For billions of years of the existence of our planet, it has formed certain mechanisms for which nature works. Many of these mechanisms are minor and harmless, other large-scale and carry huge destruction with them. In this ranking, we will tell about the 11 most devastating natural cataclysms on our planet, some of which can destroy thousands of people and a whole city in a few minutes.

11

Sel is a mud or dirty flow, which is suddenly forming in the river river rivers as a result of a rainfall, stormy melting of glaciers or seasonal snow cover. The decisive factor in the occurrence can be cutting down forests in the mountainous area - the roots of the trees hold top Soil, which prevents the occurrence of the village stream. This phenomenon is short-term and usually lasts from 1 to 3 hours, characteristic of small watercourses up to 25-30 kilometers long. At its path, flows are paving deep-channels, which in normal time there are dry or contain small streams. The consequences of the set are catastrophic.

Imagine that the mass of the Earth, Sala, Stones, Snow, Sand, Customized by a strong stream of water collapsed on the city from the mountains. This stream will be demolished by the foot of the mountains of cottages along with people, and fruit gardens. All this stream will break into the city, turn its streets into raging rivers with steep shores from the destroyed houses. Houses to sort out the foundations and together with people will be carried out with a rapid flow.

10

The landslide is sliding masses of rocks down the slope under the action of gravity, often maintaining its connectedness and monolith. The landslides arise on the slopes of the valleys or river shores, in the mountains, on the shores of the seas, the most ambitious at the bottom of the seas. The displacement of the major masses of the Earth or the rock in the slope is caused in most cases wetting of rainwater soil so that the ground mass becomes heavy and more movable. Such large landslides harm agricultural crops, enterprises, settlements. In order to combat landslides, bererecting structures, planting of vegetation are used.

Only fast landslides whose speed is several tens of kilometers, can cause real natural disasters with hundreds of human victims, when there is no time for evacuation. Imagine that huge slices of the soil quickly come out from the mountains directly to the village or the city, and the buildings are destroyed under the tons of this land and people die out, who did not have time to leave the place of the landslide.

9

The sandstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon in the form of transferring large amounts of dust, soil particles and sand grains a few meters from the ground with a noticeable worsening of horizontal visibility. At the same time, there is a rise in dust and sand into the air and at the same time sedimentation of dust in a large area. Depending on the color of the soil in this region, remote items acquire a grayish, yellowish or reddish tint. It usually occurs when the soil surface and wind speed is 10 m / s or more.

Most often, these catastrophic phenomena are found in the desert. The correct sign that the sand storm begins is a sudden silence. Shorns and sounds disappear along with the wind. The desert literally freezes. A small cloud appears on the horizon, which is growing rapidly and turns into a black and crimson cloud. The missing wind rises and very quickly reaches the speed to 150-200 km / h. The sandstorm can be covered with sand and dust and streets within a radius of several kilometers, but the main danger of sandy storms is the wind and bad visibility, which is why car accidents occur, in which there are tens of people injuries, and some are even dying.

8

Avalanche is a lot of snow, falling or scaling from the slopes of the mountains. Snow avalanches are a considerable danger, causing human victims among climbers, lovers of skiing and snowboarding and bringing significant damage to property. Sometimes snow avalanches carry catastrophic consequences, destroying whole villages and causing death tens. Snow avalanches, to one degree or another, are common in all mountainous areas. In winter, they are the main natural danger of the mountains.

Snow tones are held on the tops of the mountains due to the power of friction. Large avalanches are approaching at the moment when the force of pressure of the snow begins to exceed the strength of friction. Snow avalanche's gathering is usually provoked by climatic reasons: a sharp change of weather, rains, abundant snowfall, as well as mechanical effects on the snow mass, including the effects of stonepads, earthquakes, etc. Sometimes avalanche can begin due to a minor shock like a weapon shot or pressure On the snow of man. The volume of snow in avalanche can reach several million cubic meters. However, even avalanche volume of about 5 m³ may even be life-threatening.

7

The eruption of the volcano is the process of emissions of the volcano on the ground surface of the splits of the fragments, ashes, the outpouring of the magma, which, flying to the surface, becomes lava. The strongest eruption of the volcano may have a time period from several hours to many years. Hot clouds of ashes and gases capable of moving at a speed of hundreds of kilometers per hour and climb into the air for hundreds of meters. Volcano throws out gases, liquid and solids with high temperatures. It often becomes the cause of the destruction of buildings and the death of people. Lava and other hot sponsored substances flow on the slopes of the mountain and burn everything that they meet in their path, bringing innumerable victims and affecting the imagination material losses. The only protection against volcanoes is universal evacuation, so the population must necessarily be familiar with the evacuation plan and is unquestioned by the authorities if necessary.

It is worth noting that the danger from the volcanic eruption exists not only for the region around the mountain. Potentially volcanoes threaten the lives of all living on Earth, so do not treat with a condescension to these hot guys. Almost all manifestations of volcanic activity are dangerous. It is understood by the danger of boiling lava. But no less terrible and ashes, which penetrates literally everywhere in the form of continuous gray-black snowfall, which boils the streets, ponds, whole cities. Geophysics argue that they are capable of eruptions hundreds of times more powerful than those observed ever. The largest volcanic eruptions, however, have already happened on Earth - long before the appearance of civilization.

6

Tornado or tornado is an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a thunderstorm cloud and propagating down, often until the surface of the Earth, in the form of a cloud sleeve or a trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. Typically, the diameter of the rustling funnels on Earth is 300-400 meters, if the tumor arose on the surface of the water, this value can be only 20-30 meters, and when the funnel passing over the land can reach 1-3 kilometers. The greatest number of tornads is fixed in the North American continent, especially in the US central states. Every year about a thousand tornado appears in the USA. The strongest tornado can last up to an hour or more. But most of them have no more than ten minutes.

On average, about 60 people die from the tornado every year, mainly from flying or falling debris. However, it happens that huge tornadoes rush at a speed of about 100 kilometers per hour, destroying all the buildings on their way. The most fixed wind speed in the largest tornado is about 500 kilometers per hour. During such a tornado, the expense of the dead can go on hundreds, and the victims of thousands, not to mention the material damage. The reasons for the formation of tornado are completely not studied so far.

5

A hurricane or tropical cyclone is a type of low pressure weather system, which occurs above the warm sea surface and is accompanied by powerful thunderstorms, lingering rainseed and winds of storm power. The term "tropical" means both a geographical area and the formation of these cyclones in the tropical air masses. It is customary, according to the Bafort scale, that the storm goes to a hurricane at wind speed more than 117 km / h. The strongest hurricanes can cause not only the extraordinary force of the shower, but also large waves on the surface of the sea, storm rings and tornadoes. Tropical cyclones may occur and maintain their power only above the surface of large water bodies, while over the land they quickly lose force.

The hurricane can cause shower, tornado, small tsunami and floods. The direct effect of tropical cyclones on land are storm winds capable of destroying, buildings, bridges and other artificial structures. The strongest constant winds within the cyclone exceed 70 meters per second. The worst in the number of victims by the effect of tropical cyclones was historically a storm tide, that is, raising the sea level under the action of the cyclone, which the average leads to about 90% of the victims. Over the past two centuries, tropical cyclones led 1.9 million people in the world. In addition to the direct effect on residential buildings and economic objects, tropical cyclones destroy infrastructure objects, including roads, bridges, power lines, which cause tremendous economic damage to affected areas.

