The main duties of a Muslim are five in Islam: confession, prayer, fasting, alms and Hajj.
The principle of confession is central to Islam. To become a Muslim, it is enough to abide by it, that is, solemnly pronounce the phrase that there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet. Thus, a person becomes obedient to Allah, a Muslim. But having become one he must observe
duties of the faithful.
Prayer is an obligatory daily fivefold ritual, from which only sick, infirm and small children can be exempted. Those who do not pray five times a day are not faithful. Prayer is supposed to be performed at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, at sunset and before bedtime. Most often it is performed individually, less often in groups, usually in mosques (at least 40 men, women do not pray in mosques). There, on Fridays and on holidays, there are solemn divine services led by imams, respected leaders in the Islamic community. Before praying, the faithful is obliged to conduct a ritual of purification. If there is no water, for example in the desert, you can cleanse yourself with sand. The prayer is performed in clothes, in a clean place on a special rug and turning towards Mecca.
Before performing a prayer, you should definitely declare (aloud or inwardly) your intention to pray. Then the praying person raises his hands while standing, putting one into the other, squats, gets up again and raises his hands up. After that, he kneels down and bows to the ground, accompanying all this with indistinct muttering of the formula for the confession of faith and the first sura of the Koran.
During each of the five daily prayers, Muslims repeat a kind of prayer ritual (rakat) two, or even three, four times. On Fridays, the number of rak'ahs increases, and during fasting sometimes reaches twenty. In addition to the five obligatory daily prayers, the faithful perform additional ones - for the dead, on the occasion of marriage, the birth of a child, an important enterprise or undertaking.
So that the faithful do not forget about the time of prayer in their current affairs, high minarets are erected at mosques in cities and villages, and the servants of the muezzins announce with loud voices that the time for prayer has come. If prayer is performed in a mosque, those who come there are obliged to bathe in a special pool with running water installed in the courtyard. When praying in the mosque, everyone faces a special niche - the mihrab, indicating the side of Mecca, and performs rak'ahs, repeating all the movements of the imam standing in front of them (also facing Mecca).
Fast. Muslims have only one main and obligatory post, but it lasts a whole month. IN arab countries this month is called Ramadan, and in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan it is called Ramadan a little differently.
Muslim fasting is peculiar: the whole day you can neither eat nor drink, let alone have fun, smoke, etc. The only thing allowed is to swallow your own saliva.
Shariah describes the rules of fasting to the smallest detail. Violation of abstinence is considered not only the deliberate introduction or accidental ingestion of the slightest amount of food, water or other liquid into the mouth, throat, especially into the stomach, and even dust, smoke or steam into the throat, but also the taking of medicines. Also prohibited are medical procedures associated with the introduction of medicinal preparations inside - injections, enemas, etc.
However, all of these requirements must be met only during the day. In the dark, from evening to morning, fasting is interrupted. The Qur'an defines the daily time of fasting: "Eat and drink until the white thread and black thread are distinguished in front of you at dawn, then fast until nightfall."
The Shariah lists valid reasons why one can deviate from fasting. Thus, Ramadan is not required for the sick, the elderly and minors. Pregnant and breastfeeding women are free from fasting. However, everyone who missed the fast, except for children and the terminally ill, is obliged to make up for it when these valid reasons disappear: either pay the atonement by giving alms to the poor, or “fast” in any month other than Ramadan.
In the evening, the end of the daytime abstinence is announced by radio and television. Sometimes, according to the old tradition, a shot from a cannon heralds this in provincial towns. Evening fasting begins - iftar. In summer it is about eight, in winter - about five in the evening. All who fast are busy eating at this hour. The streets are empty.
In modern life, fasting is especially difficult for those who work in factories, factories, construction, transport: hardly anyone can work on an empty stomach all day at full strength. Therefore, not everyone is fasting in large cities. Nevertheless, the period of Ramadan has a negative impact on many spheres of life in Muslim countries: at this time, business activity decreases, labor productivity decreases, and all social and cultural events are reduced to a minimum.
Alms.Every possessor is obliged to share his income once a year, allocating part of it as alms to the poor. In addition to obligatory charity, which was perceived as a cleansing ritual of the possessors and was usually calculated in several percent of their annual income, there is also additional charity, expressed in the form of reward to individuals, alms to the poor, donation for comfortable needs - the construction of mosques, schools, hospitals.
Hajj is the fifth and last of the obligatory pillars of faith, and the least obligatory of all. It is believed that every healthy Muslim can visit holy places in Mecca and worship the Kaaba once in a lifetime.
The territory of Mecca is considered sacred. Before entering it, the pilgrim must bring himself to the state of "illumination" (ihram). He performs ablution of the whole body - he puts on special clothes. It consists of two pieces of fabric; one serves as a waistcoat and wraps around the hips - it turns out something like a skirt to the knees or slightly below. Another piece covers the chest and left shoulder, the ends are tied under the armpit on the right side - this is a kind of shawl. Both pieces should be free of seams - “don't know what a needle is”. Such clothing existed among the Arabs before Islam, it is also similar to the clothing of the ancient Jews. The head remains uncovered. Shoes can only be sandals.
Their female relatives can go on Hajj together with men. The relationship must be documented. The pilgrims' clothing completely covers the figure, covers the head so that the hair is not visible. Only the hands and face remain open.
The largest Muslim holiday is the holiday of sacrifice. It is celebrated on the last day of the Hajj. The main content of this holiday is the sacrificial slaughter of an animal: every wealthy Muslim cuts himself or asks to slaughter a sheep or a bull and distributes meat to the poor. The holiday lasts four days; these days are non-working in all Muslim countries. Everywhere meat dishes are prepared, crowded and plentiful meals are arranged. Poor people eat their fill, and the rich, by distributing free meat, atone for their sins and soothe their consciences.
Some Muslim theologians see as another - the sixth "pillar" of religion, the war against the "infidels" - jihad, which was one of the main duties of the Muslim, the entire Muslim community at the first stage of the history of Islam. However, starting from the 9th-10th centuries, the concept of "jihad" (the original meaning was "diligence", "diligence") was filled with new content. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe highest form of jihad as an internal, spiritual self-improvement on the path of knowing Allah appeared. However, early Islamic poetry also testifies to the broad interpretation of this concept. Thus, the poet Jamil declares in his poems that his love for the Busayna, whom he praises, is nothing but jihad. Today, in many Muslim countries, jihad is called the struggle to overcome economic and cultural backwardness, for progress in social relations.
Islam, like any religion, imposes certain duties on believers. There is only a slight difference in the very spirit of these responsibilities compared to other world religions. Thus, Buddhism assumes that the fulfillment of his commandments, the observance of established rituals is an internal, almost intimate affair of the believer, part of the path he himself has chosen to liberation, a path for which he should not “account” to anyone, and no one else can exact from a believer for observing rituals. In Christianity, a certain balance between the inner attitudes of the believer and his “account” to the earthly representatives of God is carried out in regular and voluntary repentance. In Islam, the duties of a believer are enshrined in the pattern of a law, which a Muslim has no right to violate. His rituals are public, subject to control by other believers who consider it their duty to keep their ranks clean. Therefore, every believer must certainly repeat out loud his main symbol of faith. It sounds like this: "La illaha ill Allahu wa Mu-hammadun rasul-l-lahi" - this is shahada, that is, “Testimony” (“There is no god but Allah ...”). Three times reciting the shahada in front of a clergyman constitutes the ritual of conversion to Islam. Shahada is included in many prayers.
Believers are obliged five times a day, facing the east, to perform a prayer - namaz with the obligatory ablution in front of it. Legends say that at first Allah demanded that Muhammad pray 50 times a day, but then he reduced the number of prayers tenfold. The call to prayer for Christians is the ringing of a bell, for the Jews - the sound of a trumpet, for the Arabs - the singing of a muezzin from the minaret. At present, the muezzin has been replaced by a tape recording, so they even stopped making stairs in the minaret. In addition, the call for prayer in Muslim countries is broadcast on radio and television. The prayer of a Muslim, unlike Christian and Jewish, does not contain any request - it is only the glorification of Allah. Friday for Muslims is the same as Sunday for Christians and Saturday for Jews - a day of common prayer, a day of going to the mosque, where, however, mostly men are allowed.
