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ANO "Cultural Project RUSS PRESS PHOTO"
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Moscow Department of Education | 06/01/2016
He was one of the key ideological inspirers of the October Revolution of 1917 and the first head of the new state created on the basis of a union of equal republics and the theory of a subsequent world revolution.
In the USSR he was the object of incredible admiration and cult. He was glorified, exalted and idealized, called a seer, a giant of thought and a visionary genius. Today, in different strata of society, the attitude towards him is very contradictory: for some, he is a major political theorist who influenced the course of world history, for others, he is the author of particularly cruel concepts for the destruction of his compatriots, who destroyed the foundations of the country’s economy.
Childhood
The future major politician was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now called Ulyanovsk in his honor), a city on the Volga, into an intelligent family of teachers. There were no Russians in his family: his mother Maria Alexandrovna came from Germans with an admixture of Swedish and Jewish blood, his father Ilya Nikolaevich was from Kalmyks and Chuvash. He was involved in the inspection of public schools and made a very successful career: he received the rank of full state councilor, which gave him the right to the title of nobility. 
Mom devoted herself to raising children, of whom there were five in their family: daughter Anna, sons Alexander, Vladimir, Dmitry and the youngest child, Maria or Manyasha, as her relatives called her. The mother of the family graduated from a pedagogical school as an external student, knew several foreign languages, played the piano and passed on her knowledge and skills to her children, including exceptional accuracy in everything.
Volodya knew Latin, French, German, English very well, and Italian a little worse. His love for languages remained throughout his life; shortly before his death he began to learn Czech. At the gymnasium, he preferred philosophy, but also had excellent grades in other disciplines.
He grew up as an inquisitive boy, loved to play noisy games with his brothers and sisters: horse play, Indian play, toy soldiers. While reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, he imagined himself as Abraham Lincoln, smashing slave owners.
On last year training, in 1986, his father died. A year later, their family suffered another difficult ordeal - the execution of brother Alexander by hanging. The young man was good at natural sciences, so those who were preparing the assassination attempt Alexandra III terrorists recruited him to create an explosive device. In the case, Ulyanov was one of the organizers of the attempt to assassinate the Tsar.
Formation of political consciousness
After graduating from high school, the young man began studying law at Kazan University. At the age of 17, he was not known for his political activity. Lenin's biographers believe that the decision to change political system was largely dictated by the death of Alexander. Deeply experiencing the death of his brother, Volodya became interested in the idea of overthrowing tsarism. 
Soon he was expelled from the university for participating in student riots. At the request of his mother’s sister Lyubov Blank, he was exiled to the village of Kukushkino, Kazan province, and lived with his aunt for about a year. It was then that his political views began to take shape. He began self-education, read a lot of Marxist literature, as well as the works of Dmitry Pisarev, Georgy Plekhanov, Sergei Nechaev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky.
The revolution of the proletariat will completely destroy the division of society into classes, and, consequently, all social and political inequality.
In 1889, Maria Alexandrovna, demonstrating her immense love and support for her son, who needed money, sold her house in Simbirsk and purchased a farm in the Samara province for 7.5 thousand rubles. She hoped that Vladimir would find an outlet in the land, but without experience in farming, the family could not become successful. They sold the estate and moved to Samara.
In 1891, the authorities allowed Ulyanov to take the first-year exams at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. For a little less than a year, Vladimir was an assistant attorney. This service was boring for him, and in 1893 he left for the Northern capital, where he began practicing law and studying the ideology of Marxism. By this time, he had finally developed as a person, his views had evolved: if earlier he admired the ideas of the populists, he now became a supporter of the Social Democrats.
The path to revolution
In 1895, the young man went to Europe, where he met with members of the Russian Marxist group “Emancipation of Labor.” Returning to the city on the Neva, he founded the “Union of Struggle” in partnership with Yuli Martov. They were involved in leading strikes, publishing a workers' newspaper with Ulyanov's articles, and distributing leaflets.We must fight religion. This is the ABC of all materialism and, therefore, Marxism. But Marxism is not materialism that stops at the ABC. Marxism goes further. He says: one must be able to fight religion, and for this one must materialistically explain the source of faith and religion among the masses.
Soon Vladimir was arrested and sent into exile for 3 years in the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where he subsequently wrote more than three dozen articles. At the end of his sentence, Ulyanov went abroad. Once in Germany, in 1900 he initiated the publication of the famous underground newspaper Iskra. Then he began to sign his writings and articles with the pseudonym Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich had great hopes for Iskra, believing that it would unite disparate revolutionary organizations under the banner of Marxist ideology.
In 1903, the Second Congress of the RSDLP, prepared by the revolutionary, was held in Brussels, where a split occurred between adherents of his idea of seizing power by armed means and supporters of the classical parliamentary path - the Mensheviks, and the party program developed together with Plekhanov was adopted. In 1905, at the First Party Conference in Finland, he met Stalin for the first time.
Any extreme is not good; everything good and useful, taken to the extreme, can and even, beyond a certain limit, necessarily becomes evil and harmful.
Lenin celebrated the victory in the February Revolution of 1917, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy, abroad. Arriving home, he called for an uprising against the Provisional Government. It was organized by Leon Trotsky, head of the Petrograd Soviet. On the memorable October 25, the Bolsheviks, with the support of the proletariat, seized power. Lenin headed a completely new government of the RSFSR - the Council of People's Commissars, signed decrees on land (confiscation of landowners' lands) and peace (negotiations on non-violent reconciliation of all warring countries).
After October
Devastation reigned in the country, and in the minds of people there was confusion and chaos. Lenin signed the decree on the creation of the Red Army and the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in order to be able to focus on internal problems. Many bright minds of the country, not appreciating his ideas, emigrated, others joined the White movement. The Civil War broke out.No one is to blame if he is born a slave; but a slave who not only shuns the desire for his freedom, but justifies and embellishes his slavery, such a slave evokes a legitimate feeling of indignation, contempt and disgust - a lackey and a boor.
