The value of protection is great flora in which forests play a particularly important role. It is known that forests are a powerful regulator of water balance and have a beneficial effect on the climate. They are a natural oxygen laboratory, neutralize harmful industrial emissions into the atmosphere, protect the soil from wind and water erosion. At the same time, forests are a source of valuable raw materials for the woodworking industry, a habitat for valuable fur animals, berries, mushrooms, useful medicinal plants, a place of rest and treatment. Therefore, measures for their protection, rational use and reproduction are of great importance.
In our country, a set of measures is being taken to regulate forest management and maintain forest productivity. Forest zones of soil protection, water protection and water regulation significance are being created, where industrial logging is prohibited, as well as green zones in cities and resort areas.
In forest surplus areas, deforestation is carried out with its subsequent restoration. Measures are being taken to improve the species composition of forests; forest nurseries are being created to grow seedlings of the best tree species; rare, endangered plant species are protected. Work is underway to increase the productivity of natural meadows and pastures.
In order to improve the protection of the animal world, back in the 1950s, decisions were made on the reproduction and protection of fish stocks in the inland waters of the USSR, on measures to improve hunting management, on the protection of animals in the Arctic, and a number of others. The USSR has established rules for hunting and fishing. The extermination of non-commercial wild animals that do not cause harm is prohibited; hunting for predators is under control and regulation. Measures for the protection and restoration of rare and valuable wild animals, such as saiga, bison, elk, sable, marten, ermine, fur seal, etc., are especially important. Nurseries are being created to raise young valuable animals.
To preserve samples of unique nature in the Soviet Union, reserves have been created in which the entire complex is preserved. natural conditions in a natural state. There are more than 140 nature reserves and 12 national parks in the USSR, which are located in areas typical of this geographical area. Thus, in the forest zone of the European part of the USSR, Kandalaksha, Darvinsky (the northwestern part of the Rybinsk reservoir), Oksky nature reserves, Belovezhskaya Pushcha (BSSR), etc. are located; in the forest-steppe zone - Voronezh, Zhigulevsky (Kuibyshev region), etc.; in the southern regions of the USSR - Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga, Repetek in the Karakum desert (Turkmen SSR); in mountainous regions - Crimean on the slopes of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, Teberdinsky on the slope of the Greater Caucasus (Stavropol Territory), Colchis near Poti (Georgian SSR), Ilmensky named after V. I. Lenin on the eastern slope of the Urals ( Chelyabinsk region), Barguzinsky on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal (Buryat ASSR), Altaisky in the eastern part of Altai, Kronotsky on the east coast of Kamchatka, etc. They are needed for scientific research and the preservation of the genetic fund.
In various natural zones of the Soviet Union, nature protection has its own characteristics and tasks. Thus, in the tundra and forest-tundra zone, environmental measures include the restriction and prohibition of logging, the protection and rational use of reindeer pastures, and the protection of wildlife. In the forest zone, the main tasks are the protection and reproduction of forests, the fight against forest pests, the reclamation of excessively swampy areas, the protection of forests from fires, and the conservation of wildlife. In the forest-steppes and steppes, the main tasks of nature protection are related to the implementation of measures to combat wind and water erosion, soil salinization, irrigation of arid lands and forest plantations. In deserts and semi-deserts, measures are being taken to fix sands, reforestation, and prevent secondary soil salinization. In the foothills and mountainous areas, extensive work is being done to prevent mudflows, avalanches, anti-erosion measures, etc.

Biodiversity is the totality of all forms of life inhabiting our planet. This is what makes the Earth different from other planets in the solar system. This is the richness and diversity of life and its processes, including the diversity of living organisms and their genetic differences, as well as the diversity of their places of existence.

Over the past 400 years, 484 animal species and 654 plant species have disappeared. According to the UNEP Global Biodiversity Assessment (1995), more than 30,000 animal and plant species are threatened with extinction.

At least 180 thousand species of animals live within Russia, tens of thousands of species of flora grow. 463 species of animals, 603 species of plants, 32 species of bryophytes, 20 species of fungi, 29 species of lichens are listed in the Red Book of the country. Over the past 400 years, 9 species and subspecies of mammals and birds have disappeared from the territory of Russia. In the list of species exterminated by humans that lived on the territory of Russia, there are also those that, due to the quality of their gene pool, could be used to improve breeds and breed new domestic animals: tour, steppe tarpan, sea cow (the most promising species for domestication among marine mammals) .

