International technology exchange ensures the spatial distribution of scientific and technological achievements in the world economy, the similarity of economic processes and decisions in the practical activities of subjects different countries and is a factor in the implementation of the global nature of anti-TB drugs. Technological exchange is based on the division between countries on the achieved level and directions of scientific and technological progress, according to their specialization in various branches of scientific and technical

scientific knowledge and is carried out on the basis of differences in the availability of technology, in the level of development of scientific and technological progress achieved by individual countries, industries, and firms.

Technologies are created in the field of scientific research and development (R&D). Theoretically, technology is a factor of production (intellectual resource); legally they are intellectual property; in the balance sheets of enterprises they are accounted for as intangible intangible assets; in production, they are applied as scientifically based methods. Technology - these are knowledge, skills, experience, methods that are inalienable (inseparable) from a person and used in economic processes; they don't work outside economic activity in which they are closely embedded, but they are portable, transferable to other business entities.

Technologies are scientific achievements, knowledge converted into scientifically based methods that are used in economic activities and are aimed at solving specific problems; in its original meaning - this is skill, skills in the implementation of economic activities.

Technology - it is a special economic resource; unlike other factors of production, they are not spent in the production process and are transferred to other economic entities. Technologies lose efficiency in resource saving and labor productivity increase in competition with newly created technologies and must be updated and replaced.

The use of technologies in production is aimed at creating a specific product and giving it the desired properties; it can be a product, service, management or marketing solution, financial transaction or product.

Technologies vary by industry. Agricultural technologies provide an increase in crop yields and productivity in animal husbandry. Industrial technologies are aimed at increasing the efficiency of manufacturing, assembly, and modernization of industrial products.

Service technologies are aimed at improving the efficiency of service maintenance of the production of goods and services. In the processes of public administration, operational control over the activities of enterprises, technologies are used that increase the efficiency of management and organization methods.

Depending on the nature of production in industries, the OECD identifies four types of technologies.

High tech used in the aerospace and pharmaceutical industries; production of office, accounting equipment and computers; production of radio, television and communication equipment; production of precision, medical and optical instruments.

Medium high technology are used in electrical engineering, instrument making, production of transport equipment and motor vehicles, chemical industry, with the exception of pharmaceuticals.

Medium low technologies are used in the production of nuclear fuel, refined petroleum products, coke oven products; production of rubber, plastics; shipbuilding; production of basic metals and finished metal products, except for machinery and equipment.

low tech form the basis of recycling and disposal; production of pulp, paper, paper products, printed materials and related products; food and tobacco industry; beverage production; textile and leather industries.

Technology is implemented and distributed, including in the international sphere, not directly, but through its carriers, in which it is embodied. As technology carriers speakers: 1) patents and licenses, technical documentation, specialized literature; 2) machinery, equipment, other finished products and semi-finished products, services; 3) professionals who have the knowledge, experience, skills to solve certain problems, as well as skilled workers and technicians who have special skills and abilities that they can transfer.

The technology goes through a full life cycle; it develops in the direction from single use to mass use; from innovation (innovation) - to obsolete; technology loses its novelty as it is commercialized and spread from the innovating country to the developing country.

By novelty, technologies are: 1) unique (innovative), 2) high (advanced, progressive), 3) medium (mature, traditional), 4) obsolete. The very concept of novelty is relative. What is obsolete for one country may be mature technology for another, applicable for the modernization of production. The international level of novelty is determined by the leading countries in innovative development.

The newly created technology is innovative (unique), if it is unique, has no analogues and has an absolute novelty, the highest technical level. The introduction of technologies in the form of technical and technological innovations (innovations) is aimed at obtaining a new product that has no analogues, capable of creating a new industry and market.

A technology based on radical innovations provides its owner with absolute advantages for some time, a monopoly position in the market based on uniqueness and patent protection, which makes it impossible for competitors to use the innovation. A unique technology can also be designed to improve production, to achieve a competitive advantage, and not just to create a new monopolized market.

High (progressive) technologies are those that are new, but have lost their uniqueness due to their commercialization and distribution. The progressiveness of technologies can manifest itself within the boundaries of individual countries, various firms. These technologies are not protected by patents and do not have a pronounced know-how. As a result of the widespread dissemination of progressive technology and its obsolescence, it becomes average and traditional.

Science-intensive technologies include high and medium technologies, which differ in the share of R&D expenditures in the price of goods. In Germany, for example, technologies used in the production of medicines, cars, rail vehicles, in the prices of which R&D costs range from 2.5 to 7%, are classified as medium; in prices for high-tech products (IT, aerospace equipment, etc.), R&D costs are 7% or more. Science intensity (knowledge intensity) of services is determined by the share of specialists with higher specialized education in a service enterprise - from 15%.

Traditional technology reflects the average level of production achieved by most manufacturers of this product. Traditional technology is gradually replaced by progressive and becomes obsolete. The terms of technology obsolescence are reduced, the replacement of technology by high and even innovative technology, especially in developed countries, is very fast. The choice of technology is a very important problem, especially for countries with a catch-up type of development, with underdeveloped economies. It is these countries that need higher technology for accelerated development; at the same time, better technologies are less labour-intensive, sharply reducing employment and increasing unemployment.

The national technological level is determined by the effectiveness of the institutional innovation system, resource provision and R&D expenditures. In 2014, global spending on R&D at PPP was $1,618 billion, up 6.6% since 2012 (Table 7.1). Among the regions, Asia was in first place, consisting of 20 states with a share of 39.1% in world expenditures (37% in 2012), America was in second place (21) -

33.9 (34.5%), in third place is Europe (34) - 21.7% (23.1%). At the same time, Asian investment in R&D for 2012-2014 increased by 12.8%, America - by 3.9%, Europe - remained virtually unchanged.

The United States is confidently leading the way in scientific and technological development, which is provided mainly by private business. In 2014, the share of the Federal government in total US spending on R&D was 26.5%, other government organizations - 0.9, industry - 66.2, universities - 2.9, non-profit organizations- 3.6%. In 2014, the US share in global R&D spending was 31.1% (in 2012 - 32%).

