Faraday Michael (1791-1867), English physicist, founder of electromagnetic field.

Born on September 22, 1791 in London in the family of a blacksmith. Early started working in a binding workshop, where he was fond of reading. Michael shocked articles on electricity in the British Encyclopedia: "Conductings in Chemistry" Madame Marse and "Letters about various physical and philosophical matter" L. Eilor. He immediately tried to repeat the experiments described in the books.

The talented young man attracted attention, and he was invited to listen to lectures at the Royal Institute of Great Britain. After some time, Faraday began to work there with a laboratory assistant.

Since 1820, he stubbornly worked on the idea of \u200b\u200buniting electricity and magnetism. Subsequently, it became a matter of the life of the scientist. In 1821, Faradays first carried out the rotation of the magnet around the conductor with a current and conductor with a current around the magnet, i.e. created the laboratory model of the electric motor.

In 1824, he was elected a member of the Royal Society London. In 1831, the scientist discovered existence electromagnetic inductionIn subsequent years, established the laws of this phenomenon. Also discovered extractures when closing and opening electrical chain, identified their direction.

Relying on the experimental material, proved the identity of the "animal" and "magnetic" thermoelectricity, electricity from friction, electroplating electricity. Passing the current through alkali solutions, salts, acids, formulated in 1833. The laws of electrolysis (Faraday laws). Introduced the concepts of "cathode", "anode", "ion", "electrolysis", "electrode", "electrolyte". Designed a voltmeter.

In 1843, Faradays experimentally proved the idea of \u200b\u200bpreserving electric charge And closely approached the discovery of the law on the conservation and turning of energy, expressing the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of the forces of nature and their mutual transformation.

The creator of the exercise on the electromagnetic field, the scientist expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe electromagnetic nature of the world (memoirs "Thoughts about radial oscillations", 1846).

In 1854, he opened the phenomenon of diamagnetism, and three years later - paramagnetism. Put the beginning of the magneto-optics. Introduced the concept electronic magnetic field. This idea, according to A. Einstein, was the most important discovery from the time of I. Newton.

Faraday lived modestly and quietly, preferring to all exercises.

He died on August 25, 1867 in London. The dust rests on the London Khaigetsky cemetery. The ideas of scientist are still waiting for a new genius.

Faraday, Michael

Biography

early years

Michael was born on September 22, 1791 in Newngeston Batts (now Big London). His father was a poor blacksmith from London suburb. The Kuznets was the elder brother Robert, who in every way encouraged Michael to the knowledge and at first she supported him materially. Faraday's mother, hardworking and uneducated woman, lived before the time when her son achieved success and recognition, and was rightly proud of them. Modest family revenues did not allow Michael to end even high school, from thirteen years he began working as a supplier of books and newspapers, and then at the age of 14 went to work in a book shop where he studied and binding craft. Seven years of work in the workshop on Street Blyndford steel for the young man and the years of intense self-education. All this time, Faraday persistently practiced - he refused to read all the scientific works in physics and chemistry, as well as articles from the British Encyclopedia, repeated the experiments described in the books, on home-made electrostatic devices in the books. An important stage in the life of Faraday was classes in the city philosophical society, where Michael in the evenings listened to popular science lectures in physics and astronomy and participated in the disputes. Money (on shillings for payment of each lecture) he received from his brother. At the lectures, Faraday appeared new acquaintances, with whom he wrote a lot of letters to develop a clear and concise style of presentation; He also tried to master the techniques of oratory.