Wildlife is in a threatening state. Every tenth species of birds, the fifth - plants and mammals, the fourth - reptiles and amphibians are endangered. At least four species of mammals and three species of birds have disappeared from the fauna of the country in 15-18 years, and the number of one and a half dozen species of birds and animals does not exceed 100-200 individuals.

According to paleontologists, average duration The “life” of a bird species is about 2 million years, and that of mammals is about 600 thousand years. Man has become a kind of "catalyst" for the process of extinction of species, increasing the rate of extinction hundreds of times.

Reasons for disappearance:

• 1) rapid population growth and economic development;
• 2) increase in human migration, growth in international trade and tourism;
• 3) increasing pollution natural waters, soil and air;
• 4) anthropogenic change of habitats and unintentional destruction (destruction, destruction and pollution of habitats);
• 5) insufficient attention to the long-term consequences of actions that destroy the conditions for the existence of living organisms that exploit natural ones;
• 6) excessive removal and extermination of animals and plants;
• 7) the introduction of alien species (the introduction of genetically modified varieties of plants and animal breeds, the consequences and extent of the impact of which are unpredictable);
• 8) the spread of animal and plant diseases.

The main reasons for such a catastrophic state of wildlife are anthropogenic change in habitats and unintentional destruction. Thus, at least 14 billion juvenile fish perish every year in the country's water intakes. However, only 25--30% of all water intakes are equipped with water protection devices. Mention should be made of the large-scale ecological catastrophe in the Barents Sea in 1987-1988. Here in 1967-1975. immoderate fishing undermined the resources of herring and cod. Due to their absence, the fishing fleet switched to catching capelin, which completely undermined the food base not only for cod, but also for seals and seabirds. On the shores of the Barents Sea, a few years ago, most of the hatched guillemots and gull chicks died of starvation. Hungry harp seals have become entangled in nets by the tens of thousands off the coast of Norway, where they flocked from their traditional habitats in the Barents Sea in a desperate attempt to escape starvation. Now the sea is empty: catches have decreased tenfold, and the restoration of the destroyed ecosystem in the next decade is impossible. Fish from a number of the country's waters are becoming dangerous to eat due to high levels of heavy metals. In the country, more hares, partridges and quails die under agricultural machinery than hunters shoot them.

The main reasons for the need to preserve genetic diversity.

• 1. All species (no matter how harmful or unpleasant they may be) have the right to exist. This provision is written in the "World Charter for Nature", adopted by the UN General Assembly. The enjoyment of nature, its beauty and diversity is of the highest value, not expressed in quantitative terms. Diversity is the basis for the evolution of life forms. The decline in species and genetic diversity undermines the further improvement of life forms on Earth.
• 2. The economic reason for the conservation of biodiversity is due to the use of wild biota to meet the various needs of society in industry, agriculture, science and education (for breeding domestic plants and animals, manufacturing medicines, as well as for providing food, fuel, energy, timber, etc.). d.).

Preservation, reproduction and study of flora and fauna are protected areas of the country. These include nature reserves, protected hunting grounds, natural national parks.

The main tasks are:

• - preservation and restoration of the natural habitat;
• - protection, restoration and reproduction of animals and plants in their natural habitat;
• - study of nature reserves;
• - familiarization of the population with nature and the work of reserves;

Mineral resources, their protection and rational use.

Mineral raw materials are the material basis for the development of energy, industrial and agricultural industries. Mineral resources are an important potential for the country's economic development.

For a long time, mankind has been drawing in huge quantities of mineral raw materials from a common pantry - the earth's bowels. Therefore, a significant part of the rich ores and deposits occurring directly at the surface of the Earth or at shallow depths have already been depleted. Today, you have to pay much more for each new ton. Society faces a serious and urgent task of careful and rational use of the planet's mineral wealth.

Every year, 100 billion tons of mineral resources, including fuel, are extracted from the bowels of the earth, of which 90 billion tons turn into waste.

Mineral resources are natural substances of mineral origin used to obtain energy, raw materials, materials and serve as the mineral resource base of the economy. Currently, more than 200 types of mineral resources are used. Stocks of individual species are not the same. The volume of production is constantly growing and new deposits are being developed.