For 2012-2014 China's share in world R&D spending increased from 15.3 to 17.5%, Brazil - from 2 to 2.1%; India's share remained at the level

2.7, Russia - 2.5, South Africa - 0.4%; the share of Japan decreased from 10.5 to 10.2%, Germany - from 6.1 to 5.7%, Great Britain - from 2.8 to 2.7%.

In 2014, in Japan, the share of spending on R&D was 3.4% of GDP ($165 billion), Germany - 2.9% of GDP (92), USA - 2.8% of GDP (465), China - 2% of GDP (284), Great Britain - 1.8% of GDP (44), Russia - 1.5% of GDP (40), Brazil - 1.3% of GDP (33), South Africa - 1% of GDP (6), India - 0, 9% of GDP ($44 billion). Table 7.1

Expenditure of the countries of the world on research and development according to PPP in 2012-2014

	R&D spending, billion dollars	Share in GDP,	Share in global spending,%	R&D spending, billion dollars	Share in GDP,	Share in global spending, %
America (21 countries)
Asia (20 countries)
Europe (34 countries)
Germany
Great Britain
Brazil
All countries

Plan.

1. "Technology" as an object of international trade.

2. Channels and forms of technology transfer.

International license agreements.

Terms and concepts.

International technology exchange, idea commercialization, know-how, implemented technologies, patent, leasing, engineering, consulting, technical piracy.

Summary.

In the international economy, the concept "technology" is interpreted as a set of scientific and technical knowledge that can be used in the production of goods and services.

The term "technology" includes:

1. Technology itself, understood as a set of design solutions, methods and processes for the production of goods and the provision of services.

2. Material technology embodied in machines, equipment, etc.

According to UNCTAD experts, international technology transfer refers to transactions based on “Agreements between parties, regardless of their legal form, which pursue as an objective or one of their legal objectives the assignment by license or transfer of their rights to industrial property, sale or any other type of transfer technical services".

Not every technology becomes a commodity. Technology becomes a commodity that can be sold only under certain conditions - if it approaches becoming a commodity at a certain stage of the “idea-market” movement, namely, when the real possibility of commercializing the idea is realized, examination, screening, possible areas of use. But even in this case, the product-technology must have a presentation, i.e. meet standard product requirements. In this form, technology as a commodity can take the form of patents, production experience, know-how, experimental or industrial models of equipment, apparatus, other equipment, as well as technology in the narrow sense - as methods of production. technological processes and secrets.

By acquiring a presentation, technology becomes the subject of transfer. Technology-goods go through a certain life cycle from the moment of appearance to disappearance.

The economic feasibility of technology export is that it is:

1. A means of increasing income. If there are no conditions for implementation new technology in the form of production and marketing of a particular product, one should at least implement the technology as an independent product.

2. Form of struggle for the commodity market. Buyers abroad will already be familiar with the product, which was previously produced under license.

3. Ways to circumvent the problems of exporting goods in material form (transportation, marketing, customs barriers).

4. A means of expanding commodity exports.

5. A way to establish control over a foreign company.

6. A way to provide access to another innovation.

7. Possibility of more efficient improvement of the objects of the license.

The economic feasibility of technology import is that it is:

1. Access to innovations of a high technical level.

2. A means of saving R&D costs, including time.

3. A means of reducing the cost of merchandise imports.

4. The condition for expanding the export of products manufactured using foreign technologies.

This determined the emergence and intensive development of the global technology market, which has a peculiar structure and features.

The heterogeneity of the global technology market led to the formation of such segments as:

Market of patents and licenses;

Market of science-intensive technological products;

High-tech capital market;

Market of scientific and technical specialists;

The global technology market has a number of features. It is one of the world's most intensively developing markets in recent decades. . The global technology market is better developed than the national one and has a two-level structure:

High technologies circulate predominantly between industrialized countries;

Medium and low technologies may be new to the market of developing and transforming countries and the subject of technological exchange between them and within these groups of countries.

The global high-tech market is characterized by a uniquely high concentration of resources in a small number of developed countries.

40% belongs to the USA, 30% to Japan, 13% to Germany. The main competitors in the world market of high technologies are the USA and Japan. The degree of monopolization of the world market of technologies is much higher than the world market of goods.

There are the following main ways of technology transfer:

1.On a non-commercial basis:

Information arrays of specialized literature, computer data banks, reference books, business games, etc.;

Conferences, symposiums, seminars, clubs;

Foreign education, internships, practice of students, scientists and specialists, carried out on a parity basis by universities, enterprises, organizations;

Cross Licensing;

Activities of international organizations for cooperation in the field of science and technology;

International migration of scientists and specialists, including the "brain drain".

2. On a commercial basis:

Sale of embodied technologies;

Direct foreign investments and the accompanying construction, reconstruction and modernization of enterprises, firms, industries;

Sale of patent and know-how licenses;

Joint research and development through the creation of joint teams, the work of specialists abroad;

R&D coordination and cooperation;

Providing technical assistance;

Export of complex equipment;

Engineering;

Consulting;

Portfolio investment, including the creation of joint ventures, if accompanied by a flow of investment goods;

Scientific, technical and industrial cooperation.

In addition to the two main routes of technology transfer, there are illegal technology transfer in the form of industrial espionage and technical piracy - the mass production and sale of imitation goods by shadow structures.

The result of the international license exchange is the provision licenses– permission to use an invention, scientific and technological achievement, technical knowledge and production experience, trade secrets, commercial or other information necessary for the organization of production.

A license is a form of technology transfer. There are such forms of technology transfer as franchising- permission to use a well-known brand name.

Leasing- a financial and commercial transaction for the provision by one party to the other party for exclusive use for a specified period of property for a certain fee on the basis of a lease agreement.

International engineering- as a form of exchange of scientific and technical knowledge. One party provides the other party with a set of engineering and technical services.

Non-contractual forms of technology transfer: corporate forms - the purchase or sale of a company, the creation of a joint venture, an open sale of shares.