During this period, the Bolshevik leader ordered the execution of all royal family. Nicholas II and his wife, five of their children and close servants were killed on the night of July 16-17 in Yekaterinburg. Let us note that the question of Lenin’s involvement in the execution of the Romanovs is still debatable.
In 1918, there were two attempts on Lenin’s life (in January and August) and the murder of the main security officer in Petrograd, Moisei Uritsky. As a response to what happened, the authorities organized the Red Terror on the initiative of Felix Dzerzhinsky. Within its framework, the decree on the death penalty was revived, the creation of concentration camps began, forced conscription into the army was practiced, and pogroms of Orthodox churches were practiced.
Lenin's speech to the Red Army (1919)
The Bolsheviks introduced the harsh and ineffective concept of “war communism”, involving people in free public works for up to 16 hours a day, confiscated food, and liquidated the market.
These actions provoked mass famine and crisis, forcing the country's leader to develop a new economic policy (NEP). She gave positive results, but he was unable to correct all the mistakes he had made due to his failing health.
Personal life of Vladimir Lenin
The first head of the USSR was married. He met his chosen one, the intelligent and dedicated Marxist Nadezhda Krupskaya, in 1894 during the creation of the “Union of Struggle”. 4 years later they got married, legitimizing their relationship in order to obtain permission to serve exile in Shushenskoye together. 
The couple did not have any offspring, although people who knew them claimed that they really wanted to have at least one child. The reason for this was the unfavorable living conditions of a married couple for the birth of children (exile, prison, emigration), as well as the consequences of Krupskaya’s disease, which was seriously ill “on the female side” during imprisonment.
Man needs an ideal, but a human one, corresponding to nature, and not a supernatural one.
According to researchers, until their death, the couple was connected not by intimacy, but by strong friendship. The leader considered his wife his reliable and main support in life. She repeatedly offered him freedom, in particular, so that he could marry his next mistress, Inessa Armand, with whom Nadezhda had an excellent relationship. But he always refused, did not want to let her go.
The politician was not particularly attractive, had a speech impediment - a burr, but had powerful charisma, piercing eyes, and could have an almost hypnotic effect on those around him.
Death
In May 1922, the Bolshevik leader suffered a stroke, causing speech impairment and paralysis on the right side of his body. By autumn, the illness had subsided, and he returned to work, demonstrating tremendous efficiency. He spoke at the Fourth Congress of the Comintern, held a number of meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, meetings of the Politburo, and wrote about two hundred business notes and orders in 2 months. But in December and then in March of the following year, repeated strokes occurred. Lenin moved from the capital to the Gorki residence near Moscow, closer to nature, healing silence and fresh air.Rare footage from the funeral of Vladimir Lenin
In January 1924, there was a sharp deterioration in the health of the people's leader, and on the 21st he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. The reasons for his death were also called atherosclerosis, syphilis, a genetic disease that led to the “petrification” of brain vessels, and even poisoning from a bullet. However, these are all just hypotheses.
After the death of the leader, it was decided to create a Mausoleum near the Kremlin wall for his burial. By the day of the funeral on January 27, a temporary wooden funeral structure was erected, where Ilyich’s body was placed. Now in its place stands a red brick Mausoleum. The embalmed leader of the peoples rests there to this day.
Fresh review
I will continue to publish photographs taken by a German tourist in Almaty in December 2013. There will be everything about the upper areas of the city (well, or almost everything - something will be included in the next review). And without any special details: everything is beautiful multi-storey buildings, everything is clean and beautiful. In general, this is what our authorities want to show tourists. And of course the Independence Monument will be detailed.
The first photo is the Television Center on Mira-Timiryazeva. The building is really very beautiful.
Random entries
Of course, if you look at the map, in the center of Sharjah there is not a lake, but a bay, connected to the sea by a long and not very wide arm. But for some reason local guides call it “lake”. There’s not much to write about, just a lot of photographs and panoramas. I came out to him by chance. The heat was 45 degrees, so it was deserted - normal people don’t walk in such weather.
The amazing thing is that with such heat, which lasts here not one or two days, but almost all year round— everything around is quite green. Here is the first photo on this very topic.
According to the excursion program that we were provided with in Almaty, on the second day there should be an acquaintance with Tbilisi. But everything turned out wrong. The host party had its own considerations for organizing excursions. And on this day we went to the Borjomi Gorge. In principle, we didn’t care where to go first, so we weren’t upset. Moreover, we were not the only ones from our hotel on the excursion minibus. The guide warned that the excursion will be long and you need to have money in local currency with you, because lunch is not included in the price of this trip, and there may not be ATMs or exchangers on site. And our transport set off through the streets of Tbilisi, collecting tourists from other hotels. So our acquaintance with the city continued, at least from the bus window.
I've always wanted to see Switzerland. But after listening to friends who have already been there or even live there, and also after reading all sorts of ratings of the most expensive cities in the world (for example, according to the rating of the Swiss bank UBS in 2018, Zurich is in first place), Switzerland somehow scared me away. Well, mountains, well, architecture ... - In Almaty, there are also mountains, and in Germany, in any city - architecture. What if Switzerland is a mixture of Germany and Almaty, but for the price of an airplane? It's not interesting
But the company I work for has a contract with the University of Zurich - UZH, and since the beginning of 2018 I have been lucky enough to visit this city several times - mostly on business trips, but once I even went there as a tourist. When I started writing the article , there weren’t very many photos, because during business trips you don’t really walk around the city - from work to the hotel, and back in the morning. But over these few times they have accumulated enough for a couple of articles. So, article nummero uno.
