Roof repair service and roofs are quite good in demand. A considerable part of the housing stock in Russia was built in the middle and end of the last century and requires serious repair. With the repair of the roof it is impossible to pull, because not only the comfort of tenants depends on its state, but also the integrity of the whole design. That is why such a business can become a very profitable business. However, before you typing the brigade and register in the tax inspection, it is important to learn about the underwater stones of such a business. Details in our material.

Tolerance and not only

At first glance it seems that roof repair is a simple task. We purchase equipment and tools, you get prepayment, get the materials and start work. Unfortunately, this option does not refer to the repair of roofs. And the point here is what.

In 2015, Rostrud seriously tightened the rules for admission to high-altitude work. If you think that the height begins somewhere on the last floors of Hong Kong skyscrapers, then you are deeply mistaken.

Rostrud believes that admission to employees is needed for work at a height above 1.8 meters. Therefore, your employees should be over 18 years old, to study safe methods of work (obtain evidence of the established sample), undergo medical examinations (upon admission to work and periodically every six months) and safety instructions before each shift.

The first stone on the path of the entrepreneur who decided to discover such a business is to have qualified workers, development, approval of labor protection rules and certification of jobs.

Here is an excerpt from the rules: "Employees, first allowed to work at height, must be familiar with:

• Manufacturing instructions and safety instructions.
• Working conditions in the workplace.
• Requirements of industrial sanitation and personal hygiene.
• Circumstances and reasons of accidents that occurred at the height of accidents, accidents, fires.
• The main dangerous and harmful production factors characteristic of working at height.
• Zones of increased danger, machines.
• Safe methods and techniques for work.

Will you start working without necessary securities? No problem. In the case of verification by the controlling authorities, you will find a large penalty or even suspending activities. In case of an accident - a real prison term.

With the first pitfall figured out. Consider how much the development of labor protection rules, personnel training (hiring qualified workers who have been trained). In addition, contribute to the staff schedule of the deputy (also trained), which will lead the brigade.

Underwater stone number two. Equipment that may need to work with modern materials is different from the queen of the roofer from the past. You will need special devices for laying new materials, lifting mechanisms and special equipment (autotower), the latter, by the way, it is necessary to register in Rostechnadzor, where it is necessary to regularly undergo a technical inspection.

The cost of such equipment and technology depends on the brand and region. The price of the autotower, for example, can fluctuate in 5-20 million rubles. Already a lot, right? Turn on the staff schedule of the driver and the trained operator. And do not forget about the cost of the maintenance of the equipment.

Third underwater stone - seasonality of work. Roof repair B. winter time - prerogatives of the southern regions. And they are not so much. Consider this in the business plan.

Well, now about pleasant. Complex reconstruction of the roof of a simple five-story building can cost from 1 million to several tens of millions of rubles, depending on the complexity of the work. At the same time, approximately 50 percent of the cost will go to consumables. Even taking into account the salary, the amount of profit can be very impressive. And this is definitely a motivative fact.

Cons of business repair Roofs:

1. Serious documentary training before starting activities.
2. Serious staff training requirements.
3. High investments.
4. Seasonality of work.

Pluses of business repair Roofs:

1. High cost of work.
2. Fast payback of initial investments.

Eventually

So, if you are ready for serious bureaucratic obstacles and multimillion investments, roofing businessdefinitely for you. If there are no resources yet, try yourself in another form of business. Or find work in the brigade of the roofers. In addition to good salary, you can explore this business from the inside. Having gained experience, it will be easier to open your own business.

- The largest roof garden is broken at the top point of the Marina Bay Sands at Singapore, where a huge palm grove goes into the pool at the very edge of the two-plate cliff. - In London on the roof of the Selfridges shopping center there is a network of channels for which you can move on small boats, designed for two people. The total length of the water artery is 200 meters with a width of 2 meters. Here is Crystal Cafe, where you can wait for its turn for riding. - Coworking Roof Top Terrace works in London in the warm season every day from 6:30 am to 8 pm in any weather - free umbrellas for visitors are provided on this open terrace. - In the Chinese city of Zhuzhou on the roof of the local shopping center there are four two-storey cottages with small inseptic sites. When building a shopping center, these houses were declared as office buildings for employees of the complex, but over time they switched to private hands: the rich townspeople settled in the cottages, who want to comfortably and to live in the very center of Zhuzhou. - At the top point of one of the buildings in the Japanese capital, a football field appeared a few years ago, where, thanks to the artificial lighting system, the ball can be driven around the clock. - In the Metropolitan Museum in New York, there is a large-scale installation of Cloud City from the architect Thomas Saracino. Inside an unusual object you can walk, enjoying the views of the city. - On the roof of the skyscraper Stratosphere in Las Vegas there is an amusement park. Circling on the carousel and other attractions to visitors to this park will have to hang at an altitude of 250 meters above the ground level.