The most destructive and terrible hurricane in the history of the United States - Katrina, occurred at the end of August 2005. The most severe damage was caused to a new Orlean in Louisiana, where about 80% of the city's area turned out to be under water. As a result of a disaster, 1836 residents died, economic damage amounted to 125 billion dollars.

4

Flood - flooding of the terrain as a result of the rise of the water level in rivers, lakes, seas due to rain, stormy melting of snow, wind pressure of water on the coast and other reasons that causes damage to people's health and even leads to their death, and also causes material damage . For example, in mid-January 2009, the largest flood in Brazil occurred. Then more than 60 cities suffered. About 13 thousand people left their homes, more than 800 people died. Floods and numerous landslides are caused by severe rains.

Strong monsoon rains continued in Southeast Asia from mid-July 2001, causing landslides and floods in the Mekong River area. As a result, Thailand survived the strongest flood over the past half a century. Water streams poured villages, ancient temples, farms and factories. At least 280 people died in Thailand, and 200 more in neighboring Cambodia. About 8.2 million people in 60 of the 77 provinces of Thailand suffered as a result of flooding, and economic losses are currently estimated to exceed $ 2 billion.

Drought - a long period of sustainable weather with high air temperatures and a small amount of precipitation, resulting in lowland moisture views and oppression and death of cultural. The beginning of a strong drought is usually associated with the establishment of a sedentary high anticyclone. The abundance of solar heat and gradually the decreased humidity of the air create an increased evaporation, and therefore the reserves of soil moisture without replenishing them are depleted. Gradually, as the soil drought enhances, ponds, rivers, lakes, rods, - the hydrological drought begins.

For example, in Thailand, almost every year, severe floods alternate with strong droughts, when a state of emergency is declared in dozens of provinces, and several millions of people may somehow feel the consequences of drought. As for the victims of this natural phenomenon, only in Africa from 1970 to 2010 the number of victims from droughts is 1 million people.

2

Tsunami is long waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire thickness of water in the ocean or other reservoir. The cause of most tsunami is underwater earthquakes, during which there is a sharp shift of the seabed section. The tsunami is formed during an earthquake of any strength, but much power reaches those that arise due to severe earthquakes with magnitude of more than 7 points on the Richter scale. As a result of the earthquake, several waves apply. More than 80% of the tsunami arise on the periphery of the Pacific Ocean. The first scientific description of the phenomenon gave José de Jip in 1586 in Lima, Peru after a powerful earthquake, then the strong tsunami tsunas 25 meters burst into a dutch at a distance of 10 km.

The biggest tsunami in the world occurred in 2004 and 2011. So, on December 26, 2004 at 00:58 there was a powerful earthquake of the magnitude of 9.3 - the second power of all registered, which caused the most deadly of all known tsunami. The countries of Asia and African Somalia suffered from Tsunami. The total number of dead exceeded 235 thousand people. The second tsunami happened on March 11, 2011 in Japan after the strongest earthquake of the magnitude of 9.0 with the epicenter, caused tsunami with a wave height exceeding 40 meters. In addition, the earthquake and the tsunami that followed him was the cause of the accident at Fukushima NPP. As of July 2, 2011, the official number of died as a result of earthquakes and tsunami in Japan is 15,524 people, 7,130 people are missing, 5 393 people wounded.

1

Earthquake is underground shocks and oscillations of the surface of the Earth caused by natural causes. Small shocks can also be called lava climbing during volcanic eruptions. Every year about a million earthquakes occurs on the whole land, but most of them are so insignificant that they remain unnoticed. The strongest earthquakes that can cause extensive destruction occur on the planet for about once every two weeks. Most of them falls on the bottom of the oceans, and therefore is not accompanied by catastrophic consequences if the earthquake is accounted for without tsunami.

Earthquakes are most famous for those devastations that they are capable of producing. The destruction of buildings and structures is caused by soil fluctuations or gigantic tidal waves (tsunami) arising from seismic offsets at the seabed. Powerful earthquake It begins with breaking and moving rocks in some place in the depths of the earth. This place is called an earthquake alcohol or a hypocenter. Its depth is usually no more than 100 km, but sometimes it comes to 700 km. Sometimes the earthquake focus can be at the surface of the Earth. In such cases, if the earthquake is strong, bridges, roads, houses and other structures are broken and destroyed.

The largest natural disaster is an earthquake of a magnitude of 8.2 points on July 28, 1976 in the Chinese city of Tanshan, Hebei Province. According to the official data of the PRC authorities, the number of dead was 242,419 people, however, according to some estimates, the number of dead reaches 800 thousand people. At 3:42 local time the city was destroyed by a strong earthquake. Destruction also took place in Tianjin and in Beijing, located just 140 km to the west. Due to the earthquake, about 5.3 million houses were destroyed or damaged so much that it was impossible to live in them. Several Aftersokov, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 7.1, led to even greater victims. The earthquake in Tanção is the second in history in the number of victims after the destructive earthquake in Shaanxi in 1556. Then about 830 thousand people died.

Natural cataclysms and their influence on the change

physico-geographical position

The physico-geographical location is the spatial location of any locality in relation to physico-geographical data (equator, initial meridian, mountain systems, seas and oceans, etc.).

The physico-geographical position is determined by geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude), absolute height in relation to the sea level, proximity (or remote) to the sea, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc., the position in the composition (location) of natural (climatic, Soil and vegetable, zoogeographic) zones. This is so-called. Elements or factors of physico-geographical position.

The physico-geographical position of any terrain is purely individually, unique. The place that occupies every territorial education is not only individually in itself (in the geographical coordinate system), but also in its spatial environment, that is, in its location in relation to elements of the physico-geographical position. Consequently, the change in the physico-geographical position of any terrain leads, as a rule, to a change in the physico-geographical position of neighboring locations.

The rapid change in the physico-geographical position may be due only to natural cataclysm or human activity.

Dangerous natural phenomena includes all those that deflect the condition natural environment From the range optimal for the human life and for the farm leading. Catastrophic natural cataclysms include those that change the appearance of the Earth.

These are the catastrophic processes of endogenous and exogenous origin: earthquakes, eruption of volcanoes, tsunami, floods, avalanches, landslides, landslides, sedimentation of soils, sudden sea offensive, global climate change on earth, etc.

In this paper, we will consider the physico-geographical changes that have ever or taking place in our time under the influence of natural cataclysms.

Characteristic of natural cataclysms

Earthquake

The main source of physico-geographical changes are earthquakes.

An earthquake is called the concussion of the earth's crust, underground blows and oscillations of the Earth's surface caused mainly by tectonic processes. They manifest themselves in the form of underground jokes are often accompanied by an underground hum, wavy soil oscillations, the formation of cracks, the destruction of buildings, roads and, most sad, human victims. Earthquakes play a prominent role in the life of the planet. Every year more than 1 million underground jokes are registered on Earth, which is an average of about 120 jolts per hour or two jolts per minute. It can be said that the Earth is in a state of permanent shudders. Fortunately, few of them are devastating and catastrophic. A year occurs on average one catastrophic earthquake and 100 destructive.