Getting started at the Royal Institute

Faraday gives a public lecture

By paying attention to the young man's craving to science, in 1812, one of the visitors of the binding workshop, a member of the London Royal Society of Deno, gave him a ticket to the cycle of public lectures of the famous physics and chemist, the discoverer of many chemical elements of Davy in the Royal Institute. Michael not only listened with interest, but he recorded in detail and binded four lectures, which was sent together with the letter of Professor Davy with a request to take him to work at the Royal Institute. This "bold and naive step", according to Faraday, rendered decisive influence on his fate. The professor was surprised by the extensive knowledge of the young man, but at that moment the institute did not have vacant places, and Michael's request was satisfied only after a few months. In 1813, Davy (not without some hesitation) invited Faraday to the freed place of the laboratory assistant in the chemical laboratory of the Royal Institute, where he worked for many years. At the very beginning of this activity, in the autumn of the same year, along with the professor and his wife, he made a long journey through the scientific centers of Europe (1813-1815). This journey had great importance for Faraday: he together with Davy visited a number of laboratories, where he met many outstanding scientists of that time, including A. Amper, M. Shevrelem, J. L. Gay Luissak and A. Volta, who In turn, drew attention to the brilliant abilities of the young Englishman.

First independent research

Faradays for experiments in the laboratory

Gradually, its experimental studies have increasingly switched to the physics area. After opening in 1820 x.Ersteted magnetic action electric current Faraday fascinated the problem of communication between electricity and magnetism in 1822 in his laboratory diary an entry appeared: "turn magnetism into electricity." The disconduct of Faraday was as follows: if the experience of Ersteda electric current has a magnetic force, but, by conviction, the Faraday, all the forces are interconnected, then the magnets should excite an electric current. In the same year, they were attempted to find a polarizing effect of current to light. The passing polarized light through the water between the poles of the magnet, he tried to detect the depolarization of the world, but the experience gave a negative result.

In 1823, Faradays becomes a member of the London Royal Society and is appointed by the director of the physical and chemical laboratories of the Royal Institute, where he also holds its experiments.

In 1825, the article "Electromagnetic current (under the influence of a magnet)" Faraday describes the experience that, in his opinion, should show that the current acting on the magnet is experiencing opposition on its part. The same experience is described in the diary of Faradays of November 28, 1825. The experience scheme looked like this. Two wires separated by a double paper layer were located in parallel to each other. At the same time, one connected to a galvanic element, and the second to the galvanometer. According to Faraday, when current flowing in the first wire was to be induced in the second, which would be fixed by a galvanometer. However, this experiment gave a negative result.

In 1831, after ten years of continuous search, Faradays found, finally, the solution of his problem. There is an assumption that the discovery of Faraday pushed a message from the inventor Joseph Henry, who also conducted induction experiments, but did not publish them, considering insignificant and trying to give their results some systematics. Henry, however, published a message that he managed to create an electromagnet capable of raising a ton. This became possible due to the use of insulation of wires, which allowed to create a multi-layer winding, a significantly enhancing magnetic field.

Faradays describes this first successful experiment:

Two hundred three feet of copper wire in one piece were wound on a large wooden drum; Other two hundred three feet the same wire were laid in the form of a spiral between the turns of the first winding, and the metal contact was everywhere eliminated by the lace. One of these spirals was connected to a galvanometer, and the other with a well-charged battery from a hundred pairs of plates in four square-inch with double copper plates. When the contact is closed, a sudden, but very weak action on the galvanometer was observed, and the same weak action took place when the contact with the battery was blurred

In 1832, Faradays operates electrochemical laws that form a new section of science - an electrochemistry that has a huge number of technological applications today.

Election to the royal society

In 1824, Faraday was elected a member of the Royal Society, despite the active opposition to Davy, the relationship with which the Faraday was rather complicated by the time, although Davy loved to repeat that from all his discoveries was the most significant "Opening of Faraday". The latter also granted Davy, calling him a "great man." A year after the election to the Royal Society, Faraday is appointed director of the Laboratory of the Royal Institute, and in 1827 he receives a professorship in this institute.