Fear of height

"Abone of the roof has long ceased to be simply a constructive part of buildings, they are adapting to commercial and social goals. This allows you to most effectively use objects and stand out on the competitive market. IN lately Increasingly, projects with exploited roofs and terraces appear in Russia, including in St. Petersburg. IN Northern capital At the height most often there are restaurants and bars, "says Evgenia Ivanova, the editor of the weekly" Real Estate and Construction of St. Petersburg ".

In St. Petersburg, the operated roofs dominate the Central and Petrogradsky districts - almost three quarters of the total volume. It is these parts of the city that can offer special species characteristics to customers - that, for which everything and thought.

Of course, use roofs round year In the rainy St. Petersburg, it is not possible, and the specific Russian standards of design and operation of buildings lead to the fact that engineering equipment lives in new buildings in new buildings. Reconstruction of the roof in an already existing building for use as a restaurant, a fitness center, a viewing platform, as a rule, is ineffective from an economic point of view.

Investments will pay off no earlier than 15 years. From the point of view of business, an open terrace or an exploited roof is more an image project, its profitability is minimal, it is usually functioning not more than 4-5 months a year.

Nevertheless, new buildings appear in our city, the roofs of which are far from empty. But this does not mean that the owners of the roof buildings do not bring profits: the placement of remedies in the fresh air gives the project value added.

High kitchen

"Makaroniki", "artist's attic", "Mansard", "Moscow", "Terrace", "Tea'an No. 1", "Rockbar", PMI Bar - This is not the entire list of very successful St. Petersburg restaurants in the fresh air. In most cases, these places are not focused on the mass market and are in the upper price categories: the arrangement of the roof for commercial goals is very expensive. According to the management company Maris, in addition to restaurants (43% of the total placement on the roofs), in St. Petersburg looks down on the world Cafe and bars (9%), photo studio (9% - SKYPOINT), offices (7%), fitness clubs (5%), cinemas (2% - Roof Cinema on the embankment of Griboyedov Canal), as well as other business spheres.

Money from the air

If we talk about the office space, the terrace in its composition is usually used to negotiate space, a place for coffee breaks or leisure leadership. Despite the fact that in the context of the office functional, the terrace is a seasonal and low-intensity factor, it serves as a good addition to the status of the organization. Offices with terraces with beautiful views are usually offered for rent at a higher rate.

At least ten modern office buildings in the St. Petersburg market are leased offices with adjacent open terraces, among which the Renaissance Plaza business centers, Chkalovsky and others.

The terrace as part of the office space, depending on the area and opening species, is offered for rent or with a reduced coefficient from 0.5 to 0.25 from the rental cost of the office or as a bonus when leased. In the historic part of the city, offices with specious terraces are offered at rates from 1,500 rubles per square meter per month, including VAT and operating expenses. Restaurant, bar or cafe, leaseing the terrace or operated roof, pays a full-fledged rent comparable to rental rooms on the first floors. In the total offices offer on the market of St. Petersburg, business centers with terraces are not more than 3-4%, they speak Nai Becar.

This includes those where open terrace there is also I. big balconiesMikhail Rozhko clarifies, director of the Nai BECAR Brokerjez Department in St. Petersburg.

First freshness

Terraces on the roofs of apartment buildings of the elite and business class are sold, as a rule, owners of apartments on the upper floors and are used as a garden, gym or recreation area. A bright example of how to adapt the roof for conducting sports eventsare the roof of the hotel W St. PETERSBURG and terrace Loft project "floor", where Generation Yoga conducts its classes.