The earthquakes occur as a result of the pulsation-oscillatory development of the lithosphere - its compression in some regions and expansion in others. At the same time, tectonic breaks, displacements and raising are observed.

Currently on globe Seasoned zones of earthquakes of different activity. The zones of strong earthquakes include the territories of Pacific and Mediterranean belts. In our country, more than 20% of the territory are subject to earthquakes.

Catastrophic earthquakes (9 points and more) cover the areas of Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Pamirs, Transbaikalia, Transcaucasia and a number of other mountain areas.

Strong (from 7 to 9 points) earthquakes are in the territory extending a wide strip from Kamchatka to the Carpathians, including Sakhalin, Baikal, Sayan, Crimea, Moldova, etc.

As a result of catastrophic earthquakes in earth Kore Large disjunctive dislocations arise. Thus, during a catastrophic earthquake on December 4, 1957, in Mongolian Altai, there was a break of Bogmo about 270 km long, and the total length of the fears reached 850 km.

Earthquakes are caused by sudden, fast shifts of the wings of existing or newly formed tectonic faults; Voltages that occur at the same time are capable of transmitting long distances. The occurrence of earthquakes on large faults occurs when the long-term displacement in opposite sides of the tectonic blocks or plates in contact with the spindle. At the same time, the clutch forces hold the wings of faults from slipping, and the ripple zone is experiencing gradually increasing shear deformation. Upon reaching some limit, the "swelling" of the fault and the displacement of its wings occurs. Earthquakes on the newly formed faults are considered as a result of the natural development of systems of interacting cracks, combining the zone of increased concentration of breaks, in which a trunk gap is formed, accompanied by an earthquake. The volume of the medium where the part of the tectonic stresses is removed and some accumulated share is released. potential energy Deformation is called an earthquake focus. The amount of energy released during one earthquake depends mainly on the size of the resulting fault surface. The maximum known length of faults plowing during the earthquake is in the range of 500-1000 km (Kamchatka - 1952, Chilean - 1960, etc.), the fears of faults shifted to 10 m. Spatial fracture orientation and displacement direction His wings received the name of the mechanism of the earthquake focus.

Earthquakes can change the appearance of the Earth are catastrophic earthquakes by the force of X-XII points. Geological consequences of earthquakes leading to physical and geographical changes: cracks appear on the ground, sometimes gaping;

aerial, water, mud or sand fountains occur, while clay or sand piles are formed;

some springs and geasers are stopped or changed; new;

groundwater becomes muddy (draw up);

landslides, mud and villages, collaps;

soil and sandy-clay rocks occurs;

underwater foaming occurs, and torment (turbiditis) streams are formed;

coastal rocks, river banks, bulk plots are collapsed;

seismic sea waves arise (tsunami);

snow avalanches are broken;

icebergs come off from the shelf glaciers;

zones of rift disorders with internal ridges and luced lakes are formed;

the soil becomes uneven with the sediment and swelling areas;

on the lakes there are sewers (standing waves and blurring waves off the coast);

violates the mode of tides and sings;

volcanic and hydrothermal activity is activated.

Volcanoes, tsunami and meteorites

Vulcanism is a combination of processes and phenomena associated with the movement of magma in upper mantle, earthly crust and on the surface of the Earth. As a result of the eruption of volcanoes, volcanic mountains are formed, volcanic lava plateaus and plains, crater and hubs, mud streams, volcanic tuffs, slags, breccias, bombs, ash, volcanic dust and gases are thrown into the atmosphere.

Volcanoes are located in seismic belts, especially in Pacific. In Indonesia, Japan, Central America has several dozen active volcanoes - just on land from 450 to 600 and about 1000 "sleeping" volcanoes. In dangerous intimacy from active volcanoes there is about 7% of the population of the Earth. There are at least several dozen large underwater volcanoes on median and oceanic ridges.

In Russia, the dangers of volcanic eruptions and tsunami are subjected to Kamchatka, Kurile Islands, Sakhalin. Extluous volcanoes are in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

The most active volcanoes are erupted on average once a few years, all currently active - on average 1 time in 10-15 years. The activities of each volcano are available, apparently, periods of relative decrease and increase in activity, measured by thousands of years.

With eruptions of island and submarine volcanoes often arise with tsunami. Tsunami is a Japanese term denoting an unusually large sea wave. These are the waves of high height and destructive strength arising in the zones of earthquakes and the volcanic activity of the oceanic bottom. The speed of promotion of such a wave can range from 50 to 1000 km / h, the height in the area of \u200b\u200boccurrence from 0.1 to 5 m, and the coast is from 10 to 50 m or more. Tsunami often cause destruction on the coast - in some cases, catastrophic: lead to the erosion of the shores, the formation of mudflows. Another cause of ocean tsunami is underwater landslides, and avalanches that flow into the sea.

In the past 50 years, there are about 70 seismogenic tsunami dangerous sizes, of which 4% in the Mediterranean Sea, 8% in the Atlantic, the rest in the Pacific Ocean. The most tsunamas shores of Japan, Hawaiian and Aleutian islands, Kamchatka, Kuril, Alaska, Canada, Solomon Islands, Philippines, Indonesia, Chile, Peru, New Zealand, Aegean, Adriatic and Ionian seas. At the Hawaiian Tsunami, the intensity of 3-4 points are on average 1 time in 4 years, on the Pacific Coast South America - once every 10 years.

Flood is a significant flooding of the terrain as a result of climbing the water level in the river, the lake or the sea. Floods are caused by the abundant lingering rain rain, melting of snow, ice, hurricanes and storms that contribute to the destruction of bulk structures, dams, dam. Floods can be river (floodplain), hugging (on coasts of the seas), plane (flooding of vast territories of the catchment), etc.

Large catastrophic floods are accompanied by a rapid and high rise in the water level, a sharp increase in the flow rate, their destructive power. Destructive floods occur almost annually in various regions of the Earth. In Russia, they are most frequent in the south of the Far East.

Flooding on Far East in 2013

Equally important is the catastrophe of cosmic origin. The Earth is constantly bombarding cosmic bodies with dimensions from a millimeter to several meters. The greater the body size, the less it falls on the planet. The bodies whose diameter is more than 10 m, as a rule, invade the atmosphere of the Earth, only weakly interacting with the latter. The bulk of the substance reaches the planet. Speed \u200b\u200bspace bodies - huge: from about 10 to 70 km / s. Their collision with the planet leads to the strongest earthquakes, body explosion. At the same time, the mass of the destroyed substance of the planet is hundreds of times the mass of the fallen body. The atmosphere raises huge masses of dust, shielding planet from solar radiation. The earth is cooled. There is a so-called "asteroid" or "cometary" winter.

According to one of the hypotheses, one of these bodies fell in the Caribbean area of \u200b\u200bhundreds of millions of years ago led to significant physico-geographical changes in the area, the formation of new islands and water bodies, and in the extinction of most of the animals inhabited by land, in particular dinosaurs .

Some cosmic bodies could fall into the sea in historical times (5-10 thousand years ago). According to one version, the World Flood, set forth in the legends of different nations, could be caused by the tsunami as a result of falling in the sea (ocean) of the cosmic body. The body could fall into the Mediterranean, and in the Black Sea. Their coasts traditionally settled with nations.