Another notable place nearby is Carbon Canyon Regional Park. And it is notable for its grove; there is even a walking path leading to it, along which we actually walked. This park belongs to the neighboring town of Brea (that’s what it’s called in Russian on the Google map, and in their name Brea). But I’ll start from the beginning, we were driven to this beginning of the trail by car, and then we set off on foot, although not everywhere it looked like a path.
I heard about either a national park or a geological reserve, which is located near the town of Obzor, in the neighboring village of Byala, and which is called “White Rocks”. I rented a car and went to see what it was. Firstly, Byala turned out to be not a village, as everyone calls it in Obzor, but a normal tourist city, the size of the same Obzor, which became a city in 1984. Secondly, the name Byala is translated as “White” and this name, just like once, comes from this natural monument - “White Rocks”.
In this review I will tell you how to get there and what is there, beautiful or interesting. And in the next one - about the museum and about the rocks with more scientific point vision.
In general, it is believed that Sharjah is such a not very cool emirate. Well compared to Dubai. But apparently for Lately Sharjah has become very smart in terms of building new beautiful skyscrapers.
Well, again, by the time we were driving around Sharjah, we had not yet been to Dubai and therefore Sharjah seemed to us quite cool in terms of development. I have seen enough multi-storey cities - this is , and , and even the new one, but in terms of the density of skyscrapers, Sharjah wins. It may be comparable to it in this parameter, but in Urumqi the skyscrapers are quite simple - in architecture they look like single-color boxes, not all, but many. But here everything is different, modern, unique.
There's not much to write about. Therefore, basically, just photographs, the bulk of which were taken from a moving car, therefore with glare.
Giebichenstein Castle was built during the early Middle Ages, between 900 and 1000. At that time it had a very important strategic importance not only for the Magdeburg bishops, whose residence it was until the castle was built, but also played an important role in all imperial politics. The first written mention dates back to 961. Built on a high cliff above the Saale River, approximately 90 meters above sea level, on the site where the main Roman road once passed. In the period from 1445 to 1464, the Lower Castle was built at the foot of the castle rock, which was intended to serve as a fortified courtyard. Since the transfer of the episcopal residence to Moritzburg, the so-called Upper Castle began to fall into decay. And after the Thirty Years' War, when it was captured by the Swedes and destroyed by fire, in which almost all the buildings were destroyed, it was completely abandoned and was never restored. In 1921, the castle was transferred to city ownership. But even in such ruined form it is very picturesque.
This review about the Review will be large, and perhaps not the most interesting, but I think it’s quite beautiful. And it will be about greens and flowers.
The Balkans in general and Bulgaria in particular are generally quite green areas. And the pastoral views here are gorgeous. But in the city of Obzor, greenery is mainly in parks, although there are also vegetable gardens, as you will see in the middle of this report. And at the end a little about wildlife in and around the city.
At the entrance to the city from Varna, there is a gorgeous flowerbed, which is very difficult to see while walking. But on foot it turns out that “Overview” is written there in flowers, and in some stylized Slavic font.
Tri-City Park is located in Placencia Township, bordering Fullerton and Brea Township. All these settlements are part of Orange County, in southern California. For all the time we've been here, we haven't figured out where one city ends and another begins. And, probably, it’s not that important. They are not very different in architecture and their history is approximately the same, and parks are within easy reach. We also went to this one on foot.
Vladimir Lenin is the great leader of the working people of the whole world, who is considered the most outstanding politician in world history, who created the first socialist state.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir LeninRussian communist philosopher-theorist, who continued the work and whose activities were widely developed at the beginning of the 20th century, is still of interest to the public today, since his historical role is distinguished by its significant significance not only for Russia, but also for the whole world. Lenin's activities have both positive and negative assessments, which does not prevent the founder of the USSR from remaining a leading revolutionary in world history.
Childhood and youth
Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich was born on April 22, 1870 in the Simbirsk province Russian Empire in the family of school inspector Ilya Nikolaevich and school teacher Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanov. He became the third child of parents who invested their whole souls in their children - his mother completely abandoned labor activity and devoted herself to raising Alexander, Anna and Volodya, after whom she gave birth to Maria and Dmitry.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin as a childAs a child, Vladimir Ulyanov was a mischievous and very smart boy - at the age of 5 he had already learned to read and by the time he entered the Simbirsk gymnasium he had become a “walking encyclopedia”. IN school years He also proved himself to be a diligent, zealous, gifted and careful student, for which he was repeatedly awarded certificates of commendation. Lenin's classmates said that the future world leader of the working people enjoyed enormous respect and authority in the class, since every student felt his mental superiority.
In 1887, Vladimir Ilyich graduated from high school with a gold medal and entered the law faculty of Kazan University. In the same year, a terrible tragedy happened in the Ulyanov family - Lenin’s elder brother Alexander was executed for participating in organizing an assassination attempt on the Tsar.
This grief aroused in the future founder of the USSR a spirit of protest against national oppression and the tsarist system, so already in the first year of university he created a student revolutionary movement, for which he was expelled from the university and sent into exile in the small village of Kukushkino, located in the Kazan province.
Embed from Getty Images Family of Vladimir LeninFrom that moment on, the biography of Vladimir Lenin was continuously connected with the struggle against capitalism and autocracy, the main goal of which was the liberation of workers from exploitation and oppression. After exile, in 1888, Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he immediately joined one of the Marxist circles.
During the same period, Lenin's mother acquired an almost 100-hectare estate in the Simbirsk province and convinced Vladimir Ilyich to manage it. This did not prevent him from continuing to maintain connections with local “professional” revolutionaries, who helped him find Narodnaya Volya members and create an organized movement of Protestants of the imperial power.
Revolutionary activities
In 1891, Vladimir Lenin managed to pass exams as an external student at the Imperial St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Law. After that, he worked as an assistant to a sworn lawyer from Samara, engaged in the “official defense” of criminals.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin in his youthIn 1893, the revolutionary moved to St. Petersburg and, in addition to legal practice, began writing historical works devoted to Marxist political economy, the creation of the Russian liberation movement, the capitalist evolution of post-reform villages and industry. Then he began to create a program for the Social Democratic Party.
