation, then with time, anti-alcohol measures either ceased to act, or changed their effect on the opposite. Any limitations and prohibitions led to the spread of moonshine, which aggravated the situation with morbidity and mortality due to alcohol consumption; Repressions reduced the number of open manifestations of drunkenness, but the scale of the problem was not reduced.

The main obstacle in the fight against drunkenness, according to experts, was the difference in the views of the population and power on people abuse. The consumption of alcohol categorically condemned the "top", while the society was not intended to part with the tradition of "drinking on occasion". Moreover, Soviet people have always distinguished the tolerant attitude towards drunkards and alcoholics, "I have fallen into trouble, broken misfortunes and evil fate."

The cause of failures, according to many experts, consists in a unilateral approach and limited measures used to combat the problem of excessive alcohol consumption. Usually undertaken actions did not differ in the organization, a well-thought-out structure, and long-term. In addition, in most cases, scientific research and work devoted to alcohol abuse were not taken into account.

So, for many years, the main cause of the widespread drunkenness was seen in the high availability of alcoholic beverages and transmitted from generation to the generation of tradition to drink and without. However, a number sociological studies Proves the complexity of the causes of drunkenness and alcoholization in the country. The following groups of factors can be distinguished:

· Economic (high profitability of alcoholic beverages, the availability of alcohol, the unfavorable structure of the implementation and consumption of alcohol products with a predominance of strong drinks in it);
· Socio-economic (bad life conditions, upbringing and cultural development, social inequality etc.);
· Socio-cultural (peteed traditions, customs);
· Psychophysiological (weak nervous system, heredity).

Thus, restricting the anti-alcohol policies by administrative measures and ignoring important factors determining the alcohol situation in the country, and their relationship does not allow to achieve and, most importantly, consolidate positive results In the fight against the problem.

Unfortunately, the problem of alcoholization of the population and to this day is sharply in our country. As mentioned above, over the past two decades in Russia, there were serious changes in all spheres of life, and any transformation, adversely affecting the level of life of the majority of the population, entail an increase in alcohol consumption, which desperately seek a way to forget about problems. Therefore, today I have never been relevant to the issue of anti-alcohol policy.

In recent years, anti-alcohol policy is one of the priorities of state activities. In 2011, the State Duma has taken serious amendments to the law "On state regulation of production and turnover of ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products", according to which beer and drinks based on its strength of more than 0.5% are recognized by alcohol products on which the night sales prohibition is distributed. (from 24 to 8 hours across Russia, regions may at their discretion increase the time period of the ban). From January 1, 2013, a ban on alcohol trade in nonstationary outlets (stalls, kiosks, gas stations) was introduced. The short time of these measures does not allow to assess their effectiveness, however, it is obvious to reduce the volume of alcohol sales. This adversely affects the alcohol business, in particular some retailers refuse to have become unprofitable night work, but such a victim can be justified with time.

To prevent illegal sales in large stores, automatic software locks are introduced, which do not allow night a check on alcohol at night. Legislative trade alcohol via the Internet is prohibited. The remaining "field for activity" is small stores under the guidance of individual entrepreneurs. The penalty for the night sales of alcoholic beverages for the IP is 3000 rubles, which is incommensurable with the profit, which they can get so illegal. Recently, the deputies of the State Duma put forward an initiative to significantly increase the fine for the PI, which was admired by market participants, taking into account the loss of their conscientious representatives.

As for the pricing policy, in 2010 the minimum price was established for the bottle of vodka with a volume of 0.5 liters - 89 rubles. An increase in excise from January 1, 2013 led to another price increase: since the beginning of this year, the minimum retail price for the half-liter bottle of vodka is 170 rubles. Finally, from March 11 of this year, the order of Rosalkogol regulation of January 28, 2014 came into force on the new prices, not lower than which the purchase should be carried out (with the exception of imports), supplies (except for exports) and the retail sale of alcoholic beverages Fortress over 28% (vodka, brandy, brandy).

So, the price at which today can be purchased from the manufacturer's organ-producer and other alcohol products with a fortress from 28 to 29%, is 112 rubles. for a bottle of 0.5 liters. A similar value of vodka Fortress from 39 to 40% increased from 132 rubles. up to 154 rubles.