Faraday and religion

Michael Faraday was a believer Christian and continued to believe even after he learned about the works of Darwin. He belonged to Sandimanian ( english) Sect whose members interpreted the Bible literally. The scientist was chosen to the elder sect in 1840, but in 1844, together with another 13 people, it was excluded for unknown reasons. However, after a few weeks, Faraday was accepted back. Despite the fact that in 1850 he was again on the verge of exclusion from the sect, which, according to its rules, would mean a lifelong exception, in 1860, Faradays were chosen by the elder for the second time. In this post he was until 1864

The English physicist Michael Faraday, who grew up in the poor family, became one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. His outstanding achievements were made at the time when science was the lot of people born in preferred families. In his honor a unit is named electrical capacity - Farad.

Faraday (physicist): brief biography

Michael Faraday was born on September 22, 1791 in the capital of Great Britain London. He was a third child in the family of James and Margaret Faradayev. His father was a blacksmith who had weak health. Before marriage, his mother worked as a maid. The family lived poorly.

Up to 13, Michael visited a local school where he received primary education. To help the family, he began working as a messenger in a bookstore. The diligence of the boy impressed his employer. A year later, it was raised to the student of the rebooter.

Binding and science

Michael Faraday wanted to learn more about the world; He was not limited to a diligent daily work he spent all his free time For reading books that he bought.

Gradually, he discovered that he was interested in science. He especially liked two books:

• The British Encyclopedia is the source of his knowledge of electricity and much more.
• "Chemistry conversations" - 600 pages about chemistry in the available presentation of the authorship of Jane Mars.

He was so fascinated that he began to spend some of his meager earnings on chemicals and equipment to confirm the truth of what he read.

Expanding his scientific knowledge, he heard that John Tatum was going to give a series of public lectures on genuine philosophy (physics). To visit lectures, it was necessary to make a fee in one shilling - too much for Michael Faraday. His older brother, a blacksmith, impressed by the growing devotion of his brother science, gave him the necessary amount.

Acquaintance with Humphrey Davy

Faraday made another step towards science, when William Dance, a bookstore client, asked Michael, if he had a desire to get tickets at the Royal Institute.

Lecturer, Sir Humphrey Davy, was one of the most famous scientists in the world of that time. Faraday grasped the chance and visited four lectures on one of the latest problems of chemistry - the determination of acidity. He watched the experiments who conducted Davy at lectures.

It was a world in which he would like to live. Faradays led the record, and then made so many additions in the notes, which produced a 300-page manuscript that he himself overwhelmed and sent Davy as a sign of gratitude.

At this time, on the backyard of the bookstore, Michael began to carry out more complex experiments on creating an electric battery made of copper coins and zinc discs separated by damp salted paper. It used it to decompose chemicals, such as magnesium sulfate. In this area of \u200b\u200bChemistry, Humphrey Davy was a pioneer.

In October 1812, the discipleship of Faraday was completed, and he began to work as a twipers with another employer, whom he found unpleasant.

There would be no happiness, but misfortune helped

And now there was a happy case for Faraday. As a result of an unsuccessful experiment, Humphrey Davy was injured: it was temporarily influenced by his ability to write. Michael managed to record records for Davi, impressed by the book that he sent him.

When a short period of work, the assistant ended, Faraday sent a scientific note with a request to hire him his assistant. Shortly thereafter, one of the laboratory technicians of Davie was dismissed for the violation of the discipline, and Humphrey asked Michael, would not want to take a vacant place.

Did he want to work at the Royal Institute with one of the most famous scientists in the world? It was a rhetorical question.

Career in the Royal Institute

Faradays began its responsibilities on March 1, 1813, at the age of 21.

He was well paid and allocated for living room in the attic of the Royal Institute. Michael was very pleased, and his connection with this institution was no longer interrupted for 54 years, for which he managed to become a professor of chemistry.

The work of Faraday was to prepare equipment for experiments and lectures at the Royal Institute. At first he was dealing with nitrogen trichloride, an explosive, which injured Davy. Michael, too, at the next explosion, briefly lost consciousness, and when Humphrey was again injured, experiments with this compound were discontinued.

After 7 months of work at the Royal Institute, Davy took with me the Faraday in the tour in Europe, which lasted 18 months. During this time, Michael managed to meet great scientists, such as Andre-Marie Ampere in Paris and Alessandro Volta in Milan. In a sense, the tour replaced him a university education - Faraday learned a lot during this time.