To our happiness, the collisions of land with large cosmic bodies occur very rarely.

Natural cataclysms in the history of the earth

Natural cataclysms of antiquity

According to one of the hypotheses, natural cataclysms could cause physico-geographical changes in the hypothetical supercontinent of the Gondwans of the existing approximately 200 million years ago in the southern hemisphere of the Earth.

Southern continents have common story Development natural conditions - All of them were part of the Gondwana. Scientists believe that the internal forces of the Earth (the movement of the substance of the mantle) led to a split and southerness of a single mainland. There is a hypothesis and the cosmic causes of changes in the appearance of our planet. It is assumed that the collision of an extraterrestrial body with our planet could cause a split of the giant sushi. Anyway, the Indian and Atlantic Oceans were gradually formed in spaces between individual parts of Gondwans, and the continents occupied their current position.

When trying to "assemble", the fragments of Gondwana can come to the conclusion that some sections of sushi are clearly not enough. This suggests that other continents that have disappeared as a result of any natural cataclysms could be. Until now, disputes on the possible existence of Atlantis, Lemuria and other mysterious lands are not stopped.

For a long time it was believed that Atlantis was a huge island (or mainland?) Sunken in the Atlantic Ocean. Currently, the bottom Atlantic Ocean It was well examined and established that there is no island, sunk 10-20 thousand years ago. Does this mean that Atlantis did not exist? It is possible that there is no. It began to look for in the Mediterranean and the Aegean seas. Most likely, Atlantis was in the Aegean Sea and was part of the Santorian archipelago.

Atlantis

The death of Atlantis is first described in Plato's writings, myths about her death reach us from the ancient Greeks (the Greeks themselves could not describe this, due to lack of writing). Historical information suggests that the natural disaster that destroyed the island of Atlantis was the explosion of the Santorian volcano in the XV century. BC e.

All that is aware of the structure and geological history of the Santorian archipelago, is very similar to the legends of Plato. As shown by geological and geophysical studies, as a result of the explosion of Santorian, not less than 28 km3 pumices and ashes were thrown. Emission products covered the neighborhood, the thickness of their layer reached 30-60 m. The ash spread not only within the Aegean Sea, but also in the eastern part of the Mediterranean. The eruption continued from several months to two years. At the last phase of eruption, the inner part of the volcano collapsed and sank for hundreds of meters under the water of the Aegean Sea.

Another type of natural cataclysm, which changed the appearance of the Earth in ancient times is an earthquake. As a rule, earthquakes cause tremendous damage and lead to victims, but do not change the physico-geographical position of the regions. Such changes are given by the so-called. SUPERMINEMENT. Apparently, one of these supermented was in prehistoric times. At the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, a crack is detected up to 10,000 km long, up to 1000 km width. This crack could be formed as a result of super-earthmake. At the depth of the focus of about 300 km, its energy reached 1.5 · 1021 J. And this is 100 times more than the energy of the strongest earthquake. It should have led to significant changes in the physico-geographical position of nearby territories.

Another equally dangerous elements are floods.

One of the global floods could have already mentioned above the Bible World Flood. As a result, the highest mountain of Eurasia Ararat was under water, and on it some expeditions are still looking for the remains of Noeva Ark.

global flood

Noev Ark

During the entire plywood (560 million years), eevstatic oscillations did not cease, and in certain periods, the level of the waters of the World Ocean increased by 300-350 m with respect to its modern position. At the same time, significant areas of sushi (up to 60% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe continents) turned out to be flooded.

Changed the appearance of the Earth in antiquity and cosmic bodies. The fact that in prehistoric times in the ocean fell asteroids testify Craters at the Day of the World Ocean:

crater Mufille in the Barents Sea. Its diameter was about 40 km. It appeared as a result of a drop in an asteroid with a diameter of 1-3 km in the sea in depth of 300-500 m. It happened 142 million years ago. The asteroid at a distance of 1 thousand km caused tsunami with a height of 100-200 m;

crater Loan in Sweden. It has been formed about 450 million years ago with a drop of an asteroid with a diameter of about 600 m in the sea depth of 0.5-1 km. The cosmic body caused a wave height at 40-50 m at a distance of about 1 thousand km;

crater Eltanin. Located at a depth of 4-5 km. It appeared as a result of a fall of 2.2 million years ago an asteroid with a diameter of 0.5-2 km, which led to the formation of tsunami with a height of about 200 m at a distance of 1 thousand km from the epicenter.

Naturally, the height of the wave tsunami near the shore was significantly greater.

In total, about 20 craters were found in the World Ocean.

Natural cataclysms of our time

Now there is no doubt that the past century was marked by a rapid increase in the number of natural disasters and the volume of material losses associated with them and physico-geographical changes in the territories. In less than half a century, the number of natural disasters has increased. The increase in the number of disasters takes place mainly due to atmospheric hydrosphere hazards, which include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, etc. The average tsunami remains almost unchanged - about 30 per year. Apparently, these events are associated with a number of objective reasons: increasing population, the increase in the production of energy and its allocation, environmental changes, weather and climate. It has been proven that the air temperature over the past few decades has increased by about 0.5 degrees Celsius. This led to an increase in the internal energy of the atmosphere about 2.6 · 1021 J, which is in tens and hundreds of times more than the energy of the strongest cyclones, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions and thousands and hundreds of thousands of times the energy of earthquakes and their consequences - tsunami. It is possible that the inner energy increase of the atmosphere destabilizes the metastable system of the ocean - land - the atmosphere (OSA) responsible for the weather and climate on the planet. If so, then quite possibly many natural disasters are related to each other.

The idea that the growing of natural anomalies is generated by a complex anthropogenic effect on the biosphere was put forward in the first half of the twentieth century by the Russian researcher Vladimir Vernadsky. He believed that physico-geographical conditions on Earth in general terms are unchanged and are obliged to functioning living. However, human economic activity violates the equilibrium of the biosphere. As a result of the deforestation of forests, sprinkles of the territories, drying the swamp, the urbanization is changing the surface of the Earth, its reflective ability, the natural environment is contaminated. This leads to a change in the trajectories of heat transfer and moisture in the biosphere and ultimately - to the emergence of unwanted natural anomalies. Such complex degradation of the natural environment is the cause of natural cataclysms leading to global geophysical changes.

The historical genesis of the Earth civilization is organized organically in the global context of the evolution of nature, which has a cyclical nature. It has been established that there are plans on planet geographical, historical and social phenomena occur, not sporadically and arbitrarily, they are in organic unity with certain physical phenomena of the surrounding world.

From a metaphysical point of view, the nature and content of the evolution of all living on Earth is determined by the regular change in the historical and metric cycles of the stagning activity of the Sun. At the same time, the change of cycle is accompanied by all sorts of cataclysms - geophysical, biological, social and others.

Thus, the metaphysical measurement of the fundamental qualities of space and time allows you to track and identify the most serious threats and hazards for the existence of an earthly civilization in different periods of development of world history. Based on the fact that the safe ways of the evolution of the earth civilization are organically related to the resistance of the Biosphere of the Planet as a whole and the mutual conditionality of the existence of all biological species in it, it is important not only to understand the nature of the natural climatic anomalies and cataclysms, but also to see the ways to save and survive humanity .