Contract methods of technology transfer: agreements, licenses, franchising, engineering.

All forms of technological exchange do not exist by themselves, but are conditioned by the content of technologies and reflect the dialectical process of its origin, flourishing, aging and replacement by a new one, the technological backwardness of its owners.

Virtually all commercial technology transfer is documented or accompanied by license agreement- an agreement under which the licensor (seller, owner of a patent or trademark, know-how) provides the licensee (buyer) with permission or the right to use the subject of the license for a certain fee for a certain period.

The license agreement contains the following standard sections:

Preamble (information about the parties).

Definitions (description of concepts and terminology).

The development of international technological exchange is due to significant differences in the technical level of individual countries. On the other hand, knowledge and technology in backward countries must develop in the same direction as they develop in advanced countries, since world economy as a technical and economic category is based on machine production, regardless of the level of development of a particular national economy. Thus, even if there is an autarkic model of the economy of a particular country, technical thought is still developing in the same direction as in more developed countries. However, more often technically backward countries develop as a result of obtaining new knowledge and technologies from outside. High rates of scientific and technological progress in the second half of the 20th century. led to the fact that over the past decades, international trade has been characterized by the involvement in the trade turnover of a special product - scientific and technological achievements, i.e. there is an active technological exchange. The concept of international technological exchange, as a rule, is interpreted in two ways: in a broad sense, it means the penetration of any scientific and technical knowledge and the exchange of production experience between countries, and in a narrow sense, it means the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge and experience related to the reproduction of specific technological processes.

Technologies are transferred both commercially and non-commercially.

Technological exchange in a broad sense is carried out, as a rule, in non-commercial forms:

scientific and technical publications;

holding exhibitions, fairs, symposiums;

exchange of delegations and meetings of scientists and engineers;

migration of specialists;

training of students and graduate students;

activities of international organizations for cooperation in the field of science and technology, etc.

Technological exchange in the narrow sense is carried out, as a rule, in commercial forms:

transfer under license agreements of the rights to use inventions (patents, know-how, registered trademarks, industrial designs), technical documentation;

delivery of machines and various industrial equipment;

provision of technical assistance;

engineering services;

export of complete equipment;

training and training of specialists;

management contracts;

scientific, technical and industrial cooperation, etc.

The transfer of technology in commercial forms implies that the technology is a specific commodity. The buyer of the new technology receives scientific and technical developments and / or created production and technological processes at his disposal. The use of such developments and processes as elements of productive capital makes it possible to produce commercial products with increased competitiveness and receive additional profit for a more or less long period due to its uniqueness or lower production costs per unit of finished product.

The increased competitiveness of products manufactured using a new technology is inversely related to the extent of distribution (accessibility) of this technology. Extra profit disappears as soon as technical improvements become the property of the majority of enterprises in the industry or even better technology appears. The higher the degree of monopolization of scientific and technical knowledge and production and managerial experience, the stronger the position of the technology owner in the commodity market. Thus, the desire of countries and individual firms that have reached a high technical level to maintain their monopoly on new technologies is quite understandable.

At the same time, technology as a commodity usually has a very high cost, determined by the high costs of R&D and their implementation. The transfer of this value to the final product occurs gradually, after the huge costs have already been incurred. The owners of a new technology are interested in reimbursement of the costs incurred, which can be achieved either by expanding their own production of goods based on it, or by selling this technology until it is obsolete. All this encourages the owner of the new technology to utilize it as much as possible both in its own production and by selling similar goods to other manufacturers.

Technologies are transferred to two main groups of buyers:

foreign affiliates or subsidiaries of MNEs;

independent firms.

New technologies are predominantly provided by IOCs to their affiliates or subsidiaries. So, for example, in the 80s. this group of buyers accounted for about 4/5 of the technology sales of US MNCs. This is due to the fact that as a result of technology transfer to affiliates:

the contradiction between the need for the wide use of new technology in order to obtain maximum profit and the threat that arises in connection with the loss of monopoly property on scientific and technological achievements is largely overcome; .

the unit costs for R&D are reduced and at the same time the leakage of secret information outside the IOC is eliminated;

increases the profits of parent companies, since in many countries payments for the received new technology are exempt from taxation.

Host countries often restrict various forms of imports of goods and foreign direct investment. The sale of technology provides an opportunity to penetrate the closed market of another country, since the technology is followed by goods and services in the host country.

Selling technology to independent companies means losing the monopoly on its use. In addition, a technology buyer with significant scientific and technical potential can later become a serious competitor. When selling technology to independent companies, sellers seek to gain equity, combine technology transfer with their equipment supply, and compensate for the loss of technology monopoly by maximizing sales revenue. Most often, technologies are sold to independent firms in those industries in which the share of R&D expenditures is low (metallurgy, metalworking, textile and clothing industries, etc.). In these industries, the monopoly on technical improvement cannot be maintained for long, since innovations are easily reproducible. The owner of a new technology, without waiting for the improvements to be copied by foreign competitors, forces its sale not only to controlled companies, but also to independent firms.

All forms of technological exchange do not exist by themselves, but are conditioned by the content of technologies and reflect the dialectical process of its origin, flourishing, aging and replacement with a new one. The following types correspond to the stages of the technology life cycle:

1st stage - unique;

2nd stage - progressive;

3rd stage - traditional;

Stage 4 - obsolete.

Unique technologies include inventions and other scientific and technical developments protected by patents or containing know-how, which makes it impossible for competing organizations to use them. These technologies have novelty, the highest technical level, and can be used in production on the terms of an exclusive monopoly. Such technologies are created as a result of R&D and inventive activity of specialists. When determining the price of a unique technology in the market, its ability to create the maximum additional profit for its buyer is taken into account.