Most of the tour he, however, was unhappy, because in addition to scientific and secretarial work, Davy had to serve and his wife. The spouse of the scientist did not consider Faraday equal to herself because of his origin.

Upon returning to London, everything fell into place. The Royal Institute resumed Michael's contract and increased his remuneration. Davy even began to mention his help in scientific papers.

In 1816, at the age of 24, Faradays read his first lecture on the properties of matter. She passed in the city philosophical society. At the same time, in the "quarterly scientific journal", he published his first scientific article on the analysis of calcium hydroxide.

In 1821, at the age of 29, Faraday was raised to the position of the head of the economy and the laboratory of the Royal Institute. In the same year he married Sara Barnard. Michael with his wife lived at the Institute most of the next 46 years, no longer in the attic, but in a convenient room, which once occupied Humphrey Davy.

In 1824, the biography of Faraday (physics) was marked by his election to the members of the Royal Society. It was a recognition that he became a noticeable scientist.

In 1825, Faraday's physicist became director of the laboratory.

In 1833, he became a Fuller's professor of chemistry at the Royal Institute of Great Britain. Faraday held this position until the end of his life.

In 1848 and 1858 he was invited to head the royal society, but he refused.

Scientific achievements

To describe the opening of Faraday in physics, not one book will be required. Not by chance, Albert Einstein kept photos of only three scientists: Isaac Newton, James Maxwell and Michael Faraday.

Oddly enough, although in the life of the scientist, the word "physicist" began to use, he did not like it, and he always called himself a philosopher. Faraday was a man who went to discoveries through experiments, and he was known for the fact that he never refused the ideas to which he came through scientific intuition.

If he believed that the idea was worth it, he continued experiments, despite the many failures, until he reached the expected or until he was convinced that the mother-Nature proved his wrongness, which happened extremely rarely.

So what opened Faradays in physics? Here are some of his most noticeable achievements.

1821: Opening of electromagnetic rotation

It has become a precursor of what, ultimately led to the creation of an electric motor. The opening was based on the theory of Ersteda about the magnetic properties of the wire, according to which the electric current passes.

1823: Gas liquefaction and cooling

In 1802, John Dalton expressed the opinion that all gases can be liquefied with low temperatures or high pressure. Physicist Faraday proved this experimental way. He first turned chlorine and ammonia into a liquid.

Liquid ammonia was still interesting because, as Michael Faradays noted, physics of the process of his evaporation caused cooling. The principle of cooling with the help of artificial evaporation was publicly demonstrated by William Cullen in Edinburgh in 1756. The scientist with the help of the pump reduced the pressure in the flask with ether, as a result of which his rapid evaporation occurred. This caused cooling, and ice was formed on the outside of the air flasks.

The importance of the discovery of Faraday was that mechanical pumps could convert gas into a liquid at room temperature. Then the liquid evaporated, cooling everything around, the resulting gas could be assembled and with the help of the pump compressed into the liquid again, repeating the cycle. This is how modern refrigerators and freezers work.

In 1862, at the World London exhibition, Ferdinand Carre demonstrated the world's first commercial machine for the production of ice. Ammonia was used as a coolant in the car, and it produced ice at a rate of 200 kg per hour.

1825: Opening of benzene

Historically, benzene became one of the most important substances in chemistry, as in a practical sense, that is, it is used in the creation of new materials and in theoretical - for understanding chemical bond. The scientist discovered benzene in oily gas production residues for lighting in London.

1831: Faraday Law, Formula, Electromagnetic Induction Physics

It was an extremely important discovery for future science and technology. The Faraday Law (Physics) states that the alternating magnetic field causes an electric current in the chain, and the generated directly proportional to the rate of change is one of its possible records | E | \u003d | dφ / dt |, where E is EDC, and F is a magnetic flow.