At the same time, if alcohol products are harvested from 28 to 29% in another organization, the price for 0.5 liters should not be less than 117 rubles. (earlier - 100 rubles.). The minimum price for vodka Fortress from 39 to 40% in this case is now 162 rubles. (instead of the former price of 138 rubles.). In addition, from 123 rubles. up to 144 rubles. For 0.5 liters, the minimum retail price for alcohol is a fortress from 28 to 29%, from 170 rubles. until 199 rubles. - on vodka Fortress from 39 to 40%.

Note that this year the minimum prices for vodka and liquor products will be increased twice. The above prices will be valid until August 1 of the current year, after which the minimum prices for 0.5 liters of alcohol products from 28 to 29% will be:

· 124 rub., If alcohol is purchased from the manufacturer;
· 130 rubles, if it is purchased from another organization;
· 160 rubles. With retail.

For vodka, the fortress from 39 to 40% will be valid at 171 rubles, 179 rubles. and 220 rubles. respectively.

In addition, the prices of brandy and other alcohol products produced from wine, grape, fruit, cognac, calvadoste and temple distillates are elevated. For example, the minimum retail price of such products is now 293 rubles. for 0.5 l. The minimum retail price of the same volume of brandy - 322 rubles. Cognac and Brandy prices are rising this year once - from March 11.

Without attention, drivers left. Now in our country there is an absolute zero on the content of alcohol in the blood. As for punishment for driving a drunken car, the driver is deprived of rights from one and a half to two years. At the end of May 2013, the government supported the draft law on toughening the punishment of drunk drivers, which implies "add" to the current sanction a fine of 50 thousand rubles. In prison sentences from 2 to 7 years old is waiting for a motorist, whose drunk driving has become the cause of the death of a person.

Russian legislation restricts both advertising, which has become a significant part of the market of any products in the last couple of decades. On July 23, 2012, a legislative ban on alcohol advertising on the Internet, on television, radio, outdoor structures, public transport, on the first and last stripes of printed media came into force. From January 1, 2013, alcohol advertising in print media is prohibited completely. Be that as it may, advertisers actively use the opportunity to advertise alcohol products in sales places and sporting events held outside our country, but broadcast on Russian television channels.

The prohibitions of children's images in alcohol advertising are actively and violated. Thus, the control of the FAS in the Leningrad region in May 2013 fined the Auchan trading network for 150 thousand rubles for alcohol advertising using a school girl's image. In the shopping hall of one of the network stores on alcohol racks, advertising with slogans "1 + 1 \u003d 3, pay for two, third as a gift,", "1 \u003d 2, pay for one - the second as a gift" with the image of the schoolgirl, writing on the school board. Advertising did not contain warnings about the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption. This case is proof of the loyalty of the law to such violators, insignificance of fines for legal entities in comparison with their "alcohol" income.

In recent years, the problem of drunkenness in Russia has become particularly relevant for adolescents. The peak of admission to alcohol was shifted, according to the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the age group of 14-15-year-olds. Psychologists explain this in the lack of other alternatives for self-affirmation in the period of grouping percentage in this age. Since 2000, the incidence of alcoholism among adolescents has grown by 65% \u200b\u200band equated to 21 cases per 100 thousand people.

In January 2013, the graduate student of the Faculty of the Economics of the NIU-HSE Marina Ponomareva presented the results of a study conducted on the basis of data from the Russian monitoring of the economic situation and public health, how 16-23-year-old Russians make a decision to use them, and in what amount, alcohol. In particular, she reported that the peak of alcohol consumption in this age range is 19 years old, and suggested raising age values \u200b\u200bto buy alcohol to 20 years of age.

The doctor of medical sciences, an expert on alcoholism, Alexander Nemtsov, agrees that age can be raised to the permission of an independent purchase of alcohol to 21 years, although, in his opinion, it would be illegal, because legal advantages occurs in 18 years. With the prohibition of alcohol sales under 21, the main narcologist of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Evgeny Bryn, also agrees. It should be borne in mind that this measure is dangerous, as it can cause a wave of indignation among young people, to raise them to violate the law and the abuse of alcohol "for evil" power.