The Taleon Imperial Hotel (Five Star category ») The rooftop is a sun terrace, a swimming pool under a glass dome and a spa for year-round rest, as in the resort. In addition, in St. Petersburg, it was recently the opportunity to rent a place on the roof for a picnic (for example, on the roof "Cosmos", 11th Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, 11). Lunch is in such a place difficult to call the picnic on the side of the road - he will definitely remember for a long time.

Any building looks defective, one can say, flawless without roof, high-quality roofing materials and roofing works in this case are simply necessary.

The share of this design always gets the hardest - protects the structure and its inhabitants from the whims of weather, seasonal temperature drops, rains and snow, wind and scorching sunlight.

For Russia, a pronounced seasonality is characteristic: just if the summer, the heat under + 30 ° C, if winter - frost with ice and snowdrifts on the belt, autumn and spring "please" by weekly rains and sharp drops of temperatures.

And if the roofing works were carried out with a violation of even one - two installation rules, and even from low-quality materials, it can be safely argued: in a year such a design will need to be repaired.

And in this case, no savings can be discussed.

Radial repair entails even greater destruction of the roof, and perhaps damage to the walls and flooring of the house.

What is the article:

Where to start a roof repair business

1. Installation of the roof "turnkey" of any complexity, taking into account the structural and technological features of the building and the materials used.
2. Roof repair, like small (leakage, etc.) and complete reconstruction.
3. Diagnostics and warranty maintenance of the coating of the corrugated floor, asbestoscement, soft and rigid tiles and much more.

One of the promising directions is the installation of metal tile And repairing the roofs from it, especially since this material is supplement to the processing and the question of whether it simply does not occur: ranging from metal scissors and ending with an elementary grinder.

Despite the high cost and rather complex laying technology, the advantages of this roofing material are obvious to others:

• durability: with proper laying and observance of technological features, such a roof can serve up to 50 years. And this is already solid savings on the likely repair and reconstruction.
• resistance to seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Sometimes these indicators can vary greatly depending on the proximity of water bodies, forest plantations, etc. Therefore, this criterion can become decisive in choosing a material for the roof.
• lightweight: light designs allow you to reduce the load on the bearing walls or supports, and therefore extend their service life at times.
• attractive exterior: Wide color scheme in combination with spectacular external species Allows you to arrange a roof of the house in accordance with the wishes of the customer, it gives the architectural image of integrity and completeness, aesthetically pleasing to the eye.

How much can you earn?

Earnings on repairing the roof is about 30-60 dollars for each square meter, depending on the type of material, the presence of waterproofing, etc. When working on large roofs of residential or industrial buildings, you can earn up to $ 2,000 in a few days.

How much money is needed for starting business?

For the organization of roofing business, it is required to purchase the necessary equipment, hire personnel and issue permits for such activities. You can also contact an advertising agency to promote your services and attract customers. At the same time, the material itself client buys for his cash. Total starting investments can range from 50 thousand rubles to 1 million.

Necessary skills for work

To repair the roof is preferably in the presence of due knowledge and work experience. It is better to work in a team where every employee is a specialist in its field (installation of waterproofing, a burner or heater operator, etc.) the most simple repair to overlapping the roof of the premises for agricultural use can be performed without special skills.

What equipment to choose?

For the provision of roof repair services, special equipment will be required and hand tool. First of all it is necessary to purchase:

• infrared heater for soft roof;
• a set of burners for roofing work;
• installation for applying liquid rubber;
• vacuum assembly and lifting, etc.

In addition to specialized equipment, a regular tool will also need a hammer, level, etc., which can be found in almost any construction store.

What kind of OKVED indicate when registering?

For activities in this area, it is necessary to indicate the OKVED code 45.22, which refers to the procedure for coating buildings.

What documents are needed for opening?

To organize business, registration is needed as an individual entrepreneur. To do this, it will be necessary: \u200b\u200ba passport, a copy of the taxpayer code, the receipt for the payment of state duty and a notarized statement for registration with the indication of the required OKVED codes.

Technology

Business technology consists of competently built marketing and professionalism of the workers themselves. In the first stages of the business, it is possible to set prices that will be slightly less than that of competitors. You can increase the demand for the provision of services by installing the warranty for the work performed. Equipment for repairing the roof is not necessary to buy a new one, it can be rented. The repair process itself is to remove the old coating, after which the installation of a new roof begins. In the simplest case, for the installation of the tiles, the stages of work are as follows:

• there is a rafting line;
• laying of plywood sheets;
• tile coating with nails or industrial stapler, imposing the edges of the plates on each other.