In 1895, Lenin made his first trip abroad and made the so-called tour of Switzerland, Germany and France, where he met his idol Georgy Plekhanov, as well as Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue, who were leaders of the international labor movement.
Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ilyich managed to unite all the scattered Marxist circles into the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class,” at the head of which he began to prepare a plan to overthrow the autocracy. For active propaganda of his idea, Lenin and his allies were taken into custody, and after a year in prison he was exiled to the Shushenskoye village of the Elysee province.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin in 1897 with members of the Bolshevik organizationDuring his exile, he established contacts with the Social Democrats of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1900, after the end of his exile, he traveled to all Russian cities and personally established contact with numerous organizations. In 1900, the leader created the newspaper Iskra, under the articles of which he first signed the pseudonym “Lenin”.
During the same period, he initiated the congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, which subsequently split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The revolutionary led the Bolshevik ideological and political party and launched an active struggle against Menshevism.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir LeninIn the period from 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived in exile in Switzerland, where he was preparing an armed uprising. There he was caught by the First Russian Revolution, in the victory of which he was interested, since it opened the way to the socialist revolution.
Then Vladimir Ilyich returned illegally to St. Petersburg and began to act actively. He tried at any cost to win the peasants over to his side, forcing them into an armed uprising against the autocracy. The revolutionary called on people to arm themselves with whatever was at hand and carry out attacks on government officials.
October Revolution
After the defeat in the First Russian Revolution, all Bolshevik forces came together, and Lenin, having analyzed the mistakes, began to revive the revolutionary upsurge. Then he created his own legal Bolshevik party, which published the newspaper Pravda, of which he was the editor-in-chief. At that time, Vladimir Ilyich lived in Austria-Hungary, where he was caught World War.
Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin and Vladimir LeninHaving been imprisoned on suspicion of spying for Russia, Lenin spent two years preparing his theses on the war, and after his release he went to Switzerland, where he came up with the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil war.
In 1917, Lenin and his comrades were allowed to leave Switzerland through Germany to Russia, where a ceremonial meeting was organized for him. Vladimir Ilyich’s first speech to the people began with a call for a “social revolution,” which caused discontent even among Bolshevik circles. At that moment, Lenin’s theses were supported by Joseph Stalin, who also believed that power in the country should belong to the Bolsheviks.
On October 20, 1917, Lenin arrived in Smolny and began to lead the uprising, which was organized by the head Petrograd Soviet. Vladimir Ilyich proposed to act quickly, firmly and clearly - from October 25 to 26, the Provisional Government was arrested, and on November 7, All-Russian Congress The Soviets adopted Lenin's decrees on peace and land, and also organized the Council of People's Commissars, the head of which was Vladimir Ilyich.
Embed from Getty Images Leon Trotsky and Vladimir LeninThis was followed by the 124-day “Smolny period,” during which Lenin carried out active work in the Kremlin. He signed a decree on the creation of the Red Army, concluded the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty with Germany, and also began developing a program for the formation of a socialist society. At that moment, the Russian capital was moved from Petrograd to Moscow, and the Congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers became the supreme body of power in Russia.
After carrying out the main reforms, which consisted of withdrawing from the World War and transferring the lands of the landowners to the peasants, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was formed on the territory of the former Russian Empire, the rulers of which were communists led by Vladimir Lenin.
Head of the RSFSR
When Lenin came to power, according to many historians, he ordered the execution of the former Russian Emperor together with his entire family, and in July 1918 approved the Constitution of the RSFSR. Two years later, Lenin eliminated the supreme ruler of Russia, Admiral, who was his strong opponent.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Ilyich LeninThen the head of the RSFSR implemented the “red terror” policy, created to strengthen new government in the context of thriving anti-Bolshevik activity. At the same time, the decree on the death penalty was reinstated, which could apply to anyone who did not agree with Lenin’s policies.
After this, Vladimir Lenin began the defeat Orthodox Church. From that period, believers became the main enemies of the Soviet regime. During that period, Christians who tried to protect the holy relics were persecuted and executed. Special concentration camps were also created for the “re-education” of the Russian people, where people were charged in particularly harsh ways that they were obliged to work for free in the name of communism. This led to mass starvation, which killed millions of people, and a terrible crisis.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin and Kliment Voroshilov at the Congress of the Communist PartyThis result forced the leader to retreat from his intended plan and create a new economic policy, during which people, under the “supervision” of the commissars, restored industry, revived construction projects and industrialized the country. In 1921, Lenin abolished “war communism”, replaced food appropriation with a food tax, allowed private trade, which allowed the broad mass of the population to independently seek means of survival.
In 1922, according to Lenin’s recommendations, the USSR was created, after which the revolutionary had to step down from power due to sharply deteriorating health. After an intense political struggle in the country in pursuit of power, Joseph Stalin became the sole leader of the Soviet Union.
Personal life
The personal life of Vladimir Lenin, like that of most professional revolutionaries, was shrouded in secrecy for the purpose of conspiracy. He met his future wife in 1894 during the organization of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.
She blindly followed her lover and participated in all of Lenin’s actions, which was the reason for their separate first exile. In order not to be separated, Lenin and Krupskaya got married in a church - they invited Shushensky peasants as best men, and their ally made their wedding rings from copper nickels.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin and Nadezhda KrupskayaThe sacrament of the wedding of Lenin and Krupskaya took place on July 22, 1898 in the village of Shushenskoye, after which Nadezhda became the faithful life partner of the great leader, whom she bowed to, despite his harshness and humiliating treatment of herself. Having become a real communist, Krupskaya suppressed her feelings of ownership and jealousy, which allowed her to remain the only wife of Lenin, in whose life there were many women.