According to existing forecasts, the next show of the global historical and metric cycle will occur in the foreseeable future. As a result, humanity will face radical geophysical changes on the planet Earth. According to experts, natural climatic cataclysms will lead to a change in the geographical configuration of individual countries, movements in a state of habitat and ethnochamatory landscapes. In conventional phenomena, the flooding of extensive areas, an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bmarine aquatorium, soil erosion, an increase in the number of lifeless spaces (deserts, etc.). Changes in the conditions of habitat, in particular the duration of the light day, the characteristics of precipitation, the state of the ethnic stroke landscape, etc., will actively influence the features of the biochemical exchange, the formation of the subconscious and mentality of people.

Analysis of the likely physico-geographical reasons for powerful floods in Europe in recent years (in Germany, as well as in Switzerland, Austria and Romania) conducted by a number of scientists, shows - the root cause of destructive cataclysms is most likely the liberation of the ice of the Arctic Ocean.

In other words, due to the incorrect climate warming, it is possible that floods are just beginning. The number of open blue water in the sheds between the Arctic Islands of the Great Canadian Archipelago has increased. There were gigantic wormwings even between the northern of them - the island of Elsmir and Greenland.

Exemption from perennial, heavy gap ice, which was previously literally clogged with the above-mentioned straits between these islands, can lead to a sharp increase in the so-called Western flow into the Atlantic of cold Arctic water (with a temperature of minus 1.8 degrees Celsius) from the west side of Greenland. And this, in turn, sharply reduce the cold with this water flowing down so far in the mass from the eastern side of Greenland, going to meet Golphustrum. Gulf Stream in the future can cool this drain on 8 degrees Celsius. At the same time, American scientists predicted a catastrophe if the water temperature in the Arctic rises at least one degree Celsius. Well, if it rises a few degrees - then ice covering the ocean, melted not after 70-80 years, as American scientists predict, and, less than ten.

According to experts, already in the foreseeable future, coastal countries, whose territories are directly adjacent to the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Northern Oceans are directly adjacent. Members of the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Climate Change believe that due to the active melting of Antarctic glaciers and Greenland, the World Ocean level can increase by 60 cm, which will lead to the flooding of some island states and coastal cities. The speech, first of all, is about the territories of North and Latin America, Western Europe, Southeast Asia.

This kind of evaluation is contained not only in open scientific articles, but also closed studies of special state Structures USA and Great Britain. In particular, according to the Pentagon estimates, if in the next 20 years there will be problems with the temperature regime of the Golf Stream in the Atlantic, it will inevitably change the physico-geographical position of the continents, will come global crisis The global economy, which will lead to new wars and conflicts in the world.

According to research, on the planet the greatest resistance to natural cataclysms and anomalies, due to their physico-geographical data, continent will continue to maintain the continent of Eurasia, the post-Soviet space and, above all, the modern territory of the Russian Federation.

The speech here is about what is happening, according to scientists, the movement of the energy center of the Sun on the "greater physico-geographical zone" from the Carpathians to the Urals. In geographical terms, it coincides with the lands of "historical Russia", to which it is customary to the modern territories of Belarus and Ukraine, the European part of Russia. The effect of such phenomena of cosmic origin means the point concentration of solar and other energy at the fauna and the flora of the "large physico-geographical zone". The metaphysical context arises a situation in which the area of \u200b\u200bthe resettlement of the peoples of this territory will be the most important role in world community processes.

not so long ago there was a sea

At the same time, according to the existing geological estimates, the physico-geographical position of Russia, not as an example of many other countries, to a lesser extent will suffer from the catastrophic consequences of natural changes on Earth. It is expected that the general warming of climate will contribute to the regeneration of the natural-climatic habitat, an increase in the diversity of fauna and flora in the individual territories of Russia. Global changes will have a beneficial effect on the fertility of the Urals and Siberia lands. At the same time, experts suggest that the territory of Russia is unlikely to avoid large and small floods, the growth of steppe zones and semi-deserts.

Conclusion

Throughout the history of the Earth, the physico-geographical position of all elements of sushi, changed under the influence of natural cataclysms.

The change in the factors of the physico-geographical position may occur as a rule, only under the influence of natural cataclysms.

The largest geophysical catastrophes associated with numerous victims and destruction, changes in the physico-geographical data of the territories are caused as a result of the seismic activity of the lithosphere, which is most often manifested in the form of earthquakes. Earthquakes provoke other natural disasters: volcanic activity, tsunami, floods. Real Megatsunov arose when falling into the ocean or a sea of \u200b\u200bcosmic bodies with dimensions from tens of meters to tens of kilometers. Such events in the history of the Earth happened many times.

Many specialists of our time recognize an obvious tendency to increase the number of natural anomalies and disasters, the number of natural disasters per unit of time continues to grow. Perhaps this is due to the deterioration of the environmental situation on the planet, with increasing gas temperature in the atmosphere.

According to experts, as a result of the melting of the Arctic glaciers, the new strongest floods expect northern continents in the most discovered future.

Proof of the reliability of geological forecasts are all sorts of natural disasters that have occurred lately. Today, natural anomalous phenomena, temporary climatic disproportions, sharp fluctuations in temperatures become permanent satellites of our life. They are increasingly destabilizing the situation and make substantial adjustments in daily life states and peoples of the world.

The situation is complicated by the increased influence of the anthropogenic factor on the state of the environment.

In general, the coming natural-climatic and geophysical changes that carry a serious danger of the very existence of the peoples of the world, they demand from states and governments today to be ready for action in crisis conditions. In the world, gradually begin to realize that the problems of the vulnerability of the current ecological system of the Earth and the Sun, have gained the rank of global threats and require immediate permission. According to scientists, humanity is still able to cope with the consequences of natural climatic changes.

Classification of natural disasters. Natural catastrophes are divided into two types of origins:

1. Endogenous - associated with the internal energy and the forces of the Earth (eruption of volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami);

2. Exogenous - due to solar energy and activity, atmospheric, hydrodynamic and gravitational processes (hurricanes, cyclones, floods, storms).

Causes of natural disasters. One of the reasons for the occurrence of natural disasters is a natural disaster, a phenomenon of nature, leading to destruction material values, the death of people and other consequences.

Main types of natural disasters:

1. Geological

· Earthquake

Earthquake - underground shocks and oscillations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and breaks in the earth's crust and upper mantle and transmitted over long distances.

· Eruption

The eruption of the volcano is volcanic activity at which volcanic lava and hot gases are pulled out to the surface. In addition to the direct eruption of the volcano, the high damage is applied by the release of volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows (a mixture of volcanic gases, stones, ashes).

Avalanche - the mass of snow or ice, falling or scaling from steep slopes of the mountains. Particularly destructive avalanches can completely destroy settlements.

The collapse is the separation of mass breeds from the slope and fast movement down. They arise on the banks of the rivers, seas, in the mountains under the action of precipitation, seismic jolts, human activity

· Deolzin

The landslide is the separation of earth masses from the slope and moving them along the slope under the influence of gravity.