Contemporary public policy It should include measures implemented using Internet technologies that have taken a solid place in our lives. So, since 2011, the Ministry of Health and social Development Within the framework of the project "Healthy Russia" launched an independence information online project, explaining what dependences are how to prevent the development of alcoholism in children where to contact in the event of problems.

Undoubtedly, the attitude of society to anti-alcohol politics is important. According to the results of the survey of the All-Russian Center public opinionIn 2009, most Russians (65% of respondents surveyed) would support a new anti-alcohol campaign. Against such measures spoke a quarter of respondents (25%). The most popular measures in the fight against alcoholism Russians recognized the ban on the sale of young alcohol to 21 years (63% of respondents), the prohibition of advertising any type of alcohol, including low alcohol drinks (57%), promoting a healthy, sober lifestyle (47%) .

Comparing the situation of 2005 with the times of Anti-alcohol campaign of Mikhail Gorbachev, 61% of Russians expressed the conviction that people began to drink more, and only 4% adhered to the opposite opinion. At the same time, 58% of respondents rated that campaign positively, and 37% called it a mistake. However, in 2009, the share of Russians recognizing the need and efficacy of the anti-alcohol campaign of the restructuring times was halved - from 15% to 8%.

In early 2013, VTsIOM interviewed Russians on the problem of drunk drivers. Most respondents, both drivers and pedestrians, found the problem of drunk driving important. "Zero PROMILL" as a measure of prevention Russians called expedient (64%), but, the truth is meaningless (62%). The idea of \u200b\u200breturning a 0.2-0.3 alcohol permitter for the driver supported the minority of Russians (39%). According to the respondents, with drunken drivers, it is also necessary to fight for a long-term deprivation of driver's license (58%), the elimination of road privileges (46%) and alcoholum (40%).

The average life expectancy of Russians in 2012 amounted to 66.5 years. The American newspaper The Washington Post, noting as one of the main goals of the Russian government's anti-alcohol program to increase by 2018 the average life expectancy of up to 74 years, pointed out the insufficiency of alone prohibitive measures: it is important to "help people realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle and change their behavior", And also to improve the economic situation, increase wages and upgrade the health system.

Our country uses a large number of tools in the fight against alcohol abuse, however, it is necessary not only to use these tools, but also to evaluate their effectiveness and effectiveness, which is not enough modern politics. When developing anti-alcohol policies, it is important to take into account the rapidly developing modern society, to look for new methods of opposing a detrimental habit. The most important is the complexity of measures and the addition of anti-alcohol policies with measures of economic and socio-cultural nature. Drunkenness is caused and maintained by many different reasons, and therefore the fight against excessive alcohol consumption should be carried out at the same time different ways In various spheres of life.

Thus, the beginning of the third millennium is noted by an increase in activity of both European and Russian anti-alcohol policies. The awareness of the disaster scale stimulates public institutions to create new effective measures to combat the bad habit.

What is equally important, the EU has a database, accumulating information regarding alcohol consumption, which can be used as part of the development and implementation of anti-alcohol policies. The complexity and interconnectedness of the measures and the communicativeness of the anti-alcohol policy are the foundation of the future success in the fight against alcohol abuse in society.

Value of anti-alcohol policy in the encyclopedia of a sober lifestyle

Anti-alcohol policy

- Sphere of activity of the Company related to the elimination of drunkenness and alcoholism. Any problem acquires a political nature if its decision is associated with the interests of society, the problem of power. A.P. It has a great degree of independence and has a strong impact on the economy and other spheres of society. Operating regimes, seeking to delay its progressive development, conduct a policy of soldering the people. So, Queen Catherine II has repeatedly emphasized: "Drunk people manage it easier." In the conditions of socialism A.P. It was aimed at eradicating alcohol products by the population. Nowadays, alcoholic problems have emerged in Russia, which have been inherent in both pre-revolutionary Russia and a number of Western countries.

More about the anti-alcohol policy is described in the video tracking of the section "Alcohol genocide".

Encyclopedia of a sober lifestyle. 2012