Progressive technologies include developments that have novelty and technical and economic advantages compared to analogue technologies used by potential buyers of the new technology and their competitors. Unlike a unique technology that has absolute superiority over any technology in its industry, the benefits of advanced technology are relative. The progressiveness of a particular technology can manifest itself within the boundaries of individual countries, different firms, in different conditions of its application. These technologies are not protected by patents and do not have pronounced know-how, but sufficiently high production advantages provided by such technologies guarantee their buyers additional profit. Progressive technologies can be created not only as a result of the scientific, technical and inventive activities of scientists and engineers, but also as a result of the "evolution" of unique innovations that are gradually losing their novelty.

Unique and advanced technologies can bring additional profit to their buyers, therefore they are sold at prices higher than the average price level for similar technologies in the relevant industry.

Traditional (conventional) technology is a development that reflects the average level of production achieved by most manufacturers of products in the industry. Such a technology does not provide its buyer with significant technical and economic advantages and product quality compared to similar products from leading manufacturers, and in this case it is not necessary to count on additional (above average) profit. Its advantages for the buyer are relatively low cost and the possibility of acquiring field-proven technology. Traditional technology is created, as a rule, as a result of obsolescence and widespread dissemination of progressive technology. The sale of such technology is usually carried out at prices that compensate the seller for the costs of its preparation and obtaining an average profit.

Obsolete technology refers to developments that do not provide the production of products of average quality and with technical and economic indicators that most manufacturers of similar products achieve. The use of such developments reinforces the technological backwardness of its owners.

Introduction

Concept and modern tendencies international technology exchange

Russia's participation in international technology exchange

Conclusion

Introduction

In the past century, the world experienced a scientific, technological and information revolution, which significantly changed the conditions and nature of the economic development of various parts of the planet and the structure of international exchange. In the most developed countries, a post-industrial "new economy" is emerging - a technological and economic structure in which knowledge and information play the role of the main production resource. The formation of this way of life largely determines the general situation in the world economy and the place of countries in the international division of labor.

The conquest of markets and the retention of positions in them now increasingly depend on the ability of countries (their economic agents) to withstand dynamic technological and organizational competition, which is based on innovation.

The formation and development of the "new economy" entailed an accelerated growth in the international exchange of technically complex products and a change in the nature of competition in world markets.

Trends in the development of the world economy indicate that the possession of advanced technologies, the scientific component of the economy is necessary condition social and economic progress. It is they who determine what place a country occupies in the hierarchy of countries of the world. In this regard, today in Russia the issue of developing and implementing an innovative policy for the development of the domestic economy comes to the fore, in the context of which the need for economic integration of our country into the system of international technological exchange on a mutually beneficial and equal basis becomes obvious.

This determines the relevance of writing and our abstract work devoted to theoretical issues of research into the system of international technology exchange and Russia's participation in it.

1. The concept and current trends in international technology exchange

The leading role in the economy is closely related to globalization, which accelerates the international exchange of technologies, on the one hand, and exacerbates competition in the world market, on the other hand, gradually moving it from the sphere of material goods and services to the world of knowledge, ideas and information. In this situation, the nature and role of industrial policy is changing, which, being the main component of the economic policy of the state, is increasingly subordinated to the task of developing a clear innovative strategy aimed at developing progressive technological structures, using the entire arsenal of tools for direct and indirect stimulation in the interests of public-private partnerships. innovation process, as well as the formation of an efficient infrastructure using the latest communication and information technologies.

Considering theoretical approaches to the innovation process and technology exchange, it can be noted that at the end of the last century, economics paid close attention to scientific and technological progress as a factor in economic growth. In this regard, the formation and development of theoretical views on innovation as a mechanism for the organic connection and interpenetration of scientific, technical and economic spheres took place. Of the numerous definitions of "technology", the following can be called generalizing - this is a set of systematized scientific and technical (otherwise) technological knowledge about the methods of organization and functioning of a particular production process, marketing or consumption process.

Technology exchange is a specific form of international economic relations, which is a set of relations regarding the production, distribution, exchange and use of innovative goods - knowledge and information. The objects of the technology market are the results of intellectual activity in materialized (equipment, technical documentation, etc.) and non-materialized forms (knowledge, experience, techniques, etc.).

In the field of law, the economic category "technology" is transformed into the concept of "intellectual property", while the results of intellectual activity can be objects of exclusive right - i.e. protected by patents. A patent is evidence of the exclusive right of its owner to manufacture, use and sell new goods and production methods (technologies) for a certain period of time.

The world technology market occupies an increasingly significant place in international economic relations, which is facilitated by the main sign of modernity - the growth of knowledge intensity of the goods and services themselves, as well as the uneven development of the world economy countries in the scientific and technological sphere, the pace and nature of regional production and investment activity, which additional demand for new technologies and information, changes in the instruments and regulation of these markets.

In the internationalization of innovation activity and the system of international technology exchange, the dominant role is played by transnational corporations - TNCs, which account for 4/5 of the world's technological flows. If we talk about such a channel for the international dissemination of technologies as foreign direct investment, then it should be noted that most of it migrates within industrialized countries. Another channel through which the international exchange of technology is carried out is the international migration of labor (mainly highly qualified specialists).

In addition to traditional mergers and acquisitions, which involve the final legal consolidation of businesses, in the modern world economy, technological exchange is carried out through joint ventures and strategic alliances, which represent a compromise between cooperation and competition. Managing technology alliances whose goal is primarily or in part for joint technological development is complicated by the need to strike a balance between reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of research and development and limiting the disclosure of information and knowledge, since. the partner is often also a competitor.

The main form of scientific and technological exchange between countries in modern conditions is the international trade in licenses, which is due to a number of factors: the desire to accelerate the introduction of new products to the market, ever-increasing competition in the world market, protectionism, which hinders the free exchange of goods between countries, cost savings on our own R&D.

A distinctive feature of the system of international exchange in recent years has been that the international exchange of technologies is increasingly beginning to take on the character of an intra-corporate exchange of goods, services and technologies carried out through the channels of TNCs. Under the influence of this process at the present stage, there is a convergence of national economies. In the context of the globalization of the world economy, TNCs are turning into the main link in the scientific and technical infrastructure of the modern economy, performing the functions of its scientific, technical and information services.