Natural resources are divided into practically inexhaustible (the energy of the sun, tides, internal heat, atmospheric air, water); renewable (soil, plant, wildlife resources) and non-renewable (minerals, habitat, river energy).

Subsoil protection means:

• - resource saving (prevention of losses during the extraction, transportation of minerals, their enrichment and processing, use of finished products.);
• - scientifically substantiated rational and careful use of minerals;
• - the most complete, technically accessible and economically feasible extraction;
• - recycling;
• - elimination of damage caused to natural landscapes.

Flora protection

With the destruction of the plant world, the quality of life of millions of people is declining. Moreover, as a result of the destruction of vegetation, which served people as a source of energy for domestic needs and many other benefits, the very existence of mankind is threatened. For example, if the destruction of tropical rainforests is not stopped, then from 10 to 20% of the animal and plant life of our planet will be destroyed.

Active organizers of the study of rare and endemic species, including wild relatives of the main species of cultivated plants, are called upon to be botanical gardens located in different climatic zones. It is necessary to remove the threat of destruction of these plants and make them available for wide practical use in breeding and crop production. The work of nature reserves and sanctuaries created in different zones of the country for the protection of botanical objects, mainly the flora of forests, meadows, steppes and deserts, including rare endemic plants, which are of undoubted interest for understanding the evolutionary process, is very important.

Due to the fact that today it is said about the need to preserve the biosphere as a whole as the main condition for life on Earth, biosphere reserves play a special role. The concept of a biosphere reserve was adopted in 1971 by the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere". Biosphere reserves are a kind of the highest form of protected areas, involving the creation of a single international network of reserves with a complex purpose: the preservation of ecological and genetic diversity in nature, conducting scientific research, monitoring the state environment, environmental education.

Protecting areas of natural vegetation, not only preserves the flora, but also solves a whole range of other important tasks: regulating the water balance of the territory, protecting soil from erosion, protecting wildlife, and maintaining a healthy environment for human life.

The 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development endorsed the Principles for Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Development of All Types of Forests. This paper recognized for the first time the important role of non-tropical forests in maintaining the global balance of carbon uptake and oxygen release. The main purpose of the Principles is to promote the rational use, conservation and development of forests and the implementation of their multi-purpose and complementary functions and uses.

The UN Conference on Environment and Development's Statement of Principles on Forests is the first global agreement on forests. It takes into account the needs of both the protection of forests as an environment and cultural environment and the use of trees and other forms of forest life for economic development purposes.

The forest principles enshrined in the Statement include the following:

all countries should take part in "greening the world" by planting and conserving forests;

countries have the right to use forests for the needs of their socio-economic development. Such use should be based on national policies consistent with sustainable development objectives;

forests should be used in a way that meets the social, economic, environmental, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future generations;

the benefits of biotechnology products and genetic materials obtained from forests should be shared on mutually agreed terms with the countries in which these forests are located;

planted forests are sustainable sources of renewable energy and industrial raw materials. In developing countries, the use of wood as a fuel is especially important. These needs must be met through the rational use of forests and the planting of new trees;

national programs should protect unique forests, including old forests, as well as forests of cultural, spiritual, historical or religious value;

countries need sound forest management plans based on environmentally friendly recommendations.

The purpose of the International Tropical Timber Agreement of 1983 is to provide an effective framework for cooperation and consultation between tropical timber producers and consumers, to promote the expansion and diversification of the international trade in tropical timber, to encourage and support research and development for the sustainable management of forests and the development of timber resources, and also encouraging the development of national policies aimed at the long-term use and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources, to maintain the ecological balance in the respective regions.

According to the International Plant Protection Convention of 1951, each member establishes an official plant protection organization for the purpose of:

inspections of cultivated areas and plant lots in international trade for the presence or appearance of pests or plant diseases;

issuance of certificates of phytosanitary status and origin of plants and plant products;

conducting research in the field of plant protection, etc.

In accordance with Art. 1 of the Convention, the contracting parties undertake to take legislative, technical and administrative measures to ensure joint and effective action aimed at preventing the introduction and spread harmful organisms damaging plants and plant products, and in order to promote the adoption of appropriate measures aimed at combating them.

The Parties to the Convention exercise strict control over the import and export of plants and plant products, applying, when necessary, bans, inspections and destruction of shipments.

