Reader on the history of the ancient world (part 2. Antiquity history)

for students of the I course of the historic faculty

correspondence department

Voronezh 2011.

Reader in history ancient Mira. (Part 2. Antiquity History) - Voronezh: Publishing House of Voronezh state University, 2007. - with.

Compilers - Cand. East. Sciences, Associate Professor VGPU O.V. Karmazina

cand. East. Sciences, Associate Professor VGPU L.A. Sakhnenko

Reviewer

Xenophon.

State of Lake Demonia, 5-7; 8-10

... Removing the order in the Spartans, in which they, like all other Greeks, have lunch each in their home, Likurg saw in this circumstance the cause of quite many frivolous actions. Likurg made publicly their friendly lunches in the calculation that, thanks to this, the opportunity will most likely disappear. He allowed to consume citizens in such a quantity so that they were not excessively pleased, but also did not tolerate the lack; However, it is often served, in the form of adding, game, and rich people sometimes bring wheat bread; Thus, while Spartans live together on the tents, they never suffer from eating dishes, nor excessive expensive. Also relative to drinking: stopping an unnecessary break, relaxing the body, relaxing mind, Likurgus allowed everyone, to drink only to satisfy thirst, believing that drinking under such conditions will be all harmful and everything is more pleasant. During general lunch, could anyone cause serious damage to their own economy of sophistication or drunkenness? In all other states, peers are, for the most part, together and the least shy each other; Likurg in Sparta combined the ages so that young people are brought up mainly under the leadership of the experience of the elders. On the fiditis, it is customary to talk about the affairs committed by someone in the state; Therefore, there is not almost a place of arrogance, drunk outcomes, indecent act, foul language. And now, what good side is the device of lunches outside the house: Returning home, Fidithev members must walk and beware that they should not stumble in drunken, they should be known that they can not stay there, where they have dinner that they need to go in the dark As afternoon, since the torch is not allowed to walk to the one who is still serving a garrison service. Next, noting that the same food that reports good color facial and health workers, gives ugly complete and sickness idle, Likurg is not neglected and this ... because it is difficult to find people healthier, more hardy physically than Spartans, as they are equally exercised and legs, and hands, and neck .

In contrast, most of the Greeks, found a likurg necessary and the following. In the rest of the states each disposes of their children, slaves and property; And Likurg, wanting to arrange so that citizens do not harm each other, but brought benefit, provided everyone equally

to dispose of both your children and strangers: after all, if everyone knows that there are fathers of those children in front of him, it will inevitably manage them to dispose of the way he would like to treat his own children. If a boy, beaten by somehow, complains of his father, is considered shameful if the father does not beat his son again. So the Spartans are confident that none of them orders the boys nothing shameful. Licharg also dialed, if necessary, to use other people's slaves, also established the general use of hunting dogs; Therefore, not having their dogs are invited to the hunt of others; And who has no time to go to hunt, he willingly gives dogs to others. Also use the horses: who will get sick or who will need a wagon, or who wants to go somewhere as soon as possible, "he takes the first horse, and according to the passage of need to put it back. But also the custom, not accepted by the rest of the Greeks, but introduced by Likurg. In case, if people are lit on the hunt and, without capturing stocks, they will need them, Likurg installed, so that the reserves leave them, and the needy-could open constipation, take how much you need, and the remaining again locked. Thus, due to the fact that the Spartans are so sharing with each other, they even have people poor if they need something, they have a share in all the riches of the country.

Also, in contrast to the rest of the Greeks, Likurg installed in Sparta and the following orders. In the rest of the states, everyone as far as possible is a condition: one is engaged in agriculture, another shipowner, the third-merchant, and some feed the crafts; In Sparta, Likurga, forbade free to deal with whatever, associated with progress, the software was established to recognize the classes suitable for them, which provide the state freedom. And indeed, what's the point of striving for wealth where with its establishments about equal contributions for dinners, about the same for all lifestyle, the legislator of the presets will acquire money for the sake of pleasant profit? No need to save wealth and clothes, as in Sparta decoration is not a luxury dress, but body health. And for spending on the comrades, it is also not to save money, as Likurgus inspired that more fame would be more fame with comrades with personal labor than money, he considered the case of the soul, the second only of wealth. Unfair to enrich the Likurg forbade such orders. First of all, he set such a coin that; Her to the house is just ten minutes, it would not hide from the Lord, nor from home slaves, because it would take a lot of space and a whole cart for transportation. For gold and silver watch, and if anyone has him, the owner will be traded fine. So why was it to strive for enrichment where the possession gives more chagrins than spending a pleasure?

In Sparta, it is especially strictly obsessing the laws ... However, I don't think that Likurg began to introduce this wonderful order, without having received the preliminary agreement of the influential persons in the state ... Once, on the recognition of influential people, the overcome of the greatest benefit in the city and In the army, and in the house, the same people naturally attached strength and etho power: the stronger the power, in their opinion, it should more encourage citizens to obedience. EFOs have the right to subjected to anyone with punishment, have the power to recover immediately, have the power and retain from office before the expiration of the term and put in prison of officials, excite the process against them, threatening death ...

In Sparta, it is especially strictly obsessing the laws ... However, I don't think that Likurg began to introduce this wonderful order, without having received the preliminary agreement of the influential persons in the state ... Once, on the recognition of influential people, the overcome of the greatest benefit in the city and In the army, and in the house, the same people naturally attached strength and etho power: the stronger the power, in their opinion, it should more encourage citizens to obedience. Ehhorities have the right to subjected to anyone with punishment, have the power to recover immediately, have the power and retain from office before the expiration of the term and to put in prison of officials, excite the process against them, who threatens death.

"Readings on the history of the ancient world," under. V. V. Struve, t. II. M., Stockedgiz, 1951, No. 49.

PAsania, description Eldla, 111,20 (6)

... near the sea was the town of Gelos ... Subsequently, Dranyn took him as siege. The inhabitants of this city became the first public slaves of Lactedamia and the first were named with ilota, i.e. "Captured", which they were actually. The name of the Ilotov then spread to the slaves acquired later, although, for example, Messenians were Dorians ...

Lebania, speech, 25, 63

Lactedamesee gave themselves against, Ilotov, complete freedom to kill them and about them critical says that there is the most complete slavery in Lacedaemon. Of the most complete freedom of others. "After all, because of what another," says Krism himself, "as not because of the mistrust of this very Ilotam, Spartyat takes the shield handle at home at home? After all, he does not do this in war, because there often needs to be highly distilted. He always walks the spear in his hands to turn out to be stronger than Ilota, if he draws up, being armed with one shield alone. They also invented themselves constipation, with the help of which they believe to overcome the goats of Ilotov. "

It would be the same (criticizing the lebanese of critting) that live together with someone, experiencing fear and without daring to rest from the expectation of dangers. And how can those whom and during breakfast, and in a dream, and when sending any other need, arms the fear of slaves, as people can ... enjoy real, freedom.? .. Just as the kings of They were not free, due to the fact that the etho had the power to knit and execute the king, and all the spargists were deprived of their freedom, living in conditions of hatred until slaves.

"Readings on the history of the ancient world," under. V. V. Struve, t. II. M., Stockedgiz, 1951, No. 54.

Pericles

S.I. translation Sobolevsky, translation processing for the present reissue S.S. Averintsev, notes M.L. Gasparova.

2. The pericles was ... both from the paternal and from the motherboard from the house and the family who occupied the first place. Xanfipp, the winner of the barbaric commander during Mikale, married Agarist from the genus Klisfen, who expelled the Pisistatids, courageously launched a tyranny, gave the attention of the laws and established the state system, mixing various elements in it is quite appropriate for the consent and well-being of citizens. Arugarie dreamed that she gave birth to a lion, and a few days later she gave birth to pericles. He did not have bodily flaws; Only the head was oblong and disproportionally big. That is why it is depicted almost all statues with a helmet on the head, is obvious, because the sculptors did not want to represent him in a shameful form ...

The closest pericla of a person who breathed in him the majestic image of thoughts, towering him over the level of an ordinary people of the people, and generally gave his character high dignity, was Anaxahor from the clasome, which contemporaries called "mind" - because they were surprised by his great, unusual The mind manifested in the study of nature, or because he first put out the principle of the device of the universe is not a case or necessity, but the mind, clean, unmasled, which in all other objects mixed, distinguishes homogeneous particles.

5. Patusing extraordinary respect for this person, penetrating his teachings about heavenly and atmospheric phenomena, the pericles, as they say, not only learned himself a high image of thoughts and elevation of speech, free from flat, bad physical, - but also a serious facial expression, inaccessible laughter , calm gait, modesty in the manner wearing clothes, not violated with any affect during speech, smooth voice and the likeness of the pericla properties made an amazingly strong impression ... Poet Ion claims that the occugement of the pericla with people was rather arrogant and that A lot of arrogance and contempt for others have been mixed up for their giving up.

7. In his youth, the pericles were very afraid of the people: he seemed like the Tirana of Pissistrate; His pleasant voice, the ease and speed of the language in the conversation of these similarities were preventing fear in very old people. And since he owned wealth, he took place from a noble family, had influential friends, he was afraid of Ostracism and therefore did not deal with public affairs, but he was brave and looking for dangers. When the Aristide died, the feminocles was in exile, and Kimon hiking was held for the most part outside of Eldla, then the pericles with the heat began for political activities. He became on the side of democracy and the poor, and not on the side of the rich and aristocrats - contrary to its natural inclinations, completely unreasonable. Apparently, he was afraid, no matter how suspected in the desire for tyranny, and also saw that Kimon stands on the side of the aristocrats and extremely love them. Therefore, he enlisted the location of the people to secure security and gain strength to combat Kimon.

Now after that, the pericles changed and all his lifestyle. In the city he was seen walking only on one road - to the square and to the council. He refused invitations for lunches and from all of this kind of friendly, short relationship ... Pericles also behaved in relation to the people: so as not to delight him with his permanent presence, he appeared among the people only at times, did not speak any case And he did not always performed at the People's Assembly, but I ranked myself ... for important cases, and everything else did through my friends and the other speakers seized them. One of them, they say was an esfalit that crushed the power of the aropag ...

8. Pericles, configuring his speech as a musical instrument ... Far out of all speakers. For this reason, they say, he was given his famous nickname. However, some think that he was nusted by the Olympian for the buildings that the city was decorated, others - what advances in state activities and in the command of the army; And there is nothing incredible that his glory contributed to the combination of many qualities, to him inherent. However, from the comedies of that time-, the authors of which often remember his name, both seriously and with laughter, it is clear that this nickname was given to him mainly for his gift of the word: as they say, he thundered and metal lightning when he spoke to the people And I wore a terrible Perun in the language ...

9. Fuchidide depicts the state system during the pericale as an aristocratic, which was only a democratic name, and in fact was the domination of one primary person. According to the testimony of many other authors, the pericles taught the people to Cleargiam-, receiving money to spectacles, receiving remuneration; As a result of this bad habit, the people from the modest and working under the influence of the then political measures became wasteful and timely. Consider the reason for such changes based on the facts.

Initially, as mentioned above, the pericles in the fight against Govoy Kimon tried to acquire the location of the people; he was inferior to kimon in wealth and cashwhich he attracted to her poor. Kimon invited every day of needing citizens to dine, put the elderly, removed the fence from his estates to, who wants, enjoyed their fruits. The pericles, feeling defeated by such demagogic techniques, on the Council of Damonid from Hey, turned to the public money section, as the Aristotle testifies. Distribution of money on the spectacle, the remuneration plate for the execution of judicial and other duties and various intercosions of the pericles bribed the mastery and began to use it to combat the areaopag, whose member he was not ... So, the pericles with his adherents, acquiring more influence from the people, Challented Areopag: Most of the court cases were taken away from Him with the help of Efialt, Kimon was expelled through Ostrakism as a supporter of Spartans and the enemy of democracy, although in richness and origin he did not inferlude to anyone else, although she won such glorious victories over the barbarians and enriched the fatherland with a lot of Money and military prey, as described in his life position. So great was the power of the pericla of the people!

10. Exile through the Ostracism of the persons who were subjected to him was limited to the law a certain period of ten years ...

11 .... Then then especially weakened the Uzda to the people and began to be guided in his policy a desire to please him: he was constantly satisfied with some solemn spectacles, or feasts, or processions, held residents for noble entertainment, every year she sent sixty triger for sixty On which there were a lot of citizens in eight months and received a salary, at the same time acquiring skills and knowledge in the naval. In addition, a thousand man Cleruukhov he sent to Chersonesos, in Naxos five hundred, in Andros half of this number, in a thousand thousand for settlement among the bisalts, others in Italy, with the resumption of Sibaris, who now began to call the funi. Conducting these events, he headed the desire to free the city from nothing and as a result of the feast of a restless crowd and at the same time help poor people, as well as keep allies under the fear and observation to prevent their attempts to the uprising of the settlement of Athenian citizens.

12. But that gave residents of only more pleasure and served the city with a decoration, which brought all the light into amazement, which, finally, is the only proof that the glorified power of Eldlats and its former wealth is not a false rumor, is the construction of majestic buildings. But for this, more than in the rest of the political activity of the pericles, the enemies condemned him and ink in the People's Assembly. "The people disgrace themselves, they shouted, - there is bad glory for him for the fact that the pericles suffered a common Hellenian treasury to himself from Delos; The most faithful pretext that the people can justify from this reproach, the one that the fear of the barbarian is made him take a common treasury and keep it in a safe place; But this excuse took the pericles from the people. Hellenes understand that they suffer terrible violence and are exposed to open tyranny, seeing that money-made money, intended for war, we are gold and dressing the city, accurately a woman-sggie, having enhanced his expensive marble, statues of gods and temples standing by thousands Talents. "

In view of this, the pericles pointed out the people: "Athenians are not obliged to give allies a report in money, because they lead the war in defense and restrain the barbarians, while the allies do not supply anything - neither a horse, nor ship, nor Goplita, but only pay money; And the money belongs not to the one who gives them, and to the one who gets if he delivers what he gets. But if the state is sufficiently supplied with the subjects necessary for the war, it is necessary to spend its wealth on such works, which after the end of them will be delivered by the state eternal glory, and during the execution will be the immediate source of well-being, due to the fact that all sorts of work and Different needs that all sorts of crafts are giving a classes to all hands, take earnings almost to the whole state, so it decorates yourself to your account, and feeds. " Indeed, people are young and strong gave earnings from the public sums of hiking; And the pericles wanted the working mass, not carrying military service, was not deceived, but at the same time that she did not receive money in the inaction and idleness.

Therefore, the pericles presented to the people a lot of grand projects of structures and work plans that required the use of different crafts and designed for a long time, so that the population remaining in the city has the right to use public sums of at least no less citizens in the fleet, in garrisons, in hikes ....

14. Fukidide and speakers of his party raised a cry that the pericles squandals money and deprives the state of revenues. Then the pericles in the meeting suggested the question of the question, whether he finds what was constructed a lot. The answer was that a lot. "In this case," said the pericles, "let these costs be not on your account, but for mine, and on the buildings I will write my name." After these words, the pericles, the people admiring the greatness of his spirit, or not wanting to give him the glory of such buildings, shouted all the costs to relate to the public account and spent, not spare anything. Finally, he joined the fight against Fucidide, risking himself to expose to urastricism. He achieved the expulsion of Fukidid and broke the opposite party.

15. When the discord was completely eliminated and in the state, there was complete unity and agreement in the state, the pericles focused on both the Athens themselves and all cases depended from Athenians - the contributions of allies, the army, the fleet, the islands, the sea, the Great Power, the source of which served both Ellina and Varvara, and the Supreme Lord, fenced by the conquered peoples, friendship with the kings and the union with small rules.

But the pericles were no longer the same, - not, as before, the obedient weapon of the people, easily inferior and the worldly passions of the crowds, as if the blows of the wind; Instead of the same weak, sometimes somewhat compliant demagogue, like pleasant, tender music, he tightened a song on the aristocratic and monarchical way and held this policy in accordance with the state blessing straight and adamant. For the most part, he conducted the people with conviction and instruction, so the people himself wanted the same. However, there were cases when the people expressed discontent; Then the pericles pulled the entrance and, directing him to his own good, forced him to obey his will ...

The people, which have so strong power, arise naturally all sorts of passion. The pericles one knew how to skillfully manage them, acting on the people mainly with the hope and fear, as two steering wheels: he kept his bold self-confidence, then with the decline of the Spirit encouraged and consoled him. He proved it that eloquence, saying the words of Plato, there is an art to control the souls and that the main task is in the ability to properly approach different characters and passions, as if to some tones and the sounds of the soul, to extract which the touch or blow is needed very skillful hands. However, the reason for this was not just the power of the word, but, as Fukidide says, the glory of his life and confidence in him: everyone saw his unfortunately and integrity. Although he made the city from the great greatest and richest, although he looked at many kings and tyrants, of which other contracts concluded with him, mandatory even for their sons, he did not increase his condition against the one who left him the father.

16. And in the meantime he was impressed; This fucidide speaks directly; The indirect proof of this is the evil tricks of comedians who call his friends with new piscistids, and from him the most demanding an oath that he will not be tyrant, since his outstanding provision is not in appearance with democracy and too agile. And teleclide indicates that the Athenians provided him

All tribute from cities; He could be the city of any city to leave free,

And it is strong to stop it and the walls again destroy.

In his hands, everything: and alliances, and power, and power, and peace, and wealth.

This position of the pericla was not a happy accident, was not higher point some fleeting brilliant state activity or the grace of the people for her, - no, he was forty years old among the Efials, Leoprats, Mironides, Kimonov, Tolmidov and Fuchidides, and after the fall of Fuchidides and exile with his Ostrakism, he at least fifteen years old had a continuous, sole one Power, although the position of the strategist is given for one year. With such power, he remained incorruptible, despite the fact that the money did not relate to cash.

When the pericles ... was at the top of his political power ..., he made a proposal that only those whose father and mother were considered at the Athenian citizens. When the Egyptian king sent to the people of forty thousands of wheat medimans as a gift, and it was necessary to share it among themselves, then on the basis of this law, many litigation arose against illegitibly, about the origin of which until then or did not know, or looked at it through their fingers; Many were also given to the victim of false denunciations. On this basis, they were found guilty and sold into slavery without a small five thousand people; And the number of people who retained the right of citizenship and recognized by these Athenians turned out to be equal to fourteen thousand and two hundred forty ...

When the pericles was already in death, the best citizens were sitting around him and their friends who remained alive. They argued about his high qualities and political power, listed his exploits and the number of trophies: he erected nine trophies in memory of the victories overwhelmed under his leadership in the glory of the Fatherland. So they said between themselves, thinking that he had already lost consciousness and does not understand them. But the pericles listened carefully all this and, interrupted their conversation, said that he was surprised how they glorify and recall such merits, in which equal share belongs to and happiness and which were already among many commander, but they do not speak about the glorious and important service : "None of the Athens citizen, he added, - because of me did not put a black raincoat."