2. Participation of Russia in the international exchange of technologies

Russia has been participating in the international technology exchange for a long time, the first experience was mastered back in the days of the USSR. In the 19070s of the last century, Russia successfully traded a license for inventions on the international market. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the departments of patent and license trade were abolished, and a large number of contracts for the exchange of technologies began to be carried out directly - between Russian companies and foreign firms.

The fourth part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with amendments to etc. can be attributed to the number of new legislative acts of the Russian Federation regulating operations in the MTO. regulations that replaced the disparate laws of the 1990s. (laws on patents, copyright and related rights, on the protection of databases, etc.)

Examples of Russia's successful participation in international technological cooperation include: the creation in 1994 of the International Science and Technology Center - ISTC together with the EU, the USA and Japan, the implementation of the Partnership program in the ISTC, in 2004 the Russian-American Innovation Council for High technologies, implementation of international space projects (European VLBI Network, MIR, T-170M Telescope), a project to build an international experimental thermonuclear reactor, the exchange of technologies and personnel with the USA, EU, Iraq, neighboring countries, etc.

At the same time, as we can see, the form of technology exchange is diverse:

sale and transfer of licenses for objects of industrial property through license agreements, as operations of foreign economic activity;

transfer of technological experience, knowledge, know-how through the preparation of special agreements, when the owner does not patent his invention, but can freely dispose of it, including selling it;

transfer of technological knowledge and experience along with the sale, rental or leasing of equipment, machinery, etc.;

technological cooperation and partnership within the framework of joint scientific, technical, construction and other projects, including in TNCs;

provision of engineering and consulting services;

technological and industrial international cooperation with the transfer of confidential data;

transfer of knowledge, experience, technologies within the framework of investment international cooperation;

non-commercial exchange through scientific and technical meetings, conferences, symposiums, exhibitions, fairs, etc.

At the same time, international technology trade and patent-licensing agreements are very poorly developed in Russia. The procedures for selling licenses abroad are quite lengthy (about a year), which provokes unauthorized free use of the intellectual and industrial property of the Russian Federation in "bypassing" its laws and regulations.

The presence of Russia in the international market of high-tech products and in the international exchange of technologies is unjustifiably low. The internal and external economic situation is complicated by the technological backwardness of the economy, as well as insufficient attention to the problem of building an innovative economy. The effective transfer of technologies to the national economy and foreign markets is constrained by a number of factors. The main ones include: low innovative demand in the national economy, primarily, domestic technologies; the absence of a wide layer of small high-tech enterprises; unadapted and not market-oriented system of knowledge and technology; lack of preferential treatment for high-tech business; lack of a methodological base and strategic justification for the choice of priority areas of scientific and technological development.

At the same time, it is impossible not to recognize the presence in the Russian research sphere of a number of serious problems. "Forecast of scientific and technological development Russian Federation for the long term” states that all last years the state of Russian science continued to deteriorate. Despite the increase in funding for science, the number of organizations conducting research and development is declining: in 2007 - 3957, in 2008 - 3666, i.e. more than 290 organizations in one year. The number of personnel engaged in research and development is also decreasing: from 801,136 people. in 2007 to 761,252 people. in 2008, and the reduction in the number of actual researchers over the same period amounted to more than 17 thousand people.

The second significant problem should be recognized as Russia's lag behind the most developed countries of the world in terms of the main indicators of research funding. Thus, internal expenditures on research and development according to 2008 data in Russia amounted to 23471.2 million dollars. USA, while in the UK - 38,892.8, Germany - 71,860.8, France - 42,232.6, USA - 368,799.0, Japan - 147,800.8 million dollars. This gap becomes even clearer when we compare per capita spending on science. In Russia, this figure is 165.3 dollars. per capita per year, while in the UK - 639.9, in Germany - 873.6, in France - 680.1, in the USA - 1220.8, in Japan - 1156.8 dollars. per capita per year.

In Russia, there is still no clear strategy for the technological development of the country, the absence of which makes any options for the formation of a national innovation system practically untenable. The formation of an innovation-oriented economy requires the definition of long-term strategic guidelines for both the public sector and private business and the creation of mechanisms and incentives to achieve them. Therefore, in order to preserve and develop the scientific and industrial potential of the country, the guiding and regulating role of the state should be strengthened. In the conditions of an innovative economy, it should develop and implement an appropriate strategy for scientific, technical and industrial development, which would be based on the existing scientific, technical and production potential and would be aimed at promoting structural transformations in the economy towards overcoming export dependence on raw materials and ensuring a consistently high dynamics and quality of economic growth due to:

involvement in the economic circulation of the accumulated and newly obtained results of fundamental research and applied developments;

the use of intellectual property and the implementation of innovations that are competitive in the domestic and world markets;

Combining and concentrating resources and efforts of government authorities at all levels, organizations in the scientific and technical sphere, and the business sector of the economy.

Prospects for the development of international technological cooperation

The most promising for Russia in the next decade is cooperation in MTO with the leading countries in this area - the USA, Japan, the EU and new leaders - China, India, etc. A special place in these plans is the exchange of technologies with the EU. The positive characteristics of the state of the research sphere in Russia at the present stage include the following. In Russia, a satisfactory scientific and technological potential is still preserved, research is being carried out in almost all areas of science and technology. Scientific research and development is carried out by 3666 organizations. The number of personnel engaged in research and development is 761,252 people, of which 375,804 are actually researchers. The country has significant groundwork in a number of areas of science and technological developments. Russia is among the world leaders in a number of important areas and developments, including in such areas as nanotechnology, nuclear and hydrogen energy, energy-saving systems, development of applied programs, environmental protection, which are relevant for the scientific and technical activities of European states. The presence of a strong scientific, experimental and testing base in some areas, which in some cases is at the level of the best world analogues or is unique, should also be attributed to the number of positive factors.

Russia has experience of participating in the EU Framework Programs. According to the results of the Sixth Framework Program (2002-2006), it became the leader among third countries (non-EU and non-associate members) in terms of the number of grants won and participants, ahead of China, the USA and Japan. Funding from the EU amounted to more than 45 million euros.