The question “did Lenin have children?” still attracts interest all over the world. There are several historical theories regarding the paternity of the communist leader - some claim that Lenin was infertile, while others call him the father of many illegitimate children. At the same time, many sources claim that Vladimir Ilyich had a son, Alexander Steffen, from his lover, with whom the revolutionary’s affair lasted about 5 years.
Death
The death of Vladimir Lenin occurred on January 21, 1924 in the Gorki estate in the Moscow province. According to official data, the leader of the Bolsheviks died from atherosclerosis caused by severe overload at work. Two days after his death, Lenin’s body was transported to Moscow and placed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions, where farewell to the founder of the USSR was held for 5 days.
Embed from Getty Images Funeral of Vladimir LeninOn January 27, 1924, Lenin’s body was embalmed and placed in a Mausoleum specially built for this purpose, located on the capital’s Red Square. The ideologist of the creation of Lenin’s relics was his successor Joseph Stalin, who wanted to make Vladimir Ilyich a “god” in the eyes of the people.
After the collapse of the USSR, the issue of Lenin’s reburial was repeatedly raised in the State Duma. True, it remained at the discussion stage back in 2000, when the one who came to power during his first presidential term put an end to this issue. He said that he does not see the desire of the overwhelming majority of the population to rebury the body of the world leader, and until it appears, this topic will no longer be discussed in modern Russia.
The figure of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin has attracted the close attention of historians and politicians around the world for almost centuries. One of the most taboo topics in “Leninianism” in the USSR is the origin of Lenin, his genealogy. This same topic was subject to the greatest speculation on the part of geopolitical opponents of the state, whose founder and “banner” was V.I. Lenin.
Secrets of Lenin's biography
How did the children of serfs become hereditary nobles, why did the Soviet government classify information about the leader's maternal ancestors, and how did Vladimir Ulyanov turn into Nikolai Lenin in the early 1900s?
Ulyanov family. From left to right: standing - Olga, Alexander, Anna; sitting - Maria Alexandrovna with her youngest daughter Maria, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir. Simbirsk 1879 Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
Biographical chronicle of V.I. Lenin" begins with the entry: "April, 10 (22). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born. Vladimir Ilyich’s father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was at that time an inspector and then the director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. He came from poor townspeople of the city of Astrakhan. His father was previously a serf. Lenin's mother Maria Alexandrovna was the daughter of the doctor A.D. Blanca."
It is curious that Lenin himself did not know many details of his ancestry. In their family, as in the families of other commoners, it was somehow not customary to delve into their “genealogical roots.” It was only later, after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, when interest in this kind of problems began to grow, that his sisters took up this research. Therefore, when in 1922 Lenin received detailed questionnaire party census, when asked about the occupation of his paternal grandfather, he sincerely answered: “I don’t know.”
GRANDSON OF A SERF
Meanwhile, Lenin’s paternal grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were indeed serfs. Great-great-grandfather - Nikita Grigorievich Ulyanin - was born in 1711. According to the revision tale of 1782, he and the family of his youngest son Feofan were recorded as a servant of the landowner of the village of Androsova, Sergach district, Nizhny Novgorod governorship, Marfa Semyonovna Myakinina.
According to the same revision, his eldest son Vasily Nikitich Ulyanin, born in 1733, with his wife Anna Semionovna and children Samoila, Porfiry and Nikolai lived in the same place, but were considered servants of the cornet Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. According to the revision of 1795, Lenin’s grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich, 25 years old, single, lived with his mother and brothers in the same village, but they were already listed as servants of ensign Mikhail Stepanovich Brekhov.
Of course, he was listed, but he was no longer in the village then...
The Astrakhan archive contains the document “Lists of registered landowner peasants expected to be counted as fugitives from different provinces,” where under number 223 it is written: “Nikolai Vasilyev, son of Ulyanin... Nizhny Novgorod province, Sergach district, village of Androsov, landowner Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov, peasant. He left in 1791." It is not known for sure whether he was a runaway or released on quitrent and redeemed, but in 1799 in Astrakhan Nikolai Vasilyevich was transferred to the category of state peasants, and in 1808 he was accepted into the petty bourgeois class, into the workshop of artisan tailors.
Having gotten rid of serfdom and becoming a free man, Nikolai Vasilyevich changed his surname Ulyanin to Ulyaninov, and then Ulyanov. Soon he married the daughter of the Astrakhan tradesman Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov - Anna, who was born in 1788 and was 18 years younger than her husband.
Based on some archival documents, the writer Marietta Shaginyan put forward a version according to which Anna Alekseevna is not Smirnov’s own daughter, but a baptized Kalmyk woman, rescued by him from slavery and allegedly adopted only in March 1825.
There is no indisputable evidence for this version, especially since already in 1812 she and Nikolai Ulyanov had a son, Alexander, who died four months old; in 1819, a son, Vasily, was born; in 1821, a daughter, Maria; in 1823 - Feodosiya and, finally, in July 1831, when the head of the family was already over 60, son Ilya - the father of the future leader of the world proletariat.
FATHER'S TEACHING CAREER
After the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich, concerns about the family and raising children fell on the shoulders of his eldest son, Vasily Nikolaevich. Working at that time as a clerk at the famous Astrakhan company “Brothers Sapozhnikov” and not having his own family, he managed to ensure prosperity in the house and even gave his younger brother Ilya an education.
ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV GRADUATED PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS FACULTY OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY.
HE WAS SUGGESTED TO STAY AT THE DEPARTMENT TO “IMPROVE IN SCIENTIFIC WORK” – THIS WAS INSISTED BY THE FAMOUS MATHEMATICIST NIKOLAY IVANOVICH LOBACHEVSKY
In 1850, Ilya Nikolaevich graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium with a silver medal and entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University, where he completed his studies in 1854, receiving the title of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and the right to teach in secondary schools. educational institutions. And although he was invited to remain at the department for “improvement in scientific work“(This, by the way, was insisted on by the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky), Ilya Nikolaevich chose a career as a teacher.