For example, the movement of a horseshoe magnet along the wire produces an electric current, since the magnet movement causes an alternating magnetic field. Prior to this, the only source of current was the battery. Michael Faraday, opening in whose physics showed that the movement can be turned into electricity, or, more scientific, kinetic energy It can be transformed into electrical, thus involved in the fact that most of the energy in our homes today is made precisely on this principle.

Rotation (kinetic energy) is converted to electricity using electromagnetic induction. And the rotation, in turn, is obtained by action on the turbine, a high-pressure steam generated by the energy of coal, gas or an atom, or water pressure in hydroelectric power plants, or air pressure in

1834: Electrolysis laws

Pharade-physicist introduced the main contribution to the creation of a new science of electrochemistry. It explains what happens on the border of the section of the electrode with an ionized substance. Thanks to the electrochemistry, we use lithium-ion batteries and batteries that feed modern mobile equipment. Faraday laws are important for our understanding of electrode reactions.

1836: The invention of the shielded chamber

Physicist Faraday discovered that when electric conductor Charged, all the extra charge accumulates on its external side. This means that inside the room or cell made of metal, the additional charge does not appear. For example, a person dressed in the Faraday costume, i.e. with a metal lining, is not exposed to external electricity. In addition to protecting people, the Faraday cell can be used for electrical or electrochemical experiments sensitive to external interference. Shielded cameras can also create dead zones for mobile communications.

1845: Opening the Faraday effect - magneto-optical effect

Another important experiment in the history of science was the experience for the first time pronounced the connection of electromagnetism and light, which in 1864 it was fully described by the James Clerk Maxwell's equations. Faraday physicist found that the light is an electromagnetic wave: "When opposite magnetic poles They were on the same side, it had an action on a polarized beam, thus, thus proves the connection of magnetic power and light ...

1845: Opening of diamagnetism as the properties of the whole matter

Most people are familiar with ferromagnetism on the example of ordinary magnets. Faraday (physicist) found that all substances are diamagnetic - most of them are weak, but strongly occur. Diamagnetism is opposite to the direction of the applied magnetic field. For example, if you put the North Pole in a strongly diamagnetic substance, it will be repelled. Diamagnetism in materials induced by very strong modern magnets can be used to achieve levitation. Even living beings, such as frogs, diamagnetic and can soar in a strong magnetic field.

the end

Michael Faraday, the discovery in the physics of which was revived in science, died on August 25, 1867 in London at the age of 75. His wife Sarah lived longer. The couple had no children. He was a pious Christian all his life and belonged to the small Protestant sect of Sandemanians.

In the life of Faraday, the burial in Westminster Abbey was proposed together with the kings and queens of Great Britain and scientists, like Isaac Newton. He refused for the sake of a more modest ceremony. His grave, where Sarah is also buried, can be found in Highgate Cemetery in London.

Mentioning about the electromagnetic field can not be remembered by the famous English physics of Michael Faraday (1791-1867 G.Zh.). I also want to say that Michael Faraday was a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1830. This physics was able to establish during the experiments the chemical effect of electric current, as well as describe the relationship between electric current and magnetism, magnetism and light streams. In the period from 1833 to 1834, Faraday created the electrolysis laws that received his name. It includes paramagnetism and diamagnetism, as well as the ability to rotate polarization light surrounded by a magnetic field. The merits of Faraday include the introduction of such concepts as electricity and magnetic field into our lives, as well as the consequence of their interaction - electromagnetic waves. One of his teachers was a famous chemist, a physicist and the father of electrochemistry - Gemphri Davy.

Michael Faraday (1771 - 1867)

Let's learn a little about the biography of the famous Faraday. Michael was born on April 22 in 1771 in the family of an ordinary blacksmith, and his older brother went in the footsteps of his father. The mother of the Faraday was a simple and uneducated woman, and when worldwide recognition came to Michael, proud of his son.