The 1959 Agreement on Cooperation in the Application of Plant Quarantine and Their Protection from Pests and Diseases authorizes its participants to take the necessary measures against pests, weeds and diseases. They exchange information on plant pests and diseases and their control. States shall cooperate in the application of uniform phytosanitary regulations for the import and export of plant materials from one country to another.

There is the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, established in 1951, whose members are 34 states of Europe, Africa and Asia. Objectives of the organization: implementation of international cooperation in preventing the spread of pests and diseases of plants and plant products. The main activity is carried out in the form of information exchange, unification of phytosanitary rules, registration of pesticides and their certification.

The first organizational task for the protection of rare and endangered species is their inventory and accounting both on a global scale and in individual countries. Without this, it is impossible to proceed either to the theoretical development of the problem, or to practical recommendations for saving individual species. The task is not easy, and even 30-35 years ago the first attempts were made to compile first regional and then world reports of rare and endangered species of animals and birds. However, the information was either too laconic and contained only a list of rare species, or, on the contrary, very cumbersome, since it included all available data on biology and presented a historical picture of the reduction in their ranges.

In 1948, the IUCN united and headed the work on the protection of wildlife of state, scientific and public organizations in most countries of the world. Among his first decisions in 1949 was the creation of a permanent Species Survival Commission, or, as it is commonly called in Russian-language literature, the Commission on Rare Species.

The tasks of the Commission included studying the status of rare endangered species of animals and plants, developing and preparing draft international and interethnic conventions and treaties, compiling a cadastre of such species and developing appropriate recommendations for their protection.

The main goal of the Commission was to create a world annotated list (cadastre) of animals that are threatened with extinction for one reason or another. Sir Peter Scott, chairman of the Commission, suggested that the list be called the Red Data Book to give it a defiant and capacious meaning, since red symbolizes a danger signal.

The first edition of the IUCN Red List was published in 1963. It was a "pilot" edition with a small circulation. Its two volumes include information on 211 species and subspecies of mammals and 312 species and subspecies of birds. The Red Book was sent according to the list to prominent statesmen and scientists. As you accumulate new information, as planned, additional sheets were sent to the addressees to replace the obsolete ones.

Gradually, the IUCN Red List was improved and replenished. The last, fourth "type" edition, published in 1978-1980, includes 226 species and 79 subspecies of mammals, 181 species and 77 subspecies of birds, 77 species and 21 subspecies of reptiles, 35 species and 5 subspecies of amphibians, 168 species and 25 subspecies of fish . Among them, 7 restored species and subspecies of mammals, 4 - birds, 2 species of reptiles. The reduction in the number of forms in the latest edition of the Red Book was not only due to successful protection, but also as a result of more accurate information received in recent years.

Work on the IUCN Red List continues. This is a permanent document, as the living conditions of animals change and more and more new species can be in a catastrophic situation. At the same time, the efforts made by a person give good results, as evidenced by its green leaves.

The IUCN Red Book, like the Red Lists, is not a legal (legal) document, but is exclusively advisory in nature. She covers animal world on a global scale and contains protection recommendations addressed to countries and governments in whose territories a threatening situation has developed for animals.

Thus, relations in the field of protection and use of the animal and plant world in order to ensure biological diversity, sustainable existence, preserve the genetic fund of wild animals and protect the animal and plant world are regulated by both universal and bilateral agreements, in most of which our state participates.

The international legal protection of flora and fauna is developing in the following main areas: natural complexes, protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and ensuring the rational use of natural resources.

Content:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Conservation of wildlife………………………………………………………………………………4
Protection of flora……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………….9
References………………………………………………………………………..………10

Introduction
The animal and plant world of our planet is very large. As a result of human impact, the number of many species has been significantly reduced, and some of them have completely disappeared. In order to preserve at least something that remains valuable on our planet, various reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. are being created.
Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are designed to preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, the diversity of flora and fauna, and the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites.
Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage.
There are the following main categories of these territories:
– state nature reserves, including biosphere reserves;
- National parks;
– natural parks;
- state nature reserves;
– monuments of nature;
– dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
– health-improving areas and resorts.

Preservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priorities of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation.