Monument to Lobachevsky in Kazan. Beginning of the 20th century. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His first place of work - from May 7, 1855 - was the Noble Institute in Penza. In July 1860, Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov came here to the position of inspector of the institute. Ilya Nikolaevich became friends with him and his wife, and in the same year Anna Aleksandrovna Veretennikova (née Blank) introduced him to her sister Maria Alexandrovna Blank, who came to visit her for the winter. Ilya Nikolaevich began to help Maria prepare for the exam for the title of teacher, and she helped him with conversational English. The young people fell in love with each other, and in the spring of 1863 an engagement took place.
On July 15 of the same year, after successfully passing external exams at the Samara Men's Gymnasium, “the daughter of the court councilor, maiden Maria Blank” received the title of primary school teacher “with the right to teach the Law of God, the Russian language, arithmetic, German and French" And in August they already had a wedding, and the “maiden Maria Blank” became the wife of the court councilor Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov - this rank was also granted to him in July 1863.
Panorama of Simbirsk from the Moscow highway. 1866–1867. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
The genealogy of the Blank family began to be studied by Lenin’s sisters, Anna and Maria. Anna Ilyinichna said: “The elders could not find out this for us. The surname seemed to us to be of French origin, but there was no information about such an origin. I personally began to think about the possibility of Jewish origin quite a long time ago, which was prompted mainly by my mother’s message that my grandfather was born in Zhitomir, a famous Jewish center. Grandmother - mother's mother - was born in St. Petersburg and was of German origin from Riga. But while my mother and her sisters maintained contact with their maternal relatives for quite a long time, about her father’s relatives, A.D. Blank, no one heard. He looked like a cut piece, which also made me think about his Jewish origin. His daughters did not remember any of the grandfather’s stories about his childhood or youth.”
Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova reported the results of the search, which confirmed her assumption, to Joseph Stalin in 1932 and 1934. “The fact of our origin, which I had assumed before,” she wrote, “was not known during his [Lenin’s] lifetime... I don’t know what motives we communists might have for silencing this fact.”
“To remain absolutely silent about him” was Stalin’s categorical answer. And Lenin’s second sister, Maria Ilyinichna, also believed that this fact “let it be known someday in a hundred years.”
Lenin's great-grandfather, Moshe Itskovich Blank, was apparently born in 1763. The first mention of him is contained in the revision of 1795, where among the townspeople of the city of Starokonstantinov, Volyn province, Moishka Blank is recorded under number 394. Where he came from in these places is unclear. However…
Some time ago, the famous bibliographer Maya Dvorkina introduced an interesting fact into scientific circulation. Somewhere in the mid-1920s, archivist Yulian Grigoryevich Oksman, who was studying the genealogy of the leader of the world proletariat on the instructions of the director of the Lenin Library Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky, discovered a petition from one of the Jewish communities of the Minsk province, supposedly dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, for the exemption from taxes of a certain boy , because he is “the illegitimate son of a major Minsk official,” and therefore, they say, the community should not pay for him. The boy's last name was Blank.
According to Oksman, Nevsky took him to Lev Kamenev, and then the three of them went to Nikolai Bukharin. Showing the document, Kamenev muttered: “I always thought so.” To which Bukharin replied: “What do you think – it doesn’t matter, but what are we going to do?” Oksman was made to promise that he would not tell anyone about the find. And since then no one has seen this document.
One way or another, Moshe Blank appeared in Starokonstantinov, already an adult, and in 1793 he married a local 29-year-old girl, Maryam (Marem) Froimovich. From subsequent audits it follows that he read both Hebrew and Russian, had his own house, was engaged in trade, and in addition, near the town of Rogachevo, he rented 5 morgues (about 3 hectares) of land, which were sown with chicory.
In 1794, his son Aba (Abel) was born, and in 1799, his son Srul (Israel). Moshe Itzkovich probably did not have a good relationship with the local Jewish community from the very beginning. He was "a man who did not want, or perhaps did not know how, to find mutual language with his fellow tribesmen." In other words, the community simply hated him. And after Blank’s house burned down in 1808 due to fire, and possibly arson, the family moved to Zhitomir.
LETTER TO THE EMPEROR
Many years later, in September 1846, Moshe Blank wrote a letter to Emperor Nicholas I, from which it is clear that already “40 years ago” he “renounced the Jews,” but because of his “overly pious wife,” who died in 1834 , converted to Christianity and received the name Dmitry only on January 1, 1835.
But the reason for the letter was something else: while maintaining hostility towards his fellow tribesmen, Dmitry (Moshe) Blank proposed - in order to assimilate the Jews - to prohibit them from wearing national clothes, and most importantly, to oblige them to pray in synagogues for the Russian emperor and the imperial family.
It is curious that in October of that year the letter was reported to Nicholas I and he fully agreed with the proposals of the “baptized Jew Blanc”, as a result of which in 1850 Jews were banned from wearing national clothing, and in 1854 the corresponding text of the prayer was introduced. Researcher Mikhail Stein, who collected and carefully analyzed the most complete data on the Blank pedigree, rightly noted that in terms of hostility towards his people, Moshe Itzkovich “can be compared, perhaps, only with another baptized Jew– one of the founders and leaders of the Moscow Union of Russian People V.A. Greenmouth"...
Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (1799–1870). Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
The fact that Blank decided to break with the Jewish community long before his baptism was also evidenced by other things. Both of his sons, Abel and Israel, like their father, also knew how to read Russian, and when a district (povet) school opened in Zhitomir in 1816, they were enrolled there and successfully graduated. From the point of view of Jewish believers, this was blasphemy. And yet, belonging to the Jewish religion doomed them to vegetate within the boundaries of the Pale of Settlement. And only an event that happened in the spring of 1820 radically changed the fate of young people...