The small income of Faraday's family did not allow him to finish even high school. At 13, he was lucky to get a job in a book shop and a binding workshop, where he worked as many as 10 years. During all this time, he was self-learning - read the affordable literature and scientific works of other scientists in physics, chemistry and began to put independent experiences at home (according to descriptions in books). He also visited in the evenings a lecture on physics and astronomy. His blacksmith brother helped him with money at the lecture (one lecture cost 1 shilling). On these lectures, he had new friends.

Royal Institute

Visiting lectures on physics and chemistry for Faraday became decisive in his future life. He not only visited them as a listener, but also logically overwhelmed these lectures and, writing his conclusions, sent them to Lekrara - the famous physics and chemist Gemphri Davie, who at the time worked at the Royal Institute. The scientist struck the talent of a young man that he invites him in 1813 to the post of assistant to the Royal Institute, and then took him on a trip to the scientific centers of Europe. In this trip, Faradays got acquainted with the work of some scientific laboratories, and also met the leading scientists of that time - A. Amper, M. Shevrel, J. L. Gay-Loussak and others, who also noted the amazing abilities of a young scientist.

Scientific research Faraday.

Inspired by the trip in Europe, Faraday returns to the Royal Institute in 1815 and proceeds to his own research. And already in 1816, he independently begins to read public courses in physics and chemistry in self-education society. During this period, its first printed works appear.

In 1821, Faraday became an overseer behind the premises and laboratories of the Royal Institute. At this time, he managed to write 2 scientific work: "Rotation of current around the magnet" and "Reduced Chlorine". This year he also married and was happy from it.

In chemistry, he managed to publish 40 scientific papers until 1821, but then his attention was chained electromagnetism. In 1820, Hans Ersted opened the magnetic effect of the eletrotok, which made the prerequisites for Faraday to study the relationship of electric current and magnetism. In 1822, Faradays even in the laboratory diary made an entry: "turn magnetism into an electric current." But Faraday not only worked during this period in physics, he did not forget about chemistry. In 1824, Faraday managed to get liquid chlorine.

Already in 1824, Faraday elected a member of the Scientific Royal Society, despite some confrontation of Davy. Although at one time Davy argued that he considers Faraday with his most significant discovery, and the latter considered Davy a great scientist.

Already a year after election to the Royal Society, Faraday heads the Laboratory of the Royal Institute, and 1827 becomes a professor.

Electromagnetic induction of Faraday.

In 1831, Faradays opens the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which he described how the phenomenon of the nascent interaction electric field and magnetic. This discovery was laid fundamental foundation Modern electrical engineering. But Faradays were not interested in the applied capabilities of their scientific achievements, it was more interested in the laws of nature.

Lectures Faraday.

Thanks to the electromagnetic induction of Faraday became famous. But he constantly felt the deficit of funds and therefore requested the government on the appointment of life pension. In 1835, he prescribed this manual. But when he learned that the Minister of Economy did it as a fee of a poor scientist, he wrote him a letter with a refusal of any subsidies. Minister of Economics had to apologize to scientists.

In the period from 1833 to 1834, Michael Faraday examines the passage of electric current through various chemical solutions: acids, salts and alkalis, which became the basis of electrolysis. The discovery of Faraday became the basis for creating discrete media electrical charge.

Huge mental loads undermined Faraday's health, and he was forced to stop scientific work in 1840. Returned to the science of Faraday only in 1848 and began to explore the rotation of the plane of the polarization of light, which extends to transparent substances along the action of the magnetic field, which was called the Faraday effect. This discovery was associated with optics and electromagnetism. The world of Faraday was based on the relationship between electricity, magnetism, optics and other physicochemical phenomena.

In 1855, the Faraday Zamenogor is even more powerful and began to lose memory. He had to make records in a laboratory magazine about all that happening to remember later. His disease removed from friends and acquaintances. He even had to abandon his favorite lectures to children.

The merits of Faraday.

It is even difficult to make the contribution of Faraday to science, his scientific work and discoveries are invaluable. He first put forward a field theory in the teachings of electricity and magnetism. The electromagnetic field gained fame due to the scientific work of Faraday.