The results of the first calls for the Seventh Framework Program (FP7) (2007-2013) confirmed this trend: Russia still retained its leading position among third countries. As part of the past 170 FP7 competitions, 1639 applications were submitted with the participation of Russian organizations. 323 projects involving Russia received support. The percentage of success of Russian participation ranges from 27% in the thematic area "Transport", 23% - "Health", 15% - "Environment" to 4% in the socio-economic and human sciences and averages 19%.

In addition, in 2004 the ADMIRE-P international project of the European Commission was launched to involve Russian scientific groups in international cooperation within the framework of scientific and technological programs of the European Union.

Taking into account that the EU countries have a long experience of participating in European scientific, technological and educational programs and a high level of success of this participation, it seems useful to study and use the European experience and the activities of similar structures in the EU countries.

Most European countries are characterized by a multi-level system of support for international scientific and technological cooperation, which ensures the most complete and effective involvement of researchers in scientific, technological and educational programs.

The PRC can also become an important potential partner for the Russian Federation in the system of international technology exchange. Over the past ten years, China and Russia have effectively cooperated in the development and production of control systems, hardware and software.

Particular attention should be paid to TNCs operating in the markets of the Russian Federation. So in Russia, the Boeing Corporation (Boeing), Networks, Motorola, Intel and a number of others contributed to the establishment and optimization of international technological exchange, which created scientific and technical centers and design organizations in our country. The only problem is that many foreign corporations, as well as Russian scientists, are unwilling to share information about their cooperation, transferring the technology exchange process to the "shadow" semi-legal sector.

From the standpoint of accelerating the integration of the Russian economy into the world economy, it is important to note that the use of cooperation with TNCs as an MTO channel should be in the interests of the socio-economic, innovative development of Russia and the preservation of the scientific and technical security of the country. According to V.B. Kondratiev and Yu.V. Kurenkov, "it is necessary to stimulate not just an increase in the volume of foreign investment ... but the investment of leading multinational companies in full-fledged joint ventures under tough conditions for technology transfer." The integration of Russian companies into the system of intra-corporate exchange of foreign TNCs, the expansion of opportunities for scientific, technical and industrial cooperation between Russian companies and international players can have a positive impact on Russia's participation in MTO.

international technological cooperation

Conclusion

We are convinced that the rapid scientific and technological development in the modern world is natural and inevitable. And the processes of globalization lead to the intensification of international cooperation and technology exchange. At the same time, technologies are understood as empirical and practical knowledge about the organization of production and consumption processes, and exchange - economic relations for the distribution of this knowledge. In their material form, technologies are objects of intellectual and industrial property, which are guaranteed and protected by licenses and patents. The exchange is carried out more often precisely as the purchase and sale of patents and licenses.

At the present stage of the functioning of the world economy, a decisive role is played by transnational companies (TNCs), which provide international technological flows not only through licensed sale and purchase, but also through the distribution of copyright and related rights through merger, subordination, the formation of international alliances, promote commercial and non-commercial cooperation .

Russia takes part in the international technology exchange quite successfully and effectively, but not enough, which is explained by the insufficient development of its economy, insufficient state support for the scientific and innovative sphere, and the reduction in the number of research and technology centers. Possible Solution problems may be the implementation of the state innovation policy, the daily application of the results of fundamental research and applied developments, the use of intellectual property in the domestic and world markets, the pooling and concentration of resources and efforts of government authorities at all levels, the tightening of control over the activities of TNCs in Russia. In this case, the Russian Federation opens up broad prospects for international technology exchange.

List of used literature

1.Garibov A.G.O., Bagirova I.V.K. Development of scientific and technical cooperation in the system of modern international relations // International scientific journal. 2009. No. 1. S. 17-19.

2.Dezhina I. Changing priorities of Russia's international scientific and technological cooperation // Economic Policy. 2010. No. 5. S. 143-155.

.EU and Russia: from direct investments to investment cooperation. - M.: Nauka, 2008. - 336 p.

.Zagashvili V.S. Economic interests of Russia in the context of globalization. - M.: Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. - 432 p.

.Zornikov I.N., Plyashchenko T.E. On the development of scientific and technological cooperation between Russia and the EU: the role of regional science // Bulletin of the Voronezh state university. Series: Problems higher education. 2010. No. 2. S. 155-159.

.Kovtun S.A. The role of intellectual property in the commercial activity of a high-tech industrial complex // Instruments and systems. Management, control, diagnostics. 2009. No. 7. S. 59-60.

.Kuzyk B.N. Russia in the civilizational dimension. Fundamental foundations of the strategy of innovative development. - M: Institute of Economic Strategies, 2008. - 864 p. indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

Key Concepts

International technological exchange; commercial and non-commercial forms of technological exchange; material and non-material types of technologies; commodity licenses; know-how; license agreements; license fees; engineering; consulting engineering; consulting engineering; terms of engineering services.

Essence and forms of international technological exchange

International technological exchange (technology transfer) is understood as the totality of economic relations of different countries regarding the transfer of scientific and technological achievements.

The development of the international technology market (international technological exchange) is due to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress (STP). The expansion of research and development (R&D) requires huge financial outlays, expensive equipment, and highly qualified personnel. This forces firms to participate in the international scientific and technical division of labor. The rapid development of trade in technology, scientific and technical knowledge is largely due to significant * differences in the technical level of individual countries. With the acceleration of scientific and technical progress, advanced equipment and technology are concentrated in a small group of industrialized countries and spend huge amounts of money on R&D. For example, in the United States, R&D spending exceeds spending for these purposes in Germany, France, England, Italy, and Japan combined. Therefore, most of the advanced scientific research is concentrated in the United States.

Japan widely uses foreign scientific and technical knowledge, which gave it the opportunity to produce new products improved through its own scientific research.

International technological exchange is also successfully used by Germany, with the help of foreign licenses, it has modernized the production base of transport engineering, chemical, electrical industries.