Investments: from 50 000 rubles

Payback: from 2 months

Organization of dates on the roof is a promising idea for business. In addition, this is a very beautiful type of activity, which in addition to profits will bring and mental pleasure. Let's wonder it: where to start and how much you can earn.

Business concept

Modern men are looking for many ways to arrange a surprise of their beloved. Classic trips to restaurants and cinema are no longer anything new, so the roof date is a wonderful idea. Customers will constantly. Because people fall in love daily, moreover, it became fashionable to celebrate all sorts of dates: a day of dating, the first kiss, the wedding anniversary and the traditional March 8 and February 14. Clients of the establishment will be young people, guys and girls, couples.

So that business has successfully developed, it is necessary to make the idea of \u200b\u200borganizing dates on the roof not only to realize, but also bring to perfection. This will help organized additional services: performing musicians, dancers, video shooting and photography.

No need to regret money on scenery and accessories, because the main thing is that customers go satisfied and talked about your familiar and relatives about you. It will work better than any advertising. And one more feature: many novice businessmen think that they can take clients low prices. In this case, it does not fit. No need to count that your business will work around the clock, one date on the day is initially - this is already good. Also consider that one and the same pair will hardly come to you, and if it comes, you need to make their holiday memorable and bright. Therefore, attract customers need quality service and originality.

What will required for implementation?

To realize this romantic and beautiful idea of \u200b\u200blife, we need not at all romantic resources:

• business registration;
• roof, her rental and arrangement;
• suppliers of champagne, fruit, cakes;
• scenery, furniture, dishes;
• advertising.

Step-by-step instruction launch

The implementation of the commercial project is the following actions:

1. Register a business.
2. Find a house with a suitable roof. It should be a multi-storey house with a safe roof, access to it and lighting. It is necessary to solve such questions in utilities. Initially, it is not necessary to rent a roof for a month, you can pay for it as you visits.
3. Establish a place of date. It is necessary to make a safe fence, bring it into a presentable view. All scenery should be removable, they need to be removed after each date. It is also necessary to take care of the furniture - to purchase plastic or wooden folding table and chairs, canopy in case of rain. You still need a set of dishes: beautiful vases and glasses. In addition, it is necessary to ensure musical accompaniment.
4. Agreed with food and beverage suppliers. Champagne or wine, fruits should be of good quality, with current shelf life. You need to buy food directly before date.
5. A negotiate with dancers, musicians, photographers. They will provide entertainment part of the date, they need to pay for each way out. For example, for half an hour of escorting or guitarist, set 1,000 rubles card.
6. Give advertisements about yourself: in the newspaper, radio, local television, notes in social networks, flyers.

Financial calculations

Start-up capital

Any business starts with investments. In this case, the following costs are envisaged (in rubles):

• 800 - Business registration;
• 10 000 - Roof rental;
• 10,000 - arrangement;
• 20,000 - furniture, dishes and scenery;
• 5 000 - Miscellaneous.

Initial investments are approximately 46,000 rubles.

Monthly expenses

Each month is envisaged in the amount of (in rubles):

• 10 000 - Roof rental;
• 5,000 - drinks and fruits;
• 20,000 - payment staff;
• 5,000 - different;
• advertising - 5,000.

As a result, monthly investments make up an average of 45,000 rubles.

How much can you earn?

Earnings will depend directly on the number of dates. For example, large agencies on the organization of holidays arrange 5-8 events per day. Obligible on this business, you need to expand and arrange a date in various places of the city and the suburbs. You can also rent a roof for rent for photo shoots.

Payment must be made by hourly, for example, 1 500 rubles per hour. A date lasts an average of 3-4 hours. Combining at least 20 dates per month, you can get 120 thousand, net profit - 60 thousand rubles. Expanding the business and arranging at least two dates or photo shoots per day, you will earn 360 thousand rubles.

Payback period

It will take approximately 2-3 months to justify all investments. This time will have to work hard to earn a good reputation, and then there will be no problems with customers.

Risks and cons of business

By doing this commercial project, you can face the following problems:

• it is difficult to obtain a special permission to operate the roof;
• in the cold season, customers can be less;
• the probability of competition from large festive agencies.