Animal protection
Modern man has existed on Earth for about 40 thousand years. He began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture only 10 thousand years ago. Therefore, for 30,000 years, hunting was an almost exclusive source of food and clothing.
The improvement of tools and methods of hunting was accompanied by the death of a number of animal species.
The development of weapons and vehicles allowed man to penetrate into the most remote corners of the globe. And everywhere the development of new lands was accompanied by the merciless extermination of animals, the death of a number of species. The tarpan, a European steppe horse, was completely destroyed by hunting. Tours, spectacled cormorant, Labrador eider, Bengal hoopoe and many other animals became victims of hunting. As a result of unregulated hunting, dozens of species of animals and birds are on the verge of extinction.
At the beginning of our century, the intensification of whaling (the creation of a harpoon gun and floating bases for processing whales) led to the disappearance of individual populations of whales, a sharp drop in their total number.
The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the territories and areas. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the conditions of existence of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing steppes and prairies, draining swamps, regulating runoff, polluting the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leads to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.
Intensive timber harvesting in many countries has led to changes in forests. Coniferous forests are increasingly replaced by small-leaved ones. At the same time, the composition of their fauna also changes. Not all animals and birds living in coniferous forests can find enough food and places for shelters in secondary birch and aspen forests. For example, squirrels and martens, many species of birds cannot live in them.
The plowing of steppes and prairies, the reduction of insular forests in the forest-steppe are accompanied by the almost complete disappearance of many steppe animals and birds. In the steppe agrocenoses, saigas, bustards, little bustards, gray partridges, quails, etc. have almost completely disappeared.
The transformation and change in the nature of many rivers and lakes radically changes the conditions for the existence of most river and lake fish, leading to a decrease in their numbers. Huge damage to fish stocks is caused by pollution of water bodies. At the same time, the oxygen content in the water decreases sharply, which leads to massive fish kills.
Dams on rivers have a huge impact on the ecological state of water bodies. They block the spawning path for migratory fish, worsen the condition of spawning grounds, and sharply reduce the flow of nutrients into river deltas and coastal parts of seas and lakes. To prevent the negative impact of dams on the ecosystems of aquatic complexes, a number of engineering and biotechnical measures are being taken (fish passes and fish elevators are being built to ensure the movement of fish for spawning). The most effective way to reproduce the fish stock is to build fish hatcheries and hatcheries.

The organization of fauna protection is based on two main directions - conservation and conservation in the process of use. Both directions are necessary and complement each other.
Since 1966, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has been publishing issues of the Red Book, which includes species that are on the verge of extinction.
All conservation measures for the protection of animals are of an exceptional, emergency nature. Most often, the use and protection of fauna, measures for its reproduction have to be combined with the interests of other branches of nature management. The experience of many countries proves that this is quite possible. Thus, with the right organization of land use, agricultural production can be combined with the conservation of many wild animals.
Intensive forestry, timber harvesting, if properly organized, ensures the preservation of habitat conditions in exploited forests for many species of animals and birds. Thus, gradual and selective logging allows not only to restore forests, but also to preserve shelters, nesting and forage grounds for many species of animals.
In recent years, wild animals have become an important part of the "tourism industry". In many countries, the protection and use of wild fauna for recreational purposes in national parks is successfully carried out.
To enrich the fauna in many countries, acclimatization and re-acclimatization of wild animals are carried out on a large scale. Acclimatization is understood as work on the resettlement of animals in new biogeocenoses and their adaptation to new living conditions. Reacclimatization is a system of measures for the restoration of animals destroyed in a particular region. Thanks to acclimatization, it is possible to make wider and more complete use of the bioresources of many natural complexes.
All measures for the protection of animals are quite effective if they are based on careful consideration of landscape and ecological conditions. In any kind of work on the organization of the multiplication and exploitation of wild fauna, one should proceed from the fact that certain species and populations of animals are confined within their boundaries to specific natural territorial and aquatic complexes or their anthropogenic modifications. Many animals move through the seasons over considerable distances, but their migrations are always confined to strictly defined types of landscapes. Therefore, the protection of animals requires solving the problems of protecting natural territorial and aquatic complexes as a whole. The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats.
In order to protect the animal world, a stricter regime for the use of animals in reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and other specially protected areas is established. Here, types of use of the animal world and other responsibility incompatible with the goals of conservation are prohibited.
Of great importance is the protection of rare and endangered species of animals. Such animals are listed in the Red Book. Actions that could lead to the death of these animals, a reduction in their numbers or a violation of their habitat are not allowed. In the case when the reproduction of rare and endangered species of animals is impossible in natural conditions, the specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife must take measures to create the necessary conditions for breeding these species of animals. Their acquisition and removal for breeding in specially created conditions and subsequent release to freedom for scientific research purposes, for the creation and replenishment of zoological collections is allowed with a special permit issued by specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife.