Developing countries, in order to be competitive in the world market, are forced to develop their technical base in the same direction as developed countries.

The purchase of advanced foreign technology is an important means of overcoming technical backwardness, creating a domestic industry that can satisfy the needs of the domestic market and reduce dependence on imports.

The deepening of the international scientific and technical division of labor leads to an increasing specialization of firms in narrow areas of science and technology.

The exchange of scientific and technical knowledge provides individual countries that do not have enough financial resources for R&D to achieve high rates of economic development through the use of advanced technologies from other countries.

In the international technology market, technology transfer is carried out in a non-commercial and commercial way.

Non-commercial forms of technological exchange are:

§ technical, scientific and professional journals, patent publications, periodicals and other specialized literature;

§ databases and data banks;

§ international exhibitions, fairs, symposiums, conferences;

§ exchange of delegations;

§ migration of scientists and specialists;

§ training of scientists and specialists in firms, universities, organizations;

§ training of students and graduate students;

§ activities of international organizations in the field of science and technology.

The forms of technology subject to international exchange on a commercial basis include:

I. Material types of technologies:

§ "turnkey" enterprises;

§ technological lines;

§ aggregates, equipment, tools, etc.

This type of technological exchange is associated with direct investment in the construction, reconstruction, modernization of firms and industries.

The issue of international technological exchange of material types of technologies relates to international trade in manufactured goods, the features of which are discussed in Chapter 7

II. Non-material types of technologies:

§ patent - a certificate issued by the relevant government agency to the inventor, and evidence of his monopoly right to use the invention

§ license - permission issued by the owner of technology (licensor), protected or not protected by a patent, to an interested party (licensee) to use this technology for a certain time and for a certain fee;

§ trademark - a symbol (figure, graphic image, a combination of letters, etc.) of a certain organization, which is used to individualize the manufacturer of the goods and which cannot be used by other organizations without the official permission of the owner;

§ know-how - the provision of technical knowledge, practical experience of a technical, commercial, managerial, financial and other nature, is of commercial value, is used in production and professional practice and is not protected by patents.

III. Services: scientific and technical, engineering, consulting, personnel training, etc.

By purpose, technologies are divided into product technologies, process technologies, and management technologies.

In modern conditions, international technological exchange has the following features:

1. Development of the market of high technologies. A progressive trend is considered not just the growth of the country's export potential, but its "intellectualization", that is, an increase in the share of science-intensive high-tech goods in the overall structure of exports. This is a factor in economic growth. The deepening of the international division of labor leads to the growth of foreign economic innovation resources associated with international technology transfer. International technological exchange can to some extent compensate for the lack of funds to finance the scientific and technological development of the country.

There is a direct link between a country's technological progress and its market competitiveness. Changes in the competitiveness of various countries in the world market for technically complex goods occur simultaneously with similar changes in the respective positions of countries in the development and implementation of new technologies.

A direct link between the development of advanced technologies in the country and the level of its solvency is evidenced by the indicator of the share of exports of high-tech goods in exports of the manufacturing industry.

The generally accepted high-tech classification for exporting and importing products that embodies new and leading technology is a classification developed in the United States, which is used by international organizations to perform statistical comparisons of different countries. This classification system makes it possible to study trade in high-tech products in 10 major technology areas:

§ Biotechnology - medical and industrial application of advanced genetic research aimed at creating new drugs, hormones and other medicinal products for use in medicine and agriculture.

§ Technologies of human life sciences<астосуваяня научных достижений в медицине (отличных биологических). Например, достижения медицинских технологий в сферах отображения ядерного резонанса, эхокардиографии, новейших химических технологий, связанных с производством лекарств, которые формируют новые продукты, позволяющие лечить и предотвращать болезнями.

§ Optoelectronics - the development of electronic products and components that conduct and respond to light. For example, optical scanners, optical CDs, solar panels, solar cells, laser printers.

§ Computers and telecommunications - the development of products that process a growing amount of information in a short period of time. For example, facsimile machines, telephone switching devices, radars, communication satellites, servers, computers and related hardware peripherals, as well as software products.

§ Electronics - development of electronic components (without opto-electronic

§ components), such as integrated circuits, boards, liquid crystals and other components, thanks to which the main functions are greatly improved and developed, and products are miniaturized.

§ computerized production - the development of technologies for the automation of industrial production. For example, robots, machines and devices with numerical control, automated means of transportation, thanks to which it is possible to significantly increase the flexibility of production and reduce the involvement of a person in the technological process.

§ New materials - improvement and creation of materials, such as semiconductors, optical fiber cables, video days, etc., which allow the improvement of the application of other advanced technologies.

§ Aerospace technologies - the production of most military civilian helicopters, aircraft and spacecraft (without communication satellites), jet aircraft engines, flight simulators and autopilots.

§ Weapons - the development of technologies for military use for the production of conventional weapons, missiles, bombs, mines, torpedoes, missile launchers and the like.

§ Nuclear technologies - development of nuclear power plant equipment, in particular nuclear reactors and their parts, isotope fission equipment, fuel rod fabrication, etc. (equipped for medical use is more classified as a pear of human life science).

To estimate the volume of technology transferred through trade in high-tech goods, the classification of technological trade capacity (TET) developed by UNCTAD is used. Under the technological capacity of trade is understood the share of costs for research and development in the total volume of production and trade in goods of individual industries.

The TET indicator is calculated for each country in the context of industries and individual goods, and then the average TET value is determined.

High-tech intensive products and industries are those whose TET exceeds the average value for a given country, group of countries or area; medium technological imaginary - if TET is close to the average value; low-techimaginary - if TET is significantly below the average value. For example, in the OECD countries, trade in aerospace equipment (22.7% of expenditures on research and development in total production), office equipment and computers (17.5%); mid-tech - trade in cars (2.7), chemicals (2.3); low-tech - trade in bricks, clay (0.9), food (0.8), paper (0.3%), etc. At the same time, the average TET for high-tech goods is 11.4%, medium-tech - 1.7, low-tech - 0.5%.