As for the pericla, the events made the Athenians feel what he was for them, and regret it. The people who hurt him with his life, because it overtowed them, now, as it did not become, having experienced the power of other speakers and leaders, they realized that there was never a man who was better to connect modesty with a sense of dignity and magnifier with meekness. And his strength, which excited envy and, called the one-chief and tyranny, as they understood, was a saving stronghold state building: The state fell into the state of destructive misfortunes and there was a deep corruption of the morals, which he, weakening and humming it, did not give the opportunity to manifest itself and turn into an inexpressible ailment.

The text is given by publication: Aristotle. "Politics. Athens Politia". Series: "From the classic heritage." M, thought, 1997, p. 271 - 343.

PART ONE

X. Development of democracy

26. As affected by the Council of Areopagitis, the right of supervision was taken away. And after that, the state system began to increasingly lose its strict order due to the fault of people defined by demagogic purposes ...

(2) Although in everything in general, the management of the Athenians is not so strictly, as before, the laws adhered to, however, the order of election of nine archons did not change; Only for the sixth year after the death of Efialt, the preliminary elections of candidates were solved for the further draw in the Nine Archon Archon Commission, and for the first time from their number, the archon was Meresifide. And before that time, everyone was from riders and pentakosiomedimnov, the zezhgitis usually performed ordinary positions, unless some deviations were allowed from the prescriptions of laws. (3) for the fifth year after that, during the archon Lisicrath, thirty judges were again instituted, the so-called "on demamas", and on the third year after it, with an antidote, due to the excessively large number of citizens at the pericla offer, they could not have Civil rights are the one who does not happen from both citizens.

27. After that, the pericles acted as a demagogue ... then the state system became even more democratic. The pericles took away some rights in astopagitis and especially strongly insisted on the development of the naval force from the state. Thanks to her, the easiest people felt their power and tried all the political rights to focus in their hands.
(2) Then at the 49th year after the Battle of Salamine, during the Archon Pypodore, the war began with Peloponnes, during which the people were locked in the city and accustomed to the military service to receive a salary, partly consciously, partly, as needed to show more decisiveness, To manage the state itself.
(3) Also, the salary in the courts introduced for the first time the peroles, using a demagogic reception in contrast to the wealth of Kimon. The fact is that kimon, having a purely royal state, firstly performed only public liturgy, then began to give the content to many of his demot. So, anyone who wanted from Lakadadov could come to him every day and get a modest content. In addition, his estates were all non-fallen, so that you could have been able to use the fruits every way. (4) The pericles, without having such a state, to compete with him in generosity, took advantage of the Damonid Council from Hey (this Damonide was considered in many cases the pericla adviser, therefore subjected it to urastricism). This Council was that if the pericles did not possess the same personal means as Kimon, then it is necessary to give the people his own funds. Of these considerations, the pericles entered the salary for judges. On this basis, some consider it a culprit of moral decomposition, as not so much decent people how many random are on election. (5) Began after this and bribery, and the first to file an example of this anith, after he was a strategist in a hike under Plios. Being brought by some to the court for the loss of Pilos, he bribed the court and achieved justification.

28. While the pericles stood at the head of the people, the state affairs were relatively well; When he died, they went much worse ...

PART ONE

IV. Archonts

55 ... As for the so-called nine archons ... Currently, they are filled with the lot of six fefesfettes and secretaries to them, in addition, Archont, Basiles and Paulmarm - one of each fille in turn. (2) they are subjected to Dockimation primarily in the Council of five hundred - everything except the secretary, and this last - only in court, like other officials (all elected and drawing and raising hands, take office only after Docociasia), nine Archonts - both in the Council, and secondary in court. At the same time, at the same time, the one who rejected the Council to Dockimia, could no longer be entitled, now it is allowed to appeal to the court, and this latter belongs to the decisive voice in Docokimia ...

56 ... (2) Archont now, at the entry into office, the first thing announters through the he who heltered that everyone is granted to own property, which each had before entering his office, and maintain it until the end of his management. (3) Then he appoints fergs to represent the tragedies of the three richest of all Athenians ... (4) under its leading are the procession: first, the one that is arranged in honor of the asclepia ... He also suits and compete on Dionisia and Fargelia. Here are the festivities about which he has a care.
(6) In addition, he is filed by complaints on public and private affairs. He considers them and sends to court. This includes cases of bad severity with parents, about the bad handling of orphans, about the bad handling of the heiress, about the damage to the orphan property, about the breathtaking, when someone accuses the other in the fact that he survived from the mind, harvested his condition ... . At the same time, he has the right to impose disciplinary recovery on the guilty or attract to the court. Further, he leases the property of orphans and heiress to the time until the woman becomes 14 years old and takes the provision from tenants. Finally, he also charges content from guardians if they do not give it to children.

57 ... Basilev seeks primarily by mysteries ... then Dionysias ... It suits all the contests with torch; Also, by step-by-step sacrifices, he will be able to say everyone.
(2) He is filed with written complaints about dishes, as well as in cases where someone challenges from another right to priesthood. Then, he disassembles all disputes between childbirth and priests on worship. Finally, he is initiated by all processes of murder, and in his duty it is to declare the criminal deprived of the patronage of laws.
(3) the processes about the murder and applying the Russian Academy of Sciences, if anyone will surely kill or pouches the other, disassembled in the areaopag; Also cases about poisoning, if anyone causes death, gave poison, and things about arson. This is an exclusively case circle, which judges the Council of the Areopague ... The judges are sitting in a holy place in the open sky, and Basilevs takes off the wreath during the court. The person, on whom such an accusation, is not allowed all this time to sacred places, and even the square is not supposed to go; But at that moment he enters the sacred place and speaks there in his justification ...

58. Polemarh makes sacrifice to Artemis-Hunting and Eniylia ... (2) He also initiates private lawsuits concerning meters, equidalized and proxecons ... (3) He self-explanatory leads in court about violation of duties towards the former owner and the lack of prostate , on the inheritance and heirs from the meters, and in general, Paulochi seeks all the things at the meters, which the citizens disassemble the archon.

59. Feemophoths have powers primarily to appoint which judicial commissions and which days should do the court, then transfer the leadership of these commissions to officials; These latter act in accordance with how fef weather. (2) Then, they report to the people who received emergency statements, pose a case on the displacement of officials by checking the voting, all kinds of sentences of preliminary sentences, complaints of anti-inflicting and a statement that the proposed law is unsuitable, also on the actions of the progenres and Epistats and statements of strategists ...

ARISTOTLE. POLITICS

II, 4. That the property equation has its meaning in the state dormitory, it seems to be clearly aware of some of the ancient lawmakers. So, for example, Solon established the law, which also acting in other states, on which the acquisition of land is prohibited in any amount of quantity ..

II, 9, 2. SOLON Some consider a good legislator. He, as they say, the oligarchy, who was excessive at that time, delivered the people from slavery and established a democracy "in the covenants of fathers", successfully installing a mixed stroke: it is, the areaopag is a oligarchic institution, the replacement of posts for elections - aristocratic, jury court Democratic. Solon, apparently, did not abolish existing first institutions - the Council of the Areopag and the election of officials, but established democracy, thereby, which did the courts of jury from the entire composition of citizens. That's why some are accused of: he, they say, abolished and first, when I gave the government over all the power, since the court is recruited by lot. It was when the court acquired strength, then the people as Tiran began to please and finally turned politics into modern democracy.

III, 2, 10 ... That's what, for example, in Athens made Clisphen after the expulsion of tyrants: he included many foreigners and slaves living there. With regard to their controversial is not the one who is a citizen, but as he has become illegally or right.

VI, 2, 9-11, 6-27. To establish this kind of democracy and strengthen the people, its leaders are usually trying to take in their environment as more people And to make citizens not only legitimate, but also illegal and even such that only one of the parents has civil rights - father or mother. The fact is that all these elements emphasize such democracy ... Further, for such democracy, such techniques that took advantage of Cleisfen in Athens, when he wanted to strengthen democracy, and those figures that were trying to establish a democratic system in Kyrene. It is necessary to organize new philes and phratria and, moreover in a large number; Private cults must be combined into a small amount and make them public; In a word, it is necessary to invent all the means so that everyone as many as possible between themselves, and at the same time so that the previous associations are broken.

Aristotle. Athenian Politium. Applications. M.-L., Socsekgiz, 1936, p.119-152.