Sel is a powerful mud, a muddy or waterflow, which is formed in the river river rivers due to a sharp flood caused by strong rains, snowing and other reasons.

2. Meteorological

Grad is the type of atmospheric precipitation of dense particles of ice (gradins) of the incorrect form of different sizes.

Drought - long dry weather, often at elevated air temperature, with a lack of or very small amounts of precipitation, leading to exhaustion of moisture reserves in the soil and a sharp decrease in relative humidity.

The blizzard is the transfer of snow by the wind above the ground surface.

Tornado - an extremely strong atmospheric vortex with air circulation, closed around a more or less vertical axis.

Cyclone - atmospheric vortex with reduced pressure In the middle and circulation of air in the spiral.

3. Hydrological

· Flood

Flooding - flooding with water.

Tsunami - sea waves of very large lengths that occur with strong underwater and coastal earthquakes, as well as with volcanic eruptions or large rocking collaps from the coastal cliff.

· Limnological catastrophe

Limnological catastrophe is a rare natural phenomenon in which carbon dioxide dissolved in deep lakes is released to the surface, causing wild and domestic animals and people.

4. Fires

· Forest fires

Forest fires - spontaneous or man-provoked fire in forest ecosystems

· Peat fires

Peat fires - burning of the peat layer and the roots of trees.

In a separate group, the causes of natural disasters are distinguished by the impact of space objects on Earth: a collision with asteroids, a drop in meteorites. They represent a greater threat to the planet, since even a small in size of the heavenly body when a collision with the Earth can cause devastating harm.

In this paper, we will define the Earth Natural Catastrophes affect the climate of the planet, so we consider it necessary to define this phenomenon and its main manifestations (species):

The term natural catastrophes is used for two different concepts, in a sense of closed. A catastrophe literally means turning, restructuring. Such a value corresponds to the most common idea of \u200b\u200bcatastrophes in natural science, where the evolution of the Earth is seen as a series of different disasters, causing the change of geological processes and species of living organisms.

Interest in the catastrophic events of the past is heated by the fact that the inevitable part of any forecast analysis of the past. The ancient catastrophe, the harder it is to recognize its traces.

The lack of information always gives rise to fantasies. Some of the same steep areas and turns in the history of the Earth, some researchers explain by cosmic reasons - drops of meteorites, a change in solar activity, the seasons of the galactic year, the other - cyclicity of processes passing in the depths of the planet

The second concept is natural disasters only applies to extreme natural phenomena and processes, as a result of which the death of people occurs. In this understanding, natural disasters are opposed - technogenic catastrophes, i.e. those caused directly with human activity

Main types of natural disasters

Earthquake - underground blows and oscillations of the surface of the Earth caused by natural causes (mainly tectonic processes). In some places, the earthquake land occurs often and sometimes achieve great strength, breaking the integrity of the soil, destroying the building and causing human sacrifices.

The number of earthquakes, annually registered on the globe, is calculated by hundreds of thousands. However, the overwhelming number refers to weak, and only a small share reaches the degree of catastrophe. Up to 20 century Known, for example, such catastrophic earthquakes, as Lisabonskoe in 1755, Verneneskoe in 1887, destroyed by the city of the right (now Alma-Ata), an earthquake in Greece in 1870-73 and others.

In its intensity, i.e. According to the manifestation on the surface of the Earth, the earthquakes are divided, according to the international seismic scale MSK-64, by 12 gradations - points.

The region of the occurrence of an underground strike is an earthquake focus - represents some volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which the process of release of the accumulating long energy occurs. In the geological sense, the focus is a gap or a group of breaks, according to which there is almost instant movement of the masses. In the center of the hearth conditionally, the point, called the Gipo Center, is distinguished. The projection of the hypocenter on the surface of the Earth is called the epicenter. Around it is located area of \u200b\u200bthe greatest destruction - the playtostic area. Lines connecting points with the same oscillation intensity (in points) are called izaystami.

Flooding is a significant flooding of water water as a result of the water level rise in the river, a lake or a sea caused by various reasons. The flooding on the river comes from a sharp increase in the amount of water due to the melting of snow or glaciers located in its pool, as well as as a result of the abundant precipitation. Flooding is often caused by an increase in the water level in the river due to the clutter of the ice bed during ice-frequency (congestion) or due to the clogging of the bed under the fixed ice cover of the intro-ice and the formation of an ice cork (burrow). Often, the floods arise under the action of winds that catch the water from the sea and causing a rise in the level due to the delay in the mouth of the river-brought water. Flooding of this type was observed in Leningrad (1824, 1924), the Netherlands (1952).

On sea coasts and floods, floods may occur as a result of the flooding of the coastal strip of the wave formed during earthquakes or eruptions of volcanoes in the ocean (tsunami). Such floods are often on the shores of Japan and on other islands of the Pacific Ocean. Floods can be caused by dams of dams, fender dam. Floods happen on many rivers of Western Europe - Danube, Seine, Ron, etc., as well as on the Yangtze and Juanhe rivers in China, Mississippi and Ohio in the United States. In the USSR, large N. was observed on the r. Dnieper and Volga.

Hurricane (Franz. Ouragan, from Isp. Huracan; Word is borrowed from the Language of Caribbean Indians) - the wind of the destructive strength and a significant duration, the speed of which is over 30 m / s (Bafort 12 scores). Hurricanes also call tropical cyclones, especially emerging in the Caribbean.

Tsunami (Jam.) - Sea gravitational waves of very long length, resulting from a shearing up or down the extended sections of the bottom with strong underwater and coastal earthquakes and, occasionally, due to volcanic eruptions and other tectonic processes. Due to the small compressibility of water and the speed of the deformation process of the bottom of the bottom, the water post based on them is shifted, not the time to spread, as a result of which some elevation or a decrease is formed on the surface of the ocean. The resulting indignation passes into the oscillatory movements of the thickness of water - the tsunami waves, spread at high speed (from 50 to 1000 km / h). The distance between adjacent ridges of waves is changing from 5 to 1500 km. The height of the waves in the field of their occurrence ranges from 0.01-5 m. The coast can reach 10 m, and in unfavorable areas (clin-shaped bays, river valleys, etc.) - over 50 m.

About 1000 cases of tsunami are known, of which more than 100 are with the catastrophic consequences that caused full destruction, washing up the structures and soil-vegetation cover. 80% of the tsunami arise on the periphery of the Pacific Ocean, including the West Slope of the Kamalo-Kamchatka Glok. Based on the patterns of the occurrence and distribution of the tsunami, the coast of the coast is carried out according to the degree of threat. Tsunami's partial protection activities: the creation of artificial coastal structures (breakwaters, malls and mounds), landing forest stripes along the coast of the ocean.