Conclusion

If you seriously consider this type of earnings, then after time it will begin to bring really big revenues. After all, since ancient times, people wanted bread and spectacles, and now they can all afford it.

History of appearance roofing materials It goes into deep antiquity, and the first tiled roofs appeared before AD. Today, the tiled from natural material Appreciate especially expensive. In the early 1900s, a soft roof appeared and for the past 60 years she enjoys the greatest demand. The soft roof is used both in the construction of expensive homes and in ordinary private construction.

Introduction
Business on the sale of roofing materials is quite promoted in the regions where low-rise construction developed. Many trading platforms besides the sale of roofing materials independently engage in installation. Installation of the roof involves the use of other materials, such as insulation, timber, siding, fittings, etc. Therefore, these materials are also available from roofing firms.

The format for the sale of roofing materials can be from a simple store to a small trading base.

Types of roofing and methods of application.

Metal tile consists of a variety of layers. In the center, as the base is a sheet of steel with a thickness of about 0.5 mm, due to this sheet and the desired rigidity is achieved. Next, the sheet is covered with zinc on both sides. A special coating is applied over the zinc that prevents corrosion processes. Then the sheets are released into the ground. And only an external polymer coating is applied to the ground.
It is used for roofing, both light and heavy buildings.

Square meter of products weighs about 4-5 kg.
Sheet size - 0.45 - 3.65 m.

The price of metal tile from 170 rubles.

Flexible tile can rightly be called one of the best roofing materials.
This tile is fixed quite simply, by sticking and subsequent fixation with roofing nails.

Made:
Outer layer - Stone Granules
Internal - top quality bitumen with the possibility of gluing.
Structure: glass chips

Temperature mode: from +110 to -55 degrees Celsius.
Size of one sheet: 0.317 per 1 meter.
Weight: 8 kilograms 1 m2.
Packing: 3 m2.

Price flexible tiles 180 rubles / sq.m.

The folding roof has a classic appearance and style, therefore, it is often used in the reconstruction of buildings, which due to their architectural features require restrained style. Such a roof does not require additional mounting holes and fastens exclusively due to its own lock (internal fastener).

Advantages of a folding roof:

• Fast mounting
• Corrosion resistance provided by the base of the zinc sheet
• Due to the smooth surface, a good precipitation is created in the form of rain and snow
• Long service life due to lack of through holes
• Fire resistance
• It has a small mass, suitable for light buildings

Folding roof, price from 220 rubles. m2.

Ondulin is an inexpensive material with a long service life of up to 50 years. Simplicity of transportation and installation causes good demand.
Ontulin is quite racks to temperature drops and it is not terrible, neither the scorching sun does not bite frost.
Throughout the territory of our country, Ondulin got great popularity, and this material is fully tested by different climatic conditions. For example, in America, where tornadoes often raise and strong winds conducted tests and found out that the roof of Ondulina withstands the wind, the speed of which reaches 200 km / h.

Uniqueness this material Also in addition to the roof, it can also be used in vertical construction, such as fences and walls of the host. Buildings.
Another advantage is that ondulin is easily mounted on the already existing roof with the already laid roofing material.

What does Ondulin make?
Structure:
Cellulose fibers in common cardboard, soaked with mineral pigments, a special thermotruding resin and a bitumen of good quality.

Sheet size: 1.06 by 0.4 m.

Price per sheet of Ondulina from 90 rubles.

Used for hozpostroops, construction of fences, warehouse structures. Used both roofing and wall material.
Size: 1.15 by 2 m.

Price: 190 r. / M2.

The composite tile is reminiscent of metal tiles, the steel sheet and the finished product is also taken as the type of multi-layer cake as the basis. But the "composite" has more complex layers. And if the manufacture of metal tiles use a regular zinc, then aluminum is already underway.
But the most important advantage is the possibility of performing more complex architectural solutions that are achieved by the presence of many additional already finished elements.

In this case, the installation can be carried out at temperatures from +40 to -10 degrees C.

Price - 650 rubles / m2.

Ceramic tile is exclusively natural material, the roots of which go into deep antiquity. Such a tile withstands any weather climatic conditions, and not afraid of any precipitation. This tile can be attributed to the premium class and if you see a tile of ceramics on the house, then this means that in such a house there is a rather wealthy person. And this is not only due to the fact that the ceramic tile costs more than other roofing materials, as well as because of its weight, which dictates the conditions of capital construction. As a rule, such a tile is laid in the house project still at the development stage.
Such a roof eliminates extra noises that are caused by rain and hail. Increased thermal insulation with long use even saves funds on home heating.