Faraday law. Electromagnetic induction.

James Clerk Maxwell called Faraday by a person who managed to see the invisible in the electromagnetic field, which permeates the space. A V.N. Grigoriev called the works of the Faraday door to a new era of physics.

Michael Faraday did not grow 25 August 1867.

Faraday (Faraday) Michael (1791-1867), English physicist, founder of the exercise on the electromagnetic field, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg An (1830). Recovered the chemical effect of electric current, the relationship between electricity and magnetism, magnetism and light. Opened (1831) electromagnetic induction - a phenomenon that has formed the basis of electrical engineering. Installed (1833-34) the electrolysis laws called it by name, opened the para- and diamagnetism, the rotation of the plane of the polarization of light in the magnetic field (Faraday effect). Proved identity different species electricity. Introduced the concepts of an electric and magnetic field, expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of electromagnetic waves.

Faraday ( Faraday) Michael (September 22, 1791, London - August 25, 1867, ibid), English physicist, founder of the modern field concept in electrodynamics, author of a number of fundamental discoveries, including the law of electromagnetic induction, the laws of electrolysis, the phenomenon of rotation of the polarization of light in the magnetic field , one of the first researchers of the magnetic field on the medium.

Childhood and youth

Faraday was born in the family of a blacksmith. The Kuznets was and his older brother Robert, who in every way encouraged Michael's craving for knowledge and at first supported him materially. Faraday's mother, hardworking, wise, although an uneducated woman lived before the time when her son achieved success and recognition, and was rightly proud of them.

Modest family revenues did not allow Michael to end even high school, and he acted as a student to the owner of the bookstore and a binding workshop, where he had to stay for 10 years. All this time, Faraday was stubbornly engaged in self-education - he read all the literature available to him in physics and chemistry, repeated the experiments described in the books in the books, visited private lectures on physics and astronomy in the evenings and Sundays. Money (on shillings for payment of each lecture) he received from his brother. At the lectures, Faraday appeared new acquaintances, with whom he wrote a lot of letters to develop a clear and concise style of presentation; He also tried to master the techniques of oratory.

Getting started at the Royal Institute

One of the clients of the binding workshop, a member of the London Royal Society of Deno, noting the interest of Faraday to Science, helped him get to the lectures of the outstanding physics and the Chemist of Davy in the Royal Institute. Faradays carefully recorded and twisted four lectures and together with the letter sent them to Lekrara. This "bold and naive step", according to Faraday itself, had a decisive influence on his fate. In 1813, Davy (not without some hesitation) invited Faraday to the freed place of the assistant to the Royal Institute, and in the fall of the same year he took him to a biennial trip on European scientific centers. This journey had great importance for Faraday: he, together with Davy, visited a number of laboratories, met such scientists as A. Ampere, M. Shevrel, J. L. Gay-Loursak, who, in turn, paid attention to the brilliant abilities of the young Englishman.

First independent research. Scientific publications

After returning to 1815, the Royal Institute of Faradays began intensive work, in which independent research engaged in an increasing place. In 1816, he began to read a public course of lectures on physics and chemistry in society for self-education. In the same year, his first printed work appears.

In 1821, several important events occurred in Faraday's life. He received the warden for the building and laboratories of the Royal Institute (i.e. technical caretaker) and published two significant scientific work (about current rotations around the magnet and magnet around the current and the liquefaction of chlorine). In the same year, he married and, as his last life showed, was very happy in marriage.

In the period up to 1821, Faradays published about 40 scientific papers, mainly in chemistry. Gradually, its experimental studies have increasingly switched to the region of electromagnetism. After opening in 1820 H. Erstened magnetic effect of the Faraday, the problem of communication between electricity and magnetism was carried away. In 1822, an entry appeared in his laboratory diary: "turn magnetism into electricity." However, Faradays continued other studies, including in the field of chemistry. So, in 1824 he was first managed to get chlorine in liquid state.