It is mandatory to observe fasting during the 9th month of the Muslim lunar year - Ramadan (Ramadan), during which the faithful should not eat or drink until sunset.
In the 12th month of the Muslim calendar, the faithful must make a hajj - a pilgrimage in order to worship the sacred stone of the Kaaba (in Mecca) or the tomb of Muhammad (in Medina), or to other sacred places. If a believer is sick or weak, he is obliged to send another person in his place, and the honorary name of Haji (who performed the Hajj) is received not by the messenger, but by the sender. During the Hajj, a Muslim should limit himself in all the pleasures and pleasures of life.
The Muslims also had a monetary obligation: they had to pay a tax in the amount of one-fourth of their income to support the poor of the Muslim community. Later, the tradition of voluntary donations appeared and is still preserved, which are a kind of absolution for the believer.
The teachings and rituals of Islam require believers to fulfill five basic duties, which are called the "pillars of Islam": confession of faith, prayer, compulsory distribution of alms, fasting and pilgrimage.
The confession of faith or shahada ("testimony") is the first of the pillars.
La ilaha illa Llahu wa Muhammaddun rasulu Llahi
("There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah") - this is how the shahadah is pronounced.
It combines two main principles of Islam - the confession of monotheism (tawhid) and the recognition of the prophetic mission of Muhammad (nubuvwa).
God is One. "There is no God but Allah." Muslims believe that if God is the primary cause, the Creator and the Highest Power of the Universe, then this means that, by definition, He can only be One, for the existence of two “highest” or two “primary causes” is impossible. There is nothing like God in the world, and nothing can compare with Him. Nothing shares His authority. The most terrible sin is polytheism (shirk). God is not born and has not given birth, he has no sons or daughters and cannot have a partner.
Muhammad is the Seal of the Prophets, or the highest, final link in the chain of prophets and messengers of God.
Prayer (salat) is the second pillar of faith. Prayer means realizing God and communicating with Him in one way or another. Salat is a special ritual that consists of movements and words. Each cycle of these movements and words is called rakat. The Prophet appointed five daily obligatory prayers.
The morning prayer between sunrise and sunrise is called fajr;
the next prayer is performed immediately after noon - zuhr;
the afternoon, evening prayer is called asr;
a prayer performed immediately after sunset - maghreb;
the prayer performed at nightfall is called isha.
The predawn prayer consists of two rak'ahs; midday, afternoon and night - of four, prayer at sunset - of three rak'ahs. Many mosques set small clocks to indicate prayer times - five for the afternoon prayer and one for the special prayer held on Friday.
Many Muslims prefer men to pray together, women are encouraged to pray at home. However, a woman is not prohibited from attending a mosque, and a man does not have to pray in a mosque if he chooses to pray at home. Prayer is intended to purify the heart, spiritual improvement, moral purification, as well as to bring people closer to God, distract the mind from personal worries and calm passions.
Preparing for prayer, the believer first of all closes his mind, distracted from the bustle of the world. Prayer can be done anytime, anywhere. However, you need to prepare for it by cleansing your body and choosing a clean place. For those who pray on the road or in the wilderness, there are special small clean areas for prayer.
In a house or in a mosque, prayer is usually performed on the carpet. This could be a custom prayer rug. Prayer rugs are multicolored, painted with patterns or images of any holy mosques. Often they depict the Kaaba and the Medina Mosque, where the Prophet is buried. It is prohibited to depict living beings on rugs. If this condition is met, then any rug is suitable for prayer. In mosques, the floor is covered with large carpets or lined mats that are designed to sit in a slender manner in prayer.
They wear clean clothes for prayer. Shoes are usually removed; it is not necessary to remove stockings or socks. Men should be dressed in clothes that hide at least at least the lower part of the body; women need to cover themselves completely with clothing, leaving only face, hands and feet visible. Women are also prohibited from using perfume, which can distract from prayer. It is advisable for a woman to come to prayer without makeup and nail polish, although nail staining is permissible. Men do not need to cover their heads, but many of them wear a special white lace prayer cap.
Prayer is preceded by ablution. There is a big difference between washing off the dirt daily and cleansing for prayer. Purification (tahara) means both mental and physical bathing. Pre-prayer ritual ablution is called wudu. It is customary to wash certain parts of the body with running water. The Qur'an says:
“O you who have believed! When you stand up for prayer, then wash your faces and hands to the elbows, and wipe your head and feet to the ankles.
And if you are not clean, then be cleansed; and if you are sick, or on the way, or one of you has come from a latrine, or you have touched women and will not find water, then wash yourself with good sand - wipe your faces and hands with it. Allah does not want to arrange hardships for you, but only wants to purify you and to complete His mercy to you - maybe you will be grateful! "(Quran. Sura 5: 8 and 5: 9).
According to the hadiths of the Prophet Voodoo, small ablution consists of washing hands three times with clean water, rinsing the mouth and throat, rinsing the nose, washing the face, washing the feet to the knees and hands to the elbows. If there is no water or it is contraindicated for the believer due to illness, you can purify with sand. Voodoo is not required to be performed before each prayer, if in the intervals between them the believer remains pure, in a state of wudu. This state is considered disturbed if a person was lying with his wife, defiled his body with blood, urine, feces, semen, etc., or was immersed in a state of sleep.
Full ablution (ghusl) is performed after copulation, at the end of the mestruation and after touching the deceased. Gusl is also performed before prayer on Friday, holidays and fasting.
After washing, the prayer does not put on shoes and stands on the prayer rug, turning his face towards Mecca, puts his hands down along his torso, declaring to himself or aloud the intention to pray. The movements and words accompanying prayer are called rak'ah, which is performed in a strictly established order. Eight separate acts of worship are performed during rak'ah. Following the conscious intention to perform prayer (niyya) is takbir, that is, complete detachment from the world of passions and anxieties.
In a standing position, the prayer raises his hands up to shoulder level, open palms facing the same side as the face, thumbs are brought to the earlobes and pronounces the words "Allahu Akbar" - "God is great"; then he presses his hands to his chest, with the right hand over the left, and says the words: “Glory and praise to Thee, O Lord; blessed is your name and incomparable is your greatness. There is no God but You. I come to You in search of refuge from Satan, the rejected one. " After that, he pronounces praise to God and the Opening Sura (Fatiha); then reads another short passage from the Koran of his choice, for example, sura 112: “He is Allah - one, Allah, eternal; did not give birth and was not born, and not one was equal to Him! "
Then the praying person makes a bow (hand), for which the men put their hands on their knees and, without bending their backs, perform this bow; women do not bow so deeply. Making a bow, he utters praise to God three times: "Glory to my Lord and praise to Him." Then the words are pronounced: “May Allah hear the one who praised Him. Oh Lord, praise to Thee, the Greatest. " Then he bows to the ground (sujut), for which he kneels down, prostrates himself, touching the rug with his palms and nose; sits on his heels (jalsa), pronouncing takbir, performs the second sujut and stands up, taking his left hand with his right. In this way, one rakat is performed.
At the end of the prayer, they pray for all the faithful present at the prayer, and ask God for the forgiveness of sins. Then, sitting on his heels, the believer pronounces the shahadah and, turning his head to his right shoulder, pronounces the greeting:
"As-salam alaykum wa rahmatullah" - "Peace to you and the mercy of Allah." This greeting is called salam and is pronounced when addressing not only the rest of the faithful, but also the guardian angels. Personal prayers (dua) can be addressed to God at any time. Petitions consist of gratitude given to God for the good deed (giving birth to a child, recovering from an illness, passing an exam, etc.), from the hope for the help of the Almighty, wishes for faithful leadership and hope for deliverance from sins.
To perform silent prayer and pious meditations, a rosary is used, which consists of 99 beads, each of which corresponds to one of the 99 names of God revealed in the Quran. Such beads are called tasbih or subha. They are divided into three parts by larger beads. During the prayer on the rosary, the believer says 33 times "praise to Allah, glory to Allah, Allah is great."