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* Uchocheggiz 1953 Readings on the history of the ancient world Paul edited by Academician V.V. Struve / Volume \\ III, 1 That State Educational and Pentagogical Publishing House "The Ministry of Education of the RSFSR R them is approved by the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR MSK K. B and 1953 from the third Tom of the Crest The history of the ancient world is "Ancient Rome" - mainly documents on the socio-economic and political history of Rome. The third volume includes a significant number of literary and epigraphic sources published in Russian for the first time. In this edition, in contrast to the previous ones, There is a section on the history of the Northern Black Sea region. Methodical administrations that predict individual chapters of the Chesttomatology are intended to facilitate the use of a number of documents. The Reader is intended for seminar students of students of historical faculties of universities and teachers of history in high school. //. A. Mashkin I and E. S. Golubnya The emergence of the Roman state of the Epoch of the early Republic of DR Ova Rome, one of the most powerful slave-owned states of the Mediterranean world, has passed a long and difficult path of development throughout its existence. The question of which reasons contributed to the elevation of Rome were interested in historians, starting from ancient times. Antique authors Strabo and Polybiy searched for the explanations of the power of Rome in its profitable geographical position (Document No. 1, 2). The characteristic of the oldest, "Dorimskogo" population of Italy and first of all the Etruscans gives a material reported by Dionysia Galicarnas (Doc. No. 3). In addition to the literary sources, it is important to attract the data of archeology, recreating bright pictures of the life and life of Etruscov, starting with their appearance in Italy (in the VIII century. BC). K- Marx emphasizes the general features of the development of Etruscans with other peoples of antiquity: "In a colossal scale, the effect of simple cooperation is found in those gigantic facilities that were erected by ancient Asian peoples, Egyptians, Etrusca, etc." (K. Marx, Capital, t. I, 1951, Art; p. 340). Literary data on the emergence of Rome are legendary and contradictory. This is noted by the antique authors themselves. So, for example, Dionysius Galmkar-Oh (Doc. No. 4) says that "there is a lot of disagreements on the basis of the time of the founding of the city of Rome and the personality of its founder." The most common was the version that Libya leads (Doc. No. 5): The founder of Rome was the descendant of the Trojan of Enai, who came to Italy. 5 Events of the early period of the history of Rome Luzhio study in the light of the instructions of F. Engels in the work "The origin of the family, private property and the state." In the same terms, the issue of reform service Tully must also be covered, as a result of which the transition from the generic system to the state organization (current No. 6) was carried out. Through the entire era of the early republic, the struggle of rich and poor, full and dysfunction, patrician and plebeyev; This is reported to us the sources from the earliest times of the existence of the Roman state. The success of Plebeev in this struggle testifies, for example, the establishment of posts of national and tribunov for the protection of them (plebeyev) of interest (Doc. No. 7). The Kassius Department of Kaspea offered to improve the position of Plebeev to divide all the land acquired by the Romans during the wars. The ancient epigraphic monument of Roman history are the laws of XII tables (Doc. No. 8). The emergence of such legislation also testifies to some success of plebeian in the fight against patricians. It should be borne in mind that our information about the laws of XII tables are not accurate and sometimes distorted when transferring them to later authors. The main part of the Codex Articles is devoted to the protection of ownership. Debtors are severe punishments. Family Family enjoys the right of unlimited lord, he can sell his children to slavery. According to the laws of the XII tables, the property is protected by Roman law. For theft for these laws, a large fine and even the death penalty is relying. Uzakonen was the rite of acquisition of property - Manantpathic. A special chapter in the laws of the XII tables is devoted to the issue of inheritance. The significant success of Plebeev in the fight against patricians was that, according to the laws of Litinia and a sextia, some of the consuls were to be elected from the plebeian. The events of the internal history of the early Rome must be expressed in a close connection with its aggressive foreign policy: the fight against Etrusca, wars with Latins, Samutits and other peoples. The Romans capture some other land adjacent to their possessions, as a result of which in the first period of the Republic of Rome from a small city Latia becomes the largest center of Italy. Having settled out the history of Rainia of the Republic, it should be borne in mind that our sources - Libya, Plutarch and others always reliably transmit events, set out their tendentiously, exaggerating the forces of the Roman state. From this point of view, a trendy description of Libya events in the Kavdinsky Gorge (Doc No. 9), when the Romans suffered a decisive defeat in the fight against the sams. After the defeat in the Kavdinsky gorge, the Roman army was reorganized, and only with great difficulty Romans won the samnets already much later, in the Third Samutors. . Short essay Rome's politicians in this era gives polybium (Doc. No. 10). Conquered the land belonging to the Samutors, the Romans were the immediate neighbors of the South Taitalpian Greek cities and, first of all, the target. Southital cities were colonies derived in VII-VI Vz. before and. e. Greeks; They stubbornly defended their state independence. The most important of them, Tartan - a colony, derived by Sparta, entered into an alliance with the epirus king pyrk for fighting Rome. Observing the events of the time of the Parrida War, it is necessary to emphasize why the Romans managed to win, stay at the Roman military tactic tactic and the Pyrrhr expedition, which was essentially an adventure. The completion of the war with Pierr ended the first period of the conquests of Rome is the conquest of Italy. 6 No. 1. The geographical essay of Italy (Strabo, Geography, II, 5, 27; IV, 4, 1) with a t r a b about and, the native of Amasia Pitpis, was born in the mid-60s ready. er, * died in 24 g. e. It took place from the rich family and got good "E education - he studied the philosophy of Aristotle N Stoikov. Much attention was devoted to acquaintance with history and geography. Strabo traveled a lot, took a number of expeditions: to the west - to Sardinia I.Na South to the borders of Ethiopia. He is good He studied the geographical conditions and life of the peoples of Malaya Asia, Greece and Italy. Since the establishment of the principle, Strabo moved to Rome, where he lived until the end of his life. In 24, before and. E. Strabo visited the Epipet, who was from the Nile Delta right up to His southern border. The composition of Strabo "Geography" consists of 17 books. There contains a large number of information only in geography, IO and on the history of Rome. Strabo is called the father of historical geography. In its writings, progenitor works are critical primarily by Eratosthene. Material "Geography" of Strabo is divided into territorial principle. Books 3-10-Europe (3 - Iberia, 4 - Gallium, 5 and 6 - Italy, 7 -sel and east, 8, 9, 10 -ella Yes), 11-16 - Asia, 17 - Africa. Much attention is paid to Strama of the description of the morals and customs of the peoples. For IAS, the information that Strain about the Northern Black Sea region reports is especially valuable. natural conditions and the population, in particular the tribes of Rocksolan, Scythians, etc. The data of Strabo on the history of the Northern Black Sea region are of great value, which we often do not find a word in other ancient historians. Strabo is also the author of historical work in six books, from which only passages reached us. Italy begins the plains that are located at the foot of the Alps and stretch to the Adriatic Sea and the locality adjacent to it. For these plains, Italy represents a long, narrow p ending with the peninsulas by capes, the entire length of which stretches the Apennine mountains for seven thousand stages. "The width of them is not the same everywhere. Peninsula make Italy of the sea: Tirren, Avzonskoye and Adriatic. Now denote the most important conditions, thanks to which the Romans have now rose to such a height. The first of these conditions is that Italy, like the island, is surrounded, as faithful to the fence, the seas, with the exception of only the few parts that are in turn are protected by difficult mountains. The second condition is That although most of her coast has no harbors, but the existing harbor are extensive and very comfortable ... Third, Italy is located in various climatic zones, respectively, which there are various animals, plants and generally all the necessary objects for man. In length Italy reaches the biggest part of the north to the south; significant in length and in the width of Sicily joins Italy And, as part of it ... Almost the entire length of it stretches the Apennine mountains, having on both sides of the plain and fruit hills, so there is no such part of Italy, which would not fall out the convenience of mountains and plains. To all this, it is necessary to add large sizes and 7 many rivers and lakes, as well as in many places warm and cold sources, well-beneficial health. In addition, there are many of all kinds of metals, building material food for humans and pets, so it is impossible to express in the words of all the abundance and high advantages of the fruits that grow here. Finally, being located among the most numerous peoples of Ellala and the best parts of liba2, it, on the one hand, is superior to its advantages and sizes around it, which is facilitated by the domination of her above them; On the other hand, thanks to the proximity to them, it can easily hold his power over these areas. Translate F. G. Mishchenko. 1 stages - measure length. The Roman stages were 185 m, Attic - 178 m. 2 Labiya (Libya) - the North Coast of Africa (located between Numidia and Krenanka), her lands were fertile. № 2. Description of Italy (Polybius, II, 14, 15) Polybiy was born in Arcadia at the turn of the III and II centuries. BC, died in the 20s of II century. He took place from the rich family. During the fighting of Rome with the Perseame, OI was openly adhered to anti-rasis positions and after the latter defeated was sent as hostage to Rome. During his stay in the capital of a powerful state (Polybiy lived there with interruptions of 16 years), his -polytic views changed significantly. OI met representatives of the ruling top of the Roman society and became a fan of the Roman state system. During his life, Polybiy traveled a lot, as it believed that the historian should "trust his eyes more than the ears." He visited Africa and Spain, was an eyewitness of the destruction of Carthage and the ascets of Nundania, visited Egypt, Gallia, perfectly knew Greece. The main labor of polybia is the "World History" in 40 books, of which only 5 books came to IAS, some have been preserved in passages. There are events of 264-146. before and. e. The purpose of the Labor Polybia, according to the author himself, to show how and why the Romans subjugate their power most of the surrounding nx tribes and peoples. An ideal political device, according to "Polybia's opinion, was the combination of aristocratic, monarchical and democratic principles - a mixed form of government, the implementation of which found his expression in the Roman" state. The worship of the polybia before the power of Rome is so great that he justifies even the conquest of his homeland - Greece. Polybius more critically refers to its sources than other historians of antiquity, in its writings relatively little legendary. Due to this, the policy of polybia on the events of the Mediterranean history of the end of the III - early II century. In the greater you can consider reliable. All Italy represents the similarity of the triangle, one side of which facing the east, washed by the Ionian Sea and adjacent to it the Adriatic Bay, the other side, facing south and west, wash the Sicilian and Tyrrhenian 8 sea to come closer between themselves, the southern capes are formed in the summit Italy, referred to as Cocinf and the Separate Sea Ionian and Sicilian. The third party, coming to the north of the mainland, forms the entire length of the Alpine Ridge, which begins with mass "and lands lying above the Sardinian Sea, and stretches continuously to the most in-depth part of the Adriatic; only at a short distance from the sea, the ridge ends. Southern region called The ridge should be taken as if for the base of the triangle; south of it stretches the plains that occupy the most extreme northern part of Italy, which are now talking about; on fertility and vastness they exceed the rest of the plains of Europe known to us. The common outdoor view of these plains is also a triangle ; The top of it is formed by the connection of the so-called Apennine and Alpine mountains near the Sardinian Sea over the Mass. On the north side of the plain stretch, as mentioned above, the Alps are two thousand two hundred stages, and along the South side stretches the Apennins on the space of three thousand six hundred stages. Foundation line The whole figure is the coast of the Adriatic Bay; the length of the foundation from the city of Seine 2 to the deepening of the bay of more than two thousand five hundred stages, so the volume of the plains mentioned above is a little less than ten thousand stages. It is not easy to list all the advantages of this land. So, she abounds with bread to such an extent that in our time, the Sicilian "Medimn 3" wheat is worth four Oolas 4, the Medimn barley two Oola, the same amount is worth a mertaining wine; Buckwheat and millet rummage in their incredible abundance. How many growing acorns on these plains in oak forests, stretching at some distance one from the other, anyone can make it best from the following: in Italy kill a huge number of pigs part for home use, part for food forces, and animals are mainly brought mainly from these Plains. The cheapness and abundance of various edible supplies can be judged the most correct things that traveling in this country, going to the tavern, do not resist the cost of individual consumption items, but they pay as much as the owner will take away from a person. Common tavern mains, giving frequently just enough, take half aos for it, which is the fourth part of the Oola; Only in rare cases will be charged. On both sides of the Alps, both with the one that is addressed to the Rodan6 River, and on the other, descending to the plains named above, hilly and lowland terrain is thickly populated: lying towards Russian and north are engaged in galants, which are called trasalyshns, and converted Tavrpskamn, agones and many other barbaric peoples are populated to the plains. Transalpps of the Galati are not called in their origin, but at the place of residence, because the TRANS has 9 "on the other side", and the Romans are called transalshens of those galants that live on the other side of the Alps. The vertices of the mountains due to the scarce of the soil and the accumulation on them are completely uninhabited on them. Perez. F. G. Mishchenko. I Massalil - Colonia, founded by the residents of Foken Ia Ligurian Gaul Coast at the turn of the VII-VI centuries. BC e. 2 hay - the city in Umbria on the shores of the Adriatic Sea. 3 Medimn - Greek measure of bulk bodies, equal to 51.84 liters. 4 Oolan is a small coin in Greece, equal to 4-5 kopecks. 5 Mesret Mera fluids in Athens, equal to 39 liters. 6 River Rodan - Roman name Rhone. № 3. The oldest population of Italy (Dionysius Galicarnas, Roman antiquities, I, 26, 30) who came to us the biographical data on Dionysiya Galicarnas are extremely scubrine. It is only known that he came to Rome in the last period civil wars And he lived there over 20 years. The essay, which was the fruit of his whole life, is called "Roman ancient history"In 20 books. She covers events from the most ancient periods Italy's existence before the start of the Punic BOI "W. From Labor Dionysius has been preserved only the first 9 books, and the rest reached us in passages. Dionysius tries to prove the one origin of the Greeks and Romans, so that he spoke," thus make more demolished for the Greeks Their submission to the Romans. "It is of great importance to the management of the gods by the fates of the peoples. Dionysias often transfers the political atmosphere to the modern epoch of the early period of the history of Rome, so it needs to be perceived critically. ... Some consider Tirren residents by the inhabitants of Italy, others consider them aliens. About their name, those who consider them to be native people, say that it is given to them from the type of fortifications that they are the first of those living in that country have to erect: Tirtrenians, like Ellini, surrounded by walls and well-covered buildings - Towers are called tirsma or tirers; Some believe that their name is given to them due to the fact that they have such buildings, just like Moshi The noises living in Asia are named so because they live in high wooden frequencies, as if in the towers that they are called Mosinamne. Others, which are considered to be them. The lawsters, they say that the leader of the immigrants was Tirren and that the Tyrrhenians received from him. And he himself was at the origin of the leaf of the village from the Earth, who had previously called Meonius ... Atia ... Two Sons were born: Leed and Tirren. Of these, Leed, who remained in his homeland, inherited. In the father, and according to his name and the Earth began to be called Lydia; Tirren, becoming headed for the settlement, founded a large colony in Italy and all participants assigned the name from his behalf. 10 Gellanik Lesbossky "says that Tirrenians were previously called Pelasgami 2; when they settled in Italy, they took the name in his time ... Pelasgi was expelled by Hellenes, they left their ships from the river the rivers in the Ionian Gulf, captured the city Croton 3 on the Isthmus and, moving from there, founded the city, called now the TNRs ... I think that everything is mistaken, considering Tirtrenians and Pelasgov for one people; that they could borrow each other's name, is not surprising, so As something similar happened in some other peoples, both Hellenic and barbaric, such as the Trojans of 4 and Frigi residents, who lived near each other (after all, many nations are considered to be common, and such nations differ only By title, not by nature). Not less than in other places where the names of names occurred from nations, the same phenomenon was also observed among the peoples of Italy. It was the same time when Ellina called Latins, Umbrov and Avzo-Nov6 and many other nations Tirrenites. After all, the prolonged neighborhood of nations makes their exact distinction for remote residents. Many historians assumed that the city of Rome is a Tyrrhen city. I agree that the peoples occur to change the name, and then a change in the lifestyle, but I do not recognize that two people can exchange their origin; I rely in this case on the fact that they differ from each other in many ways, especially speech, and no one reseserves any similarity on the other. "After all, Crottonians, as Herodotus says 7," do not speak in one language with anyone from those living next to them, nor the plaks do not have a common language with them. It is clear that they brought with them the characteristics of the language, moving in this country, and protect their tongue. " Wouldn't it seem to someone that the crotones speak on the same dialect as the films living in Gellesponte, since those and others were originally pelasgami, and that the Language of Crottonians is not similar to Tirrenz's tongue; s living with them in close neighborhood. .. Relying on such proof, I think that Tyrrhenans and Pelasgi are different peoples. I also do not think that the Tyrrhenians from Lydia 8, they say not in the same language, and even it is impossible to say about them that if they are talking and not at the same language, then still retain some turns of the speech of their native land. They themselves believe that the gods at the Tepites are not the same as they, and laws, and the lifestyle is completely different, but in all this they are more different from the leaders than even from Pelasgov. Closer to the truth are those who claim that it has not come from, but the people who do not come from, because it is also found that it is very ancient people , not having a common language, nor the image of 11 life with any other tribe. Ellinas, nothing prevents the name of it as if because of the construction of the towers for housing, or as it were, by the name of their generic team. The Romans denote them by other names, namely: named Etria9, ^ the land in which they live, they themselves call the Etruscs. And for their experience in the execution of priests in the temples, which they differ from all other peoples, the Romans are now called them less understandable title of tusks, they used to be called, specifying this name in the Greek value, Tiosks (from the Greek verb 86sh- I will bring to the victim ); They themselves are called themselves in the same way (as in other cases) by the name of one of their leaders with Rabenins ... Phil on the 10th Pelasgov, who did not dilute, dispelled on other colonies and in a small number from the old majority, Mixing politically with aborigine, remained in those (places where, over time, their descendants, together with others, founded the city of Rome ... Transl. V. S. Sokolova. 1 Gellanik Lesbosky - Greek author, the so-called "logograph", lived in V c. Before and. Er, wrote about the early epochs of the origin of the peoples; in writings there is a lot of mythical. 2 Pelasgi - the dog's inhabitants of Greece, who, according to tradition, moved to middle Italy and took Etruria and Lazium. 3 Croton - Greek Colony South Italy. * Trojans - residents of the city of Troy, who was in the northwestern part of Malaya Asia. 5 Frigians are residents of Frigia, a country located in the western Majia Peninsula. 6 Latins, Umbra and Avona - tribes, inhabited by the region of Medium Italy. 7 Herodot - P Herky major Greek historian, lived in V c. BC e. Getting the name of the "Father of History" (Cicero). 8 Lydia is a country in Asia Minor. 9 Etrury - an area located on the west coast of Italy is limited by the Apennines and the Tibrom River. 10 Phil - the name of the tribe in the Greeks, was divided into phratria and childbirth. № 4. Legend of the foundation of Rome (Dionysius, Roman antiquities, I, 72-73) in view of the fact that there are many differences on the basis of the reasons (city of Rome) and the personality of his founder, I myself thought that It is not necessary that it is all recognized as everyone, the founders appeared under the guise of hostile invasion. The very ancient historian Kefal Hergities ■ says that the city was founded by the second generation after the Trojan War2, people who saved from Ilion together with Eneem 3, the founder of the city calls the leader of the colony, Roma, who was one of the sons of Enai. He says that Enaia has four sons: Aska, Evrileton, Romulus and Rem. The same time and the same founder of the city is indicated by the Demator, and Agatilla, and some others ... Although I could specify many other Greek writers who speak differently about the founders of the city of Rome, I, in order not to seem victorious Roman historians. Ancient historians or logographics 4 The Romans do not have any. Everyone (who wrote about it) borrowed something from the testes preserved from antiquity in the sacred tables. Some of these historians transmit that the founders of the city of Romul and Rem were sons of Eney, others - that they were the sons of the daughter of Epia, and from which father do not indicate. They were as if they were given to the hostage to the king of the Aboriginal Latin, when a friendship agreement was concluded between the locals and aliens. Latin welcomed them and surrounded by all sorts of care, and since he did not have the descendants of the male, he made them after his death heirs of his kingdom. Others say that after the death of Enai Askani inherited all the kingdom of Latin and divided him with his brothers with Romul and Rem for three parts. He himself founded Albu5 and some other cities, the Roman gave the names of Kapuyu Ty, named after the grandfather of Anchiz, Eneya, later called Yakikl, named Father Enai; By his own behalf, called the city of Rome. After some time, Rome remained unoccupied, there were still other colonists sent from the Alba under the leadership of Romulus and Rema, and seized before the founded city. The first time this city was founded shortly after the Trojan war, and the second time for 15 generations later. If someone wants to look deeper into the past, it will be discovered that there was another third Rome, before the two subsequent, based before the arrival of the Enai and Trojans in Italy. And it is written this is not from some random historian, or from new, but at the Antioch of Syracuse, which I mentioned before. He writes that when Morgeth reigned in Italy (and Italy then was called the seaside land from the distribution to Poseidonia), came to him. It is he who says: "When Ital was aged, blinking; A person came to him, fugitive from Rome, named Sickel. " According to this Syracuse, the historian is found, therefore, some ancient Rome that existed even earlier than the Trojan times. However, he was at that very place on which the great city stands at the present time, or there was any other place with the same name, it leaves unexplained, and I myself can not allow it. Translate V. S. Sokolova. 