Flora protection
Currently, in connection with the development of new lands, there are less and less areas with natural vegetation. As a result, the habitats of many wild plants are disappearing. There is an impoverishment of the species composition of the flora throughout the globe.
It is known that the protection of rare plant species can be solved in several ways:
1. Arrangement of reserves, sanctuaries and natural monuments
2. Termination of harvesting of species, the number of which has sharply decreased
3. Decreased procurement of valuable species and
4. Introduction of rare species into culture.
Research scientists have shown that the plant resources of our planet are limited. If you collect berries and fruits, medicinal plants, flowers, barbarously trampling the roots, damaging the buds, breaking the branches of shrubs and trees, and so from year to year, the number of the species first sharply decreases, then it can disappear forever in this area. So the plucked shoots of the lily of the valley will grow back only in a year, and the cut shoots of wild rosemary will hardly grow back the next year. If thoughtlessly harvesting rhizomes, the plant may not recover even after ten years.
Plants are harmed by: continuous mowing, trampling by livestock, annual fires - spring fires that people "let out" to burn last year's grass. There is a harmful and stupid belief that the fires supposedly increase the yield of grasses, and that the seeds of these grasses burn in the fire, the rhizomes of perennials are damaged, pollinating insects of grasses die, the species composition of meadow plants is depleted - for some reason all this is forgotten. Many plants are ruined by their beauty: bouquet pickers literally devastate forests and meadows. The plant world saturates the air with life-giving oxygen. Plants are also food, clothing, fuel, and medicine. The properties of many have not yet been studied. And a person does not know how much valuable he did not have time to use with the loss of some plant species. Nature can give people knowledge and joy from communicating with it, but only to those who treat this wealth with care and concern, who sincerely admire beauty, and do not destroy it.
Rare and endangered plants are subject to special protection under Russian law. In addition, their trade is prohibited by the relevant decisions of the authorities in many regions.
The most complete protection of rare plant species is carried out in reserves. Reserves - examples of untouched, wildlife- rightly called natural laboratories. We especially need them now, when we must understand the directions of changes in the natural Environment under the influence of human activities and find ways for the most careful and reasonable use of its resources.
Such samples had to be thoughtfully and skillfully chosen. And the greatest connoisseurs of nature were looking for places for our reserves. They gave many years of their lives to the cause of creating reserves and put their love for the cause into it. Our reserves are beautiful and admired by anyone who has to go there. The exclusive role of reserves in the conservation and restoration of the rarest animals, plants, unique landscapes, and other nature reserves.
Thanks to the activities of the reserves, some rare animals have become commercial animals; they now provide us with furs, medicinal raw materials, and other valuable products.
Many Russian geographers, botanists, especially zoologists and hunters, went through a difficult but good school in the reserves. Many prominent scientists of our country have been employees of nature reserves for decades, and some of them still work in these natural laboratories. Far from cultural centers and any comfort, in rain and blizzard or under the scorching desert sun, they extract that primary scientific material, without which it is impossible to advance scientific thought. The brightest and most interesting studies on the ecology of animals and birds were carried out in nature reserves.

Conclusion
The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the territories and areas. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the conditions of existence of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing steppes and prairies, draining swamps, regulating runoff, polluting the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leads to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.
The growing threat of ecological catastrophe on a global scale causes the awareness of the urgent need to rationalize environmental management and coordinate efforts in environmental protection and as an integral part of animal protection within the entire international community.
The activities of state, scientific and public organizations in Russia should be aimed at preserving all biological species. We must not forget that, according to scientists, in the next 20-30 years, about 1 million species of animals and plants will be under the threat of extinction. Preserving the gene pool of the biosphere, which took millions of years to develop, is one of the serious tasks of nature conservation.
Each species saved from death is a natural resource preserved for the national economy. The black list of the dead species of our planet is irretrievably lost opportunities to improve the well-being of mankind.
We can and must protect animals not only as a resource, but also in terms of a humane approach to this serious problem.