The common midday prayer in the mosque on Fridays is mandatory - salat al-jamaa, which is also known as salat ad-juma. The word “jamaa” means “meeting”, the word “juma” means “Friday”. All adult Muslim men are ordered to attend Friday prayers. If a person is absent from Friday prayer for more than three weeks, he is considered to have left the fold of Islam. All businesses and shops in Islamic countries are closed on Friday.
During a special service, the imam reads two sermons - kudba. Hoodba includes greeting the congregation, praising God and asking to bless the Prophet, reading from the Koran, praying for the believers with the mention of the name of the living ruler, and instruction in piety.
Then the second sermon is delivered. From the time of the Prophet, it was customary to speak while standing, leaning on a bow, sword or staff. If men and women pray together, then a man always leads the prayer, regardless of his age. If women pray together, one of them, in the middle of the group, leads the prayer. The male imam stands in front of the rest of the believers, who stand behind him in orderly rows.
All Muslims are obliged to pray for the dead. In addition, they should offer prayers for the occasion of any more or less significant event in their lives (marriage, birth of a child, the beginning of the harvest, etc.). At the same time, it is recommended to invite clergy who have the right to bless Muslims on behalf of God. Nowadays, it is not required to perform prayer in the mosque, but the mosque remains an important place in the life of the Muslim community.
The word "mosque" comes from the Arabic word "masjid" - "a place of worship or a place where prostration is rubbed."
The modern mosque is a covered building with a dome or vaults supported by columns. In its corners, from the outside or under the roof, minarets are erected - towers from which the muezzin calls believers to prayer. There is a prayer hall inside the building. Some mosques have an open or sheltered courtyard with wells or a swimming pool. The mosque has several purposes. The first and most important purpose of the mosque is to provide a place for Muslims to perform common prayer. In addition, the mosque plays an important role in the social life of the Muslim community. After the prayer, Muslims sometimes stay in the mosque to chat with their friends, play billiards, etc. Many mosques have libraries. Muslims often invite itinerant preachers to mosques for lectures and talks. The imam can use the mosque to meet with people and discuss problems in the Muslim community.
All Muslims are encouraged to study the Qur'an to the best of their ability, but for many believers this is a very difficult task, because not everyone's native language is Arabic. Therefore, the mosque fulfills the important purpose of a school (madrassah), where believers study the Arabic language, the Koran and various Islamic disciplines. Lessons are held daily in the mosque arabic and the study of the Koran, which the children attend immediately after finishing school. Such additional lessons are held five times a week for two hours. In some madrasahs, lessons are given on weekends. Adult Muslims study in the evening. Boys and girls begin to study Islamic disciplines at the age of five. By the age of twelve, girls complete their studies, and boys continue their studies until the age of fifteen.
In addition to these appointments, weddings, anniversary celebrations, various meetings, family meetings are held in the mosque. Celebrate birthdays, circumcision, exams, etc. For such celebrations, mosques have kitchens.
The imam also acts as a khatib. Imam-khatyb is specially appointed to conduct khutba - double sermon on Fridays. For young people, the imam-khatib can conduct classes in Islamic disciplines. After the first sermon on Friday, the imam rests a little and then delivers the second sermon, followed by the Friday prayer of two rak'ahs.
Typical features of the specially rebuilt mosque are the dome and the minaret. The inner vaults of the dome create an impression of space and tranquility, the original shape of the dome reminds Muslims of their Middle Eastern origin. The minaret is a high tower from which the muezzin (a person who calls Muslims to prayer) proclaims the adhan (call). The call is proclaimed five times a day. At the top of the dome or minaret there is a symbol of Islam - a star and a crescent. The star reminds Muslims of the five pillars, or obligatory rituals of the Islamic faith, and the crescent reminds of God the Creator and lunar calendar, on which Islamic holidays and memorable days are calculated.
If there is no special architectural building of the mosque, then any suitable building can be used for it.
Alms
The third pillar of faith is the obligatory giving of alms (zakat) in favor of the mosque, personally to clergy - carried out in accordance with the instructions of the Koran. Muslims believe that charity frees from sin and contributes to the achievement of heavenly bliss. The word zakat literally means purification. The Qur'an calls on believers to “give cleansing”. Charity has two forms, which differ from each other. Zakat is a mandatory religious tax. Another form of giving alms - "sadaqa" is a voluntary act in favor of a mosque or a clergyman. Sometimes zakat was not distinguished from sadaka. Zakat exists not only to help the poor, but also to help the rich honestly fulfill their responsibilities towards other people, for Muslims believe that wealth is granted by God temporarily and should be disposed of accordingly, without stint. Zakat is usually given anonymously, but in order to encourage other believers to do a godly work, it can also be done publicly.
Fasting (saum) is the fourth pillar of Islam. It is observed on Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar. During thirty days of fasting, adult Muslims are obliged to refrain from eating and drinking, smoking, using perfumes and incense, and carnal relationships during daylight hours. Bans are lifted at nightfall, and renewed at dawn. Those who are released from fasting for special reasons (illness, travel, war, captivity, etc.) are obliged to later compensate for the days they missed during the fast. They release old people, children, and all those who can be physically harmed by fasting. Fasting is not only about abstaining from food - one aspect of fasting. But if a person cannot refrain from evil, violence, greed, lust, insidious thoughts, irritability, vindictiveness, then he should not refrain from drinking and eating, for such abstinence will be meaningless.
Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage (Hajj) is the fifth pillar of Islam. Any healthy and needy Muslim is obliged to perform the Hajj at least once in his life. They make a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, that is, to those places where the activities of the Prophet Muhammad took place. Hajj is performed in the month of Dhu'l Hijjah and consists of a series of rituals. Many pilgrims arrive in Mecca by the 7th of the month and, having passed the cleansing ceremony, pray in the Kaaba temple. The next day, they stock up on water and set off through small valleys to Mount Arafat. At noon on the ninth day of the month of Dhu'l Hijjah, the central rite of the Hajj begins - standing at Mount Arafat. The stand continues until sunset. Then the pilgrims rush to the valley at a run. Here, evening and night prayers are read near the brightly lit mosque. On the tenth, the pilgrims go to the valley of Mina, where they throw seven pebbles, picked up earlier, into the last of three pillars, symbolizing the Devil-Iblis, who blocked the path of Muhammad. This is followed by the sacrifice of animals bought here from the Bedouins. The tenth day of this month is considered the most important holiday and is celebrated throughout the Muslim world. Having shaved their heads or cut off a strand of hair, pilgrims go to Mecca, where they perform the prescribed rites. Those who have performed the Hajj receive the title of Hajji and the right to wear a green turban.
Arab-Muslim civilization.
Iran, Central Asia, North Africa, Asia Minor professed a new religion - Islam. In the 7th century, the third world religion after Buddhism and Christianity emerged in Arabia. Its name "Islam" means "obedience to God." Accepted in Europe, the name "Islam" comes from the Arabic "Muslim" - "obedience to God." Before the adoption of Islam, the Arabs worshiped different gods, but the main shrine for all Arabs was Kaaba - a temple in the city of Mecca. The founder of Islam was a resident of Mecca Muhammad (570-630). He first generalized traditional beliefs and created a monotheistic religion called Islam. He is credited with creating the book Koran , which sets out the foundations of the Islamic faith. The new religion united the scattered Arab tribes, and in 632. a state was created Arab Caliphate.
1. Belief in one God Allah and his Prophet Muhammad.
2. Pray 5 times a day (namaz).
3. Observe the main fast for a month (Ramadan).
4. Spend a fifth of your income in charity to the poor.
5. Make at least one hajj (pilgrimage) to holy places - Mecca and Medina.
6. The Koran prohibits usury and theft, but encourages trade and craft.
By the VIII century. after the death of Muhammad, the Arab caliphs (in Arabic - "deputy, successor") ruled - religious and political leaders, who concentrated secular and spiritual power in their hands, conquered all of Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, Libya, North Africa, Armenia , part of Georgia, Spain. The civilizational model of the Arab Caliphate was in many ways reminiscent of Eastern despotism, but it was based on the ethnic norms of Islam and had considerable stability. The internal structure of the caliphate was formed, in which the spiritual power (imamat) completely merged with the secular power (emirate). The state had the right of supreme ownership of land and sought to limit private ownership. The cities were also under the control of the government. In cities they built mosques ... The mosque served not only as a place of prayer, but also as a courtroom, a repository of books, as well as money collected for the poor. Higher Muslim schools were opened at the most famous mosques in large cities - madrasah.