1 Kefal Herheithy - In addition to the report, Dionysia, no more information about it is available. 13 2 Trojan War - War, which the Ahase troops against Troy (Ilion) led - the city, which was in the northwestern part of Malaya Asia. T1, after a long siege, Troy was captured. These events took place at the end of the XII century. before and. e. 3 ENEY-Male Tsar Dardanov, one of the tribes of Malaya Asia, according to legend, after the destruction of the city of Troy, fled to Italy and became the "Roman people" of the Roman people. ■\u003e Logographs were called in Greece the authors of the first prosaic works (VI - V centuries. BC). 5 Alba is one of the oldest cities of Central Italy. No. 5. Legend on the basis of Rome (Libya Tit, I, 3-7). Tit Libya - Roman historian times of the formation of the empire. Born, he was in 59 to and. E in the Italian city of Patavia (modern Padua), died in 17 and. e. Libya is the author of monumental labor in 142 books, which is called "Roman history from the founding of the city" (that is Rome). From these books came to IAS only 35: from the first to the tenth and from the twenty-first forty-fifth. In the first ten books contain events from the founding of Rome and until 293 BC. er, in books twenty-first - forty-fifth - the description of the events of 218-168 is given. BC e. The content of the rest of the books is known for briefly annotations, the so-called epitomas drawn up in IV century. n. e. Libya's work had a significant impact on the entire subsequent Roman historiography and had many imitators. In their political views of Libya, he was a significant ideologue of the ruling classes of the times of principle. The slogan of Pax Rornana (Roman World), officially proclaimed by August, received a wide reflection in his "Roman history". The value of the first ten books of Roman History is relatively small, there is a lot of fantastic, the great importance of Libya gives signs, predictions of oracles, etc. More reliable information reported to them in books twenty-first-fifteen, where the description of the Punic Wars and the international situation is given. time. On the whole writing of Libya imposed a fingerprint with which it was written: in the preface it is said that the purpose of labor is the description of those qualities and the merits of the Roman people who helped him achieve such strength and power. Thanks to this "novelter-centrist\u003e position from the author's field of view, a large number of events that have essential in the history of the Mediterranean falls. Very often in the writings of Libya, the political views of those historians, whose works he used completely uncritically. All these comments must be taken into account by using the "Roman history" of Tita Libya as a historical source. The son of Eneu Askani has not yet achieved that age to enter into power, but this power has been safely preserved for him before the period of his matureness; During such a long time, the Latin state, the kingdom of his grandfather and father survived the boy thanks to the female security - such a capable woman was the mother of Askania Lavinia. This aspius due to an excess of the population in the city of Lavinia, named after his father in honor of his wife, provided his mother blooming at that time and rich city, and founded 14 Albanian Mountains, which called the long (Long) albeit, Since he looked at his position on the mountain range. There were almost thirty years between the foundation of the Lavinia and the colony of Alba Long, when the power of the state increased to the fact that neither after the death of the Enai, nor during the reign of a woman, nor even in the first years of the reign of the young man either the leader of ethrusks of mesencies nor other neighbors risked to raise weapons . According to a peace treaty, the Albula River, called the Tiber, became the border between Etruscs and Latinians. Then I reigned the son of Askania Sylvius, named so because it was born in the forest. He had the son of Eney Sylvius, and this is Latin Silvius. OI founded several colonies. According to his name, the ancient Latinians received their name. Then all the kings of the Alba remained the nickname of Silviev. Further, after a number of other kings, the rules of contract. He had the sons of a numitor and Amuluy. The ancient kingdom of Silviev was presented to a numerator as the eldest son. But the force was above the will of the father and the right of seniority: the trial of his brother, Amululi reigned; To one atrochement, he joined another, making his brother's son; The daughter of Brother - Rey Sylvia - he deprived of hope for offspring, making it under the guise of the honorable wisp. But, I suppose such a strong city and the state, inferior only by the power of the gods, was obliged to fail the emergence of the predetermination of fate. When the witness gave birth to the twins, she declared the father of this lackless offspring of the god of the war of Mars or because she believed in it, or because he considered more honorable to put his crime to God more honorable. However, neither the gods nor people could protect her and children from the cruelty of the king: the prison in the skies were in jail, and the children were ordered to throw into the river. But by chance, or by the will "of the gods, the Tiber spoke out of the banks and formed calmly water, so nowhere could be approached by him; however, the sent hoped that the children would evenre in such water. So, considering yourself by the commandment by the command of the king, they threw off the children in the nearest puddle, where the Ruminal Mathemian is now located (they say that it was called Romulovoy). In those places there was an extensive desert. There is a legend that when the swimming trough, in which boys were thrown, after the decline of water remained on a dry place, the Wolf, who was walking from the surrounding mountains, headed for crying children; She with such meekness began to feed them with her breasts, that the main royal shepherd, named by Faustul, found her liding children. He brought them home and gave to the upbringing wife of his lacc. So "they were born and so they were upRooted; when they grew up, then, not remaining" ^ affairs in the shepherd hut or about herd, they, hunting, wondered in the forests. Holding among such classes in the body and spirit, 75 they were not only (pursued animals, but they were attacked on the robbers, burdened extraction, shared themselves among the shepherds and from this from day to the day increased by a friend and affected and jokes. Already at that time existed The festival of Loperkali. It consisted that naked young men competed in the race, accompanying jokes and fun to worship God to Pan. This holiday became famous; and now, when Romulus and Rem betrayed games, robbers, annoyed loss of mining, staged them an ambush; Romulus He was fighted, and Rem was captured and in addition presented the king Amulia as the accused. The main wines were that they attacked the fields of the numerator and with a whip of young men hijacked cattle from there, accurate enemies. As a result, Rem was transferred to the penaltress. Already from the very The starts of the FUUSTAUL suspected that he was raised by royal children; he knew that they were thrown on the command of the king; the time coincided and the time when he found them; but,. Over the end Altu, he did not want to open it, will the case fall out or makes it necessary. The need came earlier. And so, under the influence of fear, he opens all Romulu. Randomly at the numerator when he kept Rememy, and he glanced about the twin brothers, thought about grandchildren when they compare their age and the character of the captive, not at all similar to the slave. By asked, he came to the same result and almost recognized Rem. Thus, "the king on all sides goes the goats. Romulus, not counting himself strong for the action of the open, does not attack the king with a whip of young men, and orders each shepherd to come to his dear at a certain time to the palace. From the dwelling of the numerator is the Rem. Prepared another detachment. So they kill the king. Numitor at the beginning of turmoil, stating that the enemies invaded the city and attacked the palace, withdrew Albanian youth to protect the fortress; when he saw that the brothers, king's king, go to him with a greeting, he immediately convenes the meeting, puts the crime of his brother against him, indicates the origin, birth and cultivation of grandchildren, says, how to be recognized, as Tiran was then killed and announces that he is the culprit of this. The young men, coming to the middle of the meeting, welcomed the grandfather to the king, and the consequences that followed the conquest to him the royal name and power behind him. By providing the Albanian Kingdom to the Numitor, Romulus and Rem wished to establish the city in those places where they were found and raised. In addition, the Albanian and Latin population was an excess; They were joined by shepherds, all this filed the hope that the Alba and Lavinians would be small in comparison with the city, which they were going to establish. But these calculations needed bad influence Dedovsky Evil - Passion to the Tsar - 16 of the Power, the consequence of which was a shameful battle, which arose due to unavailable circumstances. Since the brothers were twins and could not be solved on the basis of the birth championship, the Romulus elects Palatinskin, and Rem-anek-Tineques of fortune telling to the gods, patrons of those places, indicated signs, who would give the name of the city and to whom to manage them. It is said that the sign - 6 Korshunov - was previously the Roma, and it was already announced when Romulu was a double number, and that another crowd of adherents welcomed the king: some demanded the royal power for his leader, based on the advantage of time, others Among the birds. Brank rose, and irritation caused by it led to a fight, during which Rem was killed in the landfill. More common, however, legend that Rem, laughing his brother, jumped through the walls of the new city; The angry Romulus killed him, saying: "So it will be with all sorts of one who jumps over through my walls." Thus, Romulus one convinced the kingdom, and the city was named the founder's name. Translate L. Klevanop. ; No. 6. Reform Serbia Tully (Dionysius, Roman antiquities, IV, 15-18) He (Series Tully) ordered all Romans to sign up and evaluate their property on silver, fastening the testimony by the usual ski, that the information is valid and that property is valued completely and in the most High rates, declare, from which father who is going on, indicate their age, call their wives and children and which fillet of the city each is attributed to or to which country area. To the one who will not give such an assessment, he threatened with the deprivation of property, corporal punishment and selling into slavery. This law has existed for the Romans for a very long time. When everyone was evaluated, he took the record and, having acquainted with their large number and from the size of the property, introduced the best of "all the political structure, as reality showed, the source of the greatest benefits for the RC, blah." This political device was such: in the first discharge he allocated from total Those who had the highest assessment of property, not less than a hundred MCN "[Each]. Dividing these citizens to 80 centuries 2 [Lokhov], he ordered them to have a full structure: Argolyysque panels, spears, copper helmets, armor, pants and swords. They, in turn, divided them into two parts: 40 centuries He filled out with young people who commissioned hostilities in the open field, and 40 - more elderly people who were supposed in the case of the care of young people, remain- * Readings on the history of the ancient of the world, t. Ill / 7 Wanted in the city and guarding his steels from the inside. That was the first time. In war, he ranked first in the ranks of Falangi. Further, in the second category, he allocated the PZ of the rest of those who had the property ^ less than on Ten thousand drachm3 or at least seventy five minutes [each]. Dividing them on 20 centuries, he ordered them to have the same weapon, as the first, only Schszynesi did not give them instead of Argven. shps They gave them oblong quadrangular shields. Highlighting and among them the crowds older than forty-five years from people of a call age, he formed 10 centuries of young warriors, who had to fight in front of the walls of the city, and 10 centuries of the older "age, which he pointed to guard the walls. That was the second category, in They ranked among the advanced fighters. It was the third category from those among the others who had a property of less than seven thousand five hundred drachms or not less than five mines [each]. Armament of these centuries OI reduced not only in relation to the pants who did not give and the second category, but also in relation to the dialer. He divided this discharge on 20 centuries and in the same way as the first two discharge, distributed them by age and provided 10 prices Guri to young soldiers and 10 centuries more elderly. The place of these centuries in the battle was behind the commanders of advanced fighters. Then the lamb again from the remaining those who had the property less than. On five drachms, for no less than twenty-five minutes [each], he Formed the fourth rank of them. And he divided them into 20 centuries, of which 10 filled with people in the heyday and 10 others whiter than elderly, just as ■ entered with previous discharges. As a weapon, he ordered them to have oblong shields, swords and spears and take the last place in the ranks. The fifth category of people with property in less than twenty-five minutes, but not less than twelve and a half min, he divided into 30 centuries, but they filled them with a transmitted sign: 15 of these centuries he provided elderly people and 15 - young. It was prescribed to armed with throwing spears and swarms and fight out. Four centuries that have no weapons, he prescribed to accompany the armed. Of the EGPH four centuries, two consisted of rugs and carpenters of other masters, manufacturing everything necessary for military affairs; Two others, of the trumpeters and hillitors and those who know how to bring military signals on other tools. Centuries made up of artisans accompanied warriors from the second category, and also were divided into 18 years and one centurium accompanied the young, and the other elderly; Trumpeters and the hill diners were. Just the centuries of the fourth discharge. And of these, one centurium consisted of young, the other is from the elderly. Centurions [Lohagi], who energized from the most noble, trained each of their centuries to fulfill all military teams. Such was the device of the foot troops: phalange »4 and passengerized detachments. At the same Connection, he [servi Tully] amounted to from Luden, with the most property and most prominent in its origin. He divided them to 18 centuries and joined them to the first eighty centuries of phalangeists. Heads of equestrian centuries [Lokhov] were also the most prominent and noble people. All other citizens who have of the property are less than twelve and a half mines, the number of above mentioned above, he placed in one century, freed from military service and from paying taxes. Total centuries in all discharges blind was 193. The first class was together with riders of 98 centuries; the second class - 22 centuries, counting two centuries of artisans; Third class - 20 centuries; Fourth - again 22 centuries with trumpets and hubbles; Fifth class-30 centuries; The sixth grade, delivered after all, is only one centurium of people of poor. Persian. V. S. Sokolova. 1 minimal unit in Greece, equal to approximately 450 g; One gold mine is five silver. 2 centuries (valuable) - division of citizens on the property basis. According to the Constitution, serving Tully such centuries was 193. 3 drachma - an attic silver coin equal to 35 kopecks. Gold. 4 Falanga - a detachment of troops, fighting in a closer building. № 7. The origin of the Tribunate (Livni Tit, II, 23, 24, 27-33) threatened the war with Voliskamp, \u200b\u200b"and within the state they went to the state, as the plebeians were burning with hatred for patricians mainly because of those who went to Kabalu For debts. Dissatisfied between Plebays Roptali, which, fighting outside of the Motherland in defense of freedom and power, at home they are in captivity and oppressing among fellow citizens that freedom of plebeans is susceptible to more security during the war than during the world, and more among the enemies, Than among fellow citizens. This hatred, I already finished to break through, the plummeted position of one prominent person, he was a distressed of one prominent man. He rushed to the forum 2 in old years, pointing to the signs of all his misfortunes. His clothes were 2 * 19 indoor dirt, even more vile appearance had his body, squeezed from pallor and thin; besides, the collapsing beard and hair gave him a wild look. However, it was possible to know him; they said that he was Centurion 3; mentioned with compassion and about others civil differences; He himself showed in several places the scars on the chest, testifying to his valiant battles. To the questions of the crowd, surrounding him like a popular assembly, from where this kind, from where there is such a disgrace, he replied that, serving in Sabinskaya war4, oh; n owed, because due to the devastation of the field, it was not only lost yields, but his house was set fire, all It was looted, the cattle was hijacked; Just at this difficult time, a military file was imposed on it. Growing from percent debt first deprived of his father and grandfathers, then the rest of the property and, finally, accurately charkers, reached the body; The lender not only took him into slavery, but put in the dungeon and the shy. Then he showed the back, disfigured traces of fresh blows. Seeing. And hearing it, the people raised a strong cry. Noise is not limited to the forum, but it is distributed throughout the city. Debtors<в оковах и "без оков со всех сторон бросаются на улицу, умоляя «ниритоз5 о защите. Везде находятся такие, кто охотно примыкает к восставшим; со всех сторон многочисленные толпы по всем дорогам с криком бегут на форум. Те сенаторы, которые были тогда случайно «а форуме, с большою опасностью для себя попали в эту толпу, и она дала бы волю рукам, если бы консулы Публий Серишшй и Аппнй Клавдий не вмешались поспешно в дело подавления восстания. Но толпа, обратившись к him, стала показывать свои окозы. Она говорила: вот награда за ее службу. Каждый с упреком говорил о своих ратных подвигах в различных местах. Скорее с угрозой, чем покорно, плебеи требуют созыва сената и окружают курию, желая сами собраться и руководить решением общественного собрания. Консулы с трудом нашли лишь очень немногих случайно подвернувшихся сенаторов; прочие побоялись показаться не только в курии, но даже и на форуме, и по малолюдству сенат не мог устроить никакого совещания. Тогда толпа решает, что над ней издеваются и умышленно затягивают дело, что отсутствующие сенаторы поступают так не случайно, не из страха, а из желания затормозить дело, что колеблются и сами консулы и, несомненно, несчастие народа служит только предметом насмешки. Дело было уже близко к тому, что даже и власть консула не могла обуздать раздраженной толпы, когда, наконец, собираются опоздавшие сенаторы, не зная, что рискованнее - медлить или итти. Когда курия уже наполнилась, то полного согласия не было не только между сенаторами, но и между самими консулами. Ап- пий, человек крутого права, полагал, что дело надо повести консульскою властью-схватить одного, другого, тогда остальные 20 успокоятся; более склонный к мягким мерам Сервилий полагал, что возбужденное настроение легче успокоить, чем переломить насильственно. Перев. Л. Клеванова. " Вольски -■ одно из древнейших племен Италии, обитало в Лации по берегам реки Лирис до впадения ее в море. Римляне вели с вбльскамп длительную борьбу, которая закончилась покорением последних. 2 Форум - центральная часть города Рима, расположенная на восточной стороне Капитолийского и северной части Палатинского холмов, где происходили народные собрания, заключались различные сделки и т. д. 3 Центурион - командующий центурией, отрядом солдат, состоявшим первоначально из 100 человек (а в более позднее время нз 60). 4 Сабинская война - война римлян с племенем сабинян, занимавшим области на северо-восток от Рима. 6 Квириты-почетное название римских граждан. № 8. ЗАКОНЫ XII ТАБЛИЦ Известный под именем «XII таблиц» (или, по более поздней терминологии, «Законов XII таблиц») памятник древнеримского права приписывается обыкновенно децемвирам и датируется 451-450 гг. до н. э. (Ливии, III, 34-37. Диодор, XII, 23-26). До наших дней он сохранился только в скудных, подчас очень темных по своему смыслу отрывках, которые мы находим у позднейших латинских авторов. Кроме того, нередки случаи, когда наши сведения о постановлениях, содержащихся в XII таблицах, ограничиваются сообщениями какого-либо писателя нлн юриста о том, что будто бы еще в этом памятнике предусматривалось регулирование в определенном направлении тех или иных социальных отношений; при этом точной цитаты этого постановления авторы обыкновенно не дают. Таким образом, у исследователя, занимавшегося восстановлением текста этого памятника, получался двоякого рода материал: с одной стороны, сохранившиеся в литературных источниках (далеко не безупречные с точки зрения полноты и точности) извлечения из этого так называемого «котекса децемвиров», а с другой - глухие, порой, быть может, даже неправильно приписываемые XII таблицам сообщения о каких-то юридических нормах, которые действовали в раннюю эпоху Римской республики и которые впоследствии считалось небесполезным реставрировать для защиты интересов консервативных групп правящего класса позднего Рима. Такая двойственность материала вызвала необходимость выделения этой втсрой группы имевшихся в нашем распоряжении данных о памятнике; такого рода сообщения приводятся, с указанием их автора, в круглых скобках. Наряду с этим для уяснения смысла переводимого текста нам представлялось целесообразным отказаться от лаконизма, присущего памятнику, и дополнить некоторые постановления отдельными словами и даже целыми фразами. Такие дополнения введены в текст в "квадратных скобках. ТАБЛИЦА I 1. Если вызывают [кого-нибудь] на судоговорение, пусть [вызванный] идет. Если [он] не идет, .пусть [тот, кто вызвал], подтвердит [свой вызов] три "Свидетелях, а потом вдет его насильно. 2. Если [вызванный] измышляет отговорки [для неявки] или пытается скрыться, пусть [тот, кто его вызвал] наложит на него руку. 2" 3. Если препятствием [для явки вызванного на судоговорение] будет его болезнь или старость, пусть [сделавший вызов] даст ему вьючное животное . Павозки , если не захочет, представлять не обязан ". 4. Пусть поручителем [на судоговорении] за живущего своим хозяйством будет [только] тот, кто имеет свое хозяйство. За бесхозяйного гражданина поручителем будет тот, кто пожелает. 5. Nex... foreti, sanates 2. 6. На чем договорятся, о том пусть [истец] и просит [на судоговорении] 3. 7. Бели [тяжущиеся стороны] не приходят к соглашению, пусть [они] до полудня сойдутся для тяжбы на форуме или на комицни4. Пусть обе присутствующие стороны по очереди защищают [свое дело]. 8. После полудня [магистрат] утвердит требование той стороны, которая присутствует [при судоговорении]. 9. Если [на судоговорении] присутствуют обе стороны, пусть заход солнца будет крайним сроком [судоговорения]. ТАБЛИЦА II 1. (Гай, Институции, IV. 14: по искам в 1000 и более ассов 5 взыскивался [в кассу понтификов] судебный залог [в сумме 500 ассов], по искам на меньшую сумму - 50 ассов, так было установлено законом XII таблиц. Если спор шел о свободе какого-нибудь человека, то хотя бы его цена была наивысшей, однако, тем же законом.предписывалось, чтобы тяжба шла о залоге [за человека, свобода которого оспаривалась] [всего лишь] в размере 50 ассов). 2. Если одна из таких причин, как... тяжкая болезнь, или [совпадение дня судебного разбирательства] с днем, положенным для обвинения [кого-либо] ib изменеG, [будет препятствовать] судье, третейскому посреднику или тяжущейся стороне [явиться на судебное разбирательство], то [таковое] должно быть перенесено на другой день. 3. Пусть [тяжущийся], которому недостает свидетельских показаний, идет к воротам дома [неявигашегося на разбирательство свидетеля] и в течение трех дней во всеуслышание.взывает [к нему]. ТАБЛИЦА Ш 1. Пусть будут [даны должнику] 30 льготных дней после признания [им] долга или после постановления [против него] судебного решения. 2. [По истечении указанного срока] пусть [истец] наложит руку [на должника]. Пусть ведет его на судоговорение [для исполнения решения]. 22 3. Если [должник] не выполнил [добровольно] судебного решения и никто не освободил его от ответственности при судоговорении, пусть [истец] уведет его к себе и наложит на него колодки или оковы" весом не менее, а, если пожелает, то и более 15 фунтов. 4. [Во время пребывания в заточении должник], если хочет, пусть кормится за свой собственный счет. Если же он не находится на своем содержании, то пусть [тот, кто держит его в заточении], выдает ему по фунту муки в день, а при желании1 может давать и больше. 5. (А в л Гелл и й, Аттические ночи, XX, 1, 46: Тем временем [пока должник находился в заточении] он имел право помириться [с истцом], но если [стороны] не мирились, то [такие должники] оставались в заточении 60 дней. В течение этого срока их три раза подряд в базарные дни приводили к претору на комиции и [при этом] объявлялась присужденная с них сумма денег. В третий базарный день они предавались смертной казни или поступали в продажу за границу, за Тибр7). 