Election to royal society. Professome

In 1824, Faraday was elected a member of the Royal Society, despite the active opposition to Davy, the relationship with which the Faraday was rather complicated by that time, although Davie loved to repeat that from all his discoveries was the most significant "Opening of Faraday". The latter also rejected Davy, calling him a "great man."

A year after the election to the Royal Society, Faraday is appointed director of the Laboratory of the Royal Institute, and in 1827 he receives a professorship in this institute.

The law of electromagnetic induction. Electrolysis

In 1830, despite the cramped financial situation, Faradays resolutely refuses all side classes, the fulfillment of any scientific and technical research and other works (except for reading lectures in chemistry) to devote themselves to scientific research. Soon he achieves brilliant success: August 29, 1831 opens the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction - the phenomenon of the generation of the electric field with a variable magnetic field. Ten days of intense work allowed Faraday to comprehensively and fully explore this phenomenon, which without exaggeration can be called the foundation, in particular, all modern electrical engineering. But Faraday himself was not interested in the applied opportunities of his discoveries, he sought to the main thing - the study of the laws of nature. The opening of electromagnetic induction brought Faraday fame. But he was still very stronger in the means, so his friends were forced to bother about providing him with a lifelong government pension. These troubles were crowned with success only in 1835. When Faraday had the impression that the Treasury Minister refers to this pension as a submission to a scientist, he sent a letter to the Minister, in which he refused every pension with dignity. The minister had to apologize for Faraday.

In 1833-34, Faraday studied the passage of electric currents through solutions of acids, salts and alkalis, which led it to the opening of electrolysis laws. These laws (Faraday laws) subsequently played an important role in the formation of ideas about discrete electrical charge carriers. Until the end of the 1830s. Faraday performed extensive studies of electrical phenomena in dielectrics.

Faraday disease. Latest experimental works

Permanent huge mental tension undermined the health of Faraday and forced it in 1840 to interrupt for five years scientific work. Returning to it again, Faradays in 1848 discovered the phenomenon of rotation of the polarization of light spreading in transparent substances along the magnetic field strength lines (Faraday effect). Apparently, Faradays himself (an excitedly wrote that he "magnetized the light and illuminated the magnetic power line") attached to this discovery of great importance. And indeed, it was the first indication of the connection between optics and electromagnetism. The conviction in the deep interconnection of electric, magnetic, optical and other physical and chemical phenomena was the basis of the entire scientific world of Faraday.

Other experimental work Faraday of this time is devoted to the research of magnetic properties of various environments. In particular, in 1845 they opened the phenomena of diamagnetism and paramagnetism.

In 1855, the disease again forced the Faraday to interrupt the work. He looked significantly, began to catastrophically lose memory. He had to record everything in the laboratory magazine, right up to where and that he put before leaving the laboratory, which he had already done and what was going to do further. To continue to work, he should have abandoned much, including from visiting friends; The latter, from which he refused, there were lectures for children.

The value of scientific works

Even far from a complete list of what contributed to the science of Faraday, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe exclusive meaning of his work. In this list, however, there is no main thing that is a huge scientific merit of Faraday: he first created a field concept in the teaching about electricity and magnetism. If the idea of \u200b\u200bthe direct and instant interaction of charges and currents through an empty space was dominant before him, then Faradays developed the idea that an electromagnetic field was an active material carrier of this interaction. D. K. Maxwell wrote well, who became his follower who developed his teachings further and enhanced the ideas about the electromagnetic field in a clear mathematical form: "Faradays saw his mental eye power linesSubscribing all the space. Where mathematics saw the voltage centers of the long-range strength, Faraday saw an intermediate agent. Where they did not see anything other than the distance, satisfying that they found the law of the distribution of forces acting on electric fluids, Faradays were looking for the essence of real phenomena occurring in the environment. "

Point of view on electrodynamics from the position of the field concept, the founder of which was Faraday, became an integral part modern science. Faraday's works marked the onset of a new era in physics.