In April, a “high rank” – the head of affairs of the so-called Jewish Committee, senator and poet Dmitry Osipovich Baranov – arrived in Zhitomir on a business trip. Somehow, Blank managed to meet him, and he asked the senator to assist his sons in entering the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Baranov did not at all sympathize with Jews, but the rather rare conversion of two “lost souls” to Christianity at that time, in his opinion, was a good thing, and he agreed.
The brothers immediately went to the capital and submitted a petition addressed to Metropolitan Michael of Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Estonia and Finland. “Having now settled in St. Petersburg,” they wrote, “and having always been treated with Christians professing the Greek-Russian religion, we now wish to accept it.”
The petition was granted, and already on May 25, 1820, the priest of the Church of St. Sampson the Stranger in St. Petersburg, Fyodor Barsov, “enlightened both brothers with baptism.” Abel became Dmitry Dmitrievich, and Israel became Alexander Dmitrievich. The youngest son of Moshe Blank received a new name in honor of his successor (godfather), Count Alexander Ivanovich Apraksin, and a patronymic in honor of Abel’s successor, Senator Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. And on July 31 of the same year, at the direction of the Minister of Education, Prince Alexander Nikolaevich Golitsyn, the brothers were identified as “pupils of the Medical-Surgical Academy,” which they graduated in 1824, receiving the academic title of doctors of the 2nd department and a gift in the form of a pocket set of surgical tools.
MARRIAGE OF THE STAFF DOCTOR
Dmitry Blank remained in the capital as a police doctor, and Alexander in August 1824 began serving in the city of Porechye, Smolensk province, as a district doctor. True, already in October 1825 he returned to St. Petersburg and, like his brother, was enrolled as a doctor in the city police staff. In 1828 he was promoted to staff physician. It was time to think about marriage...
His godfather, Count Alexander Apraksin, was at that time an official of special assignments at the Ministry of Finance. So Alexander Dmitrievich, despite his origin, could well count on a decent match. Apparently, at another of his benefactors, Senator Dmitry Baranov, who was fond of poetry and chess, with whom Alexander Pushkin visited and almost the entire “enlightened Petersburg” gathered, the younger Blank met the Groschopf brothers and was received in their house.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831–1886) and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835–1916)
The head of this very respectable family, Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Gottlieb) Groshopf, was from the Baltic Germans, was a consul of the State College of Justice for Livonian, Estonian and Finnish affairs and rose to the rank of provincial secretary. His wife Anna Karlovna, née Östedt, was Swedish and Lutheran. There were eight children in the family: three sons - Johann, who served in the Russian army, Karl, vice-director in the foreign trade department of the Ministry of Finance, and Gustav, who was in charge of the Riga customs, and five daughters - Alexandra, Anna, Ekaterina (married von Essen) , Caroline (married Bouberg) and the younger Amalia. Having met this family, the staff doctor proposed to Anna Ivanovna.
MASHENKA FORM
Things went well for Alexander Dmitrievich at first. As a police doctor, he received 1 thousand rubles a year. He has received thanks more than once for his “quickness and diligence.”
But in June 1831, during the cholera riots in the capital, his brother Dmitry, who was on duty at the central cholera hospital, was brutally killed by a rioting crowd. This death shocked Alexander Blank so much that he resigned from the police and did not work for more than a year. Only in April 1833 did he re-enter service - as a resident at the City Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene for the poor from the districts beyond the river in St. Petersburg. By the way, it was here that Taras Shevchenko was treated by him in 1838. At the same time (from May 1833 to April 1837) Blank worked in the Maritime Department. In 1837, after passing the exams, he was recognized as an inspector of the medical board, and in 1838 - a medical surgeon.
IN 1874, ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV RECEIVED THE POST OF DIRECTOR OF PEOPLE'S SCHOOL OF THE SIMBIRSK PROVINCE.
AND IN 1877, HE WAS AWARDED THE RANK OF ACTIVE STATE COUNSELOR, EQUALIZED IN THE TABLE OF RANKS TO THE RANK OF GENERAL AND GIVING THE RIGHT TO A HEREDITARY NOBILITY
Alexander Dmitrievich’s private practice also expanded. Among his patients were representatives of the highest nobility. This allowed him to move to a decent apartment in a wing of one of the luxurious mansions on the Promenade des Anglais, which belonged to the emperor’s physician and the president of the Medical-Surgical Academy, baronet Yakov Vasilyevich Willie. Here in 1835 Maria Blank was born. Godfather Mashenka became their neighbor - formerly the adjutant of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, and since 1833 - the horsemaster of the Imperial Court, Ivan Dmitrievich Chertkov.
In 1840, Anna Ivanovna became seriously ill, died and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Evangelical Cemetery. Then her sister Catherine von Essen, who was widowed that same year, took full care of the children. Alexander Dmitrievich, apparently, had sympathized with her before. It is no coincidence that he named his daughter, born in 1833, Ekaterina. After the death of Anna Ivanovna, they become even closer, and in April 1841, Blank decides to enter into a legal marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna. However, the law did not allow such marriages - with the daughters' godmother and the deceased wife's own sister. And Catherine von Essen becomes his common-law wife.
In the same April, they all left the capital and moved to Perm, where Alexander Dmitrievich received the position of inspector of the Perm Medical Council and doctor of the Perm Gymnasium. Thanks to the latter circumstance, Blank met the Latin teacher Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov, who became the husband of his eldest daughter Anna in 1850, and the mathematics teacher Andrei Aleksandrovich Zalezhsky, who married another daughter, Ekaterina.
Alexander Blank entered the history of Russian medicine as one of the pioneers of balneology - treatment mineral waters. Having retired at the end of 1847 from the post of doctor at the Zlatoust arms factory, he left for the Kazan province, where in 1848 the Kokushkino estate with 462 acres (503.6 hectares) of land, a water mill and 39 serfs was purchased in Laishevsky district. On August 4, 1859, the Senate confirmed Alexander Dmitrievich Blank and his children in the hereditary nobility, and they were included in the book of the Kazan Noble Deputy Assembly.