6. В третий базарный день пусть разрубят должника на части. Если отсекут больше или меньше, то пусть это не будет вменено тм [в вину]8. 7. Пусть сохраняет [свою] силу навеки иск против изменника 9. ТАБЛИЦА IV 1. (Цицер он, О законах, III, 8, 19: ...С такой же легкостью был лишен жизни, как по XII таблицам, младенец [отличавшийся] исключительным уродством). 2. Если отец трижды продаст сына, то пусть сын будет свободен [от власти] отца. 3. (Цицерон, Филиппики, II, 28, 69; [Пользуясь] постановлением XII таблиц, приказал своей жене взять принадлежащие ей вещи и, отняв [у нее] ключ, изгнал [ее]). 4. (А в л Гелл и й, Аттические ночи, III, 16, 12: Мне известно, что [когда] женщина... родила на одиннадцатом месяце после смерти мужа, то [из этого] возникло дело, будто бы она зачала после того, как умер ее муж, ибо децемвиры написали, что человек рождается на десятом, а не на одиннадцатом месяце. ТАБЛИЦА V 1. (Гай, Институции, 1, 144-145: Предки [наши] утверждали, что даже совершеннолетние женщины вследствие присущего им легкомыслия должны состоять под опекою... Исключение допускалось только для дев-весталок, которых древние римляне в уважение к их жреческому сану освобождали от опеки. 1ак было постановлено законом XII таблиц). 23 2. (Г а и, Институции, II, 47: Законом XII таблиц было определено, что res mancipi l0, принадлежащие женщине, находившейся под опекою агнатов ", не подлежали давности за исключением лишь того случая, когда сама женщина передавала эти пещи с согласия опекуна). 3. Как кто распорядится на случай своей смерти относительно своего домашнего имущества или относительно опеки [над подвластными ему лицами], так пусть то и будет ненарушимым. 4. Если кто-нибудь, у кого нет подвластных ему лиц, умрет, не оставив распоряжений о наследнике, то пусть его хозяйство шзьмет себе [его] -ближайший агнат. 5. Если [у умершего] нет агнатов, пусть [оставшееся после него] хозяйство.возьмут [его] сородичи. 6. (Г а и, Институции, I, 155: По закону XII таблиц опекунами над лицами, которым не было.назначено опекуна по завещанию, являются пх агнаты). 7а. Если человек впал в безумие, то пусть власть над ним самим и над его имуществом возьмут его агнаты или его сородичи. 76. (Ульпиан, I, 1, pr. D., XXVII, 10: Согласно закону XI! таблиц, расточителю воспрещалось управление принадлежащим ему имуществом.) ((Ульпиан, Lib. sing, regularum XII 2: Закон XII таблиц повелевает безумному и расточителю, на имущество которых наложено запрещение, состоять на попечении их агнатов). 8а. (Ульпиан, Lib. sing, regularum, XXXX, 1: Закон XII таблиц передавал патрону наследство после римского гражданина из вольноотпущенников в там случае, если последний, не имея подвластных ему лиц, умирал, не оставив завещания). 86. (Ульпиан, I, 195, § 1, D., L. 16: Говоря [об отношениях между патроном и вольноотпущенником], закон указывает, что имущество вольноотпущенника переходит из той семьи в эту семью, (причем в данном случае] закон, .говорит [о семье, как совокупности] отдельных лиц12). 9а. (Гор дм а н, I, 6, с. III, 36: По закону XII таблиц имущество, состоящее в долговых требованиях [умершего к другим лицам], непосредственно [т. е. без выполнения каких-либо юридических формальностей] распределяется между сонаследниками в соответствии с их наследственными, долями). 96. (Диоклетиан, I, 26, с. II, 3: Согласно закону XII таблиц, долги умершего непосредственно разделяются [между его наследниками] соразмерно полученным [ими] долям наследства). 10. (Г а й, I, 1, рт. С, X, 2: Иск [о раздете наследства] "основывается на постановлении закона XII таблиц). 24 ТАБЛИЦА VI 1. Если кто заключает сделку самозаклада |3 или отчуждения вещи [в присутствии 5 свидетелей и весовщика], то пусть- слова, которые произносятся при этом, почитаются ненарушимыми. 2. (Цицерон, Об обязанностях, III, 16: По XII таблицам? считалось достаточным представить доказательства того, что было произнесено [при заключении сделки], и отказывавшийся от своих слов подлежал штрафу вдвое). 3. (Цицерон, Тор., IV, 23: Давность владения в отношении земельного участка [устанавливалась] в два иода, в отношении всех других вещей - в один год). 4. (Г а й, Институции, I, 3: Законом XII таблиц было- определено, что женщина, не желавшая установления вад собой власти мужа [фактом давностного с нею сожительства], должна, была ежегодно отлучаться из своего дома на три ночи и таким" образом прерывать годичное даввостное владение [ею]). 5а. (А в л Геллий, Аттические мочи, XX, 17, 7, 8: Собственноручно отстоять [свою вещь] при судоговорении... это значит- налюжить руку на ту вещь, о которой идет спер при судоговорении, [т. е. иными словами] состязаясь с противником, ухватиться рукой за спорную вещь и в торжественных выражениях отстаивать право на нее. Наложение руки на вещь производилось в- определенном месте в присутствии претора на ocHOBaHmr. XII таблиц, где было написано: «Если кто-нибудь собственноручно отстаивает свою вешь при судоговорении»). 56. (Павел, Fragm. Vat, 50: Закон XII таблиц утвердил- [отчуждение вещи] путем сделки, совершавшейся в присутствии 5 свидетелей и весовщика, а также путем.отказа от права собственности на эту вещь при судоговорении перед претором). 6. (Тит Ливии, III, 44: Защитники [Вергинии] требуют,. чтобы [Аппий Клавдий], согласно закону, им же самим проведенному, дал предварительное распоряжение относительно девушки в благоприятном для се свободы смысле). 7. Пусть [собственник] не трогает и не отнимает [принадлежащего ему] бревна [или жердей], использованных [другим человеком] на постройку здания или для посадки виноградника. 8. (Ульпиан, I, 1, pr. D., XLVII, 3: Закон XII таблиц непозволял ни отнимать, ни требовать как свою собственность украденные бревна и жерди, употребленные на постройку или Для посадки виноградника, но предоставлял при этом иск в Двойном размере [стоимости этих материалов] против того, кто* обвинялся в использовании их). " 9. Когда же виноград будет срезан, пока [жерди] не убраны!4... 25- ТАБЛИЦА VII 1. (Фест, De verborurn significatu, 4: Обход, [т. е. незастроенное место] вокруг здания, должен быть шириною два с половиной фута). " 2. (Гай, I, 13, D., X, 1: Нужно заметить, что при иске о размежевании границ необходимо соблюдать указание закона , установленное как бы по примеру следующего законодательного распоряжения, которое, как говорят, ■было проведено в Афинах Соловом: если вдоль соседнего участка выкапывался ров, то нельзя было переступать границы, ■ если [ставить] забор, то нужно отступать [от соседнего участка] на один фут, если - дом для жилья, то отступить на два фута, если копают яму или могилу, отступить настолько, насколько глубоко выкопана яма, если колодец - отступить на 6 футов, -если сажают оливу или смоковницу, отступить от соседнего участка на девять футов, а прочие деревья-на 5 футов). 3. (П л и н и й, Естественная история, 19, 4, 50: В XII таблицах не употреблялось совершенно слово «хутор» , а для обозначения его [пользовались] часто "Словом hortus [отгороженное место], [придавая этому значение] отцовского имущества). 4. (Цицерон, О зап<шах, I, 21, 55: XII таблиц занреща- .ли приобретение по давности межи; шириною в 5 футов). 5. (Цицерон, О законах, I, 21, 55: Согласно постановлению XII таблиц, когда военикает спор о границах, то мы про-из- зодим размежевание с участием 3 посредников). 6. (Гай, I, 8, D., VIII, 3: По закону XII таблиц ширина дороги по прямому направлению определялась в 8 футов, а на поворотах - в 16 футов). 7. Пусть [собственники придорожных участков] огораживают.дорогу, если они не убивают ее камнем, пусть едет на вьючном животном, где пожелает. 8а. Если дождевая вода причиняет вред... 86. (Павел, I, 5, D., XLIII, 8: Если протекающий по общественной земле ручей или водопровод причинял ущерб частному владению, то собственнику [последнего] давался иск на основании закона XII таблиц о возмещении убытков). 9а. (У ль пиан, I, 1, § 8, D., XLIII, 27: Закон XII таблиц приказывал принимать меры к тому, чтобы деревья на высоте 15 футов кругом подрезались для того, чтобы их тень не причиняла вреда соседнему участку). 96. (Пом пони й, I, 2, D., XLIII, 27: Если дерево с соседнего участка склонилось ветром на твой участок, ты на основании закона XII таблиц можешь предъявить иск об уборке его). 10. (Плиний, Естественная история, XVI, 5, 15: Законом XII таблиц разрешалось собирать жолуди, падающие с сосед- -него участка). 11. (Юстиниан, I, 41; I, II, 1: Проданные и переданные вещи становятся собственностью покупателя лишь в том случае, 26 если он уплатит продавцу покупную цену или обеспечит ему каким-либо образом удовлетворение [его требования], например, представит поручителя или даст что-либо в виде залога. Так было постановлено законом XII таблиц). 12. (Улыпиан, Lib. sing, regularum, II, 4: Если [наследо- ватель] делал следующее распоряжение: [отпускаю раба на волю под условием], что он уплатит моему наследнику 10 000 сестерциев, то хотя бы этот раб был отчужден от наследника, он все-таки должен получить свободу при уплате покупателю указанной суммы. Так было постановлено в законе XII таблиц). ТАБЛИЦА VIII 1а. Кто злую песню распевает 13. 16. (Цицерон, О республике, IV, 10, 12: XII таблиц установили смертную казнь за небольшое число преступных деяний и в том числе считали необходимым применение ее в том случае, когда кто-нибудь сложит или будет распевать песню, которая содержит в себе клевету или опозорение другого). 2. Если причинит членовредительство и не помирится с [потерпевшим], то пусть и ему самому будет причинено то же самое. 3. Если рукой или палкой переломит кость свободному человеку, пусть заплатит штраф в 300 ассов, если рабу- 150 ассов 4. Если причинит обиду, пусть штраф будет 25. 5. ...Сломает, пусть возместит. 6. (Ульпиаи, 1, 1, pr. D., IX, 1: Если кто пожалуется, что домашнее животное причинило ущерб, то закон XII таблиц повелевал или выдать [потерпевшему] животное, причинившее вред, или возместить стоимость нанесенного ущерба). 7. (Ульпиан, I, 14, § 3, D., XIX, 5: Если жолуди с твоего дерева упадут на мой участок, а я, выгнав скотину, скормлю их ей, то по закону XII таблиц ты не мог предъявить иска ни о потраве, ибо не на твоем участке паслась скотина, ни о вреде, причиненном животным, пи об убытках, нанесенных неправомерным деянием). 8а. Кто заворожит посевы... 86. Пусть не переманивает [на свой участок] чужого урожая. 9. (Плиний, Естественная история, 18, 3, 12: По XII таблицам смертным грехом для взрослого было потравить или сжать в ночное время урожай с обработанного плугом поля. предписывали [такого] обреченного [богине] Це- Рере человека предать смерти. Несовершеннолетнего [виновного в подобном преступлении] по усмотрению претора или подвергали бичеванию, или присуждали к возмещению причиненного вРеда в двойном размере). Ю. (Гай, Институции, I, 9, D., XLVII, 9: [Законы XII таблиц] повелевали заключить в оковы и после бичевания пре- 27 дать смерти того, «то поджигал строения или сложенные около дома скирды хлеба, если [виновный] совершил это преднамеренно. [Если пожар произошел] случайно, т. е. по неосторожности, то закон.предписывал, [чтобы виновный] возместил ущерб, a n-pi* его несостоятельности был подвергнут более легкому наказанию). 11. (Плиний, Естественная история, 17, 1, 7: В XII таблицах было предписано, чтобы за злостную порубку чужих деревьев виновный уплачивал по 25 ассов за каждое дерево). 12. Если совершавший в ночное время кражу убит,[та месте], то пусть убийство [его] будет считаться правомерным. 13. При свете дня... если сопротивляется с оружием [в руках], созови народ. 14. (Л в л Г ел ли й, Аттические «очи, XI, 18, 8: Децемвиры предписывали свободных людей, пойманных в краже с поличным, подвергать телесному наказанию п выдавать [головой] тому, у кого совершена кража, рабов же наказывать кнутом и сбрасывать со скалы; но [в отношении! .несовершеннолетних] было постановлено или подвергать их по усмотрению претора телесному наказанию, или взыскивать с них возмещение убытков). 15а. (Гай, III, 191: По закону XII таблиц был установлен штраф в размере тройной стоимости вещей в том случае, когда вещь отыскивалась у кого-либо при формальном обыске или когда она была принесена к укрывателю и найдена у него). 156. (Г а й, Институции, III, 192: Закон XII таблиц предписывает, чтобы при производстве обыска [обыскивающий] не «мел никакой одежды, кроме полотняной повязки, и держал в руках чашу). 16. Если предъявлялся иск о краже, [при которой вор не был пойман с "поличным], пусть [суд] решает спор [присуждением] двойной стоимости вещи. 17. (Гай, Институции, II, 45: Законом XII таблиц запрещается приобретение краденой вещи по давности). 18а. (Тацит, Анналы, VI, 16: Впервые XII таблицами было постановлено, чтобы никто не брал более одного процента [в месяц], тогда как до этого бралось по прихоти богатых). 186. (К а тон, О земледелии, Предисловие, 1: Предки наил имели [обыкновение] и положили в законах присуждать вора к. уплате двойной стоимости [украденной вещи], ростовщика к [взысканию] в четырехкратном размере [полученных процентов]). 19. (Павел, Libri V sentiarum, II, 12 11: По закону XII таблиц за вещь, сданную на хранение, дается иск б двойном размере стоимости этой вещи). 20а. (У л ь п н а>n, I, I, § 2, D., XXVI, 10: It should be noted that the charge [guardian in the unscrupulous shipment of their duties] implies from the law of the XII tables). 28 206. (Trifonian, I, I, 1, § 55, D., XXVI, 7: In case of rejection of the guardians of the property of their ward, it is necessary to establish whether they will not allow each of these guardians separately that one is in double-size which was installed in XII tables against guardians). 21. Let be devoted to the gods underground, [t. e. Curse], that cartridge that causes harm [to its] client. 22. If [someone] participated [when making a transaction] as a witness or a weighing, [and then] refuses to testify, then let [he be recognized] dishonest and loss the right to be a witness. 23. (A in L Gelle, Attic Nights, XX, 1, 53: By XII Tables, Strended<в лжесвидетельстве сбрасывался с Тарпейокой скалы). 24а. Если брошенное рукой копье полетит дальше, чем целил, пусть принесет [в жертву] барана. 246. (Плиний, Естественная история, XVIII, 3, 12; 8-9: По XII таблицам, за тайное истребление урожая [назначалась] смертная казнь... более тяжкая, чем за убийство человека). 25. (Гай, I, 236, рг. D., L, 16: Если кто-нибудь говорит о яде, то должен добавить, вреден ли он или полезен для здоровья, ибо и лекарства являются ядом). 26. (Порций, Lampo. Decl. in Catil, 19: Как мы знаем, в XII таблицах предписывалось, чтобы никто не устраивал в городе ночных сборищ). 27. (Гай, I, 4, D., XLVII, 22: Закон XII таблиц предоставлял членам коллегий [сообществ] право заключить между собою любые соглашения, лишь бы этим они не нарушали какого-нибудь постановления, касающегося общественного порядка. Закон этот, невидимому, был заимствован из законодательства Солона). ТАБЛИЦА IX 1-2. (Цицерон, О законах, III, 4, 11, 19, 44: Привилегий, [т. е. отступлений в свою пользу от закона], пусть не испрашивают. Приговоров о смертной казни римского гражданина «густь не выносят, иначе как в центуриатных комицнях... Пре- славные законы XII таблиц содержали два постановления, из которых одно уничтожало всякие отступления от закона в пользу отдельных лиц, а другое запрещало выносить приговоры о смертной казни римского гражданина, иначе как в центуриатных комициях). 3. (А в л Гелл и и, Аттические ночи, XX, 17: Неужели ты будешь считать суровым постановление закона, карающее смертною казнью того судью или посредника, которые были назначены при судоговорении [для разбирательства дела] и бы- ли уличены в 1том, что приняли денежную мзду по [этому] делу?) 29 4. Помпоиий, 1, 2, § 23, D., 1, 2: Квесторы, присутствовавшие при исполнении смертных приговоров, именовались уголовными квесторами, о них упоминалось даже в законе XII таблиц). 5. (Марциан, I, 3, D., XLV1II, 4: Закон XII таблиц повелевает предавать смертной казни того, кто подстрекает врага [римского народа к нападению на римское государство] или того, кто "Предает врагу римского гражданина). 6. (С а л ьв и ал, О правлении божьем, VIII, 5: Постановления XII таблиц запрещали лишать жизни без суда какого бы то ни было человека). ТАБЛИЦА X 1. Пусть мертвеца не хоронят и не сжигают в городе. 2. Свыше этого пусть не делают. Дров для [погребального костра] пусть топором не обтесывают. 3. (Цицерон, О законах, II, 23, 59: Ограничив расходы [на погребение] тремя саванами, одной пурпуровой туникою и десятью флейтистами, закон XII таблиц воспретил также и причитания [по умершим]). 4. Пусть [на похоронах] женщины щек не царапают и по умершим не причитают. 5. Пусть костей мертвеца не собирают, чтобы впоследствии совершить погребение (Цицерон, О законах, II, 23, 59: за ■исключением лишь того случая, когда смерть постигла на поле битвы или на чужбине). ба. (Цицерон, О законах, II, 23, 59: Кроме того, в законах устанавливаются еще следующие [правил а]: отменяется бгльзампрование [умащиваиие] рабов и питье круговой чаши. «Без пышного окропления, без длинных гирлянд, без "Курильниц»). бб. (Фсст, De verb, signif.. 154: В XII таблицах постановлено не ставить перед умершими напитков с миррою). 7. (Если кто-нибудь был награжден венком или сам лично, или за своих лошадей и рабов, [выступавших на играх], или если венок был дан ему за его доблесть, то при его смерти но возбранялось возложить венок на умершего как у него дома, так и на форуме, равным образом его родным дозволялось присутствовать на похоронах в венках). 8. А также золота с покойником пусть не кладут. Но если у умершего зубы были скреплены золотом, то не возбраняется похоронить или сжечь его с этим золотом. 9. (Цицерон, О законах, II, 24, 61: Закон запрещает без согласия собственника устраивать погребальный костер или могилу на расстоянии ближе чем 60 футов от принадлежащего ему здания). 30 10. (Цицерон, О законах, II, 24, 61: Закон запрещает приобретать по давности место захоронения, а равно и место сожжения трупа). ТАБЛИЦА XI 1. (Цицерон, О республике, II, 36, 36: [Децемвиры второго призыв а], прибавив две таблицы лицеприятных законов, [между прочим] санкционировали самым бесчеловечным законом запрещение браков между плебеями и патрициями) . 2. (Макробий, Sat., I, 13. 21: Децемвиры, которые прибавили две таблицы, предлагали народу утвердить исправление календаря). ТАБЛИЦА XII 1. (Гай, Институции, IV, 28: Законом был введен захват вещи в целях обеспечения долга, и -.по закону XII таблиц это было допущено против того, кто приобрел животное для принесения жертвы, не уплатил за него покупной цены, а также и против того, кто не представит вознаграждения за сданное ему в наем вьючное животное, с тем условием, чтобы плата за пользование была употреблена им на жертвенный пир). 2а. Если раб совершит кражу или причинит вред. 26. (Г а й, Институции, IV, 75, 76: Преступления, совершенные подвластными лицами или рабами, порождали иски об ущербе, по которым домовладыке или собственнику раба предоставлялось или возместить стоимость причиненного вреда, или выдать головою виновного... [Эти] иски установлены или законами, или эдиктом претора. К искам, установленным законами, [принадлежит], .например, иск о воровстве, созданный законом XII таблиц). 3. (Фест, De verb, signif., 174: Если приносит [на судоговорение] поддельную вещь или отрицает [самый факт] судоговорения, пусть претор назначит трех посредников и по их решению пусть возместит ущерб в размере двойного дохода [от спорной вещи]). 4. (Г а й, 3, D., XLIV, 6: Законом XII таблиц было запрещено жертвовать храмам ту вещь, которая является предметом судебного разбирательства; в противном случае мы подвергаемся штрафу в размере двойной стоимости вещи, но нигде не выяснено, должен лн этот штраф уплачиваться государству или тому лицу, которое заявило притязание на данную вещь). 5. (Ливии, VII, 17, 12: В XII таблицах имелось постановление о том, что впредь всякое решение народного собрания Должно иметь силу закона). зт 1 Ср. А. Геллий, Аттические ночи. «Может быть ты думаешь, что под «словом jumentum следует разуметь вьючное животное и поэтому находишь ■бесчеловечным тащить в суд на животном больного человека, который лежал у себя дома в постели. Но это вовсе не так... Jumentum имело не только то значение, какое придают ему в наше время, [оно] употреблялось для названия телеги, двигавшейся с помощью запряженных в нее животных. Агсега же называли прочную деревенскую повозку, которая была со всеч сторон закрыта н устлана подстилкой и которой имели обыкновение пользо- .еаться для перевозки тяжело больных и престарелых людей» (XVI, :26, 28, 29). 2 Источники не содержат данных для восстановления смысла отрывка. 3 Как указывал Гай в его комментарии к XII таблицам, вызванный на суд подлежал освобождению, если по дороге к магистрату заключал миро- шую с тем, кто предъявлял к нему исковое требование (1, 22, 1. D.. II. 4). 4 Комиций-место на форуме, где происходили народные собрания, отправлялось правосудие и приводились в исполнение приговоры. 5 Асе - римская монета, которая за время существования Римского государства несколько раз меняла свою стоимость. Позднейший асе равнялся по своей стоимости приблизительно 3 коп. и был в 6 раз дешевле.старинного асса. Некоторые исследователи справедливо высказывают сомнения в том, что в эпоху XII таблиц Рим мог уже иметь чеканную монету. 6 Status dies cum hoste - эта фраза, по мнению исследователей и переводчиков XII таблиц, указывает, что, согласно XII таблицам, законным поводом для отсрочки разбирательства искового требования являлось совпадение дня, назначенного для тяжбы, с днем, установленным для суда над чужестранцем. Действительно, у Цицерона можно прочесть указание иа то, -что hostis употребляется древними римлянами для обозначения чужеземца (peregrinus). (Цицерон, Об обязанностях, I, 12, 37). Просматривая другие источники, легко заметить, что в этот термин римляне вносили оттенок враждебности по отношению к данному чужеземцу. Hostis, следовательно, был не только чужестранец, по враг, с которым Рим вел борьбу. Поэтому данный термин употреблялся для обозначения не только внешнего, но также и внутреннего врага. По указанию ■юриста Павла, «к врагам причислялись те, кого сенат или закон признавал таковыми» (1, 5, § 1; D. IV, 5). Кроме того, трудно допустить, чтобы в эпоху XII таблиц в Риме существовало судебное регулирование отношений граждан с чужестранцами, н ввиду этого правильнее было бы, казалось, придать приведенной выше фразе XII таблиц смысл более грозной и интсн- .сивн-ой охраны спокойствия всей общины, всего ее господствующего.класса. ■Когда дело шло о суде над изменником, гласит, по нашему пониманию, данное указание XII таблиц, приостанавливалось действие правил, ограждавших интересы отдельного гражданина. 7 Это сообщение Авла Геллия о предании должников смертной казни не отвечает показаниям других источников, которые с полной определенностью указывают, что долгозое право использовалось в древнем Риме в целях эксплуатации кредиторами должников и обращения последних в рабское состояние. Ср. Дионисий Галикарнасский: «Где же те, - спрашивал Валерий, - koi"o за их долги обращаю в рабство?» (Аттические ночи, VI, "59. Ср. также Ливии, VI, 34). 8 Ср. А. Геллий, Аттические ночи, XX, 1, 48: «Если должник отдавался судом нескольким кредиторам, то децемвиры разрешали им, буде того пожелают, разрубить и разделить на части тело отданного им человека. [Но] я не читал и не слыхал, чтобы в старину кто-нибудь был разрублен на части». 9 См. примечание 6 на стр. 32. 10 Под res mancipi источники разумели имущественные объекты - земля на территории Италии, рабы, вьючные н упряжные животные (быки, лошади, ослы и мулы) и так называемые сельские сервитута, т. е. права на чужую вещь, связанные с собственностью на земельный участок (право прохода, прогона скота и т. д.). «32 » Агнатами в Риме назывались лица, считавшиеся родственниками, в силу того что они состояли (или могли бы состоять) под властью одного и того же домовладыкп. Поэтому, например, жена являлась агнаткон братьев своего мужа, ибо все они находились под властью отца последнего (т. е. ее свекра), если бы он был жив. 12 Фохт высказывает предположение о том, что соответственное постановление XII таблиц гласило следующее: «Если вольноотпущенник, не имез- ший подвпастных ему лиц, умирал без завещания, то движимое имущество нз его хозяйства переходило в хозяйство его патрона». 13 По мнению Варрона «nexus назывался свободный человек, отдававший себя в рабство за деньги, которые он был должен, до тех пор, пока ие выплатит этого долга». 14 Дополняя этот отрывок следующим образом: «После уборки винограда, пока жерди не вынуты, их нельзя брать насильно», Фохт предполагал, что смысл данного постановления заключается в том, что когда после уборки винограда жерди были вытащены нз земли, собственник мог заявить на них свое право собственности. 15 В законе XII таблиц было постановлено наказывать палками за публичную брань. Сенека говорит: «И у нас в XII таблицах предписывалось не заклинать чужих плодов (т. е. урожая на деревьях)». Перевод и примечания проф. И. И. Яковкина (взяты из «Хрестоматии по древней истории», под ред. акад. В. В. Струве, т. I, Москва, 1936). № 9. ПОРАЖЕНИЕ РИМЛЯН В КАВДИНСКОМ УЩЕЛЬЕ (Тит Ливши, IX, 1-6) Наступил год, ознаменованный поражением римлян и Кав- дднеким миром ", консулами.были тогда Т. Ветурий Кальвин и Сп. Постумий. Главным вождем самнитов в этом году был К- Понтпий, сын Геренния... Выступив [против римлян] с войском, Понтий стал лагерем близ Кавдина, соблюдая возможную осторожность и скрытность. Зная, что вожди римлян и их coii- ока находятся уже в Калации, [где они стояли лагерем], Понтий отправил туда десять.воинов, переодетые пастухами. В разных местах, недалеко от римских постов, он велел пастухам стеречь стада, а когда они попадутся <в руки неприятельских отрядов, на все расспросы отвечать одно и то же: «легионы самнитов в Апулии, всеми силами осаждают Луцерию и уже почти готовы овладеть ею». Слух этот, с умыслом распущенный, уже и прежде дошел до римлян; iho они поверили ему еще больше на основании единогласных показаний пленных. Итак, со стороны римлян решено было немедленно подать помощь жителям Лу- церии, .