2. Monopoly of the largest firms in the technology markets. Research and development is concentrated in the largest firms in industrialized countries, since only they have sufficient financial resources to conduct expensive research. For example, in the United States, R&D expenses in the total amount of sales per employee employed in TNCs IBM and Eastman Kozak are 6%, in Boeing and Honeywell - 5%, in Dupont de Nemours and Xerox - 4, in "General Motor", "Ford Motor" - 3%.

Transnational corporations actively involve their foreign affiliates and subsidiaries in R&D, which are characterized by an increase in the share of R&D expenses in the total amount of these expenses of TNCs.

3. Technological policy of TNCs. Recently, there have been changes in the directions of R&D carried out by TNCs. Research shifts to industries that determine success in manufacturing and marketing activities:

§ improvement of traditional types of products for their better adaptation to the requirements of the world market in terms of material consumption, energy consumption, safety, reliability, etc.;

§ creation of fundamentally new products, research of markets where high incomes can be expected;

§ improvement of existing and creation of new technology.

§ TNCs use new approaches to the transfer of scientific and technological achievements:

§ sale of licenses at the initial stages of the life cycle of goods, in order to have time to recoup part of the costs of R & D with income from the implementation of their results;

§ setting monopoly high prices for patented products and limiting the production and release of new products by license buyers;

§ conclusion of agreements between TNCs to obtain exclusive rights to blocks of patents for the most important inventions. Agreements are concluded between individual TNCs in order to form patent pools. The rights to inventions are obtained by all participants in the pool by issuing mutual licenses. The use of new inventions created outside the pool is terminated;

§ the use of patents to control the development of technology or to slow down this development;

§ deprivation of subsidiaries of TNCs of independence in the choice of equipment and technology. They should be guided by the general licensing policy within the TNC;

§ the transfer of licenses by TNCs on non-commercial terms to their branches and subsidiaries puts the latter in a privileged position. market, contributes to the competitiveness of their products. Intra-corporate exchange of technology allows foreign affiliates to quickly establish the production of new goods and organize their marketing; bypass customs barriers and currency restrictions of other countries; reduces the degree of risk in transactions and guarantees the non-disclosure of industrial secrets to third countries.

Intra-corporate trade is the main direction of international technological exchange. Thus, among all license receipts from developed countries, the share of intra-corporations receipts is more than 60%, incl. in the US, the share of proceeds from the sale of licenses to subsidiaries is about 80%, in England - 50%.

An important place in the technological policy of TNCs is occupied by international scientific and technical cooperation through the creation of strategic alliances between TNCs from different countries for the joint solution of scientific and technical problems. Within the framework of strategic alliances, TNCs conduct joint R&D, exchange scientific achievements and industrial experience, and train qualified personnel. By creating strategic alliances, TNCs reduce the time for R&D, which is very important in the context of rapid technological development and a reduction in the life cycle of goods and technological processes; distribute significant costs among firms in joint R&D, gain access to the scientific and technological achievements of an alliance partner, and share the risk of failure in R&D.

4. Relationships between TNCs and developing ones. TNCs are trying to create such a structure of the international division of labor that would ensure the economic and technical dependence of developing countries. So, in these countries, TNCs create enterprises for the production of components supplied to subsidiaries in other countries. By transferring technologies for the manufacture of intermediate products to countries with cheap labor, TNCs thereby reduce the cost of their goods.

Often, TNCs move to countries that are developing the production of goods whose life cycle has expired and the profit from the sale of which is gradually decreasing. They receive these goods at low prices and then sell them to their distribution network under their well-known brand name, earning higher profits.

The technology that is transferred to developing countries is generally ill-suited to their capabilities, as it is designed to suit the level of development and industrial structure of developed countries.

The share of developing countries accounts for about 10% of international technological exchange, due to the small capacity of their technological market.

5. Participation in the international technological exchange of "venture" firms (small and medium-sized firms with up to 1 thousand employees). The advantage of these firms in the technology market lies in the narrow specialization. By producing a limited range of products, these firms gain access to highly specialized world markets; do not incur additional costs for market research, advertising; pay more attention to the direct solution of scientific and technical problems.

The sale of licenses is the most competitive form of technology transfer for venture capital firms, because they cannot compete with large corporations either in the export of high-tech products or in the export of entrepreneurial capital.

6. Development of international technical assistance. This assistance is provided by developed countries, developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the field of transfer of technical knowledge, experience, technology, technological products, personnel training. International technical assistance programs aimed at improving the technical level of recipient countries and is carried out on a multilateral basis, including through international organizations (eg, the IMF, World Bank, OECD, etc.) or on a bilateral basis. Technical assistance is provided in the form of free technological grants for the receipt by a developing country of technology of technological goods, financial resources for the purchase of technology, training of personnel, as well as in the form of co-financing, that is, the recipient of assistance, in accordance with the agreement, not only organizationally ensures its receipt, but and partially finances, although its share of financial participation in the total cost of the project is insignificant.

The main buyers in the technology market are:

§ foreign branches or subsidiaries of TNK;

§ Separate independent firms.

The transfer of the latest technologies by TNCs to their foreign subsidiaries is due to the fact that:

§ the contradiction between the need to widely use the latest technical developments in order to obtain maximum profit and the threat of losing the monopoly on scientific and technological achievements arising in connection with this is overcome;

§ unit costs for R&D are reduced;

§ the leakage of production secrets outside the TNCs is excluded;

§ increases the profits of the parent company (because in many countries payments for the received new technology are exempt from taxes).

Independent firms, as a rule, are sold technologies from those industries in which a small share of R&D expenditures (metallurgy, metalworking, textile, clothing industry).

When technology is sold to independent companies, the seller company loses the monopoly right to use it, while the technology buyer can become a serious competitor if it has significant scientific and technical potential. Therefore, when transferring technology, the seller company, in order to compensate for the loss of monopoly rights, seeks to obtain a share in the equity capital, combine the transfer of technology with the supply of its equipment, and achieve maximum income from the sale in order to compensate for the loss of monopoly rights.