By the IX century. the caliphate began to disintegrate into independent states (emirates and sultanates), and the unity of the Islamic world was achieved in the 15th century. only within the framework of the Ottoman Empire.
As a result of the Arab conquests, a civilization arose that absorbed the achievements of the Byzantine, Iranian, Central Asian, Indian, Transcaucasian and Roman cultural traditions.
Self-help assignments
1. To design contour maps "Countries of the Medieval East", "Arab conquests".
2. Prepare a message and an electronic presentation on the topic: "China in the Middle Ages", "Japanese Civilization", "India in the Middle Ages", "Arab Caliphate", by choice, using various sources of information. In this work, tell about the features, national religions of the countries of the Middle Ages, reveal their features.
Independent work control forms:
Oral survey;
Check workbook;
Checking contour maps;
Protecting your presentation and message.
Questions for self-control on the topic
1. Name the features of the civilizations of the East in the Middle Ages. What was borrowed from the Ancient World and what did the Middle Ages contribute?
2. Answer the test questions.
1. The first code of laws, which combined the principles of Confucianism and Buddhism, adopted in Japan:
B) Shotoku-taiishi;
C) Muhammad;
D) Confucius.
2. The types of activities associated with the development of geography, astronomy, mathematics in the Arab Caliphate:
A) trade and craft;
B) hunting and bee-keeping;
C) campaigns of conquest;
D) breeding livestock.
3. Place of residence of the Arabs:
A) Balkan Peninsula;
B) the Arabian Peninsula;
C) the Apennine Peninsula;
D) the Indian subcontinent.
4. Name of the Arab religion that contributed to the unification of the state:
A) paganism;
B) Christianity;
D) Buddhism.
5. In the 8th century, the Arabs formed a state that was called:
A) kaganate;
B) the caliphate;
B) kingdom;
D) empire.
6. The main religious center of the Arabs -
A) madrasah;
B) a mosque;
7. For the first time, gunpowder was used in:
A) the Arab Caliphate;
B) Japan;
8. In the states of the medieval East:
A) collectivism gave way to individualism;
B) the features of a traditional society have been preserved;
C) the government has become more democratic;
D) religion began to play a decisive role.
9. In the Middle Ages, the societies of the East were characterized by:
A) the preservation of relations typical of antiquity, in parallel with the development of feudal relations;
B) the absence of feudal relations with an increase in the pace of social development;
C) lack of national specificity in development, adherence to a single model;
D) the development of individualism.
10. During the VII-XII centuries. in India:
A) political fragmentation persisted;
B) a centralized state has developed;
C) the empire of the Great Mughals was formed;
D) nomads dominated.
Topic 3.2 "Western European civilization in the Middle Ages"
The basic moral obligations in Islam are divided into five parts:
1. Duties front By Allah Almighty, A prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and Holy Quran.
2. Duties in front of myself
3. Duties in front of my family.
4. Duties in front of their homeland and The nation.
5. Duties in front of all people.
Let's take a closer look at each part separately.
1. RESPONSIBILITIES TO THE MOST ALLAH, THE PROPHET AND THE ST. QURAN
AND) Our responsibilities to Allah Almighty :
All we have: these beautiful organs, and everything natural resourcesthrown at our feet, and the very fact of our creation out of nothingness - we have thanks to Allah (praise be to Him, the Merciful, the Merciful!). The right to use the immeasurable benefits of Allah also provides for the responsibility for the fulfillment of our duties to our Creator. We must :
a) - Believe in the existence and oneness of Allah.
b) - Perform all prescribed worship. c) - Avoid everything that is not allowed.
d) - Appreciate your love for Allah Almighty above all else.
e) - Remember His Name with deep respect. f) - Be content with everything He gives.
B) Responsibilities to the Prophet : Allah Almighty instructed the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) to convey to people the Religion of Islam. Our beloved Prophet made every effort to save people. In fulfilling his prophetic mission, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) had to experience many difficulties. Despite all the hardships, he spread the light of Islam and helped people find the Path of Happiness both in this world and in the afterlife.
Based on this, we are obliged to:
a) Believe that he is the most important and last prophet.
b) Express your love for him and, at the mention of his name, pronounce salavat (praise - "Peace be upon him and the blessings of Allah").
c) Unswervingly follow the Path indicated by him.
d) His moral way of life should serve as a constant guide for us.
IN) Responsibilities in relation to the Holy Quran :
a) Believe that the Noble Quran was sent down by Allah Almighty for transmission to people of the whole world through the Messenger of Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).
c) Strive for knowledge that reveals the meaning of the verses (interpretation) of the Quran.
d) Show utmost respect for the Qur'an while reading and listening to its texts.
e) Follow all the Precepts and avoid everything Prohibited in the Holy Quran.
2. OBLIGATIONS OF A MUSLIM TO ITSELF
(in front of his own person).
Due to the fact that a person consists of a body and a soul, our responsibilities to ourselves are divided into two parts: 1) Obligations to our own body. 2) Obligations to your soul.
1 - Responsibilities to your own body.
In order to have the health and strength to fulfill the prescribed worship, we -
and) Obliged to monitor their diet ... Our food should be as balanced as possible and consist of permitted foods.
It says in the Qur'an: “O people! eat what is on earth, permissible, good, and do not follow in the footsteps of satan, - because he is an obvious enemy for you! " (2: 68).
And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) wanted Muslims to be strong, saying: “ A strong believer is better than a weak believer and is more loved by Allah Almighty»
[Masharik-l-Anwar; vol. 2].
b) Obliged to protect their health ... In order to protect our body from various diseases, we must take appropriate measures. And in case of illness, they must be treated. It was said by the Prophet: “ O servants of Allah! Use treatment. Since against all illnesses sent down, Allah Almighty also created medicines"[Jamiu-s-Sagyir].
Allah Almighty has ordered us to beware of alcoholic beverages and various drugs that destroy health and contribute to a fall in morals.
in) Obliged to keep clean ... Cleanliness is one of our main responsibilities in relation to our body. A Muslim should have everything clean: body, clothing, and the room where he lives or works. Cleanliness is the key to our health and the foundation of disease prevention. It was said by the Prophet: “ Purity is half of Faith". With these words, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) pointed out the great importance of purity in the life of a Muslim.
Great importance was attached by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) clean teeth and his following expression is good instruction for all of us: “ Can't understand what's going on with you? Why do you come to me with yellowed teeth? Use Miswak».
(Miswak is a stick, with a split end. To make Miswak, the Erak tree growing in Saudi Arabia is used).
2 - Responsibilities of a Muslim to his Soul .
a) Purify the soul from all false beliefs.
b) To consolidate in the soul the beliefs that have solid foundations prescribed by Allah.
c) To fill it with correct and useful knowledge.
d) To cleanse the soul from bad thoughts and harmful character traits. Such as: hostility, anger, envy, lies, duplicity, impudence, bad manners, ruthlessness, cowardice, laziness, pride, injustice, intolerance, greed ...
e) Decorate it with good thoughts and wonderful character traits. Such as: friendliness, mercy, truthfulness, sincerity, modesty, courage, hard work, patience, shyness, respect for elders, standing on a given word, the ability to forgive people, the ability to suppress your anger, the ability to show pity to all people and living beings ...
when eating :
1) Food and drink must be from the Permitted (Halal).
2) Wash your hands before and after eating.
3) Before eating, say "Bismi-l-Lahi"! And after eating - Al-hamdu-lil-lahi!
4) Take food in front of and with the help right arms.
5) Put small pieces of food in your mouth and swallow after thoroughly chewing.
6) Don't talk with your mouth full. Speak only after food has been swallowed.
7) Do not reach for another piece of food until the previous one has been chewed and swallowed.
8) Do not blow on food in order to cool it down. 9) When drinking, do not breathe into the drinking vessel.
10) Avoid actions and words that can disgust those present.
11) Avoid wasting food. Put no more food on the plate than necessary, and do not leave food undernourished. [Waste in food leads to poverty].
12) When eating together, do not get up from the table before they stop eating.