как хорошим и верным союзникам. Это было необходимо: потеря Луцерни могла повлечь за собою отпадение всей Апулии. Вопрос только заключался в том, какою дорогою идти к Луцерии: одна шла ровными и безопасными местами по берегу Верхнего моря, но представляла то неудобство., что была длиннее. Другая, много короче, шла через Кавдинские Фуркулы. А местность здесь такова: два глубоких, покрытых лесом ущелья тянутся между двумя непрерывными горными хребта- " Хрестоматия по истории древнего мира, т. Ill 23 мп; посередине они расходятся, образуя довольно обширную поляну, представлявшую прекрасное пастбище; через эти-то места надобно было проходить; сначала, чтобы достигнуть поляны, нужно было идти сквозь первое ущелье; и, чтобы выйти, с поляны, нужно было или вернуться опять тою же дорогою, или, если идти дальше, необходимо было проходить сквозь ущелье еще более тесное, чем первое. Римляне сошли на поляну другой дорогой по уступам скал; когда же они тотчас хотели выйти оттуда через ущелье, то.нашли, что оно завалено срубленными деревьями и огромными камнями. Тогда только поняли римляне, что попали в засаду; в том они убедились еще более, когда на вершинах господствовавших над ними воевыше- ний увидали неприятельских воинов. Римляне пытались вернуться той дорогой, которой вошли сюда, но нашли, что она загорожена засекой и вооруженными людьми. Сами собой, не дожидаясь приказания вождей, остановились наши воины. ...Уступая необходимости, римляне отправили послов, просит мира на сколько-нибудь сносных условиях, а если это будет невозможно, вызвать самнитов на бой. Понтий дал послам следующий ответ: «Война уже кончилась; но если римляне, будучи побеждены и находясь в его сласти, ©се еще не могут осознать того положения, в какое поставила их судьба, он пошлет их безоружных, в одних рубашках под ярмо 2. Прочие же условия мира будут равно безобидны и для победителя, и для побежденного: римские войска должны очистить землю самнитов, вывести оттуда свои поселения; отныне оба народа должны жить в дружественном союзе, каждый под своим собственным законом. На этих условиях готов он заключить мирный договор с консулами». В случае же их несогласия он запретил послам римским возвращаться к себе... ...Консулы отправились к Пойтию для переговоров. Здесь, когда победитель заговорил о торжественном заключении мира, они сказали, что без согласия народа невозможно его заключить, а равно, что мир, если бы и был заключен, не будет действителен без участия фецпалов3 и установленных обрядоз. А потому несправедливо господствующее мнение, высказанное и историком Клавдием о том, будто мы у Кавдия заключили торжественный мирный союз, а не мирный трактат на поручительстве. Будь первое, не предстояло бы нужды нн в поручительстве, ни в заложниках, и к чему они там, где все заключается в заклинании: «Которая из двух договаривающихся сторон нарушит заключаемый договор, то да поразит его Юпитер так, как фециалы поражают жертвенную свинью»? Поручились консулы, легаты, квесторы, военные трибуны; самые имена всех поручителей дошли до нас; но если бы заключен был торжественный союзный договор, то нам известны были бы только имена двух фециалов. Так как заключение торжественного мирного договора было по необходимости отложено, 34 то взяты в заложники шесть сот всадников; они должны были отвечать жизнью в случае нарушения обязательства. Назначен срок, в течение которого должны были быть выданы заложники, а римское войско отпущено безоружным. Сначала приказано было им всем в одних рубашках без оружия выйти на вал; тут были выданы заложники, уведенные под военной охраной. Потом от консулов отняты ликторы4, и военная одежда, присвоенная их положению, снята с них... Сначала консулы, полуобнаженные, проведены были под ярмом; за ними все прочие военные чины подверглись бесславию в том порядке, как они друг за другом следовали; наконец, простые воины по легионам. Неприятельские воины стояли кругом, осыпая римлян злыми насмешками и ругательствами и грозя меча-ми. Иные из наших воинов, на лицах которых ярко выражалась ненависть к врагу, были ранены и даже умерщвлены. Таким образом, все воины были проведены под ярмом на.глазах неприятеля... Перев. А. Клеванова. 1 Во второй половине IV в. римляне вели борьбу с самнитскими племенами. С 343 по 341 г. длилась первая Самнитская война. Закончилась она полной победой Рима. Пятнадцать лет спустя началась вторая Самнитская война (327-304 гг.), в которой римские войска потерпели жестокое поражение в Кавдинском ущелье (321 г). 2 Ярмо неприятельское (jugum) состояло из двух копий, воткнутых в землю, и одного, лежащего на них в качестве перекладины, под которыми заставляли проходить побежденного неприятеля в знак его покорности. 3 Фециалы - жреческие коллегии в Риме. Они принимали участие в решении вопросов международных отношений: ведения войны, заключения мира и т. д. 4 В знак власти консулов сопровождало 12 ликторов, которые несли связки прутьев, называемые фасцами. № 10. ПОКОРЕНИЕ РИМЛЯНАМИ ЮЖНОЙ ИТАЛИИ (Полибий, I, 6) Римляне заключили мир с кельтами " на условиях, предложенных последними, и сверх всякого ожидания получив обратно родной город, начали восстанавливать свои силы, а затем вести.войну с соседями. Благодаря мужеству и военному счастью, римляне покорили своей власти всех жителей Лация, потом воевали с тирренами 2, далее с кельтами, вслед за этим с самнитами, которые живут у восточных и северных границ земли латинов". Некоторое время спустя тарентинцы 3 в страхе перед римлянами, послам которых нанесли обиду, призвали на помощь Пирра 4; случилось это за год до нашествия галатов на Элладу 5, которые разбиты были под Дсльфами и переправились морем в Азию. В это-то время римляне, покоривши уже тирре- нов и самнитов, одолевши во многих сражениях италийских кельтов, впервые обратили свои силы на остальные части Ита- лки. В битвах с самнитами и кельтами они изощрились в военном деле и теперь собирались воевать за земли, большую часть которых почитали уже не чужим достоянием, а своею собственностью и своими владениями. Войну эту они вели доблестно и наконец выгнали из Италии Пирра с его войсками, потом предприняли новые войны и сокрушили союзников Пирра. Покоривши неожиданно все эти народы, подчинивши своей власти всех жителей Италии, кроме кельтов, они затем приступили к осаде Регия 6. Перев. Ф. Г. Мищенко. 1 Имеется в виду мир, который был заключен на невыгодных для римлян условиях после того, как кельты захватили и разграбили Рим. 2 Неизвестно, какие племена подразумевает Полнбнп под названием тирренов. 3 Тарентинцы - жители южнонталнйского города Тарента, колонии, выведенной Спартой. 4 Пирр - царь Эпира, с которым жители Тарента заключили договор о помощи против Рима (281 г. до н. э.). 5 Нашествие галатов на Грецию, по данным Павсания, Страбона и других авторов, имело место в 279 г. до н. э. 6 Осада Регия, города, расположенного на южной оконечности Италии, была предпринята римлянами в 270 г. до н. э. ПРЕВРАЩЕНИЕ РИМА В СИЛЬНЕЙШЕЕ ГОСУДАРСТВО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЬЯ Изучению пунических войн нужно предпослать характеристику социально-экономического положения Карфагена, колонии Тира на северном берегу Африки Легенду об основании Карфагена сообщает нам Юстин [док. № 11]. Основу экономики Карфагена составляла посредническая торговля и сильно развитое сельское хозяйство, в котором широко применялся труд рабов. Важен также вопрос о политическом строе Карфагена, где господствовала олигархия [совет 30], а народное собрание не играло никакой роли в решении тех или иных вопросов - ив первую очередь в вопросах ведения войны и заключения мира. Карфаген начинает играть все большую и большую роль в торговле Средиземноморья. Античные авторы сообщают нам сведения о взаимоотношениях Карфагена с Римом, начиная с эпохи ранней республики и о договорах, которые заключались между этими двумя государствами. Например, Полибий говорит о первоначальном разграничении сфер влияния Карфагена и Рима (док. № 12). Разделение это, по Полибию, было следующим: влияние Карфагена распространялось на Сардинию, Ливню и юго-западную часть Сицилии, а римлян - на Италию (главным образом - Лациум) н остальную часть Сицилии. Подробно излагаются у Полибия последующие договори этих двух держав (док. № 12). Излагая историю пунических войн, надо исходить из указания В. И. Ленина, говорившего, что «Империалистские войны тоже бывали и на почве рабства (война Рима с Карфагеном была с обеих сторон империалистской войной)...» (В. И. Ленин, Соч., т. 26, стр. 135). Нужно особо остановиться на причинах, приведших к столкновению Двух сильнейших держав Средиземноморья. Выясняя роль Сицилии во взаимоотношениях Рима с Карфагеном следует основываться на данньх Поли- б"я (док. № 13). 37 При изложении хода военных действии надо выделить узловые моменты борьбы Рима с Карфагеном. Важно выяснить также внутриполитические последствия первой пунической войны для обеих воюющих сторон: в Карфагене имело место восстание наемников, воевавших против Рима и не получивших денег за свою службу. К ним присоединилось значительное количество рабов (во главе с рабом Матоном). Восстание это тянулось три года н представляло серьезную угрозу для Карфагена. Об этих событиях подробно рассказывается у Полибия (док. № 17). В Риме после первой пунической войны также обострились социальные движения, так, например, была проведена реформа центуриатных комиций. При изложении основных событий второй пунической войны нужно остановиться на завоеваниях Карфагена в Испании и захвате союзного Риму города Сагунта, что послужило поводом ко второй пунической войне. Относительно тактики Фабия Максима, командовавшего римскими войсками во второй пунической войне, подробное указание мы находим у Тита Ливия (док. № 19). Ливии отмечает, что позиция Фабия Максима, прозванного Кунктатором (Медлителем), осуждалась в Риме и что более оппозиционные круги обвиняли его даже в измене родине. Наряду с этим античный автор высказывает и другую точку зрения, которую, видимо, сам разделяет, а именно: что «наконец-то римляне выбрали полководцем человека, который рассчитывал в ведении войны более иа благоразумие, чем на слепое счастье». Особенно ярко тактика римского и карфагенского войска проявилась ко время решающей битвы второй пунической войны - в битве при Каннах. Ливии дает нам подробное описание ее (док. № 20). Изложив ход сражения, приведшего к поражению римлян, нужно показать, что оно послужило причиной отпадения от Рима союзных италийских городов и в первую очередь Капуи. Тит Ливии, рассказывая об этих событиях (док. № 21), говорит, что послы Кампании заключили мир с Ганнибалом и истребили всех римлян, находившихся в Капуе. Тем не менее положение Ганнибала в Италии было очень трудным, так как он перестал получать подкрепления из Карфагена. Это было использовано римлянами, высадившими в Африке свои войска. В битве при Заме карфагеняне потерпели решительное поражение. В результате победы над Карфагеном во второй пунической войне неизмеримо увеличилось значение Рима. Карфаген же после этой войны стал второстепенным государством Средиземноморья. После изучения внешнеполитических отношений Рима на западе важно остановиться и на обстановке, создавшейся в результате второй пунической войны в восточной части Средиземного моря. Египет переживал состояние экономического и политического упадка, а из всех стран восточного Средиземноморья в этот период наибольшего расцвета достигает Македония. , Царь Македонии Филипп, как сообщает Тит Ливии (док. № 22), с величайшим вниманием следил за борьбой Рима с Карфагеном и после первых побед Карфагена во второй пунической войне отправил послов, чтобы присоединиться к сильнейшему. Ливии перечисляет нам условия договора, заключенного между Карфагеном и Македонией. Последняя должна была выставить 200 судов для борьбы с Римом. Тем не менее переговоры окончились неудачно, так как послы эти были перехвачены римлянами. Тенденции Македонии к завоеваниям представляли большую угрозу для всех стран восточного Средиземноморья, которые обращаются за помощью к Риму. В ходе переговоров с эллинистическими странами нужно особенно отметить роль римской дипломатии. После характеристики обстановки, предшествовавшей войнам Рима на востоке, необходимо изложить ход войн с Сирией и Македонией и условия мирного договора с Филиппом (док. № 23). Важно проследить последовательность завоеваний Рима на востоке- первая и вторая македонская война, Сирийская война, война с Персеем и покорение Македонии, война с Ахейским союзом. 3S К середине II в. до н. э. римляне в своей внешней политике добились значительных успехов как на западе, так и на востоке. В результате победы в третьей пунической войне Карфаген был разрушен и перестал представлять собой угрозу для экономики и торговли Рима на запаче. По словам Энгельса «третью... Пуническую войну едва ли.можно назвать войной; это было простое угнетение слабейшего противника в десять раз сильнейшим противником» (К. Маркс и Ф. Энгельс, Соч., т. VIII, стр. 434). На востоке были завоеваны и превращены в римские провинции "Македония и Греция (док. № 24), которые отныне рассматриваются, как praedia populi Romani (поместья римского народа), и подвергаются тяжелой эксплуатации. Таким"образом, к середине II в. до и. э. Рим становится крупнейшим государством Средиземноморья. № П. ОСНОВАНИЕ КАРФАГЕНА (Юстин, История, XVIII, 3-5) В изложении Юстина (II в. и. э.) дошла до нас «Всемирная история» в 44 книгах, написанная уроженцем Галлии Трогом Помпеем, автором, жившим во времена Августа. Он писал, используя главным образом греческие источники и в первую очередь Теопомпа. Особенно подробно освещены были в этом труде вопросы о появлении и гибели «всемирных монархий». Когда у них [финикийцев] было изобилие богатств" и населения, они отправили молодежь в Африку и основали там город Утику. Между тем царь Мутгон в Тире умер, оставив своими наследниками сы«а Пигмалиона и дочь Элиссу, девушку выдающейся красоты. Но народ передал все царство Пигмалиону, тогда еще совсем юному. Элиоса вышла замуж за* дядю.своего Акербу, жреца Геркулеса, занимавшего второе место в государстве после царя. У него были огромные, но скрываемые им богатства; боясь царя, он свое золото хранил не в доме, а в земле; хотя люди этого и не знали, но ходила об этом молва. Раздраженный ею, Пигмалион, забыв.все человеческие и божеские законы, убил своего дядю и вместе с тем зятя, Элиоса долго сторонилась брата после этого убийства и подконец стала обдумывать бегство, взяв себе в союзники несколько знатных тирийцев, у которых была, по ее мнению, такая же ненависть к царю и такое же желание от него уехать... К ним присоединились подготовившиеся к бегству группы сенаторов. Захватив сокровища из храма Геркулеса, .где Акерба был жрецом, они изгнанниками пустились на поиски места для поселения. Первую высадку они сделали на острове Кипре. Там жрец Юпитера с женой и детьми, по внушению бога, присоединился к Элисее и разделил с нею ее судьбу, выговорив себе и своем v потомству наследственную жреческую должность... Элиоса, высадившись в заливе Африки, вступила в дружеские отношения с местными жителями, обрадовавшимися прибытию чужеземцев п установлению торговых связей с ними. Затем, купив столько земли, сколько можно покрыть кожей быка, чтобы дать отдых спутникам, утомленным продолжительным плаванием, пока они 39 туда добирались, она приказала разрезать кожу на тончайшие полоски и таким образом заняла больше места, чем сколько просила, поэтому впоследствии этому месту дали название Бирсы ". Когда сюда стали стекаться жители соседних земель и, рассчитывая получить барыш, привозить много товара на про- , дажу, они стали строить здесь для себя жилища, и от многолюдства их образовалось нечто вроде города. Так же и послы из Утики принесли дары своим соотечественникам и убедили их основать город на том месте, которое им досталось по жребию. Со своей стороны и жители Африки хотели задержать у себя новых пришельцев. Таким образом с общего согласия был основан Карфаген, причем была установлена годовая плата за землю, на которой возник город. При первой закладке в земле найдена была бычья голова, что предвещало, что земля будет плодородна, но потребует много труда и что город (будет в постоянном рабстве. Тогда да-за этого город был перенесен на другое место. Там найдена была лошадиная голова, что означало, что народ будет воинственный и могущественный. Это обстоятельство и определило благоприятное место для закладки города. Тогда в силу такого представления о новом городе сюда стало стекаться множество народа, и в скором времени город стал большим и многонаселенным. Перев. В. С. Соколова. 1 Что по-гречески означает «содранная шкура». № 12. ДОГОВОРЫ РИМЛЯН С КАРФАГЕНОМ ДО НАЧАЛА ПУНИЧЕСКИХ ВОЙН (Полибий, III, 22-25) Первый договор между римлянами и карфагенянами " был заключен при Люции Юнии Бруте и Марке Горации, первых консулах после упразднения царской власти, при тех самых, которыми освещен был храм Зевса Капитолийского, т. е. за двадцать восемь лет до вторжения Ксеркса в Элладу. Мы сообщаем его в переводе", сделанном с возможною точностью, ибо "и у римлян нынешний язык настолько отличается от древнего, что некоторые выражения договора могут быть поняты с трудом лишь весьма сведущими и внимательными читателями. Содержание договора приблизительно следующее: «Быть дружбе между римлянами с союзниками и карфагенянами с союзниками на нижеследующих условиях: римлянам и союзникам римлян возбраняется плыть дальше Прекрасного мыса2, разве к тому они будут вынуждены бурею или неприятелями. Если кто-нибудь занесен будет против желания, ему не дозволяется ни покупать что-либо, ни брать сверх того, что требуется для починки судна или для жертвы. В пятидневный срок он обязан удалиться. Явившиеся по торго- J0 еым делам не могут совершить никакой сделки иначе, как при посредстве глашатая или писца. За все то, что в присутствии этих свидетелей ни было бы продано в Ливии или в Сардинии, ручается перед продавцом государство. Если бы кто из римлян явился в подвластную карфагенянам Сицилию, то во всем он пользовался бы одинаковыми правами с карфагенянами. С другой стороны, карфагенянам возбраняется обижать народ ардеа- тов, анциатов, ларентинов, цирцеитов, таррацинитов3 и всякий иной латинский народ, подчиненный римлянам. Если какой-либо народ и не подчинен римлянам, карфагенянам возбраняется нападать на их города; а если бы какой город они взяли, то обязуются возвратить его в целости римлянам. Карфагенянам возбраняется сооружать укрепления в Ланий, и если бы они вторглись в страну как неприятели, им возбраняется проводить там ночь». Карфагеняне находили нужным воспретить римлянам плавание на длинных кораблях дальше Прекрасного мыса с целью, как мне кажется, воспрепятствовать ознакомлению римлян с местностями Биссатиды и Малого Сирта 4, которые называются у них эмпориями5 и отличаются высокими достоинствами. Если бы кто занесен был туда против желания бурей или [загнан] неприятелем и нуждался бы в чем-либо необходимом для жертвы или для поправки судна, карфагеняне дозволяют взять это, но ничего больше и притом требуют непременного удаления приставших сюда в пятидневный срок. По торговым делам римлянам дозволяется приезжать в Карфаген и во всякий другой город Ливии по сю сторону Прекрасного мыса, а также в Сардинию и подчиненную карфагенянам часть Сицилии, причем карфагеняне обещают от имени государства обеспечить каждому это право. Из договора явствует, что карфагеняне говорят о Сардинии и Ливии, как о собственных владениях; напротив, относительно Сицилии они ясно отличают только ту часть ее, которая находится во власти карфагенян, и договариваются только о ней. Равным образом и римляне заключают договор только относительно Лация, не упоминая об остальной Италии, так как она не была тогда в их власти... После этого договора они заключили другой 6, в который карфагеняне включили тирян и народ Утики. К Прекрасному мысу прибавляются теперь Мастия и Тарсена7, и они требуют, чтобы дальше этих пунктов римляне не ходили за добычей и не основывали города. Вот каково приблизительно содержание договора: «Быть дружбе между римлянами с союзниками и карфагенянами, тирянами, народом Утики с союзниками на следующих условиях: римлянам возбраняется плавать поту сторону Прекрасного мыса, Мастии и Тарсена как за добычей, так и для торговли и основания города. Если бы карфагеняне овладели в Лации каким-либо городом, независимым от римлян, то они могут взять деньги и пленных, а самый город обязаны возвра- 41 тпть. Если бы какие-либо карфагеняне взяли в плен кого-либо из народа, который заключил с римлянами писаный договор, но не находящегося под властью римлян, карфагенянам возбраняется привозить пленных в римские гавани; если же таковой будет доставлен туда и римлянин наложит на него руку, то < пленный отпускается на свободу. То же самое возбраняется и римлянам. Если римлянин в стране, подвластной карфагеняна.м возьмет воды или съестных припасов, ему возбраняется с этими съестными припасами обижать какой-либо народ, связанный с карфагенянами договором и дружбою. То же самое возбраняется и карфагенянам. Если же случится что-нибудь подобное, обиженному запрещается мстить за себя; в противном случае деяние его будет считаться государственным преступлением. В Сардинии и Лидии никому из римлян не дозволяется ни торговать, ни основывать городов, ни приставать где-либо, разве для того только, чтобы запастись продовольствием или починить судно. Если римлянин будет занесен бурей, то обязан удалиться в пятидневный срок. В той части Сицилии, которая подвластна карфагенянам, а также в Карфагене, римлянину наравне с гражданином предоставляется совершать продажу и всякие сделки. То же самое предоставляется и карфагенянину в Риме». В этом договоре карфагеняне еще более определенно заявляют право собственности на Ливию и Сардинию и запрещают римлянам всякий доступ к ним; напротив, относительно Сицилии они определенно называют только подвластную им часть ее. Точно так же выражаются римляне о Лации, обязывая карфагенян не причинять обид ардеатам, анциатам, цирцеитам и тарра- цийитам. Это те города, которые лежат при море на границе латинской земли, в отношении которой и заключается договор. ...Последний договор до войны карфагенян за Сицилию римляне заключили во время переправы Пирра в Италию8. В нем подтверждается все то, что было в прежних договорах, и прибавляются следующие условия: «Если бы римляне или карфагеняне пожелали заключить письменный договор с Пирром, то оба народа обязаны выговорить себе разрешение помогать друг другу в случае вторжения неприятеля, какая бы из двух стран ни подверглась нападению. Тот или другой народ нуждался бы в помощи, карфагеняне обязаны доставить суда грузовые и военные, но жалованье, своим воинам каждая сторона обязана уплачивать сама. Карфагеняне обязуются помогать римлянам и на море в случае нужды; но никто не вправе понуждать команд}" к высадке на сушу, раз она того не желает». Что касается клятвы, то она должна была быть такого рода: первые догоЕоры карфагеняне утвердили клятвою во имя отеческих богов, а римляне, согласно древнему обычаю, во имя Юпитера Камня 9, последний же договор именем Марса Эниа- лия10. Клятва Юпитером Камнем состоит приблизительно в следующем: утверждающий клятвою договор берет в руку камень 42 и, поклявшись от имени государства, произносит такие слова: «Да будут милостивы ко мне боги, "если я соблюду клятву; если же помыслю или учиню что-либо противное клятве, пускай все люди невредимо пребывают на собственной родине, при собственных законах, при собственных достатках, святынях, гробницах, один я да буду повергнут, как этот камень». При этих словах произносящий клятву кидает камень. Перев. Ф. Г. Мищенко. 1 О первом договоре римлян с карфа!енянами мы находим сведения только у Полибия, который относит его к 508 г. до н. э. Это свидетельство не может считаться в полной мере достоверным, тем более что дальше По- либий допускает фактическую ошибку - первыми консулами по традиции были Люций Юний Брут и Люций Тарквнний Коллатин, а не Марк Гораций. 2 Прекрасный мыс находился недалеко от Карфагена, по направлению на север. 3 Имеются в виду жители городов Лация: Ардеи, Анция, Лаврента, Цирцей, Таррацины. 4 Биссатида и Малый Сирт - местности на северном побережье Африки, обладающие удобными гаванями. 5 Эмпорий - по-гречески торговый пункт. 6 Есть основание предполагать, что об этом же договоре мы находим упоминание у Ливия, датируется он 348 г. до и. э. 7 Города Мастия и Тарсена находятся в южной Испании, недалеко от так называемых «Геракловых столбов». 6 Имеется в виду договор 279 г. до н. э. 9 Римляне клялись именем Камня Юпитера, считая его символом божества. 10 Эниалий - первоначально эпитет Марса, бога войны, позднее - самостоятельное божество, именем которого клялись римляне. № 13. ПРИЧИНЫ ПЕРВОЙ ПУНИЧЕСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ (Полиб"Ий, 1, 10-11) Мамертины" ...прежде уже потеряли помощь Регия; теперь... и собственные силы их были сокрушены вконец2. Поэтому одни из них, найдя убежища у карфагенян, передались им сами, передали и город; другая часть мамертинов отправила посольство к римлянам с предложением принять их город и с просьбою помочь им, как родственным с ними,по крови. Римляне долго колебались, что предпринять, так как помощь мамертинам была бы явною непоследовательностью. Еще так недавно римляне казнили жесточайшею казнью собственных граждан за то, что они нарушили уговор с региянамп, и тут же помогать мамертинам, почти в том же виноватым не только перед мессенцами, но и перед городом региян, было бы непростительною несправедливостью. Все это римляне понимали; но они видели также, что карфагеняне покорили не только Ливию, но и большую часть Иберии, что господство их простирается на все острова Сардинского и Тирренского морей, и сильно боялись, как бы не приобрести в карфагенянах, в случае покорения ими Сицилии, опас- 43 пых и страшных соседей, которые окружат их кольцом и будут угрожать всей Италии. Было совершенно ясно, что, если римляне откажут в помощи мамертинам, карфагеняне быстро овладеют Сицилией. Имея