Drought - a long and significant drawback of precipitation, more often at elevated temperature and low humidity, as a result of which moisture reserves in the soil, which leads to a decrease in or crop death. The start of drought is usually associated with the establishment of anticyclone. The abundance of solar heat and dry air create an increased evaporation (atmospheric drought), and the reserves of soil moisture without replenishing them are depleted (soil drought). When drought, the flow of water in plants through the root systems is hampered, moisture consumption for transpiration begins to exceed its inflow from the soil, the water saturation is falling, the normal conditions of photosynthesis and carbon nutrition are broken. Depending on the time of the year, spring, summer and autumn droughts are distinguished. Spring droughts are especially dangerous for early grain crops; Summer causes strong harm for both early and late grain and others. Annual cultures, as well as fruit plants; Autumn is dangerous for seamless shoots. The most devoted spring-summer and summer-autumn droughts. Most often, droughts are observed in the steppe zone, less often in the forest-steppe: 2-3 times in the century, drought are even in the forest zone. The concept of drought is not applicable to areas with a naughty summer and extremely small amount of precipitation, where farming is possible only with artificial irrigation (for example, sugar deserts, Gobi, etc.).

To combat droughts, a complex of agrotechnical and ameliorative measures aimed at strengthening the water-absorbing and water-retaining properties of the soil is used for the detention of snow in the fields. Of the agrotechnical measures of the struggle, the main deep plowing is most effective, especially soils with a strongly compacted subfectant horizon (chestnut, Solont and others)

The landslides - the sliding displacement of masses of rocks down the slope under the influence of gravity. The landslides arise in any area of \u200b\u200bthe slope or discovery due to the imbalance of the breeds caused by: an increase in the slope of the slope as a result of watering; the weakening of the strength of the breeds in weathering or overlooking with precipitation and underground waters; exposure to seismic jokes; Construction and economic activities carried out without taking into account the geological conditions of the area (the destruction of the slopes of road recesses, excessive watering of gardens and gardens located on the slopes, etc.). Most often, landslides arise on slopes isolated by alternating waterproof (clay) and aquifers (for example, sand-gravel, fascinated limestone). The development of a landslide contributes to such a location when the layers are located with a slope toward the slope or in the same direction are crossed by cracks. In highly moistened clay rocks, the landslide acquires the form of a stream. In terms of landslides, it often has the shape of a semiring, forming a decrease in the slope, is called a landslide circus. Landslides cause great damage to agricultural land, industrial enterprises, settlements, etc. In order to combat landslides, berretic and drainage structures are applied, the slopes of the slopes of the pile, planting plant, etc. are fixed.

Eruption of volcanoes. Volcanoes - geological formations arising above the channels and cracks in the earth's crust, which is erupted to the earth's surface from the deep magmatic sources of lava, hot gases and rock fragments. Usually volcanoes represent individual mountains folded by the products of eruptions. Volcanoes are divided into valid, asleep and extinct. First include: spewing currently constantly or periodically; on which historical data exist; On the eruptions of which there are no information, but which distinguish hot gases and water (solidarity). Asleeps include volcanoes whose eruptions are not information, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them. Furiously called strongly destroyed and blurred volcanoes without any manifestations of volcanic activity.

The eruptions are long (for several years, decades and centuries) and short-term (measured by hours). The anticipants of the eruption include volcanic earthquakes, acoustic phenomena, changes in magnetic properties and composition of fumaroid gases and other phenomena. The eruption is usually begins to enhance the emissions of gases first together with dark, cold fragments of Love, and then with hot. These emissions in some cases are accompanied by the outpouring of the lava. The height of the rise of gases, water vapor saturated with ashes and wreckage of Love, depending on the force of explosions, hesitates from 1 to 5 km (during the eruption of the nameless in Kamchatka in 1956 it reached 45 km). The elevated material is transferred to distances from several to tens of thousand km. The volume of the thrown debris material sometimes reaches several km3. The eruption is the alternation of weak and strong explosions And the outpoures of Love. Explosions maximum power Called culminating paroxysm. After them there is a decrease in the force of explosions and the gradual cessation of eruptions. The volumes of the washing lava are up to dozens of Km3.

climate Natural Catastrophe Atmosphere

This year, the word "anomalous" sounds almost in every weather forecast: Some regions suffocate in fires due to the abnormal heat, the second dies are from rain, and the rivers threaten to leave the shores even in the Moscow region. What happens on the planet? Scientists put forward all new explanations of the frequent cataclysms and in one voice declare: it will be worse. But why?!

CHRONICA: What is snow that I am angry ...

The climate began to present us surprises in early March. After a relatively calm winter, an early spring came unexpectedly - in fact, three weeks faster than the calendar.

March turned out to be unusually warm and sunny in almost the entire European territory of the country. However, then winter suddenly returned - with snow, holly and all arsenal climatic disasters. March changed the cool April, and then unusually cold and rainy May. According to the hydrometector, record cold and frosts were observed on the entire space from the Barents Sea to the Black and from the Western border to the Urals until June, and the average monthly temperature in Central Russia was below the norm on 2 degrees.

The "May Purga", in Syktyvkar, Kostroma and Pskov regions, were collapsed into Kaliningrad, in Syktyvkar, Kostroma and Pskov regions: green grass, adhesive leaflets on trees, barely blossomed flowers - and all this under the snow. In the Leningrad region, the temperature at night lowered to -8 ° C. In Moscow, May generally turned out to be the most frosty in the XXI century, and the Victory Day is the most "oak" in the history of the holiday. At the same time, all the spring, on the contrary, was the warmer former.

June snowfall in Murmansk. Photo: www.globallookpress.com / instagram.com/narodnoe_tv/

But, alas, all this was just a prologue to the rag of elements. On May 29, the most powerful hurricane with gusts of up to 30 m per second collapsed to Moscow, which never happened in the entire history of meteorological observions. This storm has become the most deadly in white-stone after a tornger of 1904: 18 people died, more than 170 were injured.

The consequences of a hurricane in Moscow

In late May - early June, devastating tornadoes and tornadoes swept in Tatarstan, in Altai, in the Urals - in Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, in Bashkiria (in Tatarstan - with ice rain). Summer snow fell in Moscow and St. Petersburg on June 2. Under the impact of the elements, several regions were immediately located, located thousands of kilometers from each other: in Siberia, Volga region and in the North Caucasus. Hurricanes and tightening shower were observed in Barnaul, Tolyatti, Kurgan region, North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, etc. Heavy rains and flooding in Stavropol were the strongest over the past half a century. In the capital, June 15 turned out to be the coldest in this century - only +9.4 ° C. Four months - March, April, May and June - marked in the capital exceeding the monthly rates of precipitation rates by more than 160-180%. But this record was broken on June 30, when 85% of the monthly norm fell in Moscow. This did not occur 95 years old - since 1923, in the meantime, the "real northern summer" came to Murmansk and Severomorsk - June 21, the temperature dropped sharply to 0 ° C, drifts have grown on the streets.

Residents of the middle part of Russia may envy those who live in Southern Siberia: in Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk Records in the heat, set in May, were continued in mid-June. Reached +34 ... + 37 ° C. And recently in the steppe areas of the Crimea, the temperature reached +42 ... + 43 ° C in the shade. The terrible heat is already a month in a number of European countries, even worse in Central Asia - in Tashkent, for example, it comes to +49 ° C.

In July, the number of weather anomalies and climatic cataclysms did not decrease. In the first three days of July, half of the monthly rate of precipitation fell out in Moscow - 47 mm. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia has already warned that in the near future new natural disasters should be waited. And scientists have come up with new terms: "weather is a fever", "climate in hysterics".