THE ULYANOV FAMILY
This is how Maria Alexandrovna Blank ended up in Kazan, and then in Penza, where she met Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov...
Their wedding on August 25, 1863, like the weddings of the other Blank sisters before that, took place in Kokushkino. On September 22, the newlyweds left for Nizhny Novgorod, where Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed to the position of senior teacher of mathematics and physics at a men's gymnasium. On August 14, 1864, daughter Anna was born. A year and a half later - on March 31, 1866 - son Alexander... But soon there was a sad loss: daughter Olga, who was born in 1868, did not live even a year, fell ill and died on July 18 in the same Kokushkino...
On September 6, 1869, Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. The family moved to Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), which at that time was a quiet provincial town with just over 40 thousand inhabitants, of whom 57.5% were listed as bourgeois, 17% as military, 11% as peasants, 8.8% as nobles, 3.2% - merchants and honorary citizens, and 1.8% - people of clergy, persons of other classes and foreigners. Accordingly, the city was divided into three parts: noble, commercial and bourgeois. In the nobility's house there were kerosene lanterns and plank sidewalks, and in the bourgeois' house all sorts of livestock were kept in the courtyards, and these animals, contrary to prohibitions, walked the streets.
Here the Ulyanovs had a son, Vladimir, born on April 10 (22), 1870. On April 16, priest Vasily Umov and sexton Vladimir Znamensky baptized the newborn. The godfather was the manager of the specific office in Simbirsk, the actual state councilor Arseny Fedorovich Belokrysenko, and the godfather was the mother of Ilya Nikolaevich’s colleague, collegiate assessor Natalia Ivanovna Aunovskaya.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (sitting third from the right) among the teachers of the Simbirsk men's classical gymnasium. 1874 Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
The family continued to grow. On November 4, 1871, the fourth child was born - daughter Olga. Son Nikolai died without living even a month, and on August 4, 1874, son Dmitry was born, and daughter Maria was born on February 6, 1878. Six children.
On July 11, 1874, Ilya Nikolaevich received the position of director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. And in December 1877, he was awarded the rank of actual state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the rank of general and giving the right to hereditary nobility.
The salary increase made it possible to realize a long-time dream. Having changed six rented apartments since 1870 and having saved the necessary funds, on August 2, 1878, the Ulyanovs finally bought their own house on Moskovskaya Street for 4 thousand silver - from the widow of the titular councilor Ekaterina Petrovna Molchanova. It was made of wood, one storey on the façade and with mezzanines under the roof on the courtyard side. And behind the yard, overgrown with grass and chamomile, lies a beautiful garden with silver poplars, thick elms, yellow acacia and lilacs along the fence...
Ilya Nikolaevich died in Simbirsk in January 1886, Maria Alexandrovna died in Petrograd in July 1916, outliving her husband by 30 years.
WHERE DID “LENIN” COME FROM?
The question of how and where Vladimir Ulyanov got the pseudonym Nikolai Lenin in the spring of 1901 has always aroused the interest of researchers; there have been many versions. Among them are toponymic: both the Lena River (analogy: Plekhanov - Volgin) and the village of Lenin near Berlin appear. During the formation of “Leninoism” as a profession, they were looking for “amorous” sources. Thus was born the assertion that the Kazan beauty Elena Lenina was allegedly to blame for everything, in another version - the chorus girl of the Mariinsky Theater Elena Zaretskaya, etc. But none of these versions withstood the most serious scrutiny.
However, back in the 1950s and 1960s, the Central Party Archive received letters from relatives of a certain Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, which outlined a fairly convincing everyday story. Deputy head of the archive Rostislav Aleksandrovich Lavrov forwarded these letters to the CPSU Central Committee, and, naturally, they did not become available to a wide range of researchers.
Meanwhile, the Lenin family dates back to the Cossack Posnik, who in the 17th century, for his services associated with the conquest of Siberia and the creation of winter quarters on the Lena River, was granted nobility, the surname Lenin and an estate in the Vologda province. His numerous descendants distinguished themselves more than once in both military and official service. One of them, Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, fell ill and retired, having risen to the rank of state councilor, in the 80s of the 19th century and settled in the Yaroslavl province.
Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. Simbirsk 1874 Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His daughter Olga Nikolaevna, having graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of the Bestuzhev Courses in 1883, went to work at the Smolensk Evening Workers' School in St. Petersburg, where she met Nadezhda Krupskaya. And when there was a fear that the authorities might refuse to extradite Vladimir Ulyanov foreign passport, and friends began to look for smuggling options for crossing the border, Krupskaya turned to Lenina for help. Olga Nikolaevna then conveyed this request to her brother, a prominent official of the Ministry of Agriculture, agronomist Sergei Nikolaevich Lenin. In addition, a similar request apparently came to him from his friend, statistician Alexander Dmitrievich Tsyurupa, who in 1900 met the future leader of the proletariat.
Sergei Nikolaevich himself knew Vladimir Ilyich - from meetings in the Free Economic Society in 1895, as well as from his works. In turn, Ulyanov knew Lenin: for example, he refers three times to his articles in the monograph “The Development of Capitalism in Russia.” After consulting, the brother and sister decided to give Ulyanov the passport of their father, Nikolai Yegorovich, who by that time was already very ill (he died on April 6, 1902).
According to family legend, in 1900 Sergei Nikolaevich went to Pskov on official business. There, on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, he received Sack plows and other agricultural machines arriving in Russia from Germany. In one of the Pskov hotels, Lenin handed over his father’s passport with the altered date of birth to Vladimir Ilyich, who was then living in Pskov. This is probably how the origin of Ulyanov’s main pseudonym, N. Lenin, is explained.