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Voronezh State

PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Reader on the history of the ancient world (part 2. Antiquity history)

correspondence department

Voronezh 2011.

Readings on the history of the ancient world. (Part 2. Antiquity History) - Voronezh: Publishing House of Voronezh State University, 2007. - p.

Compilers - Cand. East. Sciences, Associate Professor VGPU

cand. East. Sciences, Associate Professor VGPU

Reviewer

Topic 1. Society and state of Sparta

1. Specifications.

2. The emergence of the Spartan state.

3. The dependent population of the ancient Sparta.

4. "Community equal":

1) its organization, the role of regulation;

2) the main classes, life;

3) family relationships;

4) The upbringing and education of spartists.

5. State system of ancient Sparta.

Sources and literature

Workshop on the history of the ancient world. Vol. 2. Ancient Greece and Rome / Ed. . M. 1981. Topic 2.

Aristotle. Politics, II, VI // Aristotle. Cit. In 4 t. T.4. M., 1984. P.428-434.

Plutarch. Likurg // Comparative life position. M., 1961. T.1. S.53-77.

The problem of "Likurgov legislation" // Problems of antique statehood. L., 1952. P. 33-59.

Andreev "Riders" // Lady. 1969. №4. P.24-36.

Andreev as a type of policy // Antique Greece. T.1. The formation and development of the policy. M., 1983. C.194-216.

Andreev Sparta: culture and politics // VDI. 1987. №4. P. 70-86.

Andreev gynecocracy // Woman in the ancient world. M., 1995. P.44-62.

Dyakonov, Ilota and serfs in early antiquity // VDI. 1973. №4. FROM.

Zhurakovsky on the history of antique pedagogy. M., 1963.

From new works on Ilotia and similar forms of dependence // Lady. 1961. №2. P.138-142.

Kolobova Sparta (X - VI centuries. BC). L., 1957.

Sparta is printed: the period of archaic and classics. SPb.: Humanitarian Academy. 2001. - 600C. (http: // Centant. ***** / Centrum / Publik / Books / Pechatnova / 001.htm)

Strogtsky conflict of Ephorat and the royal power in Sparta // Antique Policy. L., 1979. P.42-57.

Text is provided by publication: Plutarch. Comparative lives in two volumes, M.: Publishing House "Science", 1994. Edition Second, corrected and supplemented. T. I.
Translation, translation processing for a real reissue, notes.

1. On the LIKURGE legister, it is impossible to inform anything strictly reliable: and about its origin, and on travels, and about the death, but also about his laws, and about the device that he gave the state, there are the most dispensable stories. But most of all the information about how he lived ...

2. From the ancestors of Likurga, the greatest fame went to Soy, whose rule of the Spartans enslaved Ilotov and took away a lot of land from Arcadian ... Evriponte was the first to weaken the uniqueness of the royal power, imprisoning before the crowd and catering her. As a result of these delinted, the people of Ospell, and the kings who ruined after Eurripont, or steep measures, caused the hatred of subjects, or, looking for their favor or on their own powerlessness, were inclined to be in front of them, so the lawlessness and tribulation were sold to Sparta for a long time. They were able to die and the king, Father Likurga ...

4. Having left the way, Likurg first visited Crete. He studied the state device, became closest with the most famous of the critany and some local laws approved and learned, to then put on his homeland ... The Egyptians claim that Likurga visited them and, hotly praising the sewing warriors from all other populations, He suffered this order to Sparta, separated artisans and masters and created a sample of the state, truly beautiful and clean ...

5. Lactedamena wandered on Likurg and repeatedly invited him to return, saying that the only difference in their current kings from the people is the title and honors, which they turn out to be, whereas it is visible by the nature of the head and mentor, a certain force that allows him to behave of people. The kings themselves, too, were looking forward to His return, hoping that in his presence a crowd would relate to them more respectfully. In this arrangement of the Spirit, the Spartans were when Likurg arrived back and immediately began to change and convert all the state device. He was convinced that individual laws would not bring any benefit if, as if the doctor had a sick body, suffering from all sorts of illness, with the help of cleaning facilities, not destroy the evil mixing of juices and not appoint a new, completely different way of life. With this thought, he first went to Delphi. By bringing the victims to God and a question of Oracle, he returned, where the famous saying, in which Pythia called him "Bogolyus", rather by God, rather than a person; At the request of good laws, the answer was received that the Deity promises to give the Spartans of the order, incomparably the best than in other states. His arrangement of Oracle, Likurg decided to attract the best citizens to the fulfillment of his plan and led the secret negotiations first with friends, gradually grappling the wider circle and splitting all the things for his conceived ...

Of the numerous innovations of Likurg, the first and most important is the Council of Elders. In conjunction with the ... tsarist government, possessing equal to the right of voting in solving the most important cases, this Council has become the key to well-being and prudence. The state that rushed from side to the side, leaning towards tyranny, when the kings tried the victory, then to complete democracy, when the crowd took the crowd, putting in the middle, exactly ballast in the vessel's hold, the power of elders, gained equilibrium, sustainability and order: twenty eight Elders now constantly supported the kings, providing resistance to democracy, but at the same time helped the people to keep the fatherland from tyranny. The named number of Aristotle explains that before Likurg had thirty supporters, but two, frightened, moved away from participation in the case. The sphere says that they have been twenty-eight from the very beginning ...

6. LIKURG attached so much the value of the authority of the Council, which brought a special progress from Delph to this account, which is called "Retro". It says: "Erend the temple of Zeus Syllaian and Athens Sillanian. Divided into films and conversion. Establish thirty elders with the leaders is cumulatively. From time to time to convene a collection between Bubic and Knakion, and there to offer and dissolve, but the domination and power Yes belong to the people. " The order "divided" refers to the people, and films and the origin of parts and groups that should be divided into. Under the "leaders" mean kings. ... Aristotle argues that Knakion is a river, and Bubika is a bridge. Between them and there were meetings, although there was no portication in that place, not any other shelter: according to Likurga, nothing like the judgment of judgments, on the contrary - causes one of the only harm, occupying the mind of the gathered trifles and nonsense, dispel their attention For they, instead of doing things, look at the statues, paintings, theater, or council ceiling, is too lush. No one from ordinary citizens was not allowed to submit their judgment, and the people, concerning, only argued or rejected what the elders and the kings are offered. But later, the crowd of various kinds of seizures and additions began to distort and dismiss the claimed decisions, and then the kings Pillador and the FEOPOMP did such a prescription to Retre: "If the people decide to dissolve the elders and kings," that is, the decision is not considered, and leave and dissolve People on the grounds that he perverts and reincarn the best and most useful. 7. So, Likurg gave the state-to-government mixed character, but the successors of His, seeing that the oligarchy is still too strong .., they pounce on it, like a Uzda, the power of eloor-workers - about one hundred and thirty years later after Likurga, with the Tsar Feopome. The first Euphoras were Elat and his comrades.

8. The second and most bold of the transformations of Likurg - redistribute land. Since terrible inequality dominated, the crowds of the poor and needy burdened the city, and all wealth moved into the hands of a few, Likurg, in order to expel the arrogance, envy, anger, luxury and even older, even more terrible states of state - wealth and poverty, persuaded Spartans to unite all Earth, and then divide them to continue to store property equality, superiority to seek in valve, because there is no other difference, other championship, than what is established by the renewal of the shameful and praise. Turning away from words to business, he divided the laconium between the pericles, or, in other words, residents of the surrounding places, for thirty thousand plots, and land belonging to the city itself Sparta - nine thousand, by the number of Spartian families ... Everyone was such a magnitude To bring along seventy Medmen barley per man and for twelve to a woman and a commensurate amount of liquid products. Likurg believed that this would be sufficient for such a lifestyle, which will retain his fellow citizens of power and health, including other needs of them should not be ...

9. Then he took up the section and movable property in order to completely destroy all kinds of inequality, but, realizing that the open seizure of the property would cause a sharp discontent, defeated the greed and korestolubie by indirect means. First, he brought all the gold and silver coin from use, leaving only iron in circulation, and that with a huge weight and sizes appointed an insignificant cost, so for storing the amount equal to ten mines, a large warehouse was required, and for transportation - Farmhouse. As the new coin spread, many types of crimes in Lacceedaene disappeared. To whom, in fact, could have fallen hunting to steal, take bribes or rob, since it was unclean, it was unclean and hid it was unthinkable, and nothing enviable did not imagine anything, and even broken into pieces did not receive any use? After all, Likurgi, as reported, ordered to temper the iron, dipped it into vinegar, and this deprived the metal of the fortress, he became fragile and no longer on anything, because no further processing was already amenable to.

Then the Likurg was expelled from Sparta useless and extra crafts. However, most of them, and without that would be deleted after the generally accepted coin, not finding sales for their products. It was meaningless to carry the rail money to other Greek cities, "they did not have the slightest value there, and they only walked over them," so the Spartans could not buy anything from alien trifles, and indeed merchant goods stopped coming in their harbor. Within the limits of Laconia, neither a skillful speaker, nor a stray charlatan-predictor, nor a pimp, nor golden or silver business master - after all there were no more coins there! But because of this, the luxury, little by little, which was deprived of everything that was supported and fed, faded himself and disappeared. Wealthy citizens lost all their advantages, since wealth was closed to people, and it was hiding without any business locked through the houses. For the same reason, ordinary and unavailable utensils - a bed, chairs, tables - was manufactured in Spartans as anywhere, and Lacon Coton was considered, according to criste, irreplaceable in the campaigns: if you had to drink water, unsightly in appearance, he hid his color liquid, And since the torment was delayed inside, defending on the inner side of the convex walls, the water reached the lips a few more purified. And here the merit belongs to the legislator, because artisans, forced to abandon the production of useless items, began to invest all their skills in the essentials.