13) Do not start eating until the elders begin to do it.
14) Do not eat on the go; do not eat on the street and in places not designated for this, unnecessarily.
Moral norms (duties) when talking :
One of our responsibilities to ourselves is
"Education" of your own language ... What comes out of our mouth is just as important as what we put into it. The religion of Islam has determined the norms of behavior in conversations, conversations.
We are obliged to adhere to at least the following guidelines:
1) Before starting a statement, you need to think carefully about the possible consequences.
2) Do not talk about what will not be beneficial either in this world or in the afterlife.
3) Do not upset anyone with your statement; do not interrupt others.
4) Talk to people according to their level of understanding.
5) Don't over-praise anyone. 6) Do not speak loudly in the presence of elders.
7) Avoid idle talk, talkativeness. 8) Do not divulge someone else's secret.
9) When talking, do not bend your mouth, do not pretend to be a scientist or expert in the last resort.
10) Do not accustom your language to a bad word. Avoid lies and empty oath promises. Do not discuss other people's shortcomings, do not gossip (see the article: "Gyiba - condemnation, blasphemy").
11) Don't make fun of people. Don't give them offensive nicknames or label them.
Once the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was asked a question:
"What is the salvation"? To which he replied: “ Guard your tongue».
Another time, one of the Companions asked the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “What could be the most dangerous for me? What should I be afraid of ”? The beloved of Allah replied:
« This one! ”, And showed his noble tongue, holding it with two fingers.
They were also told: “ Let the one who believes in Allah and on the Day of Judgment say something good or silent". This shows how important our utterances are and how careful we must be in our conversations.
Our responsibilities towards to its other organs :
Not only our language, but also our other organs must be used by us in accordance with the moral norms of Islam. In short, we are obliged to adhere to the following provisions:
1) Protect our arms and legs from the unlawful (Haram) and not use them to the detriment of others.
2) Do not look unkindly at other people's property. Don't use your eyes to find other people's shortcomings. Don't bother other people with your looks.
3) Do not use your ears in order to listen to lies, gossip, idle chatter, which is not beneficial either in this world or in the afterlife.
[Do not use your genitals to commit (Haram) what is not permissible].
4) Do not encroach on anyone's property, honor, life.
3. MORAL DUTIES OF A MUSLIM TO HIS FAMILY
The family is based on husband and wife. It was said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): “ Be careful! Your wives have duties to you, and you also have duties to them.».
AND) RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPOUSES TO EACH OTHER
1) First of all, between a husband and wife, the presence of mutual love and respect is necessary.
2) The husband is obliged to work to be able to provide for the needs of his family. He must earn in a legal way ( Halal ).
3) The husband should help family members in the performance of their religious and moral duties.
4) The husband is obliged to treat his wife tenderly, affectionately, with love. Excessive, out of place severity, and even more rudeness, does not contribute to family happiness. On this occasion, the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) are remarkable:
« The most wonderful believers are those who have wonderful characters. The kindest of you are the ones who treat women best.».
5) The wife is obliged to show love and respect to her husband, to help him in raising children and in managing the house.
6) The wife should be a real mistress in the house - economical, thrifty, so as not to waste her husband's earnings.
7) The wife is obliged to develop a sense of affection for her home, to keep her honor. Said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
« If a woman observes the fivefold prayer, observes fasting in the month of Ramadan, preserves her honor and obeys her husband, then she will be told: « Enter Paradise from any heavenly door».
And it was also said to them: “ Any woman who lived in full agreement with her husband will enter Paradise».
B) RESPONSIBILITIES TO CHILDREN
Children are the basis of family happiness, decoration of the hearth, and are given to parents in the care of Allah Almighty. Parents are responsible for raising their children both to Allah and to society. The main responsibilities of parents to children are:
1) Raise children healthy in mind and body.
2) Protect children from illicit food. Said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
« The greatest blessings for the money spent on the path of Allah are given for the funds that were used to provide for family members».
3) Give the child a good name.
4) Give the child a good upbringing. Be an example in adhering to moral principles. Said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
« No father could give a child more than he gave a good upbringing»
5) Teach the child to pray and other religious and moral obligations.
6) To give the child an education and the opportunity to acquire a profession that is necessary in the future.
7) love children; deal with them. Parental love is necessary for children, as well as food. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) loved children and devoted a lot of time to them.
8) Expressing your love for children by giving them gifts, do not distinguish anyone and be fair.
9) Help children who have reached the age of majority to find their own family.
IN) RESPONSIBILITIES TO PARENTS
1) Do good to mother and father. 2) Provide them financially if they need it.
3) Do not offend parents by word or deed. Don't even say "Ufff" in front of them.
4) Treat parents kindly, affectionately, with love. When talking with them, do not get irritated, do not throw angry glances.
5) Hurry to them as soon as the call of the parents is heard.
6) Listen to their orders, requests and fulfill them immediately (if this does not contradict the Orders of Allah Almighty).
7) In all your deeds and actions, remember them and give them joy.
8) Do not speak loudly in front of your parents.
9) If parents need your help, then take care of them and do it with love.
10) When walking together, do not go ahead of the parents. 11) Don't leave without their permission.
12) After their death, remember them with a kind word. Make a prayer to Allah to help their souls. Fulfill their wills. Continue good relationships with friends of parents, help them. Do not allow your parents to be remembered with an unkind word through your fault. Said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
« The most beloved actions of Allah are prayer done at the right time and good done to the father and mother.».
« One of those whom Allah will not look in the face on the Day of Judgment will be the one who was disobedient to his father and mother.».
« The punishment for any sins at His discretion Allah can postpone until the Day of Judgment. Only for disobedience to parents Allah will punish the disobedient until his death».
STORY
Narrated by Abdullah b. Ebi Evfa (may Allah be pleased with him): “Once we were with the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), someone came and said:“ O Messenger! One young man, who is dying, does not try, but in no way can he repeat after us " Laa ilaha il-al-Lah ". The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) asked:
"Did he observe prayers?" The man replied, "Of course he did."
After this answer, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) got up and went to the young man. We followed him. Entering the patient, he turned to him: "Say Laa ilaha il-al-Lah."
Young man: "I can't say that." Prophet (meib): “Why can't you”?
The person who brought us in said, "He was disobedient to his mother."
Prophet (meib): "And his mother is alive"? They answered: "Yes, she is alive."
Prophet (meib): "Invite her here." She was invited and she came.
The Prophet (meib) asked her: "Is this patient your son"? "Yes," she replied, "this is my son."
The Prophet (meib) asked her: "What would you answer if you were told that now a big fire will be lit here and if you do not protect your son, then we will burn him at this fire, and if you protect, then we will spare"? - The woman replied: "I would definitely protect him."
The Prophet (meib) told her to this: "Then testify before Allah and me that you have forgiven your rebellious son in order to save him from the fire of Hell."
The woman immediately said: "Allah Almighty, I call You and Your Prophet (meib) as witnesses that I have forgiven my son and do not hold a grudge against him."
After that, the Prophet (meib) addressed the young man with the words: "Say, - Laa ilaha il-al-Lahu vahdahu laa sharika leh wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan abdu-Hu va rasulu-Hu."
The patient immediately gave his testimony. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to this: “Glory to Allah! He delivered this young man through me from the fire of Hell. "
D) DUTIES TO BROTHERS AND SISTERS
1) There must be true friendship and love between brothers and sisters.
2) Brothers and sisters, are complementary components of one whole. Nothing should break this unity! Nothing and no one should be the reason for their separation.
3) Neither inheritance, nor money, nor property can be higher than their unity.
4) Older brothers and sisters are like fathers and mothers to the younger ones. The younger ones are obliged to show respect and beware of showing disrespectful actions and deeds to the elders. To the same extent, the elders are obliged to treat the younger with love, mercy and protect them if necessary.
5) Brothers and sisters are obliged to maintain good relations and respect each other's interests as well as their own.
D) OBLIGATIONS TO RELATIVES (near and far):
Our relatives, both close and distant, are, by and large, part of our family. In relation to them, we have certain moral obligations:
1) Treat all relatives with love and respect.
2) If possible, help those in need among them.