Version No. 1: cold due to warming

Hypotheses that are trying to explain what the cause of abnormal climatic events is quite a few. Among them, there are both scientific and those that are born in conversations on a bench at the entrance. But they are no less interesting.

According to meteorologists, global warming around the blame. Because of him, the climate has become unstable, unbalanced. But why warming leads to cooling?

Global warming is faster in poles than in average latitudes and especially at the equator. Because of this, the difference in temperature at the equator and the poles are becoming less and less. And the mechanism of circulation of the atmosphere is arranged so that the more this temperature difference, the more intense the air masses move from west to the east. It is to such a Western-Eastern - residents of Russia got used to the transfer. Cyclones coming to us from Europe are then shifted towards the Ural Mountains.

"Due to the decrease in the temperature difference between the poles and the equator, this habitual transfer was slowed down, but the transportation along the meridians began to be observed - air masses move from the north, then from the south, - explains director of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia Roman Wilfand. - It is the repeatability of meridional processes that leads to the fact that more intensive cooling occurs. In general, extreme events occur more often, very low and very high temperatures are observed. Paradox: During the warming period, the intensity of the cooling becomes greater than it was before global climate change. Our wonderful scientist academician Alexander Obukhov, said: "During climate warming, the weather becomes nervous." That is, uniform weather becomes smaller. Such processes occur on the entire planet, but they are most noticeable to appear in moderate latitudes. "

So, frequent invasions of cold arctic air into the territory of Central Russia are caused by the fact that in the Arctic itself it becomes warmer. And even global warming leads to the fact that some air masses are blocked for a long time. When in 2010, the inhabitants of the European part of Russia have shovel from the smoke of peat fires, drought and heat were caused by the blocking anticyclone. But this can occur with the cold air masses, which, apparently, happened in May of this year.

"In addition, in May-June there was an increased cyclonic activity in North Atlantic," believes Head of the Laboratory of Climatology Institute of Geography RAS Vladimir Semenov. - Such anomaly could be associated with strong ocean temperature changes. "

Roman Wilfandpresents: similar weather abnormalities in our country are possible in the next 10 years.

Version No. 2: Weather Ports Scientists

When in 2010, Europe dismissed from the heat, many hurried to impose wine for the cataclysm on physicists who conducted research on a large hadron collider. This world's largest elementary accelerator is located on the border of France and Switzerland. The suspicions are that "scientists spoil the weather to us," they sound now, although the tank has been stopped for repairs since the end of 2016.

Another scientific complex that is suspected of exposure to the climate is in Alaska. This is American Haarp - a project to study the ionosphere and polar beams. Talking that he is able to manipulate the weather on a planetary scale, since its launch in 1997, conspiraologists accuse Haarp in earthquakes, droughts, hurricanes and floods. Similar installation, by the way, is in Norway, Russia (in the Nizhny Novgorod region), in Ukraine.

With weather anomalies, the launch of the Chinese satellite "Mo Tzu" was tied up and the launch of the Chinese satellite, which was supposed to conduct an experiment on quantum teleportation. After the first successful sessions on the satellite began malfunctions in the work of the equipment. According to experts, they caused a sharp increase in the level of negative aeroions, which could affect climate.

Version number 3: The sun goes out

Astronomers are alarmed: they discovered a noticeable decrease in the activity of the Sun. Last years The level of magnetic activity of our luminaire decreased to record values, which indicates the fundamental changes in its depths, as well as the destructive consequences of these processes for humanity. Scientists from Birmingham (United Kingdom) came to such conclusions.

Recently, our star was in a state of a great maximum, that is, high activity. But in 2008 a new cycle began, surprisingly weak. Astronomers fear that the sun began to fade.

One of the signs of the activity of the shining is the presence of spots on its surface. And then this year is catastrophically a little! The number of spots in the sun gradually falls. Pictures show that the thickness of the layer, where they are born, decreases. In addition, the star rotation slowed down in its indoor regions.

According to scientists, the period of anomalous tranquil-via can lead to a long cooling on our planet. It is also possible that the victims of the weather - the harbingers of more terrible cataclysm.

Version No. 4: Climatic Weapon

Climate weapons are prohibited by international conventions, but this does not mean that work on it is not conducted. And in some classifiers weapons that can be called climatic, is officially present. When a hurricane wrapped in Moscow, a hurricane wrapped in Moscow and threw a part of the roof from the Senate Palace in the Kremlin, the people snapped: no otherwise, the West applied the secret technology that influenced the weather in Russia.

"Technologies similar to climate weapons are applied when clouds accelerate to the holiday. By the way, this method of influence on the weather was developed just for military purposes, "says Military scientist Andrei Shelygin. - And now in the world there are many companies that offer their services on the "weather regulation". That is, put experiments on the climate, which no one controls! What is it fraught with? Yes, it is possible to spray the reagents around one city for a holiday, and this will change the weather in it, but in another region, one thousand kilometers from here, it will be eager. Methods of provocation of natural phenomena are diverse. For example, you can spray chemical components for two cyclone towards each other. And these components will react with the connection, then a hurricane will be collapsed to the area, much more powerful. So it is possible to provoke not only hurricanes, but also shower, villages, floods, tornadoes, etc.. "

They say that the Pentagon pays increased attention to work in the field of climate impact (the same HAARP complex on Alaska is under the supervision of the United States Military Office). According to some information, the Americans even planned to fight terrorists from ISIL (an organization prohibited in Russia. - Ed.), causing persistent sukhov, directed winds of a hot wind from the clouds in their residence.

The advantages of climatic weapons are obvious: how to prove that one or another natural cataclysm is caused artificially? And damage it is able to apply colossal - influence the yield and agricultural production, and therefore provoke the economic downturn in the country and dissatisfaction with the authorities. Share the political situation and ignite the fire of the revolution - the case of political technologists.

The HARP ionospheric studies complex on Alaska is controlled by the United States Military Office. Photo: Public Domain

Version No. 5: Golf Stream does not warm

About this hypothesis "AIF" wrote before. Moreover, it gave a forecast that in the coming years she will start working and this will lead to a cooling in Europe.

We are talking about stopping the warm oceanic flow of Gulf Stream, which heats the old light. And thanks to the north-Atlantic flow, which is its continuation, Murmansk remains an unimportant port.

The mechanism of the Golf Stream stop looks like this. With its movement on the north, this powerful flow occurs with a cold Labrador current, which "dives" under it, pushing towards Europe. This is because the water in Labrador the flow is more salty and heavy. The picture is similar to a two-tier junction - two powerful flows safely disagree.

And now let's see what is happening due to global warming. In the Arctic melting colossal masses of ice - primarily a giant Greenland Glacier. And ice, as you know, is a frozen fresh (not salty!) Water. Plus, the stock of Siberian rivers increases, which also carry fresh water into the ocean. As a result, the saltness of water in the north Arctic Ocean Falls. And since fresh water is more easy than salty, it ceases to descend and suspends the warm golfestram. In addition, the Labrador current, also diluted with fresh water, becomes less dense and no longer "diving" under Gulf Stream, but simply crashes into it. Two-level disconnection turns into a banal intersection.

By the way, Europe survived a lot of glacial periods for his story. The last one, known as small glacier, began in the XIV century. And, according to the researchers, was caused by the slowdown in Golfstrum.