Price - 900 rubles. m2.

Cement-sand tile (abbreviated CPS) is made of concrete mix with the sole purpose of symotiming natural ceramic tile. On the one hand, you get a product similar to natural, on the other hand, all the problems associated with the complexity in installation and the requirement for carrying the supports of the building (at home). Not to mention the operation, but the whole thing is that concrete, in contrast to ceramics, has other properties and heat transfer and the deposit of moisture.

In other words, you spend the same funds for the construction of the house, with good supporting abilities, spend the same money for not easy installation, but will save on the material. It turns out "Cardboard Ferrari".

Price - 300 rubles. m2.

Article about modern types of roofing? Read -

Sale of other concomitant materials

Insulation
For insulation of roofs and upper floors

Bar, blackboard
Bar for the manufacture of frame, rafted. Floor board and crate

Parosolation
The material is used when installing the roof along with the insulation

Watercolutions systems. Voditary
Any house is equipped with a drainage system and precipitation, this is the final stage of external construction.

Plasterboard, plywood, plaster, etc. decoration Materials
For interior decoration Upper Floors

Siding
Many firms are selling siding, as the exaggeration of the house siding is the next step after the construction of the roof. On the resale of siding can be done well.

Wiring
Elekrokabel, sockets, switches are also working with a producer after installing the roof.

Proflist
For mounting fences and hozpostroops.

Making windows and doors under the order
As a rule, not own production, resale. Not one house will not work without windows and doors.

Hardware, fittings
Small consumables that are also required for the installation of roofs and subsequent work.

It is quite advantageous and simply need to sell related materials along with the main. It is especially worth paying attention to the materials running by the joint and next stage after the construction of the roof.

His store

Room
The placement of the store for trading with roofing materials does not have any particular tasks and can be located both in the industrial complex in the area of \u200b\u200bconstruction bases and near the shops of the gardening inventory. Accordingly, a segment of goods should be formed from the location of the location, for example, flexible tile may cost 200 rubles, and maybe 1800 rubles.

Method of trading space can be from 50 m2 plus warehouse from 200 m2, renting approximately 100 thousand rubles. per month.

Staff
From 2 to 4 sellers with a schedule 2 in two, salary from 15,000 rubles.
From 2 to 4 movers with the same schedule, salary from 15,000 rubles.
Accounting - Outsourcing from 20,000 to 30,000 rubles. month.

Investments
Original capital will go:

2) Rent for the first months of the store work - 400,000 rubles.

4) Advertising - 30 000 rubles.
6) Acquisition of products - 700,000 rubles.
7) Expenses for the purchase of commercial equipment - 200,000 rubles.

These are very rude calculations and most likely this is the minimum - 1,600,000 rubles.

Online store

Sale of roofing materials via the online store, this is the same business as the usual shopping area, only you will win on renting a sales area, the number of personnel, and fewer goods in stock, but you may have to buy your car such as Gazelle. As well as when opening a trading area, you will need your warehouse, the only thing that he can be in a remote place, where below for rent.

Staff:

1) Movers - 2 people.
2) Driver
3) manager
4) Web - Master (Perhaps work at home)
5) Accounting (Outsourcing)

Expenditures on the site:
Website creation - from 50,000 rubles.
Promotion - from 30,000 rubles. per month.
Advertising on the Internet - from 10,000 to 30,000 rubles. per month

All expenses:
1) Opening of the company - 30 000 rubles.
2) Warehouse rent for the first months of work - 300,000 rubles.
3) Wage Fund - 200,000 rubles.
4) Product purchase - 300,000 rubles.

It turns out the number closer to 1,000,000 rubles.

In addition to selling roofing materials, almost all firms earn on the installation of their products. For installation, the roof unambiguously needs to have trained employees in their state.

When installing the soft roof there are highlights that need to be observed:

1) The surface on which the flexible tile is stacked must be dry and smooth, so all work is better to carry out clear weather without rain and snow. It is also possible to build the so-called "warm-old" over the roof and you can work at any time of the year, in all conditions.