3) Don't forget your relatives. Visit them, give them gifts, inquire about their health.
4) Keep in touch with those who live away from you. Call them, write letters.
5) Our aunts and uncles deserve the same respect as our parents. Accordingly, we should treat him with such love and reverence.
How great the significance of family relationships is seen from the words of the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him: “ He who has lost touch with his relatives will not be able to enter Paradise».
One of the Companions (Abd-ul-Lah b. Ebi Evfa), narrated: Once, when we were sitting with the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), he said: “May those who have cut off contact with relatives do not sit with us today ". Hearing this, one young Sahaba, who had major disagreements with his aunt, got up and walked towards her, and saw her, and made peace with her. And then he returned to our meeting again. And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “ There will be no goodness to society, among which there are those who have cut off contact with relatives».
E) RESPONSIBILITIES TO NEIGHBORS:
After our family members and our relatives, our neighbors are the closest people to us. We have to meet with them every day, and sometimes several times a day. We often spend our holidays with them, share our joys with them. Naturally, our religion dictates that we treat our neighbors in the best way. It was said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): “ May the one who believes in Allah and the Day of Judgment do good to his neighbor».
And further: " May the one who believes in Allah and the Day of Judgment not oppress his neighbors».
Our main responsibilities to our neighbors:
a) Respect the rights of neighbors. Do not hurt them by word or action.
b) Be friendly with them. Share joys with them and support them in times of grief.
c) Be always ready, if necessary, to provide them with all possible help. Give them a loan, if necessary; make gifts.
d) Do not bother them with loud conversation and other annoying actions.
e) Visit in case of illness. Participate in a funeral in the event of death at a neighbor's house. Express condolences.
In general, we must do for them everything that we ourselves would gladly accept, and not do anything in relation to them that we would not want in relation to ourselves.
Even if our neighbor is not a Muslim, we must build our relations with them on the basis of goodness and justice. This is the Commandment of our religion. On the basis of this Instruction, the Muslims built their relationship with the Gairi Muslims (not Muslims) over the centuries.
An example of this is the fact that has come down to us from Aliyyu-l-Qari: Once the son of the Righteous Caliph Umar - Abd-ul-Lah (may Allah be pleased with them) ordered his employee to slaughter a ram and distribute some of the meat to neighbors, specifying so that the Gairi Muslim neighbors are gifted first. And he repeated this command to his worker three times!
STORY
Once upon a time Padishah Fatih Sultan Mehmet decided to check the quality of food products and the prices for them sold by his subjects. He put on the clothes of a common man in the street, changed his appearance so that he would not be recognized, and went to the market. Entering one of the shops and giving mudflows, he began to order purchases:
"Weigh me, please, half a batman of butter, half a batman of honey and half a batman of cheese." The seller carefully weighed half of the butter for the buyer and, announcing the purchase price, said:
“Kindly dear brother, please buy the rest of the food from my neighbor on the right. His goods are better than mine, and today he has not yet made an initiative (he has not sold anything). " Padishah went to a nearby shop. The second shopkeeper weighed half a batman of honey for him and, having calculated the buyer, said to him:
“Glory to Allah! Oh, my brother, today I made an initiative and earned money to feed my children, but my neighbor on the right has not sold anything yet, would you not go to him for cheese. "
Padishah was struck by the brotherly solidarity of his subjects, and said to this: “A nation consisting of such highly moral people can achieve a lot. May Allah punish those who cripple the moral foundations of the nation. "
4. RESPONSIBILITIES TO HOMELAND AND NATION:
The land on which we are born, and on which our nation compactly lives, is our Motherland. Cities, villages, mosques, schools, factories and plants are located in our native land ... - in general, everything that we have. On this land we spend our childhood, study, and marry. Our ancestors fought heroically and gave their lives for these lands. We must remember this. They bequeathed to us to keep their homeland. Every inch of it is abundantly watered with their blood. Defending their homeland is the duty of every Muslim. This is Prescribed for us by our religion.
And if so, it is our sacred duty to love our Motherland, to protect it from the external enemy, and if necessary, gladly give our lives for it. Love for the Motherland is not limited to just defending it. It is also necessary to work for the good of the Motherland, strive to increase the material and spiritual well-being of your nation.
A Muslim who loves his homeland will cultivate its land, equip its roads, and preserve forests. Along with the construction of mosques with high minarets, he will also build industrial enterprises. A Muslim who loves his homeland considers it an honor to serve his nation. Said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
« The best of people are those that are useful to other people.". Hence the conclusion suggests itself: - a Muslim's love for his homeland corresponds to the degree of his fear of God.
Islamic religion calls on believers:
AND) To unity, cohesion nation and the whole community. And scientific achievements, and spiritual uplift, and victories on the battlefield over the centuries were the result of the solidarity of Muslims, and various misfortunes fell on their heads in most cases as a result of schism and disunity. Holy Quran calls us to unity:
"Hold on to the rope of Allah all, and do not separate ..." (3: 103). And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) says:
« The community of believers is like one large building made up of different parts". Therefore, it is our responsibility:
a) by all means promote cohesion Muslims and call our fellow believers to this.
b) by all means resist a split among Muslims. Said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
« Whoever sows discord is not one of us". This means that we must be extremely careful in our statements and in our actions, so as not to cause discord.
B) To brotherhood ... It is said in the Noble Quran: “Bepybearing brothers. Accept both of your brothers and fight Allax - maybe you will be rewarded " (49: 10). These lines indicate to us that Islam is a religion of brotherhood. Fraternal relations in Islam are created and strengthened through the love of Muslims for each other. On this occasion, the Prophet of Allah said: “ And you will not enter Paradise until you believe. And your faith will not be valid until you love one another.».
So without brotherly love to fellow believers, it is impossible to become the owner of true faith. Allah Almighty linked our prosperous existence in this world with the unity and cohesion of the nation and community. And this, in turn, is associated with brotherly love between Muslims.
IN) To show tolerance. As people live in a community, they have a responsibility to respect each other's rights and be tolerant. The Prophet of Allah, whose moral way of life is the best example for us, possessed exceptional tolerance.
Anes b. Malik reports: “ For ten years I served the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and during all this time I don’t remember that he at least once expressed his displeasure with me, even with a sigh of "UFF"».
In the battle of Uhud, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was wounded in the face; his tooth was knocked out. But, the favorite of Allah did not harden himself against his fellow tribesmen, did not call on their heads a curse. In his address to Allah Almighty, he showed an example of philanthropy and tolerance:
« O Allah! Forgive my nation. They do not know what they are doing».
Allah Almighty in the Noble Quran talks about forgiving those who show tolerance, "And yctpemlyaytec to pposcheniyu From vashego of thy and payu, shipina kotopogo - nebeca and zemlya, ygotovannomy for bogoboyaznennyx that pacxodyyut and padocti and gope, cdepzhivayuschix gnev, pposchayuschix people. Poise, Allax loves those who do good! " (3: 133, 134). We must be balanced, tolerant of people who have a different faith and different thinking. Numerous historical facts testify to such a relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims.
The Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) assessed the relationship of Muslims as follows:
« The believer is accommodating. He treats others well and others treat him well. There is no goodness in a person who is bad with others, and people respond in kind.».
One of the conditions for the peaceful and happy existence of a nation is mutual tolerance. This does not mean at all that one should turn a blind eye to malicious actions. But, in such cases, we are obliged to stop evil in the first place through a kind word.
To preserve national unity and cohesion, believers must:
A) A Muslim must remember that all believers are brothers. Consequently, he is obliged to reconcile the quarreling brothers and strengthen friendly relations between co-religionists.
B) Do not wish fellow believers what you would not wish for yourself. And strive to do for his brothers everything that he would gladly accept in his address.
C) To take part in the troubles of fellow believers by providing the maximum possible assistance.
D) Be extremely attentive when dealing with unknown people. Do not succumb to the "fiery speeches" of the schismatics. [The enemies of Islam very often and, unfortunately, very successfully use apostates. For low, selfish reasons, these unfortunates are ready to betray anyone for thirty pieces of silver]. Allah Almighty warns Muslims:
“O you who have believed! If a traveler comes to you with good news, then try to find out that, by neglect, you do not miss any other people and that you do not look like you are honored 6 in that "
E) Do not violate the Fundamentals of Faith. A correct understanding of religious foundations contributes to national unity and cohesion. Knowledge of the basics of faith and religious law must be obtained from reliable sources, which means from books scientists Ahl as-Sunna wa-l-Jama'a... The enemies of national unity and religious brotherhood are causing division through the spread of false beliefs.