Bibliography:
1. Arustamov E. A. Nature Management: Textbook. - M., 2001.
2. Papenov KV Economics and nature management: Textbook. - M., 1997.
3. Radionov A. I., Klushin V. N., Torocheshnikov N. S. . Environmental protection technology. - M., 1999.
etc.................

Oil spills and living organisms

Oil spills can and do occur almost everywhere. Small spills receive little attention and are quickly cleaned up or decompose naturally. Large oil spills attract public attention and usually require urgent action by government agencies. Severe oil spills cannot be predicted in advance, but should they occur, biologists and authorities must be held accountable. This overview provides general information. You can learn more about this from the 1990 Petroleum Symposium Review of the Chemical and Biological Effects of Oil "Oil Spills and the Environment". (author Peter A. Albers). Materials are available from the Animal and Fish Department of the Patuxent Animal Research Center, USA, (Patuxent), Laurel, MD 20708.

Sources of pollution

The appearance of about 35% of oil hydrocarbons in marine areas in the early 70s was caused by spills and discharges during the transportation of oil by sea. Spills during transportation and unloading account for less than 35% of the total size and discharges of oil onto the soil and into the clean water of the environment. Data from the late 1970s show that this figure has risen to 45% in marine areas. In urban areas, oil spills and releases can be as high as 10% or slightly less. In comparison, most oil spills in coastal or inland areas occur during transportation.

Effect of oil on animals and plants

Birds

Oil renders external influence on birds, food intake, contamination of eggs in nests and habitat change. External oil pollution destroys plumage, tangles feathers, and causes eye irritation. Death is the result of exposure to cold water, birds drown. Medium to large oil spills typically kill 5,000 birds. Birds that spend most of their lives on the water are the most vulnerable to oil spills on the surface of water bodies.

Birds ingest oil when they clean their feathers, drink, eat contaminated food, and breathe fumes. Ingestion of oil rarely causes direct death of birds, but leads to extinction from starvation, disease, and predators. Bird eggs are very sensitive to oil. A small amount of some types of oil may be sufficient to kill during the incubation period.

mammals

Marine mammals that are primarily distinguished by the presence of fur (sea otters, polar bears, seals, newborn fur seals) are most commonly killed by oil spills. Oil-contaminated fur begins to tangle and lose its ability to retain heat and water. Adult sea lions, seals and cetaceans (whales, porpoises and dolphins) are distinguished by the presence of a fat layer, which is affected by oil, increasing heat consumption. In addition, oil can irritate the skin, eyes and interfere with normal swimming ability.

Oil that has entered the body can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney failure, liver intoxication, and blood pressure disorders. Vapors from oil fumes lead to respiratory problems in mammals that are near or in close proximity to large oil spills.

Annual natural mortality (16% female, 29% male) plus marine fishnet mortality (2% female, 3% male) was much greater than the planned oil spill losses. Recovery from "extraordinary circumstances" will take 25 years.

Fish

Fish are exposed to oil spills in water by ingesting contaminated food and water, and by contact with oil during the movement of eggs. The death of fish, except for juveniles, usually occurs during serious oil spills. Consequently, a large number of adult fish in large reservoirs will not die from oil. However, crude oil and petroleum products are characterized by a variety of toxic effects on different types fish. A concentration of 0.5 ppm or less of oil in water can kill trout. Oil has an almost lethal effect on the heart, changes breathing, enlarges the liver, slows down growth, destroys fins, leads to various biological and cellular changes, affects behavior.

Fish larvae and juveniles are most sensitive to the effects of oil, spills of which can kill fish eggs and larvae that are on the surface of the water, and juveniles in shallow waters.

The potential impact of oil spills on fish populations was estimated using the Georges Bank Fishery model of the US northeast coast. Characteristic factors for determining pollution are toxicity, % oil content in water, spill location, seasons and species affected by pollution. The normal variation in natural mortality of eggs and larvae for marine species such as Atlantic cod, common cod, Atlantic herring is often much greater than the mortality caused by a huge oil spill.

Oil spill in the Baltic Sea in 1969 led to the death of numerous species of fish that lived in coastal waters. As a result of studies of several oil-polluted sites and a control site in 1971. found that fish populations age development, height, body condition did not differ much from each other. Since no such assessment had been made prior to the oil spill, the authors could not determine whether individual fish populations had changed during the previous 2 years. As with birds, the rapid impact of oil on fish populations can be determined locally rather than regionally or over time.