10. To put luxury and passion to wealth, a more decisive blow, Likurg spent the third and most beautiful transformation - established common meals: Citizens collected together and all ate alone and the same eats, deliberately installed for these meals ... This is, of course, extremely important But even more importantly, thanks to the joint nutrition and its simplicity, wealth, as Feofrast says, ceased to be enviable, ceased to be wealth. It was impossible to use a luxurious decoration, nor enjoy them, nor even put it on the show and at least felt their vanity, since the rich was going to one meal with the poor ... it was impossible to appear on a common dinner, pre-touched at home: everyone watched each other. Beyond the other and, if a person was found, who does not eat and do not drink with the others, they cried it, calling unnecessary and ramp.

12. Common meals are called "Andriy", and Lactedamia "Fidilations" - Because the friendship and benevolence reigned on them or because they were taught to simplicity and leaning. It is equally similar to us to assume, following the example of some that the first sound here is the attachment and that the word "Editia" should be made from the word "nutrition" or "food".

There was a fifteen person on the meals, sometimes a little less than or more. Each fellowship brought a monthly medimon of barley flour, eight cheeves of wine, five mines of cheese, two and a half Myster Frozv and, finally, a completely minor amount of money for buying meat and fish. If any of them committed a sacrifice or hunted, a part of the sacrificial animal or production came for a common table, but not everything, because he mounted on the hunt or due to the sacrifice could have lunch at home, while the rest should have been present. The custom of co-trapez Spartans strictly observed until late times. When the king Agid, breaking the Athenian, returned from the campaign and, wanting to dinner with his wife, sent for his part, the hemerar refused to give her. The next day the king in anger did not bring the victim's established victim, and the hemerar was penalized.

There were children for meals. They were given there for sure to school of common sense, where they listened to talking about state affairs, witnessed fun, worthy of a free man, were chased to joke and laugh without vulgar and meet jokes without resentment. Quiet to endure ridicule was considered one of the main advantages of the Spartan. Who became unbearable, he could ask for mercy, and the mockery immediately silent. Each of the members of the elder at the table spoke, pointing to the door: "Speeches for the threshold do not go out." They say that who wanted to become a member of the meal, was subjected to what test. Each of the sotraznikov took a piece of breadfish and, like a vote pebbles, threw silently into a vessel who brought, holding his head, servant. In the approval of the lump, they just lowered, and who wanted to express his disagreement, he preliminarily squeezed the bowel in his fist. And if at least one such lump corresponding to the drilled pebble, the seeker in the reception was refused, wanting to all sit at the table, to find pleasure in each other's society ... From Spartan eating the most famous - black chowder. The old men even refused their shares of meat and inferior to her young, and they themselves were eaten by chowed. There is a story that one of the Pontic kings was the only sake of this chowder bought himself a cook-laky, but, having tried, turned away with disgust, and then the cook told him: "The king, to eat this chowder, you must first swim in Evrote." Then, moderately driving dinner, the Spartans walked around the houses, without lighting the lamps: it was forbidden to walk with fire as in this case, and in general, so that they were taught confidently and fearlessly moving around in the night darkness. Such was the device of common trapez.

13. I did not record your laws of Likurg, and this is what is said about this in one of the so-called retros ... So, one of the retro, as already mentioned, I said that the written laws are not needed. Another, again, directed against luxury, demanded that in every roofing house it was done using only an ax, and the doors - the saws alone, without using at least one more tool ... No person is so tasteless and reckless to house , worked simply and rudely, to make a bed on silver legs, purple bedspreads, gold cups and a companion of all this - luxury. Will-unillires have to adapt and adapt to the house of the bed, to the lodge - bed, to bed - other conditions and utensils ...

14. Starting upbringing in which he saw the most important and finest business of the legislator, from afar, Licharg first addressed the issues of marriage and birth of children. ... He strengthened and harden the girls with exercises in running, wrestling, throwing a disc and a spear, so that the embryo in a healthy body from the very beginning developed healthy, and the women themselves, burning, simply and easily cope with the flour. Forcing girls to forget about the lotion, pampering and all female pleasures, he taught them no worse than the young men, to take part in solemn processions, dance and sing in the performance of some sacred rites in front of young people. It happened to them and let me go, a member of the rooty of the provinces, and praise the praise in the songs worthy, awakening jealous ambition in the young man. Whoever received praise for the valor and acquired fame among the girls, was removed, snoozy, and the knuckles, even joking and witty, Zhalili is no less pain than strict suggestion: after all, the kings and elders came to look at this sight and elders. At the same time, the nudity of the girls did not bring anything wrong with himself, for they kept shame and did not know the promiscuity, on the contrary, she talked to simplicity, to the concerns about the health and body of the body, and the women assimilated the noble image of thought, knowing that they were able to join Valor and honorable ...

15. All this in itself was and a means of motivating to marriage - I mean the marchs of girls, the exposure of the body, competition in the presence of young people ... At the same time, Likurg has established a kind of shameful punishment for bachelors: they were not allowed to Gymnopedia, in winter, by order of the authorities, they had to go around the square, the sawing song, who became represented by him (in the song it was said that they suffer a fair retribution for disobedience to laws), and finally they were deprived of those honors and respect, What young people had an elder .. Brides were taken by an injury, but not too young, unresponsive marriage, but blooming and matured. ... Making such a procedure, such a specitude and restraint, Likurgus with a few success and restraint, the loyal sense of jealousity was expelled: he considered intelligent and correct, to, cleanse the marriage of every dismissal, the Spartans provided the right to every worthy citizen to communicate with women the works of the offspring, and taught the fellow citizens to laugh at those who amteful for such actions by murder and war, seeing property in marriage, not tolerant or complicity ... These orders established in harmony with the nature and needs of the state were so far from The so-called "accessibility" that subsequently prevailed among Spartan women that the adultery seemed inconceivable at all ...

16. The Father was not in the right to dispose of the child's upbringing - he attributed a newborn in a place called "Leshoye", where the oldest seids were sitting on fillets. They examined the child and, if they found him strong and okay folded, ordered to raise, immediately appointing him one of nine thousand puts. If the child was punched and ugly, he was sent to the apophietam (so called a loss on the taign), believing that his life was not needed to himself, neither the state, since him from the very beginning was denied health and strength. For the same reason, women were wrapped in newborns not with water, but wine, experiencing their qualities: they say that patients of Paduch and generally the birth from the non-shaped wines die, and healthy harnesses and become even stronger. The breadlides were caring and skillful, children were not pelenali to give freedom to members of the body, they raised them unpretentious and non-educated in food that were not afraid of darkness or loneliness, which does not know what is a matterful and crying. Therefore, sometimes even strangers bought a bombing from Laconia ... Meanwhile, the Spartan children of Likurg forbade the teachers bought for money or hired for the fee, and his father could not bring up his son as he pleased.

As soon as the boys reached a seven-year-old age, Likurg chose them from her parents and smashed down the detachments so that they lived together and fir, would be looking around to play and work near each other. At the head of the detachment, he put someone who was superior to other ingenuity and was the brave of all in fights. The rest were equal to him, they performed his orders and silently suffered punishment, so the main consequence of such an image of life was to obey. Behind the games of children often looked after the old men and constantly quarreled them, trying to cause a fight, and then carefully watched, which of each of the nature of the quality - whether the boy was leaning and was brazed in the fights. Dimensions they studied only to the extent that it was impossible to do without it, the rest of the upbringing was reduced to the requirements unquestionedly obey, steadfastly tolerate deprivation and defeat the opponent. With the age, the requirements were made all tougher: the children briefly string, they ran barefoot, chased to play nagi. At twelve years, they have already been packed without Hiton, getting once a year by Himia, dirty, launched; Baths and detiments were unfamiliar - for the whole year only a few days they used this blessing. They slept together, on the sludge and detachments, on the bedding, who were prepared for themselves, breaking the barefoot bastards on the shore of eurot ...

17 ... stores ... attend gymnasiums, are present during competitions and verbal skins, and this is not fun for the sake, for anyone considers himself to some extent by the father, the educator and the head of any of adolescents, so it has always been, who is to enjoy and punish the guilty. Nevertheless, a Pedon is also appointed from the number of decent husbands - supervising children, and at the head of each detachment, adolescents themselves put one of the so-called Irenes - always the most sensible and brave. (Irenami is called those who have been matured for the second year, with mellirenes - the highest boys.) Irene who has reached twenty years, commands his subordinates in fights and disposes of them when it comes to take care of dinner. He gives a big enough to bring firewood, babies - vegetables. Everything is extreme as theft: Some go to the gardens, others with the greatest caution, putting all their tricks in the course of all their cunning, make their way to the general meals of husbands. If the boy came across, he was brutally beaten with a lamb for a negligible and awkward steam. Kralya they and all sorts of other provisions, which only came across at hand, learning to deftly attack the sleeping or glory guard. The punishment came were not only beatings, but also hunger: the children were fed very poorly, to carry the deprivation, they themselves, the willy-noilies, pontorules in audacity and tricks ...

18. Warning, children observed the greatest caution; One of them, as they tell, hiding the fox, hid him under a cloak, and although the animal ripped him with claws and teeth of the stomach, the boy to hide his act, was attached until he died. You can judge the accuracy of this story: I myself saw how not one of them died under blows at the Altar of Orfia ... Often Irene punished the boys in the presence of old people and the authorities, so that they were convinced of how reason to be and fairly his actions are. During the punishment, he was not stopped, but when the children diverged, he kept the answer if Kara was stricter or, on the contrary, softer than it followed.

19. Children were taught to speak so that in their words the caustic acuity mixed with the grace so that brief speeches cause extensive reflections ...

21. Singing and music was taught with a few care, rather than the clarity and purity of speech, but also in the songs a kind of sting was concluded, who excited the courage and the soul of the soul enthusiastically gust to action. Their words were simple and idle, the subject is magnifier and moral. We were mainly the glorification of the lucky focus of the fallen to Sparta and Ukoles, doomed to keep life in the insignificance, promises to prove their bravery or - depending on the age of singers - the praise her ...

24. The upbringing of the Spartan lasted in mature years. No one was allowed to live in the way he wants: exactly in a military camp, everything in the city was obeyed strictly established orders and did it from the affairs useful for the state, which they were appointed. Considering yourself who belongs to themselves, but the Fatherland, Spartans, if they did not have other orders, or watched the children and taught them anything useful, or they themselves studied in the old people themselves. After all, one of the goods and advantages that Likurg's fellow citizens had been an abundance of leisure. It was forbidden to engage in the craft for them, and in pursuit of progress, requiring endless work and trouble, there was no need, since wealth has lost all its value and attractive force. The earth cultivated them to the land, introducing the appointed file. One Spartan, being in Athens and having heard that someone was condemned for the idleness and convictedly returned to the deep despondency, accompanied by friends, also saddened and distressed, asked others to show him who freedom was delivered to the crime. That's how low and slave, they considered any handmade work, all sorts of worries, conjugate with progress! As it should be expected, along with the coin disappeared and litigation; And the need and excessive abundance left Sparta, their place was taken by equality of wealth and serenity of the full ease of morals. All-free from military service Time Spartans dedicated dances, femors and festivities, hunting, gymnasiums and forests.

25. Those who were younger than thirty years did not go to the market at all and did the necessary purchases through relatives ... However, and for older people were considered to be continuously pushed at the market, and not to spend most of the day in gymnasiums and forests. Going there, they chinno talked, neither the word is not mentioning either about the profit, nor about trade - the clock flowed in praise worthy actions and censures bad, praise, connected with jokes and ridicule, who were promoted and corrected ... in a word, he killed fellow citizens to To ensure that they do not want and do not know how to live apart, but, like the bees, were in a unprofitable connection with society, everyone was closely united around their head and were fully belonged to Fatherland, almost forgetting themselves in a rustling of enthusiasm and love for glory ...

26. As already mentioned, the first elders of Likurg appointed from among those who participated in his intent. He then ruled in return to the dead every time choosing from citizens who have reached the sixty years, who will be recognized as the most valiant. There was probably in the world of contesting the greatest and victory more desirable! And right, because it was not about who among the most agile favorable or among the strong is the strongest, but about who among good and wisely wise and the best, who in the award for virtue will receive up to the end of their days of the Verkhovna, - if here Applicable this word, - power in the state, will be Mr. Over life, honor, in short, above all the highest benefits. This solution was submitted as follows. When the people converged, special elected closed in the house in the neighborhood, so that no one saw them, and they themselves did not see what was happening outside, but only heard the voices of the gathered. The people and in this case, as in all others, solved the case. Applicants were administered not all at once, but in turn, according to the lot, and they were silent through the meeting. In those who were sitting locked up, there were signs on which they marked the strength of a cry, not knowing who shout, but only concluding that the first, second, third, in general the next applicant. Selected was declared the one who shouted more and louder than others ...

27. The laws relating to the burial were equally wonderful. First, having appointed with a whole superstition, Likurg did not interfere to bury the dead in the city itself and put the tombstones near the temples, so that young people are accustomed to their mind, they were not afraid of death and did not consider themselves dedicated, touching the dead body or crossing the grave. Then he forbade the buried anything together with the dead: The body should have betrayed the earth wrapped in a purple cloak and the olive greenery seized. Inscribing on the grave stone the name of the deceased raised; The elimination of Likurg did only for the fallen in the war and for the priestess ...

For the same reason, he was not allowed to leave the country and travel, fearing, no matter how they were taken in Lacceeda melt, did not imitate someone else's, disordered life and the other image of the board. Moreover, he expelled those in Sparta without any need or a certain goal - not because according to Fukidid, that he was afraid, no matter how they adopted the service established by him and did not get acquired valor, but rather, fear as These people themselves did not turn into vice teachers. After all, together with strangers, other people's speeches are also encountered, and new speeches lead new judgments, of which many feelings and desires are inevitably born, as opposed to the existing public system, how wrong sounds are a well-coordinated song. Therefore, LIKURG considered it necessary to take care of the city from evil morals than from the contagion that can be left.

28. In all this there is no trace of injustice, in which others blame the laws of Likurg, believing as if they are quite sufficiently instructed in courage, but too little - in justice. And only the so-called Cryptium, if only she, according to Aristotle, - Likurgogovo innovation, could inspire some, including Platon, such a judgment about the Spartan state and its legislator. This is how Cryptia happened. From time to time, the authorities sent to wander around the neighborhoods of young people who were considered the most intelligent, providing them with only the short swords and the most necessary food margin. In the afternoon, they rested, hiding at secluded corners, and at night, having left their asylum, they killed all Ilotov, which they were captured on the roads. Often they went around the fields, killing the strongest and strong Ilotov. Fuchdide in the "Peloponnes War" says that the Spartans chose those who distinguished the hard courage of Ilotov, and those with wreaths on the head, as if preparing to get freedom, visited the temple for the temple, but a little later everything disappeared, - and there were more than two thousand them, - and Neither then nor subsequently could say how they died. Aristotle especially stops on the fact that eforms, taking power, the first thing was announced by the ILOTO war, in order to legalize the murder of the latter. And in general, the Spartans treated them rudely and cruel. They forced the Ilotov to drink a non-shaped wine, and then they brought them to common meals to show young people what kind of intoxication. They were ordered to sing tray songs and dance ridiculous dances, forbilling entertainment, like a free person ... So, the one who says that in Lacedaemon free to the end is free, and the slave to the end is enslaved, quite correctly determined the current state of affairs. But, in my opinion, all these rigors appeared in Spartans only subsequently, namely, after a large earthquake, when, as told, Ilota, speaking together with the messengers, was scary in relation to the whole of Laconia and almost destroyed the state.

Xenophon.

State of Lake Demonia, 5-7; 8-10

... Removing the order in the Spartans, in which they, like all other Greeks, have lunch each in their home, Likurg saw in this circumstance the cause of quite many frivolous actions. Likurg made publicly their friendly lunches in the calculation that, thanks to this, the opportunity will most likely disappear. He allowed to consume citizens in such a quantity so that they were not excessively pleased, but also did not tolerate the lack; However, it is often served, in the form of adding, game, and rich people sometimes bring wheat bread; Thus, while Spartans live together on the tents, they never suffer from eating dishes, nor excessive expensive. Also relative to drinking: stopping an unnecessary break, relaxing the body, relaxing mind, Likurgus allowed everyone, to drink only to satisfy thirst, believing that drinking under such conditions will be all harmful and everything is more pleasant. During general lunch, could anyone cause serious damage to their own economy of sophistication or drunkenness? In all other states, peers are, for the most part, together and the least shy each other; Likurg in Sparta combined the ages so that young people are brought up mainly under the leadership of the experience of the elders. On the fiditis, it is customary to talk about the affairs committed by someone in the state; Therefore, there is not almost a place of arrogance, drunk outcomes, indecent act, foul language. And now, what good side is the device of lunches outside the house: Returning home, Fidithev members must walk and beware that they should not stumble in drunken, they should be known that they can not stay there, where they have dinner that they need to go in the dark As afternoon, since the torch is not allowed to walk to the one who is still serving a garrison service. Further, noting that the most food that reports a good complexion and the health of the worker, gives the ugly completeness and sickness of the idle, Likurg is not neglected and this ... because it is difficult to find people healthier, more hardy physically than Spartans, Since they are equally exercised and legs, and hands, and neck.

In contrast, most of the Greeks, found a likurg necessary and the following. In the rest of the states each disposes of their children, slaves and property; And Likurg, wanting to arrange so that citizens do not harm each other, but brought benefit, provided everyone equally

to dispose of both your children and strangers: after all, if everyone knows that there are fathers of those children in front of him, it will inevitably manage them to dispose of the way he would like to treat his own children. If a boy, beaten by somehow, complains of his father, is considered shameful if the father does not beat his son again. So the Spartans are confident that none of them orders the boys nothing shameful. Licharg also dialed, if necessary, to use other people's slaves, also established the general use of hunting dogs; Therefore, not having their dogs are invited to the hunt of others; And who has no time to go to hunt, he willingly gives dogs to others. Also use the horses: who will get sick or who will need a wagon, or who wants to go somewhere as soon as possible, "he takes the first horse, and according to the passage of need to put it back. But also the custom, not accepted by the rest of the Greeks, but introduced by Likurg. In case, if people are lit on the hunt and, without capturing stocks, they will need them, Likurg installed, so that the reserves leave them, and the needy-could open constipation, take how much you need, and the remaining again locked. Thus, due to the fact that the Spartans are so sharing with each other, they even have people poor if they need something, they have a share in all the riches of the country.