F) Remember that love for the Motherland and the nation depends on the degree of fear of God. Therefore, a Muslim is obliged to contribute to the strengthening of friendly ties between brothers.
Devotion to your flag:
In battles during the time of the Prophet Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), Muslims had their own flag. Great importance was attached to the presence of the flag. Before the battle of Khaybar, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) personally presented the military banner Ali b. Ebi Talibu (may Allah be pleased with him), who showed miracles of heroism in this battle.
In the battle of Muslims with the Byzantines at Mu'ta, the troops were commanded by Hazrat Zeid (may Allah be pleased with him). Before the army from Medina, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) handed the battle banner to Hazrat Zeid with the words: "If you become a martyr, let Jafar take up the banner ...". And so it happened. When Hazrat Zeid fell a martyr, Jafar took up the banner. When, in a fierce battle, Jafar's right hand was cut off, he intercepted the flag in his left. But when the left hand was cut off, this hero firmly pressed the banner to himself with two stumps of his hands and held it until he fell down dead. These examples indicate that Muslims revered their banner as a sacred relic. The flag embodies the honor and dignity of Muslims, and serves the unity of the community.
Gazi and Martyrs:
Muslims who gave their lives in the battle for Religion, Motherland and Nation are called Martyrs ... Those who remained alive in these battles are called Gazi ... Allah Almighty said about them in the Quran: “Don't speak about those who are killed in the path of Allax:" Dead! " No, live! Ho you do not feel "(2: 154).
The best, dignified and easiest deaths die those Muslims who become martyrs ... It is said by the Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “ As some of you feel pain from an ant bite, so the deceased (deceased) martyr will feel pain at death only to this degree».
Deceased or lost martyr , gets opportunity forgiveness of numerous sins. It is said by the Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “ Allah will forgive the martyr for all debts, except for his debts to slaves (Allah) ". All the victories of Muslims were won with unshakable faith in the need to protect religion, spread the light of Faith in the One Creator and the need to protect co-religionists. They went to these battles with this faith and thought: “If I die, I will become martyr ... If I stay alive, I will become gazi ».
ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF A MUSLIM WITH THE STATE
A state is an organization of society that governs a nation (or nations), peoples living on certain lands, through the government and its organs. A state is also called a country that has such an organization.
The state protects our property, religion, honor and our life from the encroachments of internal and external enemies. Without such organized defense, it would be impossible for a person to confront enemies alone.
The main responsibilities of the state:
A) To protect the Territory (Homeland), as well as the life, honor and property of representatives of all Nations and Peoples living in this territory.
B) Provide citizens of the country with the opportunity to receive education, medical care, as well as roads, water, communications, etc.
C) Take actions that contribute to the prosperity of the country and a calm, happy life for all people living in the state.
Moral obligations of a Muslim to the state:
1) Pay Tax .
The state will be able to fulfill its earlier listed obligations only if all representatives of this state pay their taxes ... If someone will not pay taxes, or will not pay them in full, and at the same time will enjoy the benefits received from paying taxes of other people, then will show injustice in relation to other compatriots.
A Muslim is obliged to beware of misappropriation of state property, as well as illegal use of such property. Such actions are regarded as theft of national property. Not a single Muslim who believes in Allah and on the Day of Judgment, which means: loving his homeland, his nation, respecting the rights of his compatriots, will not be involved in such illegal actions. A believer understands well that he does not deserve salvation if he appears on the Day of Judgment with such a heavy burden. Violations of the rights of hundreds of thousands or millions of people will turn into the flames of Hell for him. May the Creator save and preserve us from this.
Consequently, every believer must remember that for the calm and happy existence of the nation and each individual separately, and for the state to have sufficient power to protect such existence, we are required to pay our taxes on time and in full .
2) respect The laws .
Allah Almighty said: “O you who have believed! Blame Allaxy and blame the messenger and the owners of power among you. ... " (4: 59).
And the Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) says: “ Who obeys the emir (to the head), then he obeys me, and who is disobedient to the emir, he opposes me"[An-Nawawi]. These two Sources of Islamic Shariah clearly indicate the importance of obeying leaders and the need to abide by the laws. There is no need to give further evidence here.
3) Carry military service .
This duty is also one of the main duties of a Muslim to his state. Military service is a sacred duty both to religion and to one's nation.
The Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said the following about the goodness of military service:
« One day and one night spent on watch guarding the border is more important than a whole month, the days of which are spent in fasting and the nights in worship. The deceased on the clock will receive a continuation of goodness (as martyr) and will be saved from torment in the grave"[An-Nawawi]. And they were also told:
« There are two eyes that the flame of Hell will not touch. One of them is the eye of one crying for fear of punishment by Allah; the other is the eye of the one who stands on the clock for the sake of Allah"[An-Nawawi].
STORY
This is how state property is kept…
One night when Ali b. Ebi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him), being the caliph, was engaged in state affairs, a man came to him on their common cause. The Caliph immediately got up, and after extinguishing the burning candle, lit another one standing nearby.
The guest asked the caliph in surprise: “Why are you doing this. As if both candles are exactly the same, and you, having extinguished one, lit another the same. "
The caliph's answer was: “The extinguished candle was bought with government money. And since we are dealing with personal matters, I have no right to use this candle. Because of this, I extinguished the first candle and lit another, bought with my own money.
After the capture of the Khaybar fortress, the returning Companions began to report under the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) that he and he became Shehids. And when, passing by some person, they said that such-and-such had become a Shehid, the Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) objected:
« No, no, I saw this man in Hell, wrapped in some kind of robe that he stole from the spoils of war».
As can be seen from this example, a person who stole from military booty (Gyanim) some thing that was state property, went to Hell. And he was not even saved by the fact that he fell a martyr in battle.
5. RESPONSIBILITIES OF A MUSLIM TO ALL PEOPLE
1. General responsibilities to all people.
2. Obligations to guests.
3. Responsibilities to friends.
4. Responsibilities towards animals.
5. Storytelling.
6. The way of life of a Muslim is in accordance with moral principles.
1. General responsibilities to all people
1) Do no harm to anyone:
Our religion prohibits encroachment on life, property, housing, freedom, honor of anyone. The right to own all of this is the inalienable right of all people. Moreover, to become a true Muslim, he must be prudent, and avoid unwanted actionsthat violate the rights of others. It was said by the Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): "A Muslim is one who does not receive harm either from the tongue or from the hand of other Muslims."
2) Help people:
When dealing with people muslim must: be friendly; help the poor and the poor; guard the lonely; lift the fallen; show the way for the lost. A moral way of life is for Muslims a clear prescription of religion.
3) Respect elders and show mercy to younger ones:
A Muslim is obliged to show respect for his parents, older brothers and sisters, teachers, and everyone who is older than him. Show mercy to those who are younger, as well as the lonely, the weak and the orphans. The manifestation or absence of these qualities speaks of the moral state of a Muslim.
4) To greet:
When Muslims meet, they greet each other and shake hands. It is sunnah to greet others. Answer a greeting, - fardom ... The greeting awakens love for each other between Muslims and strengthens friendly ties.
5) Not be in a state of quarrel, resentment:
If there is a misunderstanding or quarrel between Muslims, you should try to immediately find a form of reconciliation. Reconciliation cannot be postponed until later. No mutual grievances are worth hindering reconciliation. After all, everything is from Allah subhana wa taal. Said by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
« It is not allowed for a Muslim to hold a grudge against a fellow believer for more than three days».
In another statement of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) it is indicated that long-term resentment leads to great sin:
« If someone is in a quarrel with a Muslim brother for a year, he will receive the same great sin as if he shed his blood.».
6) Reconcile the quarreling:
If anyone witnesses a quarrel between two Muslims, he must make every effort to reconcile them. It is said about this in the Noble Quran:
“Bepybearing brothers. Take the same with both of your brothers ... " (49: 10).