Plants

Plants, due to their limited mobility, are also good objects for observing the impact that pollution has on them. Published data on the impact of oil spills contain the facts of the death of mangrove trees, sea grass, most algae, strong long-term destruction from salt of living creatures of swamps and freshwater; increase or decrease in biomass and photosynthesis activity of phytoplankton colonies; change in the microbiology of the colonies and an increase in the number of microbes. The impact of oil spills on major native plant species can last from a few weeks to 5 years depending on the type of oil; the circumstances of the spill and the species affected. Work on mechanical cleaning of damp places can increase the recovery period by 25% -50%. It will take 10-15 years to fully restore the mangrove forest. Plants in a large volume of water return to their original (pre-oil) state faster than plants in smaller bodies of water.

The role of microbes in oil pollution has led to a huge amount of research on these organisms. Studying in experimental ecosystems, field trials were conducted to determine the relationship of microbes to hydrocarbons and various emission conditions. In general, oil can stimulate or inhibit microbial activity depending on the amount and type of oil and the condition of the microbial colony. Only resistant species can consume oil as food. Microbial colony species can adapt to the oil, so their numbers and activity can increase.

The effect of oil on marine plants such as mangrove trees, seagrass, salt marsh grass, algae has been studied in laboratories and experimental ecosystems. Conducted field trials and research. Oil causes death, reduces growth, reduces the reproduction of large plants. Depending on the type and amount of oil and the type of algae, the number of microbes either increased or decreased. Changes in biomass, photosynthesis activity, and colony structure were noted.

The effect of oil on freshwater phytoplankton (periphyton) has been studied in laboratories, and field trials have also been carried out. Oil has the same effect as seaweed.

Restoration of the animal world

The sight of animals affected and suffering from oil is of great concern to people. Compassion for animals is a guarantee of wide coverage of the problem by the mass media (media), which opposes oil spills.

Thus, every action against oil spills is a concern for the recovery of animals. Public pressure to help oiled animals has resonated with the public in many parts of the world; voluntary organizations responsible for the restoration of the animal world affected by pollution. Improvements in treatment procedures and the professionalism of animal rehabilitation personnel over the past 15 years have markedly improved the success of rehabilitation efforts.

Rehabilitation of animals affected by pollution is a small part of the concern for animal populations, since the number of oil-contaminated animals during oil spills is so great and the work to collect and clean up oil is so huge that only a small number of birds and mammals can actually receive real help. Uncertainty about the fate of the rehabilitated animals further reduces the significance of this work. However, rehabilitation efforts can be important for affected or endangered species. The greater impact of rehabilitation is seen in animals with low reproductive capacity than in long-lived animals with high reproductive capacity.

Rehabilitation of animals affected by oil pollution is an expensive and not so biologically important undertaking, however, it is a sincere expression of human concern.

Public Relations

Oil is such a substance that can create quite tangible problems for the animal world and people. People don't like oil-stained beaches, boats, fish nets, seafood, and protected coastlines. They smell bad; soil covered with a dirty layer has a destructive effect that can kill or cripple a large number of marine and land animals. Newspaper and TV coverage should be extensive, as they easily illuminate and reveal the topic.

Organizations dealing with oil spill issues and assessing the damage caused must be prepared to devote significant time to working with the media, representatives regional level and any other organizations.

Sample questions that public organizations may be interested in:

The dimensions of the oil spill are not particularly clear. Therefore, there is a need for periodic reviews of the severity of spills and changes in response.

In the first days after the spill, there is a certain ambiguity of all points due to the critical state of the environment. There are usually delays in cleaning operations.

Despite the efforts of the Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency, spilled oil and weather are often unpredictable. Oil spill plans and damage assessments are subject to change.

Government, industry, academia, or oil spill conservation officials are often interviewed by new reporters. Statements are often contradictory, misleading or simply wrong. Distortions of speech impede the best desires to inform the public.

Animal rehabilitation activities are directly monitored due to people's emotional attachment to affected animals. Inaccuracies immediately become known.

The results of the damage calculation do not become available to the public until those responsible for the oil spill agree to resolve the conflict without a court decision. or liability for damages is disputed through the courts. The length of the harm assessment process and the subsequent legislative process may frustrate organizations and individuals who wish to have access to information.