And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) spoke of the reconciliation of the two brothers as the most noble deed: “ The best charity will be done by the one who reconciles the quarreling».
7) Visit friends and relatives:
Muslims are required to visit their close and distant relatives, as well as their father's friends.
In this case, the following provisions should be taken into account :
a) Choose a convenient time to visit. c) Do not get bored with frequent visits.
d) If there is a possibility, then preliminary warn about your intention.
e) Clothes must be clean, and appearance - neat. f) Do not enter their yard, house, apartment, room without the permission of the owners ...
8) Provide hospitalityA: Our religion prescribes a warm welcome to our guests. The main duties of a Muslim are as follows:
a) Meet guests kind words and be friendly. b) Provide a warm welcome, offer some kind of treat. c) Do not scold children or servants in front of guests. d) When the guest leaves, see off and wish him a safe journey.
9) Accept invitations: If there are no obstacles or fears, then a Muslim is obliged to accept the invitation of a fellow believer. Such actions increase brotherly love. On this occasion, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "If a brother by faith invites any of you to a wedding or similar meal, let him not refuse." Our beloved Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) always accepted invitations, did not divide people into rich, and went to visit, even if some servant invited him.
10) Don't look for other people's flaws: A Muslim will not interfere with the personal life of a fellow believer. Will not tell others about his shortcomings, mistakes. He will not accuse him of anything or scold him in front of other people. The shortcomings, shortcomings of a Muslim brother will show him personally in a soft, respectful manner, trying not to offend him. If necessary, it will help him in the future to avoid such a sin.
11) Forgiving offenders: A well-behaved Muslim will forgive a person who has treated him unfairly. Moreover, he will try to answer him kindly. This character trait is one of the best qualities of morally pure people who believe in Allah and His Messenger. It was said by the noble Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): “ Whoever has three wonderful qualities of character, Allah with blessing will place him in Paradise».
And to the question: "What are these qualities?" - replied: " To give to whoever does not give you; go to someone who does not come to you; to forgive someone who is unfair to you».
12) Visit the sick: A Muslim is obliged to visit a sick brother of a fellow believer, and pray to Allah Subhana wa ta'al for his recovery. He is also obliged to avoid words and actions that could offend the patient.
13) Participate in a funeralA Muslim must carefully fulfill this important responsibility in the event of the death of a brother of a fellow believer. Including: participate in the funeral prayer; accompany the deceased to the cemetery; appeal to Allah subhana wa ta'ala for the forgiveness of his sins.
14) To wish for and treat fellow believers well: A Muslim is obliged to build good relations with everyone. Even in their thoughts, wish good to fellow believers. Wish them everything that I would wish for myself, and not wish them everything that I would not wish for myself. Such an attitude of a Muslim to other people should be the main feature of his character, if, of course, he strives to become a sincere believer and observe the moral standards of Islam.
Moral duties of a Muslim towards animals:
Our religion prescribes to treat with mercy and the representatives of the animal world. It is forbidden for a Muslim to mock animals. If a Muslim is under the care of animals (pets or others), then he is obliged to keep them well and show mercy to them. Without such an attitude towards the animal kingdom, it is difficult for a person to become a sincere believer.
We have received a message from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), which says about a woman who mistreated a cat:
« Once a woman locked her cat indoors and did not give her any food or drink. And she did not release the hungry cat free so that she herself could find food. From this attitude, the cat died in a confined room from hunger and thirst. Because of this unmerciful act, the woman was severely punished. She went to Hell».
Another message from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) speaks of a man who showed mercy to a dog:
« One day, a traveler in search of water came across an abandoned well. There was nothing to get water, and he had to go down to the well and quench his thirst. Having got out of the well, the man noticed a dog breathing heavily and licking the damp earth. The man thought: "Eh, but this dog, just like me, suffers from thirst," and immediately climbed back into the well. There was no dishes, and he filled his boot with water. But now I had to get upstairs, but how? To free his hand, he took a boot with water in his teeth and in this position began to rise from the well. He had to make a lot of effort, but he still got upstairs and quenched the dog's thirst. Allah Almighty was pleased with such an act of his slave and forgave his sins". The Companions asked: “O Messenger! Do we have any goodness in our relationship with animals ”? The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) replied: “ We receive goodness (with good treatment) because of every living being».
STORY
Khuzaifat ul-Adawi(may Allah be pleased with him), a participant in the battle with the Byzantines at Yermuk, says: “After the end of the battle, I began to look for my cousin... Finding him badly wounded, I decided to give him some water. Before I had time to bring the saving liquid to his mouth, I heard the groan of the wounded from the side. My brother did not drink the water and made a sign to give the man a drink first. I carried the water to that wounded man. Approaching him, I saw that it was Hisham, As'in's son. When I was about to bring water to his mouth, I heard another groan from the other side. Hearing this sound, Hisham did not drink water, but with an effort of will made a sign to take the drink first to that fighter. I hurried to that fighter and found him already dead. Convinced that there was nothing to help him, I quickly returned to Hisham. But Hisham was also dead. Feeling deep regret, I rushed headlong to my brother in order to at least save him from death. But I was not destined to do that either. My uncle's son was also already dead. "
Dying of wounds, refuses a salutary sip of water in favor of another fighter - isn't this an example of the highest spirit of co-religionists, an example of selfless brotherly love and mutual help at the last minute of life. Is this not an example of the high morality of a believer?
Distinctive qualities of a Muslim,
living in accordance with the moral principles of Islam
1) Believes without any doubt in the foundations of the Faith and confirms this verbally.
2) All worship is performed in strict accordance with the Orders of Allah Almighty and the instructions of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).
3) Avoids drinking alcoholic beverages, gambling, theft and fraud.
4) Does not lie, does not testify perjury, does not discuss with anyone the misconduct of another person.
5) Does not hurt anyone by word or action.
6) Strictly follows the given word and carefully preserves what is entrusted to him.
7) Conscientiously fulfills its obligations.
8) Avoids all actions in word and deed that could lead to split, separation, disunity of Muslims. He tries to reconcile those who quarreled.
9) Avoids duplicity. Strives to ensure that words do not differ from deeds.
10) He makes friends with people of high moral standards and avoids communication with the wicked.
11) Treats parents with a sense of deep respect and in every possible way avoids anything that might hurt them.
12) Lovingly treats the younger and honors the elders.
13) Does not offend his neighbors, but, on the contrary, strives to do them good.
14) He will definitely ask for forgiveness from a person whom he accidentally offended, and also ask for forgiveness from Allah Almighty.
15) He does not seek revenge in relation to his offenders, forgives those who were unjust to him.
16) He works in the acquisition of permitted worldly goods as if he would live a thousand years, and thinks about his soul as if his soul would be taken away from him tomorrow.
17) Works for the good of the whole society and tries to help the poor and lonely people.
18) I am ready to sacrifice everything I can on the path of Allah in the name of the Motherland and the nation.
19) Doesn't mock anyone; does not detract from anyone's merits. Builds relationships with people on the basis of goodness and justice.
20) Considers all Muslims as his brothers.
21) Does not despair in any difficult situations, trusting ( tawakkul ) on the Grace of Allah; shows patience ( sabr ). Al-hamdu-lil-lahi!
(From the book "Temel Dini Bilgiler" Saifu-d-Dina Yazici... Ankara, 1996)
Main literature used in compiling this part:
"Müjdeci Mektublar"- Ahmad Faruk аs-Sarhandi. Istanbul - 1988;
"Dini Terimler Sozlugu"- Enver oren... Istanbul, 1995.
"En guzel DUALAR" - Ali Eren, Istanbul, - 1995
"Faidalı Bilgiler"- Ahmad C. Paşha... Istanbul - 1997; "Tam Ilmihal",MuhammadSiddik G... Istanbul, -1996.
With the lowest request to Allah, subhana wa taal forgive possible mistakes and omissions -
Abu Timur Muhammad Yusufoglu Kok-Kozlu.
Simferopol - Kok-Koz - St. Petersburg,
1996 - 1999
Email address for reviews - [email protected]
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds!
May Allah bless and greet the Prophet Muhammad!
May Allah be pleased with his family and his companions!
END OF THE SIXTH PART.
